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id="toc-Evolutions_after_birth_of_euro_currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutions_after_birth_of_euro_currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Evolutions after birth of euro currency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutions_after_birth_of_euro_currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Causes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Causes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-External_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 External factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Internal factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-GDP_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GDP_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 GDP growth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GDP_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_deficit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_deficit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Government deficit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_deficit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_debt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_debt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Government debt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_debt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Budget_compliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budget_compliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Budget compliance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budget_compliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_credibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_credibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.5 Data credibility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_credibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_spending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_spending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.6 Government spending </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_spending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_account_balance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_account_balance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.7 Current account balance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_account_balance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tax_evasion_and_corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tax_evasion_and_corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.8 Tax evasion and corruption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tax_evasion_and_corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Actions_to_reduce_tax_evasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Actions_to_reduce_tax_evasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.8.1 Actions to reduce tax evasion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Actions_to_reduce_tax_evasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Chronology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Chronology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2010_revelations_and_IMF_bailout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010_revelations_and_IMF_bailout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 2010 revelations and IMF bailout </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010_revelations_and_IMF_bailout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fraudulent_statistics,_revisions_and_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fraudulent_statistics,_revisions_and_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Fraudulent statistics, revisions and controversies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fraudulent_statistics,_revisions_and_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 2011 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 2012 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2014" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 2014 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 2015 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 2017 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 2018 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 2021 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bailout_programmes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bailout_programmes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Bailout programmes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bailout_programmes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bailout programmes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bailout_programmes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Economic_Adjustment_Programme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Economic_Adjustment_Programme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 First Economic Adjustment Programme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Economic_Adjustment_Programme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Economic_Adjustment_Programme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Economic_Adjustment_Programme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Second Economic Adjustment Programme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Economic_Adjustment_Programme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Economic_Adjustment_Programme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Economic_Adjustment_Programme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Third Economic Adjustment Programme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Economic_Adjustment_Programme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_the_GDP_compared_to_other_Eurozone_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_the_GDP_compared_to_other_Eurozone_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Effects on the GDP compared to other Eurozone countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_the_GDP_compared_to_other_Eurozone_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bank_recapitalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bank_recapitalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Bank recapitalization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bank_recapitalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creditors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creditors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Creditors </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Creditors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Creditors subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Creditors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_banks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_banks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 European banks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_banks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Investment_Bank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Investment_Bank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 European Investment Bank </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Investment_Bank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diverging_views_within_the_troika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diverging_views_within_the_troika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Diverging views within the troika </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diverging_views_within_the_troika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Greek public opinion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic,_social_and_political_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic,_social_and_political_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Economic, social and political effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic,_social_and_political_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economic, social and political effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economic,_social_and_political_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Economic effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Taxation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tax_evasion_and_avoidance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tax_evasion_and_avoidance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Tax evasion and avoidance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tax_evasion_and_avoidance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Social effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Political effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Other effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Responses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Responses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Responses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electronic_payments_to_reduce_tax_evasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_payments_to_reduce_tax_evasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Electronic payments to reduce tax evasion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_payments_to_reduce_tax_evasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grexit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grexit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Grexit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grexit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bailout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bailout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Bailout </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bailout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_debt_conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_debt_conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 European debt conference </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_debt_conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany's_role_in_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany's_role_in_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Germany's role in Greece </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Germany's_role_in_Greece-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Germany's role in Greece subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Germany's_role_in_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Charges_of_hypocrisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charges_of_hypocrisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Charges of hypocrisy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charges_of_hypocrisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pursuit_of_national_self-interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pursuit_of_national_self-interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Pursuit of national self-interest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pursuit_of_national_self-interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_of_applied_programmes_on_the_debt_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_of_applied_programmes_on_the_debt_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Effect of applied programmes on the debt crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_of_applied_programmes_on_the_debt_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_the_role_of_news_media_and_stereotyping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_the_role_of_news_media_and_stereotyping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Criticism of the role of news media and stereotyping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_the_role_of_news_media_and_stereotyping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Economic statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analogous_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analogous_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Analogous events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analogous_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_about_the_debt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_about_the_debt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Film about the debt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_about_the_debt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes and references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Greek government-debt crisis</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" > 38 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="أزمة الدين الحكومي اليوناني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أزمة الدين الحكومي اليوناني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%93%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финансова криза в Гърция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Финансова криза в Гърция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisi_financera_del_2010_a_Gr%C3%A8cia" title="Crisi financera del 2010 a Grècia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Crisi financera del 2010 a Grècia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dluhov%C3%A1_krize_v_%C5%98ecku" title="Dluhová krize v Řecku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dluhová krize v Řecku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A6kenlands_g%C3%A6ldskrise" title="Grækenlands gældskrise – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grækenlands gældskrise" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griechische_Staatsschuldenkrise" title="Griechische Staatsschuldenkrise – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Griechische Staatsschuldenkrise" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%87%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82_(2009-2018)" title="Ελληνική οικονομική κρίση χρέους (2009-2018) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελληνική οικονομική κρίση χρέους (2009-2018)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_de_la_deuda_soberana_en_Grecia" title="Crisis de la deuda soberana en Grecia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crisis de la deuda soberana en Grecia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krizo_de_la_greka_publika_%C5%9Duldo" title="Krizo de la greka publika ŝuldo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Krizo de la greka publika ŝuldo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بحران بدهی دولت یونان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بحران بدهی دولت یونان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_de_la_dette_publique_grecque" title="Crise de la dette publique grecque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crise de la dette publique grecque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80_%EB%B6%80%EC%B1%84_%EC%9C%84%EA%B8%B0" title="그리스 국가 부채 위기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그리스 국가 부채 위기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F" title="यूनान का सरकारी ऋण संकट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूनान का सरकारी ऋण संकट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisis_utang_pemerintah_Yunani" title="Krisis utang pemerintah Yunani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Krisis utang pemerintah Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisi_economica_della_Grecia" title="Crisi economica della Grecia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crisi economica della Grecia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F" title="משבר החוב של יוון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משבר החוב של יוון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%81" title="ಗ್ರೀಕ್ ಬಿಕ್ಕಟ್ಟು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗ್ರೀಕ್ ಬಿಕ್ಕಟ್ಟು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6r%C3%B6g_gazdas%C3%A1gi_v%C3%A1ls%C3%A1g" title="Görög gazdasági válság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Görög gazdasági válság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisis_hutang_kerajaan_Yunani" title="Krisis hutang kerajaan Yunani – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Krisis hutang kerajaan Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griekse_staatsschuldencrisis" title="Griekse staatsschuldencrisis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Griekse staatsschuldencrisis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F" title="ग्रीक सरकार-कर्जा सङ्कट – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ग्रीक सरकार-कर्जा सङ्कट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellas%E2%80%99_gjeldskrise" title="Hellas’ gjeldskrise – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hellas’ gjeldskrise" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80-%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F" title="ਯੂਨਾਨੀ ਸਰਕਾਰੀ-ਕਰਜ਼ਾ ਸੰਕਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੂਨਾਨੀ ਸਰਕਾਰੀ-ਕਰਜ਼ਾ ਸੰਕਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryzys_zad%C5%82u%C5%BCenia_w_Grecji" title="Kryzys zadłużenia w Grecji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kryzys zadłużenia w Grecji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_da_d%C3%ADvida_p%C3%BAblica_da_Gr%C3%A9cia" title="Crise da dívida pública da Grécia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crise da dívida pública da Grécia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criza_datoriei_publice_din_Grecia" title="Criza datoriei publice din Grecia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Criza datoriei publice din Grecia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B2_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Долговой кризис в Греции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Долговой кризис в Греции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Greek government-debt crisis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreikan_velkakriisi" title="Kreikan velkakriisi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kreikan velkakriisi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greklands_skuldkris" title="Greklands skuldkris – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Greklands skuldkris" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="கிரீஸ் நிதி நெருக்கடி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிரீஸ் நிதி நெருக்கடி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taz%C9%A3ent_n_umerwas_azayez_n_Legrig" title="Tazɣent n umerwas azayez n Legrig – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tazɣent n umerwas azayez n Legrig" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5-%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A3_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%82" title="గ్రీక్ ప్రభుత్వ-రుణ సంక్షోభం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గ్రీక్ ప్రభుత్వ-రుణ సంక్షోభం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8B" title="วิกฤติหนี้สาธารณะกรีซ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิกฤติหนี้สาธารณะกรีซ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunan_h%C3%BCk%C3%BBmeti_bor%C3%A7_krizi" title="Yunan hükûmeti borç krizi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yunan hükûmeti borç krizi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="Боргова криза в Греції – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Боргова криза в Греції" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یونان کا حکومتی قرض بحران – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یونان کا حکومتی قرض بحران" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sovereign debt crisis faced by Greece (2009–2018)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:26.0em;padding:0;"><caption class="infobox-title adr">Economy of Greek government-debt crisis</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_bonds.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Greek_bonds.webp/300px-Greek_bonds.webp.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Greek_bonds.webp/450px-Greek_bonds.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Greek_bonds.webp/600px-Greek_bonds.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="5153" data-file-height="2748" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">Fiscal year</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Early 2009 – Late 2018 (10 years)<a href="#cite_note-FT-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-France24-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue;">Statistics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a></th><td class="infobox-data">200.29 billion (2017)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP rank</th><td class="infobox-data">51 (nominal per World Bank 2017)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">23,027.41 (2017)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP per capita rank</div></th><td class="infobox-data">47 (per World Bank 2017)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue;">External</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Gross <a href="/wiki/External_debt" title="External debt">external debt</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">$372 billion as of September 2019<a href="#cite_note-CEIC-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background:lightblue;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em;padding:0.2em;"> All values, unless otherwise stated, are in <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US dollars</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_financial_audits,_2009%E2%80%932010" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek financial audits, 2009–2010">Financial audits, 2009–2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Greece" title="Anti-austerity movement in Greece">Anti-austerity movement</a></li></ul> Election articles: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Greek_economy_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Greek economy referendum">2011 proposed economy referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2012_Greek_legislative_election" title="May 2012 Greek legislative election">May 2012 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_government_formation,_May_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek government formation, May 2012">Government formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2012_Greek_legislative_election" title="June 2012 Greek legislative election">June 2012 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2015_Greek_legislative_election" title="January 2015 Greek legislative election">January 2015 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Greek_bailout_referendum" title="2015 Greek bailout referendum">2015 Greek bailout referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2015_Greek_legislative_election" title="September 2015 Greek legislative election">September 2015 election</a></li></ul> Greek government debt crisis articles: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_withdrawal_from_the_eurozone" title="Greek withdrawal from the eurozone">Greek eurozone exit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis_timeline" title="Greek government-debt crisis timeline">Greek crisis timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis_countermeasures" title="Greek government-debt crisis countermeasures">Greek crisis countermeasures</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_economic_crisis" title="Template:Greek economic crisis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_economic_crisis" title="Template talk:Greek economic crisis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_economic_crisis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek economic crisis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> faced a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign debt crisis">sovereign debt crisis</a> in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>. Widely known in the country as The Crisis (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Η Κρίση, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: I Krísi), it reached the populace as a series of sudden reforms and <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a> measures that led to <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">impoverishment</a> and loss of income and property, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_crisis" title="Humanitarian crisis">humanitarian crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In all, the Greek economy suffered the longest recession of any advanced <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> to date and became the first developed country whose stock market was downgraded to that of an emerging market in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> As a result, the Greek political system was upended, <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">social exclusion</a> increased, and hundreds of thousands of well-educated Greeks left the country<a href="#cite_note-Chatham-8">[8]</a> (most of whom had returned to the country as of 2024<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>). The crisis started in late 2009, triggered by the turmoil of the world-wide <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, structural weaknesses in the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of Greece">Greek economy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union#Monetary_policy_inflexibility" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">lack of monetary policy flexibility</a> as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Euro_effect_1-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Euro_effect_2-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The crisis included revelations that previous data on <a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">government debt</a> levels and deficits had been underreported by the Greek government;<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> indeed, the official forecast for the 2009 budget deficit was less than half the final value, and after revisions according to <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> methodology, the 2009 government debt was <a href="#Fraudulent_statistics,_revisions_and_controversies">raised from $269.3bn to $299.7bn</a>, about 11% higher than previously reported.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The crisis led to a loss of confidence in the Greek economy, indicated by a widening of <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bond</a> <a href="/wiki/Yield_spread" title="Yield spread">yield spreads</a> and rising cost of risk insurance on <a href="/wiki/Credit_default_swap" title="Credit default swap">credit default swaps</a> compared to the other <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Eurozone" class="mw-redirect" title="Member states of the Eurozone">Eurozone countries</a>, particularly Germany.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The government enacted 12 rounds of tax increases, spending cuts, and reforms from 2010 to 2016, which at times triggered local riots and nationwide protests. Despite these efforts, the country required bailout loans in 2010, 2012, and 2015 from the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurogroup" title="Eurogroup">Eurogroup</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a>, and negotiated a 50% "<a href="/wiki/Haircut_(finance)" title="Haircut (finance)">haircut</a>" on debt owed to private banks in 2011, which amounted to a €100bn debt relief (a value effectively reduced due to bank recapitalization and other resulting needs). After a popular referendum which rejected further austerity measures required for the third bailout, and after closure of banks across the country (which lasted for several weeks), on 30 June 2015, Greece became the first <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a> to fail to make an IMF loan repayment on time<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> (the payment was made with a 20-day delay).<a href="#cite_note-IMF_July_2015_payment_1-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMF_July_2015_payment_2-21">[21]</a> At that time, debt levels stood at €323bn or some €30,000 per capita,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> little changed since the beginning of the crisis and at a per capita value below the OECD average,<a href="#cite_note-Debt_per_person-23">[23]</a> but high as a percentage of the respective GDP. Between 2009 and 2017, the Greek government debt rose from €300bn to €318bn.<a href="#cite_note-Debt_2009_2017_Eurostat-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Debt_2017_Eurostat-25">[25]</a> However, during the same period the Greek debt-to-GDP ratio rose up from 127% to 179%<a href="#cite_note-Debt_2009_2017_Eurostat-24">[24]</a> due to the severe GDP drop <a href="#Effect_of_applied_programmes_on_the_debt_crisis">during the handling of the crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Debt_Past-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Forbes_Austerity-27">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_GDP.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Greek_GDP.webp/300px-Greek_GDP.webp.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Greek_GDP.webp/450px-Greek_GDP.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Greek_GDP.webp/600px-Greek_GDP.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1614" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>Greek GDP <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Real GDP (chained 2010 Euros)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Nominal GDP</div> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unit_labor_costs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Relative change in unit labour costs in 2000–2012" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Unit_labor_costs.svg/300px-Unit_labor_costs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Unit_labor_costs.svg/450px-Unit_labor_costs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Unit_labor_costs.svg/600px-Unit_labor_costs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Relative change in unit labour costs, 2000–2017</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RULC_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/RULC_Europe.png/300px-RULC_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/RULC_Europe.png/450px-RULC_Europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/RULC_Europe.png/600px-RULC_Europe.png 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>Real unit labour costs: total economy (ratio of compensation per employee to nominal GDP per person employed)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis_timeline#Background" title="Greek government-debt crisis timeline">Greek government-debt crisis timeline § Background</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_debt">Historical debt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical debt">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;float:right;margin:1em;"> <caption>Average public debt-to-GDP (1909–2008<a href="#cite_note-28">[a]</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Debt_Past-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Debt_IMF-29">[28]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Average public debt-to-GDP (% of GDP) </th></tr> <tr> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">104.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belgium </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">86.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italy </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">76.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Canada </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">71.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>France </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">62.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Greece </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">60.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>United States </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">47.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germany </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">32.1 </td></tr></tbody></table> Greece, like other European nations, had faced <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_debt_crises" title="List of sovereign debt crises">debt crises in the 19th century</a>, as well as a similar crisis in 1932 during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. While economists <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Reinhart" title="Carmen Reinhart">Carmen Reinhart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rogoff" title="Kenneth Rogoff">Kenneth Rogoff</a> wrote that "from 1800 until well after World War II, Greece found itself virtually in continual default",<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> (referring to a period which included Greece's war of independence, two wars with the Ottoman Empire, two Balkan wars, two World Wars, and a Civil War) Greece recorded <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_debt_crises" title="List of sovereign debt crises">fewer cases of default than Spain or Portugal</a> in the aforementioned period (in reality starting from 1830, as this was the year of Greece's independence).<a href="#cite_note-Debt_Past-26">[26]</a> Actually, during the 20th century, Greece enjoyed one of the highest GDP growth rates in the world<a href="#cite_note-Angus_Maddison-31">[30]</a> and average Greek government debt-to-GDP from 1909 to 2008 (a century until the eve of the debt crisis) was lower than that of the UK, Canada or France.<a href="#cite_note-Debt_Past-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Debt_IMF-29">[28]</a> During the 30-year period immediately prior to its entrance into the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> in 1981,<a href="#cite_note-accgr-32">[31]</a> the Greek government's debt-to-GDP ratio averaged only 19.8%.<a href="#cite_note-Historical_Debt_IMF-29">[28]</a> Indeed, accession to the EEC (and later the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>) was predicated on keeping the debt-to-GDP well below the 60% level, and certain members watched this figure closely.<a href="#cite_note-acii10-33">[32]</a> Between 1981 and 1993, Greece's debt-to-GDP ratio steadily rose, surpassing the average of what is today the Eurozone in the mid-1980's. For the next 15 years, from 1993 to 2007, Greece's government debt-to-GDP ratio remained roughly unchanged (not affected by the <a href="/wiki/2004_Athens_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Athens Olympics">2004 Athens Olympics</a>), averaging 102%;<a href="#cite_note-Historical_Debt_IMF-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Debt_1980-34">[33]</a> this figure was lower than that of Italy (107%) and Belgium (110%) during the same 15-year period,<a href="#cite_note-Historical_Debt_IMF-29">[28]</a> and comparable to that for the U.S. or the OECD average in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-OECD_Debt-35">[34]</a> During the latter period, the country's annual budget deficit usually exceeded 3% of GDP, but its effect on the debt-to GDP ratio was counterbalanced by high GDP growth rates.<a href="#cite_note-Debt_Past-26">[26]</a> The debt-to GDP values for 2006 and 2007 (about 105%) were established after <a href="/wiki/Greek_financial_audits,_2009%E2%80%9310" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek financial audits, 2009–10">audits</a> resulted in corrections of up to 10 percentage points for the particular years. These corrections, although altering the debt level by <a href="/wiki/Greek_financial_audits,_2009%E2%80%9310" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek financial audits, 2009–10">a maximum of about 10%</a>, resulted in a popular notion that "Greece was previously hiding its debt". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutions_after_birth_of_euro_currency">Evolutions after birth of euro currency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Evolutions after birth of euro currency">edit</a>]</div> The 2001 introduction of the euro reduced trade costs between Eurozone countries, increasing overall trade volume. Labor costs increased more (from a lower base) in peripheral countries such as Greece relative to core countries such as Germany without compensating rise in productivity, eroding Greece's competitive edge. As a result, Greece's <a href="/wiki/Current_account_(balance_of_payments)" title="Current account (balance of payments)">current account (trade) deficit</a> rose significantly.<a href="#cite_note-FRBSFGalina-36">[35]</a> A trade deficit means that a country is consuming more than it produces, which requires borrowing/direct investment from other countries.<a href="#cite_note-FRBSFGalina-36">[35]</a> Both the Greek <a href="/wiki/Trade_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade deficit">trade deficit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget deficit">budget deficit</a> rose from below 5% of <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> in 1999 to peak around 15% of GDP in the 2008–2009 periods.<a href="#cite_note-research.stlouisfed.org-37">[36]</a> One driver of the investment inflow was Greece's membership in the EU and the Eurozone. Greece was perceived as a higher <a href="/wiki/Credit_risk" title="Credit risk">credit risk</a> alone than it was as a member of the Eurozone, which implied that investors felt the EU would bring discipline to its finances and support Greece in the event of problems.<a href="#cite_note-vox.com-38">[37]</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> spread to Europe, the amount of funds lent from the European <a href="/wiki/Core_countries" title="Core countries">core countries</a> (e.g. Germany) to the peripheral countries such as Greece began to decline. Reports in 2009 of Greek fiscal mismanagement and deception increased <a href="/wiki/Interest_expense" title="Interest expense">borrowing costs</a>; the combination meant Greece could no longer borrow to finance its <a href="/wiki/Trade_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade deficit">trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget deficit">budget deficits</a> at an affordable cost.<a href="#cite_note-FRBSFGalina-36">[35]</a> A country facing a '<a href="/wiki/Sudden_stop_(economics)" title="Sudden stop (economics)">sudden stop</a>' in private investment and a high (local currency) <a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">debt</a> load typically allows its currency to <a href="/wiki/Currency_depreciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Currency depreciation">depreciate</a> to encourage investment and to pay back the debt in devalued currency. This was not possible while Greece remained in the euro.<a href="#cite_note-FRBSFGalina-36">[35]</a> "However, the sudden stop has not prompted the European periphery countries to move toward devaluation by abandoning the euro, in part because capital transfers from euro-area partners have allowed them to finance current account deficits".<a href="#cite_note-FRBSFGalina-36">[35]</a> In addition, to become more competitive, Greek wages fell nearly 20% from mid-2010 to 2014,<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> a form of <a href="/wiki/Deflation" title="Deflation">deflation</a>. This significantly reduced income and GDP, resulting in a severe <a href="/wiki/Economic_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic recession">recession</a>, decline in tax receipts and a significant rise in the <a href="/wiki/Debt_ratio" title="Debt ratio">debt-to-GDP ratio</a>. Unemployment reached nearly 25%, from below 10% in 2003. Significant government spending cuts helped the Greek government return to a primary <a href="/wiki/Budget_surplus" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget surplus">budget surplus</a> by 2014 (collecting more <a href="/wiki/Government_revenue" title="Government revenue">revenue</a> than it paid out, excluding <a href="/wiki/Compound_interest" title="Compound interest">interest</a>).<a href="#cite_note-AKPrimer-40">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Causes">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_debt_to_GDP_ratios.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/European_debt_to_GDP_ratios.webp/300px-European_debt_to_GDP_ratios.webp.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/European_debt_to_GDP_ratios.webp/450px-European_debt_to_GDP_ratios.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/European_debt_to_GDP_ratios.webp/600px-European_debt_to_GDP_ratios.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>European debt to GDP ratios <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </div> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_factors">External factors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External factors">edit</a>]</div> The Greek crisis was triggered primarily by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, which led the budget deficits of several Western nations to reach or exceed 10% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-Debt_Past-26">[26]</a> In the case of Greece, the high budget deficit (which, after several corrections, was revealed to have reached 10.2% and 15.1% of GDP in 2008 and 2009 respectively)<a href="#cite_note-Deficit_Eurostat-41">[40]</a> was coupled with a high public debt to GDP ratio (which was relatively stable for several years prior to the crisis, at just above 100% of GDP after corrections).<a href="#cite_note-Debt_Past-26">[26]</a> Thus, the country appeared to lose control of its public debt to GDP ratio, which reached 127% of GDP in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Debt_2009_2017_Eurostat-24">[24]</a> In contrast, Italy was able to keep its 2009 budget deficit at 5.1% of GDP despite the crisis,<a href="#cite_note-Deficit_Eurostat-41">[40]</a> which was crucial, given that it had a public debt to GDP ratio comparable to Greece's.<a href="#cite_note-Debt_2009_2017_Eurostat-24">[24]</a> In addition, being a member of the Eurozone, Greece had essentially no autonomous <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union#Monetary_policy_inflexibility" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">monetary policy flexibility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Euro_effect_1-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Euro_effect_2-11">[11]</a> Finally, dramatic revisions in Greek budget statistics were heavily reported on by media and condemned by other EU states,<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> leading to strong reactions in private bond markets. As a result of the appearance of impropriety, market interest rates on Greek debt rose dramatically in early 2010,<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> making it much more challenging for the country to finance its debt. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_factors">Internal factors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Internal factors">edit</a>]</div> There have been arguments regarding the country's poor macroeconomic handling between 2001 and 2009,<a href="#cite_note-Arghyrou_173–191-44">[43]</a> including the significant reliance of the country's economic growth to vulnerable factors such as <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Greece" title="Tourism in Greece">tourism</a>. In January 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Finance (Greece)">Greek Ministry of Finance</a> published Stability and Growth Program 2010,<a href="#cite_note-europa1-45">[44]</a> which listed the main causes of the crisis including poor GDP growth, government debt and deficits, budget compliance and data credibility. Causes found by others included excess government spending, current account deficits, <a href="/wiki/Tax_avoidance" title="Tax avoidance">tax avoidance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">tax evasion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-europa1-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="GDP_growth">GDP growth</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: GDP growth">edit</a>]</div> After 2008, GDP growth was lower than the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Statistical_Authority" title="Hellenic Statistical Authority">Greek national statistical agency</a> had anticipated. The Greek Ministry of Finance reported the need to improve competitiveness by reducing salaries and bureaucracy<a href="#cite_note-europa1-45">[44]</a> and to redirect governmental spending from non-growth sectors such as the military into growth-stimulating sectors. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> had a particularly large negative impact on GDP growth rates in Greece. Two of the country's largest earners, tourism and shipping were badly affected by the downturn, with revenues falling 15% in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-tempsreel.nouvelobs.com-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government_deficit">Government deficit</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Government deficit">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Special:EditPage/Greek government-debt crisis">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (April 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Fiscal imbalances developed from 2004 to 2009: "output increased in nominal terms by 40%, while central government primary expenditures increased by 87% against an increase of only 31% in tax revenues." The Ministry intended to implement real expenditure cuts that would allow expenditures to grow 3.8% from 2009 to 2013, well below expected inflation at 6.9%. Overall revenues were expected to grow 31.5% from 2009 to 2013, secured by new, higher taxes and by a major reform of the ineffective tax collection system. The deficit needed to decline to a level compatible with a declining debt-to-GDP ratio. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government_debt">Government debt</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Government debt">edit</a>]</div> The debt increased in 2009 due to the higher-than-expected government deficit and higher debt-service costs. The Greek government assessed that structural economic reforms would be insufficient, as the debt would still increase to an unsustainable level before the positive results of reforms could be achieved. In addition to structural reforms, permanent and temporary <a href="/wiki/Austerity_measures" class="mw-redirect" title="Austerity measures">austerity measures</a> (with a size relative to GDP of 4.0% in 2010, 3.1% in 2011, 2.8% in 2012 and 0.8% in 2013) were needed.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Reforms and austerity measures, in combination with an expected return of positive economic growth in 2011, would reduce the baseline deficit from €30.6 billion in 2009 to €5.7 billion in 2013, while the debt/GDP ratio would stabilize at 120% in 2010–2011 and decline in 2012 and 2013. After 1993, the debt-to-GDP ratio remained above 94%.<a href="#cite_note-Debt-to-GDP_ratio-48">[47]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> caused the debt level to exceed the maximum sustainable level, defined by <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a> economists to be 120%.<a href="#cite_note-imfmsd-49">[48]</a> According to the report "The Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece" published by the EU Commission in October 2011, the debt level was expected to reach 198% in 2012, if the proposed debt restructure agreement was not implemented.<a href="#cite_note-EC_draft-50">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Budget_compliance">Budget compliance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Budget compliance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Special:EditPage/Greek government-debt crisis">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (April 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Budget compliance was acknowledged to need improvement. For 2009 it was found to be "a lot worse than normal, due to economic control being more lax in a year with political elections". The government wanted to strengthen the monitoring system in 2010, making it possible to track revenues and expenses, at both national and local levels. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Data_credibility">Data credibility</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Data credibility">edit</a>]</div> Problems with unreliable data had existed since Greece applied for Euro membership in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-Eurostat_Audit_in_2004_of_the_Greek_economy-51">[50]</a> In the five years from 2005 to 2009, <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> noted reservations about Greek fiscal data in five semiannual assessments of the quality of EU member states' public finance statistics. In its January 2010 report on Greek Government Deficit and Debt Statistics, the European Commission/Eurostat wrote (page 28): "On five occasions since 2004 reservations have been expressed by Eurostat on the Greek data in the biannual press release on deficit and debt data. When the Greek EDP data have been published without reservations, this has been the result of Eurostat interventions before or during the notification period in order to correct mistakes or inappropriate recording, with the result of increasing the notified deficit." Previously reported figures were consistently revised down.<a href="#cite_note-Review_of_Greek_statistical_issues-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elstat_revised_national_accounts_2005–2010-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elstat_revised_fiscal_data_2007–2010-54">[53]</a> The misreported data made it impossible to predict GDP growth, deficit and debt. By the end of each year, all were below estimates. Data problems had been evident over time in several other countries, but in the case of Greece, the problems were so persistent and so severe that the European Commission/Eurostat wrote in its January 2010 Report on Greek Government Deficit and Debt Statistics (page 3): "Revisions of this magnitude in the estimated past government deficit ratios have been extremely rare in the other EU Member States, but have taken place for Greece on several occasions. These most recent revisions are an illustration of the lack of quality of the Greek fiscal statistics (and of macroeconomic statistics in general) and show that the progress in the compilation of fiscal statistics in Greece, and the intense scrutiny of the Greek fiscal data by Eurostat since 2004 (including 10 EDP visits and 5 reservations on the notified data), have not sufficed to bring the quality of Greek fiscal data to the level reached by other EU Member States." And the same report further noted (page 7): "The partners in the ESS [European Statistical System] are supposed to cooperate in good faith. Deliberate misreporting or fraud is not foreseen in the regulation."<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> In April 2010, in the context of the semiannual notification of deficit and debt statistics under the EU's Excessive Deficit Procedure, the Greek government deficit for years 2006–2008 was revised upward by about 1.5–2 percentage points for each year and the deficit for 2009 was estimated for the first time at 13.6%,<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> the second highest in the EU relative to GDP behind Ireland at 14.3% and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> third at 11.5%.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Greek government debt for 2009 was estimated at 115.1% of GDP, which was the second highest in the EU after Italy's 115.8%. Yet, these deficit and debt statistics reported by Greece were again published with reservation by Eurostat, "due to uncertainties on the surplus of social security funds for 2009, on the classification of some public entities and on the recording of off-market swaps."<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> The revised statistics revealed that Greece from 2000 to 2010 had exceeded the <a href="/wiki/Euro_convergence_criteria" title="Euro convergence criteria">Eurozone stability criteria</a>, with yearly deficits exceeding the recommended maximum limit at 3.0% of GDP, and with the debt level significantly above the limit of 60% of GDP. It is widely accepted that the persistent misreporting and lack of credibility of Greece's official statistics over many years was an important enabling condition for the buildup of Greece's fiscal problems and eventually its debt crisis. The February 2014 Report of the European Parliament on the inquiry on the role and operations of the Troika (ECB, Commission and IMF) with regard to the euro area program countries (paragraph 5) states: "[The European Parliament] is of the opinion that the problematic situation of Greece was also due to statistical fraud in the years preceding the setting-up of the programme".<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government_spending">Government spending</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Government spending">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HellenicOeconomy(inCurrentEuros).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/HellenicOeconomy%28inCurrentEuros%29.png/300px-HellenicOeconomy%28inCurrentEuros%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/HellenicOeconomy%28inCurrentEuros%29.png/450px-HellenicOeconomy%28inCurrentEuros%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/HellenicOeconomy%28inCurrentEuros%29.png/600px-HellenicOeconomy%28inCurrentEuros%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption>Combined charts of Greece's GDP and debt since 1970; also of deficit since 2000. Absolute terms <a href="/wiki/Time_series" title="Time series">time series</a> are in current euros. Public deficit (brown) worsened to 10% in 2008, 15% in 2009 and 11% in 2010. As a result, the public debt-to-GDP ratio (red) rose from 109% in 2008 to 146% in 2010.</figcaption></figure> The Greek economy was one of the Eurozone's fastest growing from 2000 to 2007, averaging 4.2% annually, as foreign capital flooded in.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> This capital inflow coincided with a higher budget deficit.<a href="#cite_note-research.stlouisfed.org-37">[36]</a> Greece had budget surpluses from 1960 to 1973, but thereafter it had budget deficits.<a href="#cite_note-Financial_statistics_for_Greece_in_1950–1989-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Budget_deficits_1960–2011_in_free_extracted_file_from_OECD_database-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Budget_deficits_1960–2014_directly_from_OECD_database-64">[63]</a> From 1974 to 1980 the government had budget deficits below 3% of GDP, while 1981–2013 deficits were above 3%.<a href="#cite_note-Budget_deficits_1960–2011_in_free_extracted_file_from_OECD_database-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Budget_deficits_1960–2014_directly_from_OECD_database-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Budget_balance_since_1988-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Financial_statistics_for_Greece_in_1990–97-66">[65]</a> An editorial published by <a href="/wiki/Kathimerini" title="Kathimerini">Kathimerini</a> claimed that after the removal of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_military_junta_of_1967%E2%80%931974" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek military junta of 1967–1974">right-wing military junta</a> in 1974, Greek governments wanted to bring left-leaning Greeks into the economic mainstream<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> and so ran large deficits to finance military expenditures, public sector jobs, pensions and other social benefits. In 2008, Greece was the largest importer of conventional weapons in Europe and its military spending was the highest in the European Union relative to the country's GDP, reaching twice the European average.<a href="#cite_note-Frank_Slijper-68">[67]</a> Even in 2013, Greece had the second-biggest defense spending in <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> as a percentage of GDP, after the US.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Pre-Euro, currency <a href="/wiki/Devaluation" title="Devaluation">devaluation</a> helped to finance Greek government borrowing. Thereafter this tool disappeared. Greece was able to continue borrowing because of the lower interest rates for Euro bonds, in combination with strong GDP growth. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Current_account_balance">Current account balance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Current account balance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Current_account_imbalances_EN_(3D).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Current account imbalances in 1997–2013" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Current_account_imbalances_EN_%283D%29.svg/300px-Current_account_imbalances_EN_%283D%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="398" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Current_account_imbalances_EN_%283D%29.svg/450px-Current_account_imbalances_EN_%283D%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Current_account_imbalances_EN_%283D%29.svg/600px-Current_account_imbalances_EN_%283D%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>Current account imbalances (1997–2014)</figcaption></figure> Economist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a> wrote, "What we're basically looking at ... is a balance of payments problem, in which capital flooded south after the creation of the euro, leading to overvaluation in southern Europe"<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> and "In truth, this has never been a fiscal crisis at its root; it has always been a balance of payments crisis that manifests itself in part in budget problems, which have then been pushed onto the center of the stage by ideology."<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> The translation of trade deficits to budget deficits works through <a href="/wiki/Sectoral_balances" title="Sectoral balances">sectoral balances</a>. Greece ran current account (trade) deficits averaging 9.1% GDP from 2000 to 2011.<a href="#cite_note-research.stlouisfed.org-37">[36]</a> By definition, a trade deficit requires capital inflow (mainly borrowing) to fund; this is referred to as a capital surplus or foreign financial surplus.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Greece's large budget deficit was funded by running a large foreign financial surplus. As the inflow of money stopped during the crisis, reducing the foreign financial surplus, Greece was forced to reduce its budget deficit substantially. Countries facing such a sudden reversal in capital flows typically devalue their currencies to resume the inflow of capital; however, Greece was unable to do this, and so has instead suffered significant income (GDP) reduction, an internal form of devaluation.<a href="#cite_note-FRBSFGalina-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-research.stlouisfed.org-37">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tax_evasion_and_corruption">Tax evasion and corruption</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tax evasion and corruption">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;float:left;margin:1em;"> <caption>Corruption Perceptions Index 2008 (before the Greek debt crisis): Worst EU Performers<a href="#cite_note-Corruption_2008-72">[71]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>CPI Score 2008 (World Rank) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bulgaria </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">3.6 (72) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Romania </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">3.8 (70) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poland </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">4.6 (58) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lithuania </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">4.6 (58) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Greece </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">4.7 (57) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italy </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">4.8 (55) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Latvia </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">5.0 (52) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slovakia </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">5.0 (52) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hungary </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">5.1 (47) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Czech Republic </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">5.2 (45) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malta </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">5.8 (36) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Portugal </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">6.1 (32) </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion_and_corruption_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax evasion and corruption in Greece">Tax evasion and corruption in Greece</a></div> Before the crisis, Greece was one of EU's worst performers according to <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perception_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Corruption Perception Index">Corruption Perception Index</a><a href="#cite_note-Corruption_2008-72">[71]</a> (see table). At some time during the culmination of the crisis, it temporarily became the worst performer.<a href="#cite_note-Transparency_International-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-74">[73]</a> One bailout condition was to implement an anti-corruption strategy;<a href="#cite_note-Second_Economic_Adjustment_Programme_for_Greece_(Fourth_review_April_2014)-75">[74]</a> by 2017 the situation had improved, but the respective score remained one of the worst in the EU.<a href="#cite_note-Corruption_2017-76">[75]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;float:right;margin:1em;"> <caption>Shadow Economy (% of GDP) in 2017 (Selected EU Countries)<a href="#cite_note-Shadow_IMF_2017-77">[76]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Shadow Economy (% of GDP) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Estonia </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">24.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malta </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">23.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hungary </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">22.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slovenia </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">22.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poland </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">22.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Greece </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">21.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italy </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">19.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spain </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">17.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belgium </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">15.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>France </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">12.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sweden </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">12.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germany </td> <td style="padding-left: 2em">10.4 </td></tr></tbody></table> The ability to pay its debts depends greatly on the amount of tax the government is able to collect. In Greece, tax receipts were consistently below the expected level. Data for 2012 indicated that the Greek "shadow economy" or "underground economy", from which little or no tax was collected, was a full 24.3% of GDP – compared with 28.6% for Estonia, 26.5% for Latvia, 21.6% for Italy, 17.1% for Belgium, 14.7% for Sweden, 13.7% for Finland, and 13.5% for Germany.<a href="#cite_note-go.bloomberg.com-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> (The situation had improved for Greece, along with most EU countries, by 2017).<a href="#cite_note-Shadow_IMF_2017-77">[76]</a> Given that tax evasion is correlated with the percentage of working population that is self-employed,<a href="#cite_note-Media_Coverage-80">[79]</a> the result was predictable in Greece, where in 2013 the percentage of self-employed workers was more than double the EU average.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Also in 2012, Swiss estimates suggested that Greeks had some 20 billion euros in Switzerland of which only one percent had been declared as taxable in Greece.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> In 2015, estimates indicated that the amount of evaded taxes stored in Swiss banks was around 80 billion euros.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto5-83">[82]</a> A mid-2017 report indicated Greeks were being "taxed to the hilt" and many believed that the risk of penalties for tax evasion were less serious than the risk of bankruptcy. One method of evasion that was continuing was the so-called "black market" or "grey economy" or "underground economy": work is done for cash payment which is not declared as income; as well, <a href="/wiki/Value_Added_Tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Value Added Tax">VAT</a> is not collected and remitted.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-84">[83]</a> A January 2017 report<a href="#cite_note-auto7-85">[84]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] by the DiaNEOsis think-tank indicated that unpaid taxes in Greece at the time totaled approximately 95 billion euros, up from 76 billion euros in 2015, much of it was expected to be uncollectable. The same study estimated that the loss to the government as a result of tax evasion was between 6% and 9% of the country's GDP, or roughly between 11 billion and 16 billion euros per annum.<a href="#cite_note-keeptalkinggreece.com-86">[85]</a> The shortfall in the collection of VAT (roughly, sales tax) was also significant. In 2014, the government collected 28% less than was owed to it; this shortfall was about double the average for the EU. The uncollected amount that year was about 4.9 billion euros.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg.com-87">[86]</a> The 2017 DiaNEOsis study estimated that 3.5% of GDP was lost due to VAT fraud, while losses due to smuggling of alcohol, tobacco and petrol amounted to approximately another 0.5% of the country's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-keeptalkinggreece.com-86">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Actions_to_reduce_tax_evasion">Actions to reduce tax evasion</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Actions to reduce tax evasion">edit</a>]</div> Following similar actions by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the Greek government was in talks with <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> in 2011, to try to force Swiss banks to reveal information on the bank accounts of Greek citizens.<a href="#cite_note-Skai_Elvetia-88">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Finance_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Finance (Greece)">Ministry of Finance</a> stated that Greeks with Swiss bank accounts would be required either to pay a tax or to reveal information such as the identity of the bank account holder to the Greek internal revenue services.<a href="#cite_note-Skai_Elvetia-88">[87]</a> The Greek and Swiss governments hoped to reach a deal on the matter by the end of 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Skai_Elvetia-88">[87]</a> The solution demanded by Greece had still not been effected as of 2015; when there was an estimated €80 billion of taxes evaded on Swiss bank accounts. But by then the Greek and Swiss governments were seriously negotiating a tax treaty to address this issue.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto5-83">[82]</a> On 1 March 2016 Switzerland ratified an agreement creating a new tax transparency law to fight tax evasion more effectively. Starting in 2018, banks in both Greece and Switzerland were to exchange information about the bank accounts of citizens of the other country, to minimize the possibility of hiding untaxed income.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] In 2016 and 2017, the government was encouraging the use of <a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit cards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Debit_card" title="Debit card">debit cards</a> to pay for goods and services in order to reduce cash only payments. By January 2017, taxpayers were only granted tax allowances or deductions when payments were made electronically, with a "paper trail" of the transactions that the government could easily audit. This was expected to reduce the problem of businesses taking payments but not issuing an invoice.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> This tactic had been used by various companies to avoid payment of VAT as well as income tax.<a href="#cite_note-auto8-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto9-92">[91]</a> By 28 July 2017, numerous businesses were required by law to install a <a href="/wiki/Point_of_sale" title="Point of sale">point of sale</a> (POS) device to enable them to accept payment by credit or debit card. Failure to comply can lead to fines of up to €1,500. The requirement applied to around 400,000 firms or individuals in 85 professions. The greater use of cards had helped to achieve significant increases in VAT receipts in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-ekathimerini.com-93">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology">Chronology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Chronology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_debt_crisis_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek debt crisis timeline">Greek debt crisis timeline</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010_revelations_and_IMF_bailout">2010 revelations and IMF bailout</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2010 revelations and IMF bailout">edit</a>]</div> Despite the crisis, the Greek government's bond auction in January 2010 of €8bn 5-year bonds was 4x over-subscribed.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> The next auction (March) sold €5bn in 10-year bonds reached 3x.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> However, yields (interest rates) increased, which worsened the deficit. In April 2010, it was estimated that up to 70% of Greek government bonds were held by foreign investors, primarily banks.<a href="#cite_note-Analysis_of_Greek_debt_crisis_pr_April_2009-96">[95]</a> In April, after publication of GDP data which showed an intermittent period of recession starting in 2007,<a href="#cite_note-Greek_GDP_data_for_2005–2014-97">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Credit_rating_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit rating agencies">credit rating agencies</a> then downgraded Greek bonds to <a href="/wiki/Bond_credit_rating" title="Bond credit rating">junk</a> status in late April 2010. This froze private capital markets, and put Greece in danger of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_default" title="Sovereign default">sovereign default</a> without a bailout.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> On 2 May, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> (ECB) and <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) (the <a href="/wiki/European_troika" class="mw-redirect" title="European troika">Troika</a>) launched a €110 billion bailout loan to rescue Greece from <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_default" title="Sovereign default">sovereign default</a> and cover its financial needs through June 2013, conditional on implementation of <a href="/wiki/Austerity_measures" class="mw-redirect" title="Austerity measures">austerity measures</a>, structural reforms and privatization of government assets.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> The bailout loans were mainly used to pay for the maturing bonds, but also to finance the continued yearly budget deficits.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_debt_and_EU_average_since_1977.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Greek_debt_and_EU_average_since_1977.png/300px-Greek_debt_and_EU_average_since_1977.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Greek_debt_and_EU_average_since_1977.png/450px-Greek_debt_and_EU_average_since_1977.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Greek_debt_and_EU_average_since_1977.png/600px-Greek_debt_and_EU_average_since_1977.png 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Greece's debt percentage since 1977, compared to the average of the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fraudulent_statistics,_revisions_and_controversies">Fraudulent statistics, revisions and controversies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Fraudulent statistics, revisions and controversies">edit</a>]</div> To keep within the <a href="/wiki/Euro_convergence_criteria" title="Euro convergence criteria">monetary union guidelines</a>, the government of Greece for many years simply misreported economic statistics.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> The areas in which Greece's deficit and debt statistics did not follow common European Union rules spanned about a dozen different areas outlined and explained in two European Commission/Eurostat reports, from January 2010 (including its very detailed and candid annex) and from November 2010.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Methodological_Visits_to_Greece-104">[103]</a> For example, at the beginning of 2010, it was discovered that Goldman Sachs and other banks had arranged financial transactions involving the use of derivatives to reduce the Greek government's nominal foreign currency debt, in a manner that the banks claim was consistent with EU debt reporting rules, but which others have argued were contrary at the very least to the spirit of the reporting rules of such instruments.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_2010-106">[105]</a> Christoforos Sardelis, former head of Greece's <a href="/wiki/Public_Debt_Management_Agency_(Greece)" title="Public Debt Management Agency (Greece)">Public Debt Management Agency</a>, said that the country did not understand what it was buying. He also said he learned that "other EU countries such as Italy" had made similar deals (while similar cases were reported for other countries, including Belgium, Portugal, and even Germany).<a href="#cite_note-Europe_derivatives_1-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Europe_derivatives_2-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Italy_swaps-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FT_Italy_derivatives-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Der_Spiegel-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldman-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> Most notable was a <a href="/wiki/Cross_currency_swap" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross currency swap">cross currency swap</a>, where billions worth of Greek debts and loans were converted into yen and dollars at a fictitious exchange rate, thus hiding the true extent of Greek loans.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> Such off market swaps were not originally registered as debt because <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> statistics did not include such financial derivatives until March 2008, when Eurostat issued a Guidance note that instructed countries to record as debt such instruments.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> A German derivatives dealer commented, "The <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht</a> rules can be circumvented quite legally through swaps", and "In previous years, Italy used a similar trick to mask its true debt with the help of a different US bank."<a href="#cite_note-Italy_swaps-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FT_Italy_derivatives-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Der_Spiegel-116">[115]</a> These conditions enabled Greece and other governments to spend beyond their means, while ostensibly meeting EU deficit targets.<a href="#cite_note-Europe_derivatives_1-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Europe_derivatives_2-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldman-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> However, while in 2008 other EU countries with such off-market swaps declared them to Eurostat and went back to correct their debt data (with reservations and disputes remaining<a href="#cite_note-Europe_derivatives_1-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FT_Italy_derivatives-113">[112]</a>), the Greek government told Eurostat it had no such off market swaps and did not adjust its debt measure as required by the rules. The European Commission/Eurostat November 2010 report explains the situation in detail and inter alia notes (page 17): "In 2008 the Greek authorities wrote to Eurostat that: "The State does not engage in options, forwards, futures or FOREX swaps, nor in off market swaps (swaps with non-zero market value at inception)."<a href="#cite_note-Methodological_Visits_to_Greece-104">[103]</a> In reality, however, according to the same report, at end-2008 Greece had off-market swaps with a market value of 5.4 billion Euro, thus understating the value of general government debt by the same amount (2.3 percent of GDP).The European statistics agency, Eurostat, had at regular intervals from 2004 to 2010, sent 10 delegations to Athens with a view to improving the reliability of Greek statistical figures. In January it issued a report that contained accusations of falsified data and political interference.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> The Finance Ministry accepted the need to restore trust among investors and correct methodological flaws, "by making the National Statistics Service an independent legal entity and phasing in, during the first quarter of 2010, all the necessary checks and balances".<a href="#cite_note-europa1-45">[44]</a> The new government of <a href="/wiki/George_Papandreou" title="George Papandreou">George Papandreou</a> revised the 2009 deficit forecast from a previous 6%–8% to 12.7% of GDP. The final value, after revisions concluded in the following year using Eurostat's standardized method, was 15.4% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-statistics.gr-123">[122]</a> The figure for Greek government debt at the end of 2009 increased from its first November estimate at €269.3 billion (113% of GDP)<a href="#cite_note-Analysis_of_Greek_debt_crisis_pr_April_2009-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> to a revised €299.7 billion (127% of GDP<a href="#cite_note-Debt_2009_2017_Eurostat-24">[24]</a>). This was the highest for any EU country. The methodology of revisions, has led to a certain controversy. Specifically, questions have been raised about the way the cost of aforementioned previous actions such as cross currency swaps was estimated, and why it was retroactively added to the 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009 budget deficits, rather than to those of earlier years, more relevant to the transactions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, Eurostat and ELSTAT have explained in detail in public reports from November 2010 that the proper recording of off-market swaps that was carried out in November 2010 increased the stock of debt for each year for which the swaps were outstanding (including the years 2006–2009) by about 2.3 percent of GDP but at the same time decreased -not increased- the deficit for each of these years by about 0.02 percent of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-Methodological_Visits_to_Greece-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-statistics.gr-123">[122]</a> Regarding the latter, the Eurostat report explains: " at the same time [as the upward correction of the debt stock], there must be a correction throughout the whole period for the deficit of Greece, as the flows of interest under the swap contract are reduced by an amount equal to the part of any settlement flows relating to the amortisation of the loan (this is a financial transaction with no impact on the deficit), whereas interest on the loan are still imputed as expenditure." Further questions involve the way deficits of several legal entities from the non-financial corporations in the General Government sector were estimated and retroactively added to the same years' (2006 to 2009) budget deficits.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Nevertheless, both Eurostat and ELSTAT have explained in public reports how the previous misclassification of certain (17 in number) government enterprises and other government entities outside the General Government sector was corrected as they did not meet the criteria for being classified outside the General Government. As the Eurostat report noted, "Eurostat discovered that the ESA 95 rules for classification of state owned units were not being applied."<a href="#cite_note-Methodological_Visits_to_Greece-104">[103]</a> In the context of this controversy, the former head of Greece's statistical agency, Andreas Georgiou, has been accused of inflating Greece's budget deficit for the aforementioned years.<a href="#cite_note-Georgiou_1-125">[124]</a> He was cleared of charges of inflating Greece's deficit in February 2019.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> It has been argued by many international as well as Greek observers that "despite overwhelming evidence that Mr. Georgiou correctly applied EU rules in revising Greece's fiscal deficit and debt figures, and despite strong international support for his case, some Greek courts continued the witch hunt."<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> The combined corrections lead to an increase of the Greek public debt by <a href="/wiki/Greek_financial_audits,_2009%E2%80%9310" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek financial audits, 2009–10">about 10%</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Greek_financial_audits,_2009%E2%80%9310" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek financial audits, 2009–10">financial audit of the fiscal years 2006–2009</a> Eurostat announced in November 2010 that the revised figures for 2006–2009 finally were considered to be reliable.<a href="#cite_note-Methodological_Visits_to_Greece-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011">2011</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2011">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20110630_Indignados_Syntagma_general_mass_Athens_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/20110630_Indignados_Syntagma_general_mass_Athens_Greece.jpg/220px-20110630_Indignados_Syntagma_general_mass_Athens_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/20110630_Indignados_Syntagma_general_mass_Athens_Greece.jpg/330px-20110630_Indignados_Syntagma_general_mass_Athens_Greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/20110630_Indignados_Syntagma_general_mass_Athens_Greece.jpg/440px-20110630_Indignados_Syntagma_general_mass_Athens_Greece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4222" data-file-height="2744" /></a><figcaption>Protests in Greece during the debt crisis</figcaption></figure> A year later, a worsened recession along with the poor performance of the Greek government in achieving the conditions of the agreed bailout, forced a second bailout. In July 2011, private creditors agreed to a voluntary haircut of 21 percent on their Greek debt, but Eurozone officials considered this write-down to be insufficient.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Especially <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a>, the German finance minister, and <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a>, the German chancellor, "pushed private creditors to accept a 50 percent loss on their Greek bonds",<a href="#cite_note-auto10-133">[132]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet">Jean-Claude Trichet</a> of the European Central Bank had long opposed a haircut for private investors, "fearing that it could undermine the vulnerable European banking system".<a href="#cite_note-auto10-133">[132]</a> When private investors agreed to accept bigger losses, the Troika launched the second bailout worth €130 billion. This included a bank recapitalization package worth €48bn. Private bondholders were required to accept extended maturities, lower interest rates and a 53.5% reduction in the bonds' face value.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> On 17 October 2011, <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Finance_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Finance (Greece)">Minister of Finance</a> <a href="/wiki/Evangelos_Venizelos" title="Evangelos Venizelos">Evangelos Venizelos</a> announced that the government would establish a new fund, aimed at helping those who were hit the hardest from the government's austerity measures.<a href="#cite_note-Skai_17_October_2011-135">[134]</a> The money for this agency would come from a crackdown on <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">tax evasion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Skai_17_October_2011-135">[134]</a> The government agreed to creditor proposals that Greece raise up to €50 billion through the sale or development of state-owned assets,<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> but receipts were much lower than expected, while the policy was strongly opposed by the left-wing political party, <a href="/wiki/Syriza" title="Syriza">Syriza</a>. In 2014, only €530m was raised. Some key assets were sold to insiders.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2012">2012</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 2012">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/June_2012_Greek_legislative_election" title="June 2012 Greek legislative election">June 2012 Greek legislative election</a></div> The second bailout programme was ratified in February 2012. A total of €240 billion was to be transferred in regular tranches through December 2014. The recession worsened and the government continued to dither over bailout program implementation. In December 2012 the Troika provided Greece with more debt relief, while the IMF extended an extra €8.2bn of loans to be transferred from January 2015 to March 2016. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2014">2014</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 2014">edit</a>]</div> The fourth review of the bailout programme revealed unexpected financing gaps.<a href="#cite_note-EC_fourth_review_2014-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMF_fifth_review_2014-139">[138]</a> In 2014 the outlook for the Greek economy was optimistic. The government predicted a <a href="/wiki/Structural_surplus" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural surplus">structural surplus</a> in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-EC-spring-forecast_2015-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newsbomb.gr-141">[140]</a> opening access to the private lending market to the extent that its entire financing gap for 2014 was covered via private <a href="#Return_to_bond_market">bond sales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Irish_Independent-142">[141]</a> Instead a fourth recession started in Q4-2014.<a href="#cite_note-Greece_hit_by_a_new_4th_recession-143">[142]</a> The parliament called <a href="/wiki/January_2015_Greek_legislative_election" title="January 2015 Greek legislative election">snap parliamentary elections</a> in December, leading to a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Radical_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition of the Radical Left">Syriza</a>-led government that rejected the existing bailout terms.<a href="#cite_note-Q4-2014_recession_confirmed-144">[143]</a> Like the previous Greek governments, the Syriza-led government was met with the same response from Troika, "<a href="/wiki/Pacta_sunt_servanda" title="Pacta sunt servanda">Pacta sunt servanda</a>" (agreements must be kept).<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> The Troika suspended all scheduled remaining aid to Greece, until the Greek government retreated or convinced the Troika to accept a revised programme.<a href="#cite_note-Bailout_suspended_until_formation_of_a_new-elect_government-146">[145]</a> This rift caused a liquidity crisis (both for the Greek government and Greek financial system), plummeting stock prices at the <a href="/wiki/Athens_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Athens Stock Exchange">Athens Stock Exchange</a> and a renewed loss of access to private financing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015">2015</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 2015">edit</a>]</div> After <a href="/wiki/January_2015_Greek_legislative_election" title="January 2015 Greek legislative election">Greece's January snap election</a>, the Troika granted a further four-month technical extension of its bailout programme; expecting that the payment terms would be renegotiated before the end of April,<a href="#cite_note-Eurogroup_20.Feb.2015-147">[146]</a> allowing for the review and the last financial transfer to be completed before the end of June.<a href="#cite_note-MFFA_extended_to_June_2015-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Negotiation_status_29-05-2015-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Negotiation_status_30-05-2015-150">[149]</a> Facing sovereign default, the government made new proposals in the first<a href="#cite_note-Negotiation_status_02-06-2015-151">[150]</a> and second half of June.<a href="#cite_note-Negotiation_status_22-06-2015-152">[151]</a> Both were rejected, raising the prospect of recessionary <a href="/wiki/Capital_controls" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital controls">capital controls</a> to avoid a <a href="/wiki/Bank_run" title="Bank run">collapse of the banking sector</a> – and <a href="/wiki/Grexit" class="mw-redirect" title="Grexit">Greek exit from the Eurozone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3_scenarios_for_Greece-153">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-ECB_will_stop_ELA_if_Greece_defaults-154">[153]</a> The government unilaterally broke off negotiations on 26 June.<a href="#cite_note-Greek_negotiators_withdrew_when_informed_by_Tsipras_about_referendum_on_twitter-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eurogroup_statement_27-06-2015-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-European_Commission_statement_28-06-2015-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eurogroup_presidential_remarks_27-06-2015-158">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Tsipras" title="Alexis Tsipras">Tsipras</a> announced that a <a href="/wiki/2015_Greek_bailout_referendum" title="2015 Greek bailout referendum">referendum</a> would be held on 5 July to approve or reject the Troika's 25 June proposal.<a href="#cite_note-Referendum_2015-159">[158]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Athens_Exchange" title="Athens Exchange">Greek stock market</a> closed on 27 June.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> The government campaigned for rejection of the proposal, while four opposition parties (<a href="/wiki/PASOK" title="PASOK">PASOK</a>, <a href="/wiki/To_Potami" class="mw-redirect" title="To Potami">To Potami</a>, <a href="/wiki/KIDISO" class="mw-redirect" title="KIDISO">KIDISO</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">New Democracy</a>) objected that the proposed referendum was unconstitutional. They petitioned for the <a href="/wiki/Greek_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek parliament">parliament</a> or <a href="/wiki/Greek_president" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek president">president</a> to reject the referendum proposal.<a href="#cite_note-Opposition_rejects_referendum-161">[160]</a> Meanwhile, the Eurogroup announced that the existing second bailout agreement would technically expire on 30 June, 5 days before the referendum.<a href="#cite_note-Eurogroup_statement_27-06-2015-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eurogroup_presidential_remarks_27-06-2015-158">[157]</a> The Eurogroup clarified on 27 June that only if an agreement was reached prior to 30 June could the bailout be extended until the referendum on 5 July. The Eurogroup wanted the government to take some responsibility for the subsequent program, presuming that the referendum resulted in approval.<a href="#cite_note-Eurogroup_press_conference_27-06-2015-162">[161]</a> The Eurogroup had signaled willingness to uphold their "November 2012 debt relief promise", presuming a final agreement.<a href="#cite_note-Negotiation_status_22-06-2015-152">[151]</a> This promise was that if Greece completed the program, but its debt-to-GDP ratio subsequently was forecast to be over 124% in 2020 or 110% in 2022 for any reason, then the Eurozone would provide debt-relief sufficient to ensure that these two targets would still be met.<a href="#cite_note-Debt_relief_agreement_2012-163">[162]</a> On 28 June the referendum was approved by the Greek parliament with no interim bailout agreement. The <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">ECB</a> decided to stop its Emergency Liquidity Assistance to Greek banks. Many Greeks continued to withdraw cash from their accounts fearing that capital controls would soon be invoked. On 5 July a 61% majority <a href="/wiki/2015_Greek_bailout_referendum" title="2015 Greek bailout referendum">voted</a> to reject the bailout terms. This caused stock indexes worldwide to tumble, fearing Greece's potential exit from the Eurozone ("<a href="/wiki/Grexit" class="mw-redirect" title="Grexit">Grexit</a>"). Following the vote, Greece's finance minister <a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Yanis Varoufakis</a> stepped down on 6 July, because of the Prime Minister's denial to follow the public vote and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Euclid_Tsakalotos" title="Euclid Tsakalotos">Euclid Tsakalotos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> On 13 July, after 17 hours of negotiations, Eurozone leaders reached a provisional agreement on a third bailout programme, substantially the same as their June proposal. Many financial analysts, including the largest private holder of Greek debt, private equity firm manager, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kazarian" title="Paul Kazarian">Paul Kazarian</a>, found issue with its findings, citing it as a distortion of net debt position.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017">2017</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 2017">edit</a>]</div> On 20 February 2017, the Greek finance ministry reported that the government's debt load had reached €226.36 billion after increasing by €2.65 billion in the previous quarter.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> By the middle of 2017, the yield on Greek government bonds began approaching pre-2010 levels, signalling a potential return to economic normalcy for the country.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Greece's GDP was estimated to grow by 2.8% in 2017. The <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_austerity_package_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourteenth austerity package (Greece)">Medium-term Fiscal Strategy Framework 2018–2021</a> voted on 19 May 2017 introduced amendments of the provisions of the 2016 <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_austerity_package_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth austerity package (Greece)">thirteenth austerity package</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> In June 2017, news reports indicated that the "crushing debt burden" had not been alleviated and that Greece was at the risk of defaulting on some payments.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> stated that the country should be able to borrow again "in due course". At the time, the Eurozone gave Greece another credit of $9.5-billion, $8.5 billion of loans and brief details of a possible debt relief with the assistance of the IMF.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> On 13 July, the Greek government sent a letter of intent to the IMF with 21 commitments it promised to meet by June 2018. They included changes in labour laws, a plan to cap public sector work contracts, to transform temporary contracts into permanent agreements and to recalculate pension payments to reduce spending on social security.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018">2018</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 2018">edit</a>]</div> On 21 June 2018, Greece's creditors agreed on a 10-year extension of maturities on 96.6 billion euros of loans (i.e. almost a third of Greece's total debt), as well as a 10-year grace period in interest and amortization payments on the same loans.<a href="#cite_note-Greece_Debt_deal_2018-174">[173]</a> Greece successfully exited (as declared) the bailouts on 20 August 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Bailout_exit-175">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019">2019</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 2019">edit</a>]</div> In March 2019, Greece sold 10-year bonds for the first time since before the bailout.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2021">2021</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 2021">edit</a>]</div> In March 2021, Greece sold its first 30-year bond since the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-177">[176]</a> The bond issue raised 2.5 billion euros.<a href="#cite_note-:0-177">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bailout_programmes">Bailout programmes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bailout programmes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis_countermeasures" title="Greek government-debt crisis countermeasures">Greek government-debt crisis countermeasures</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greece_and_the_International_Monetary_Fund" title="Greece and the International Monetary Fund">Greece and the International Monetary Fund</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Economic_Adjustment_Programme">First Economic Adjustment Programme</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: First Economic Adjustment Programme">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Economic_Adjustment_Programme_for_Greece" title="First Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece">First Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece</a></div> On 1 May 2010, the Greek government announced a series of austerity measures.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-NY_Times_protest-179">[178]</a> On 3 May, the Eurozone countries and the IMF agreed to a three-year €110 billion loan, paying 5.5% interest,<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> conditional on the implementation of austerity measures. Credit rating agencies immediately downgraded Greek governmental bonds to an even lower junk status. The <a href="/wiki/Third_austerity_package_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third austerity package (Greece)">programme</a> was met with anger by the Greek public, leading to <a href="/wiki/May_2010_Greek_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="May 2010 Greek protests">protests</a>, riots and social unrest. On 5 May 2010, a national strike was held in opposition.<a href="#cite_note-NY_Times_protest-179">[178]</a> Nevertheless, the austerity package was approved on 29 June 2011, with 155 out of 300 members of parliament voting in favour. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_Greece_Uprising.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/2011_Greece_Uprising.jpg/220px-2011_Greece_Uprising.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/2011_Greece_Uprising.jpg/330px-2011_Greece_Uprising.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/2011_Greece_Uprising.jpg/440px-2011_Greece_Uprising.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>100,000 people protest against the austerity measures in front of parliament building in Athens (29 May 2011).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Papandreou_and_Jose_Manuel_Barroso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/George_Papandreou_and_Jose_Manuel_Barroso.jpg/170px-George_Papandreou_and_Jose_Manuel_Barroso.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/George_Papandreou_and_Jose_Manuel_Barroso.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/George_Papandreou" title="George Papandreou">George Papandreou</a> and former European Commission President <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso" title="José Manuel Barroso">José Manuel Barroso</a> after their meeting in Brussels on 20 June 2011</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Economic_Adjustment_Programme">Second Economic Adjustment Programme</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Second Economic Adjustment Programme">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Economic_Adjustment_Programme_for_Greece" title="Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece">Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece</a></div> At a 21 July 2011 summit in Brussels, Eurozone leaders agreed to extend Greek (as well as Irish and Portuguese) loan repayment periods from 7 years to a minimum of 15 years and to cut interest rates to 3.5%. They also approved an additional €109 billion support package, with exact content to be finalized at a later summit.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-181">[180]</a> On 27 October 2011, Eurozone leaders and the IMF settled an agreement with banks whereby they accepted a 50% write-off of (part of) Greek debt.<a href="#cite_note-Skai_50-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_50-183">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg_50-184">[183]</a> Greece brought down its primary deficit from €25bn (11% of GDP) in 2009 to €5bn (2.4% of GDP) in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-SZ-staat-neu-185">[184]</a> However, the Greek recession worsened. Overall 2011 Greek GDP experienced a 7.1% decline.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> The unemployment rate grew from 7.5% in September 2008 to an unprecedented 19.9% in November 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Eurostat-unemployment-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-google-unemployment-data-188">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Economic_Adjustment_Programme">Third Economic Adjustment Programme</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Third Economic Adjustment Programme">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Third_Economic_Adjustment_Programme_for_Greece" title="Third Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece">Third Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece</a></div> The third and last Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece was signed on 12 July 2015 by the Greek Government under prime minister Alexis Tsipras and it expired on 20 August 2018.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_on_the_GDP_compared_to_other_Eurozone_countries">Effects on the GDP compared to other Eurozone countries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Effects on the GDP compared to other Eurozone countries">edit</a>]</div> There were key differences in the effects of the Greek programme compared to those for other Eurozone bailed-out countries. According to the applied programme, Greece had to accomplish by far the largest fiscal adjustment (by more than 9 points of GDP between 2010 and 2012<a href="#cite_note-OECD_adjustment-190">[189]</a>), "a record fiscal consolidation by OECD standards ".<a href="#cite_note-OECD_djustment_overview-191">[190]</a> Between 2009 and 2014 the change (improvement) in structural primary balance was 16.1 points of GDP for Greece, compared to 8.5 for Portugal, 7.3 for Spain, 7.2 for Ireland, and 5.6 for Cyprus.<a href="#cite_note-Fiscal_adjustment-192">[191]</a> The negative effects of such a rapid fiscal adjustment on the Greek GDP, and thus the scale of resulting increase of the Debt to GDP ratio, had been underestimated by the IMF, apparently due to a calculation error.<a href="#cite_note-Marianne-193">[192]</a> Indeed, the result was a magnification of the debt problem. Even were the amount of debt to remain the same, Greece's Debt to GDP ratio of 127% in 2009 would still jump to about 170% – considered unsustainable – solely due to the drop in GDP (which fell by more than 25% between 2009 and 2014).<a href="#cite_note-Eurostat_Debt_to_GDP-194">[193]</a> The much larger scale of the above effects does not easily support a meaningful comparison with the performance of programmes in other bailed-out countries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bank_recapitalization">Bank recapitalization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bank recapitalization">edit</a>]</div> The Hellenic Financial Stability Fund (HFSF) completed a €48.2bn bank recapitalization in June 2013, of which the first €24.4bn were injected into the four biggest Greek banks. Initially, this recapitalization was accounted for as a debt increase that elevated the debt-to-GDP ratio by 24.8 points by the end of 2012. In return for this, the government received shares in those banks, which it could later sell (per March 2012 was expected to generate €16bn of extra "privatization income" for the Greek government, to be realized during 2013–2020). HFSF offered three out of the four big Greek banks (<a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Greece" title="National Bank of Greece">NBG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Bank" title="Alpha Bank">Alpha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piraeus_Bank" title="Piraeus Bank">Piraeus</a>) <a href="/wiki/Warrant_(finance)" title="Warrant (finance)">warrants</a> to buy back all HFSF bank shares in semi-annual exercise periods up to December 2017, at some predefined strike prices.<a href="#cite_note-Second_Economic_Adjustment_Programme_for_Greece_(Third_review_July_2013)-195">[194]</a> These banks acquired additional private investor capital contribution at minimum 10% of the conducted recapitalization. However <a href="/wiki/Eurobank_Ergasias" title="Eurobank Ergasias">Eurobank Ergasias</a> failed to attract private investor participation and thus became almost entirely financed/owned by HFSF. During the first warrant period, the shareholders in Alpha bank bought back the first 2.4% of HFSF shares.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> Shareholders in Piraeus Bank bought back the first 0.07% of HFSF shares.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> National Bank (NBG) shareholders bought back the first 0.01% of the HFSF shares, because the market share price was cheaper than the strike price.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> Shares not sold by the end of December 2017 may be sold to alternative investors.<a href="#cite_note-Second_Economic_Adjustment_Programme_for_Greece_(Third_review_July_2013)-195">[194]</a> In May 2014, a second round of bank recapitalization worth €8.3bn was concluded, financed by private investors. All six commercial banks (Alpha, Eurobank, NBG, Piraeus, <a href="/wiki/Attica_Bank" title="Attica Bank">Attica</a> and Panellinia) participated.<a href="#cite_note-Second_Economic_Adjustment_Programme_for_Greece_(Fourth_review_April_2014)-75">[74]</a> HFSF did not tap into their current €11.5bn reserve capital fund.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> Eurobank in the second round was able to attract private investors.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> This required HFSF to dilute their ownership from 95.2% to 34.7%.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> According to HFSF's third quarter 2014 financial report, the fund expected to recover €27.3bn out of the initial €48.2bn. This amount included "A€0.6bn positive cash balance stemming from its previous selling of warrants (selling of recapitalization shares) and liquidation of assets, €2.8bn estimated to be recovered from liquidation of assets held by its 'bad asset bank', €10.9bn of EFSF bonds still held as capital reserve, and €13bn from its future sale of recapitalization shares in the four systemic banks." The last figure is affected by the highest amount of uncertainty, as it directly reflects the current market price of the remaining shares held in the four systemic banks (66.4% in Alpha, 35.4% in Eurobank, 57.2% in NBG, 66.9% in Piraeus), which for HFSF had a combined market value of €22.6bn by the end of 2013 – declining to €13bn on 10 December 2014.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> Once HFSF liquidates its assets, the total amount of recovered capital will be returned to the Greek government to help to reduce its debt. In early December 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Bank of Greece</a> allowed HFSF to repay the first €9.3bn out of its €11.3bn reserve to the Greek government.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> A few months later, the remaining HFSF reserves were likewise approved for repayment to ECB, resulting in redeeming €11.4bn in notes during the first quarter of 2015.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creditors">Creditors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Creditors">edit</a>]</div> Initially, European banks had the largest holdings of Greek debt. However, this shifted as the "troika" (ECB, IMF and a European government-sponsored fund) gradually replaced private investors as Greece's main creditor, by setting up the EFSF. As of early 2015, the largest individual contributors to the EFSF fund were Germany, France and Italy with roughly €130bn total of the €323bn debt.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> The IMF was owed €32bn. As of 2015, various European countries still had a substantial amount of loans extended to Greece.<a href="#cite_note-money.cnn.com-206">[205]</a> Separately, the European Central Bank acquired around 45 billion euros of Greek bonds through the "securities market programme" (SMP).<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_banks">European banks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: European banks">edit</a>]</div> Excluding Greek banks, European banks had €45.8bn exposure to Greece in June 2011.<a href="#cite_note-European_bank_exposure_to_Greece-208">[207]</a> However, by early 2015 their holdings had declined to roughly €2.4bn,<a href="#cite_note-money.cnn.com-206">[205]</a> in part due to the 50% debt write-down. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Investment_Bank">European Investment Bank</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: European Investment Bank">edit</a>]</div> In November 2015, the <a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a> (EIB) lent Greece about 285 million euros. This extended the 2014 deal that EIB would lend 670 million euros.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> It was thought that the Greek government would invest the money on Greece's energy industries so as to ensure energy security and manage environmentally friendly projects.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Werner_Hoyer" title="Werner Hoyer">Werner Hoyer</a>, the president of EIB, expected the investment to boost employment and have a positive impact on Greece's economy and environment. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diverging_views_within_the_troika">Diverging views within the troika</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Diverging views within the troika">edit</a>]</div> In hindsight, while the troika shared the aim to avoid a Greek sovereign default, the approach of each member began to diverge, with the IMF on one side advocating for more debt relief while, on the other side, the EU maintained a hardline on debt repayment and strict monitoring.<a href="#cite_note-Chatham-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greek_public_opinion">Greek public opinion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Greek public opinion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riots_in_Athens_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Riots_in_Athens_15.jpg/220px-Riots_in_Athens_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Riots_in_Athens_15.jpg/330px-Riots_in_Athens_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Riots_in_Athens_15.jpg/440px-Riots_in_Athens_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Aftermath of the 2008 riots in Athens</figcaption></figure> According to a poll in February 2012 by Public Issue and SKAI Channel, PASOK—which won the national elections of 2009 with 43.92% of the vote—had seen its approval rating decline to 8%, placing it fifth after centre-right <a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">New Democracy</a> (31%), left-wing <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_(Greece)" title="Democratic Left (Greece)">Democratic Left</a> (18%), far-left <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece" title="Communist Party of Greece">Communist Party of Greece</a> (KKE) (12.5%) and radical left <a href="/wiki/Syriza" title="Syriza">Syriza</a> (12%). The same poll suggested that Papandreou was the least popular political leader with a 9% approval rating, while 71% of Greeks did not trust him.<a href="#cite_note-PollFeb2012-211">[210]</a> In a May 2011 poll, 62% of respondents felt that the IMF memorandum that Greece signed in 2010 was a bad decision that hurt the country, while 80% had no faith in the <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Finance_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Finance (Greece)">Minister of Finance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Papakonstantinou" title="Giorgos Papakonstantinou">Giorgos Papakonstantinou</a>, to handle the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-Public_Issue-212">[211]</a> (Venizelos replaced Papakonstantinou on 17 June). 75% of those polled had a negative image of the IMF, while 65% felt it was hurting Greece's economy.<a href="#cite_note-Public_Issue-212">[211]</a> 64% felt that sovereign default was likely. When asked about their fears for the near future, Greeks highlighted unemployment (97%), poverty (93%) and the closure of businesses (92%).<a href="#cite_note-Public_Issue-212">[211]</a> Polls showed that the vast majority of Greeks are not in favour of leaving the Eurozone.<a href="#cite_note-Helena_Smith-213">[212]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Nonetheless, other 2012 polls showed that almost half (48%) of Greeks were in favour of default, in contrast with a minority (38%) who are not.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic,_social_and_political_effects">Economic, social and political effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Economic, social and political effects">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932012_Greek_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2010–2012 Greek protests">2010–2012 Greek protests</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syntagma_Square_%27indignados%27.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Syntagma_Square_%27indignados%27.png/220px-Syntagma_Square_%27indignados%27.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Syntagma_Square_%27indignados%27.png/330px-Syntagma_Square_%27indignados%27.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Syntagma_Square_%27indignados%27.png/440px-Syntagma_Square_%27indignados%27.png 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>Protests in Athens on 25 May 2011</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_effects">Economic effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Economic effects">edit</a>]</div> Greek GDP's worst decline, −6.9%, came in 2011,<a href="#cite_note-EU_interim_economic_forecast_for_2012-215">[214]</a> a year in which seasonally adjusted industrial output ended 28.4% lower than in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-Eurostat_-industrial_production_2011-216">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian-block20-217">[216]</a> During that year, 111,000 Greek companies went bankrupt (27% higher than in 2010).<a href="#cite_note-Companies_going_bankrupt_in_2011-218">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drop_in_budget_revenues-219">[218]</a> As a result, the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate grew from 7.5% in September 2008 to a then record high of 23.1% in May 2012, while the youth unemployment rate time rose from 22.0% to 54.9%.<a href="#cite_note-Eurostat-unemployment-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-google-unemployment-data-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-unemploymentMay2012-220">[219]</a> From 2009 to 2012, the Greek GDP declined by more than a quarter, causing a " <a href="/wiki/Depression_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Depression (economics)">depression</a> dynamic" in the country.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> Key statistics are summarized below, with a detailed table at the bottom of the article. According to the CIA World Factbook and <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>: <ul><li>Greek <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> fell from €242 billion in 2008 to €179 billion in 2014, a 26% decline. Greece was in recession for over five years, emerging in 2014 by some measures. This fall in GDP dramatically increased the Debt to GDP ratio, severely worsening Greece's debt crisis.</li> <li>GDP per capita fell from a peak of €22,500 in 2007 to €17,000 in 2014, a 24% decline.</li> <li>The public debt to GDP ratio in 2014 was 177% of GDP or €317 billion. This ratio was the world's third highest after Japan and Zimbabwe. Public debt peaked at €356 billion in 2011; it was reduced by a bailout program to €305 billion in 2012 and then rose slightly.</li> <li>The annual budget deficit (expenses over revenues) was 3.4% GDP in 2014, much improved versus the 15% of 2009.</li> <li>Tax revenues for 2014 were €86 billion (about 48% GDP), while expenditures were €89.5 billion (about 50% GDP).</li> <li>The unemployment rate rose from below 10% (2005–2009) to around 25% (2014–2015).</li> <li>An estimated 36% of Greeks lived below the poverty line in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a></li></ul> Greece defaulted on a $1.7 billion IMF payment on 29 June 2015 (the payment was made with a 20-day delay<a href="#cite_note-IMF_July_2015_payment_1-20">[20]</a>). The government had requested a two-year bailout from lenders for roughly $30 billion, its third in six years, but did not receive it.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a> reported on 2 July 2015 that the "debt dynamics" of Greece were "unsustainable" due to its already high debt level and "...significant changes in policies since [2014]—not least, lower primary surpluses and a weak reform effort that will weigh on growth and privatization—[which] are leading to substantial new financing needs." The report stated that debt reduction (haircuts, in which creditors sustain losses through debt principal reduction) would be required if the package of reforms under consideration were weakened further.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxation">Taxation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Taxation">edit</a>]</div> In response to the crisis, the Greek governments resolved to raise the tax rates dramatically. A study showed that indirect taxes were almost doubled between the beginning of the Crisis and 2017. This crisis-induced system of high taxation has been described as "unfair", "complicated", "unstable" and, as a result, "encouraging tax evasion".<a href="#cite_note-dianeosis-225">[224]</a> The tax rates of Greece have been compared to those of <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian countries">Scandinavian countries</a>, but without the same reciprocity, as Greece lacks the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> infrastructures.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> As of 2016, five indirect taxes had been added to goods and services. At 23%, the value added tax is one of the Eurozone's highest, exceeding other EU countries on small and medium-sized enterprises.<a href="#cite_note-coffee-227">[226]</a> One researcher found that the poorest households faced tax increases of 337%.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> The ensuing tax policies are accused for having the opposite effects than intended, namely reducing instead of increasing the revenues, as high taxation discourages transactions and encourages tax evasion, thus perpetuating the depression.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> Some firms relocated abroad to avoid the country's higher tax rates.<a href="#cite_note-coffee-227">[226]</a> Greece not only has some of the highest taxes in Europe, it also has major problems in terms of tax collection. The VAT deficit due to tax evasion was estimated at 34% in early 2017.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> Tax debts in Greece are now equal to 90% of annual tax revenue, which is the worst number in all industrialized nations. Much of this is due to the fact that Greece has a vast underground economy, which was estimated to be about the size of a quarter of the country's GDP before the crisis. The International Monetary Fund therefore argued in 2015 that Greece's debt crisis could be almost completely resolved if the country's government found a way to solve the tax evasion problem.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tax_evasion_and_avoidance">Tax evasion and avoidance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Tax evasion and avoidance">edit</a>]</div> A mid-2017 report indicated Greeks have been "taxed to the hilt" and many believed that the risk of penalties for tax evasion were less serious than the risk of bankruptcy.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-84">[83]</a> A more recent study showed that many Greeks consider tax evasion a legitimate means of defense against the government's policies of austerity and over-taxation.<a href="#cite_note-dianeosis-225">[224]</a> As an example, many Greek couples in 2017 resolved to "virtual" divorces hoping to pay lower income and property taxes.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> By 2010, tax receipts consistently were below the expected level. In 2010, estimated tax evasion losses for the Greek government amounted to over $20 billion.<a href="#cite_note-auto-233">[232]</a> 2013 figures showed that the government collected less than half of the revenues due in 2012, with the remaining tax to be paid according to a delayed payment schedule.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-234">[233]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Data for 2012 placed the Greek underground or "black" economy at 24.3% of GDP, compared with 28.6% for Estonia, 26.5% for Latvia, 21.6% for Italy, 17.1% for Belgium, 14.7% for Sweden, 13.7% for Finland, and 13.5% for Germany.<a href="#cite_note-go.bloomberg.com-78">[77]</a> A January 2017 report<a href="#cite_note-auto7-85">[84]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] by the DiaNEOsis think-tank indicated that unpaid taxes in Greece at the time totaled approximately 95 billion euros, up from 76 billion euros in 2015, much of it was expected to be uncollectable. Another early 2017 study estimated that the loss to the government as a result of tax evasion was between 6% and 9% of the country's GDP, or roughly between 11 billion and 16 billion euros per annum.<a href="#cite_note-keeptalkinggreece.com-86">[85]</a> One method of evasion is the so-called black market, grey economy or shadow economy: work is done for cash payment which is not declared as income; as well, VAT is not collected and remitted.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-84">[83]</a> The shortfall in the collection of VAT (sales tax) is also significant. In 2014, the government collected 28% less than was owed to it; this shortfall is about double the average for the EU. The uncollected amount that year was about 4.9 billion euros.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg.com-87">[86]</a> The DiaNEOsis study estimated that 3.5% of GDP is lost due to VAT fraud, while losses due to smuggling of alcohol, tobacco and petrol amounted to approximately another 0.5% of the country's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-keeptalkinggreece.com-86">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_effects">Social effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Social effects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EmploymentAndUnemploymentInGreece.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/EmploymentAndUnemploymentInGreece.png/400px-EmploymentAndUnemploymentInGreece.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/EmploymentAndUnemploymentInGreece.png/600px-EmploymentAndUnemploymentInGreece.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/EmploymentAndUnemploymentInGreece.png/800px-EmploymentAndUnemploymentInGreece.png 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>Employment and unemployment in Greece from 2004 to 2014</figcaption></figure> The social effects of the austerity measures on the Greek population were severe.<a href="#cite_note-EUo_06.10.2011-235">[234]</a> In February 2012, it was reported that 20,000 Greeks had been made homeless during the preceding year, and that 20 per cent of shops in the historic city centre of Athens were empty.<a href="#cite_note-FT_17_February_2012-236">[235]</a> By 2015, the OECD reported that nearly twenty percent of Greeks lacked funds to meet daily food expenses. Consequently, because of financial shock, unemployment directly affects debt management, isolation, and unhealthy coping mechanisms such as depression, suicide, and addiction.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> In particular, as for the number who reported having attempted suicide, there was an increased suicidality amid economic crisis in Greece, an increase of 36% from 2009 to 2011.<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> As the economy contracted and the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> declined, traditionally strong Greek <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">families</a> came under increasing strain, attempting to cope with increasing unemployment and homeless relatives. Many unemployed Greeks cycled between friends and family members until they ran out of options and ended up in <a href="/wiki/Homeless_shelter" title="Homeless shelter">homeless shelters</a>. These homeless had extensive work histories and were largely free of mental health and substance abuse concerns.<a href="#cite_note-latmajortoll-239">[238]</a> The Greek government was unable to commit the necessary resources to homelessness, due in part to austerity measures. A program was launched to provide a subsidy to assist homeless to return to their homes, but many enrollees never received grants. Various attempts were made by local governments and non-governmental agencies to alleviate the problem. The non-profit <a href="/wiki/Street_newspaper" title="Street newspaper">street newspaper</a> Schedia (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Σχεδία, "Raft"),<a href="#cite_note-shediaFacebook-240">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> that is sold by street vendors in Athens attracted many homeless to sell the paper. Athens opened its own shelters, the first of which was called the Hotel Ionis.<a href="#cite_note-latmajortoll-239">[238]</a> In 2015, the Venetis bakery chain in Athens gave away ten thousand loaves of bread a day, one-third of its production. In some of the poorest neighborhoods, according to the chain's general manager, "In the third round of austerity measures, which is beginning now, it is certain that in Greece there will be no consumers – there will be only beggars."<a href="#cite_note-nythartocollis-242">[241]</a> In a study by <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>, it was found that 1 in 3 Greek citizens lived under poverty conditions in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_effects">Political effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Political effects">edit</a>]</div> The economic and social crisis had profound political effects. In 2011 it gave rise to the anti-austerity <a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Greece" title="Anti-austerity movement in Greece">Movement of the Indignant</a> in Syntagma Square. The <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two-party system</a> which dominated Greek politics from 1977 to 2009 crumbled in the double elections of <a href="/wiki/May_2012_Greek_legislative_election" title="May 2012 Greek legislative election">6 May</a> and <a href="/wiki/June_2012_Greek_legislative_election" title="June 2012 Greek legislative election">17 June 2012</a>. The main features of this transformation were: a) The crisis of the two main parties, the center-right <a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">New Democracy (ND)</a> and center-left <a href="/wiki/PASOK" title="PASOK">PASOK</a>. ND saw its share of the vote drop from an historical average of >40% to a record low of 19–33% in 2009–19. PASOK collapsed from 44% in 2009 to 13% in <a href="/wiki/June_2012_Greek_legislative_election" title="June 2012 Greek legislative election">June 2012</a> and stabilized around 8% in the 2019 elections. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Syriza" title="Syriza">Syriza</a> emerged as the main rival of ND, with a share of the vote that rose from 4% to 27% between 2009 and June 2012. This peaked in the elections of <a href="/wiki/January_2015_Greek_legislative_election" title="January 2015 Greek legislative election">25 January 2015</a> when Syriza received 36% of the vote and fell to 31.5% in the <a href="/wiki/2019_Greek_legislative_election" title="2019 Greek legislative election">7 July 2019 elections</a>. b) The sharp rise of the Neo-Nazi <a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Dawn (political party)">Golden Dawn</a>, whose share of the vote increased from 0.29% in 2009 to 7% in May and June 2012. In 2012–19, Golden Dawn was the third largest party in the Greek Parliament. c) A general fragmentation of the popular vote. The average number of parties represented in the Greek Parliament in 1977–2012 was between 4 and 5. In 2012–19 this increased to 7 or 8 parties. d) From 1974 to 2011 Greece was ruled by single-party governments, except for a brief period in 1989–90. In 2011–19, the country was ruled by two- or three-party coalitions.<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> The victory of ND in the <a href="/wiki/2019_Greek_legislative_election" title="2019 Greek legislative election">7 July 2019 elections</a> with 40% of the vote and the formation of the first one-party government in Greece since 2011 could be the beginning of a new functioning two-party system.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, the significantly weaker performance of Syriza and PASOK's endurance as a competing centre-left party could signal continued party system fluidity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_effects">Other effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Other effects">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing#Greece" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a> has ceased operation due to the liquidation of the conducting organization.<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> Paid <a href="/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">soccer</a> players will receive their salary with new tax rates.<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Responses">Responses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Responses">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_payments_to_reduce_tax_evasion">Electronic payments to reduce tax evasion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Electronic payments to reduce tax evasion">edit</a>]</div> In 2016 and 2017, the government was encouraging the use of <a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit card</a> or <a href="/wiki/Debit_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Debit cards">debit cards</a> to pay for goods and services in order to reduce cash only payments. By January 2017, taxpayers were only granted tax-allowances or deductions when payments were made electronically, with a "paper trail" of the transactions. This was expected to reduce the opportunity by vendors to avoid the payment of VAT (sales) tax and income tax.<a href="#cite_note-auto8-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto9-92">[91]</a> By 28 July 2017, numerous businesses were required by law to install a point of sale device to enable them to accept payment by credit or debit card. Failure to comply with the electronic payment facility can lead to fines of up to 1,500 euros. The requirement applied to around 400,000 firms or individuals in 85 professions. The greater use of cards was one of the factors that had already achieved significant increases in VAT collection in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-ekathimerini.com-93">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grexit">Grexit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Grexit">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a> suggested that the Greek economy could recover from the recession by exiting the Eurozone ("Grexit") and returning to its national currency, the drachma. That would restore Greece's control over its monetary policy, allowing it to navigate the trade-offs between inflation and growth on a national basis, rather than the entire Eurozone.<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a> Iceland made a dramatic recovery following the default of its commercial banking system in 2008, in part due to the devaluing of the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_kr%C3%B3na" title="Icelandic króna">krona</a> (ISK).<a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a> In 2013, it enjoyed an economic growth rate of some 3.3 percent.<a href="#cite_note-oecdNAOCVol2014F-250">[249]</a> Canada was able to improve its budget position in the 1990s by devaluing its currency.<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> However, the consequences of "Grexit" could be global and severe, including:<a href="#cite_note-vox.com-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> <ul><li>Membership in the Eurozone would no longer be perceived as irrevocable. Other countries might be seen by financial markets as being at risk of leaving. These countries might see interest rates rise on their bonds, complicating debt service.<a href="#cite_note-thebalance-255">[254]</a></li> <li>Geopolitical shifts, such as closer relations between Greece and Russia, as the crisis soured relations with Europe.<a href="#cite_note-thebalance-255">[254]</a></li> <li>Significant financial losses for Eurozone countries and the IMF, which are owed the majority of Greece's roughly €300 billion national debt.<a href="#cite_note-thebalance-255">[254]</a></li> <li>Adverse impact on the IMF and the credibility of its austerity strategy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Loss of Greek access to global capital markets and the collapse of its banking system.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bailout">Bailout</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Bailout">edit</a>]</div> Greece could accept additional bailout funds and debt relief (i.e. bondholder haircuts or principal reductions) in exchange for greater austerity. However, austerity has damaged the economy, deflating wages, destroying jobs and reducing tax receipts, thus making it even harder to pay its debts.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] If further austerity were accompanied by enough reduction in the debt balance owed, the cost might be justifiable.<a href="#cite_note-vox.com-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_debt_conference">European debt conference</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: European debt conference">edit</a>]</div> Economist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a> said in July 2015: "We need a conference on all of Europe's debts, just like after World War II. A restructuring of all debt, not just in Greece but in several European countries, is inevitable." This reflected the difficulties that Spain, Portugal, Italy and Ireland had faced (along with Greece) before ECB-head <a href="/wiki/Mario_Draghi" title="Mario Draghi">Mario Draghi</a> signaled a pivot to looser monetary policy.<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> Piketty noted that Germany received significant debt relief after World War II. He warned that: "If we start kicking states out, then....Financial markets will immediately turn on the next country."<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Germany's_role_in_Greece">Germany's role in Greece</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Germany's role in Greece">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matthias_Laurenz_Gr%C3%A4ff._Triptychon_%22Der_griechische_Altar._Merkel_und_Sch%C3%A4uble_als_falsche_Caritas%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Matthias_Laurenz_Gr%C3%A4ff._Triptychon_%22Der_griechische_Altar._Merkel_und_Sch%C3%A4uble_als_falsche_Caritas%22.jpg/250px-Matthias_Laurenz_Gr%C3%A4ff._Triptychon_%22Der_griechische_Altar._Merkel_und_Sch%C3%A4uble_als_falsche_Caritas%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Matthias_Laurenz_Gr%C3%A4ff._Triptychon_%22Der_griechische_Altar._Merkel_und_Sch%C3%A4uble_als_falsche_Caritas%22.jpg/375px-Matthias_Laurenz_Gr%C3%A4ff._Triptychon_%22Der_griechische_Altar._Merkel_und_Sch%C3%A4uble_als_falsche_Caritas%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Matthias_Laurenz_Gr%C3%A4ff._Triptychon_%22Der_griechische_Altar._Merkel_und_Sch%C3%A4uble_als_falsche_Caritas%22.jpg/500px-Matthias_Laurenz_Gr%C3%A4ff._Triptychon_%22Der_griechische_Altar._Merkel_und_Sch%C3%A4uble_als_falsche_Caritas%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="2170" /></a><figcaption>Triptych "Der griechische Altar. Merkel und Schäuble als falsche Caritas" depicts Germany's perceived role during the crisis; painting from <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Laurenz_Gr%C3%A4ff" title="Matthias Laurenz Gräff">Matthias Laurenz Gräff</a> (2015)<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:50%; ; color: #202122;background-color: AliceBlue;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> So what, in brief, is happening? The answers are: creeping onset of deflation; mass joblessness; thwarted internal rebalancing and over-reliance on external demand. Yet all this is regarded as acceptable, desirable, even moral—indeed, a success. Why? The explanation is myths: the crisis was due to fiscal malfeasance instead of to irresponsible cross-border credit flows; fiscal policy has no role in managing demand; central bank purchases of government bonds are a step towards hyperinflation; and competitiveness determines external surpluses, not the balance between supply and insufficient demand.<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">"Germany is a weight on the world" <a href="/wiki/Martin_Wolf" title="Martin Wolf">Martin Wolf</a>, 5 November 2013</cite> </div> Germany has played a major role in discussion concerning Greece's debt crisis.<a href="#cite_note-DaGr_13Mar2012-261">[260]</a> A key issue has been the benefits it enjoyed through the crisis, including falling borrowing rates (as Germany, along with other strong Western economies, was seen as a safe haven by investors during the crisis), investment influx, and exports boost thanks to Euro's depreciation (with profits that may have reached 100bn Euros, according to some estimates),<a href="#cite_note-Germany_Mirror-262">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taxpayer_bailouts-269">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> as well as other profits made through loans.<a href="#cite_note-Germany_profit_Handelsblatt-271">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-Germany_Greek_Bonds-272">[271]</a> Critics have also accused the German government of hypocrisy; of pursuing its own national interests via an unwillingness to adjust fiscal policy in a way that would help resolve the eurozone crisis; of using the ECB to serve their country's national interests; and have criticised the nature of the austerity and debt-relief programme Greece has followed as part of the conditions attached to its bailouts.<a href="#cite_note-DaGr_13Mar2012-261">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-PaMa_25Apr2012-273">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-MMac_10Nov2013-274">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charges_of_hypocrisy">Charges of hypocrisy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Charges of hypocrisy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment#European_debt_crisis,_Greece_and_Italy" title="Anti-German sentiment">Anti-German sentiment § European debt crisis, Greece and Italy</a></div> Hypocrisy has been alleged on multiple bases. "Germany is coming across like a know-it-all in the debate over aid for Greece", commented Der Spiegel,<a href="#cite_note-SpOn_21Jun2011-275">[274]</a> while its own government did not achieve a budget surplus during the era of 1970 to 2011,<a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a> although a budget surplus indeed was achieved by Germany in all three subsequent years (2012–2014)<a href="#cite_note-EC-autumn-forecast_2014-277">[276]</a> – with a spokesman for the governing <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU party</a> commenting that "Germany is leading by example in the eurozone – only spending money in its coffers".<a href="#cite_note-G_balanced_budget-278">[277]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a> editorial, which also concluded that "Europe's taxpayers have provided as much financial support to Germany as they have to Greece", described the German role and posture in the Greek crisis thus: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> In the millions of words written about Europe's debt crisis, Germany is typically cast as the responsible adult and Greece as the profligate child. Prudent Germany, the narrative goes, is loath to bail out freeloading Greece, which borrowed more than it could afford and now must suffer the consequences. [...] By December 2009, according to the Bank for International Settlements, German banks had amassed claims of $704 billion on Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain, much more than the German banks' aggregate capital. In other words, they lent more than they could afford. [… I]rresponsible borrowers can't exist without irresponsible lenders. Germany's banks were Greece's enablers.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom_edit-279">[278]</a> </blockquote> German economic historian Albrecht Ritschl describes his country as "king when it comes to debt. Calculated based on the amount of losses compared to economic performance, Germany was the biggest debt transgressor of the 20th century."<a href="#cite_note-SpOn_21Jun2011-275">[274]</a> Despite calling for the Greeks to adhere to fiscal responsibility, and although Germany's tax revenues are at a record high, with the interest it has to pay on new debt at close to zero, Germany still missed its own cost-cutting targets in 2011 and is also falling behind on its goals for 2012.<a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a> Allegations of hypocrisy could be made towards both sides: Germany complains of Greek <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a>, yet the arms sales meant that the trade with Greece became synonymous with high-level bribery and corruption; former defence minister Akis Tsochadzopoulos was jailed in April 2012 ahead of his trial on charges of accepting an €8m bribe from Germany company Ferrostaal.<a href="#cite_note-HeSm_19Apr2012-281">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pursuit_of_national_self-interest">Pursuit of national self-interest</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Pursuit of national self-interest">edit</a>]</div> "The counterpart to Germany living within its means is that others are living beyond their means", according to Philip Whyte, senior research fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_European_Reform" title="Centre for European Reform">Centre for European Reform</a>. "So if Germany is worried about the fact that other countries are sinking further into debt, it should be worried about the size of its trade surpluses, but it isn't."<a href="#cite_note-SiDo_19Nov2011-282">[281]</a> OECD projections of relative export prices—a measure of competitiveness—showed Germany beating all Eurozone members except for crisis-hit Spain and Ireland for 2012, with the lead only widening in subsequent years.<a href="#cite_note-BrRo_01Feb2012-283">[282]</a> A study by the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a> in 2010 noted that "Germany, now poised to derive the greatest gains from the euro's crisis-triggered decline, should boost its domestic demand" to help the periphery recover.<a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a> In March 2012, Bernhard Speyer of <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a> reiterated: "If the eurozone is to adjust, southern countries must be able to run trade surpluses, and that means somebody else must run deficits. One way to do that is to allow higher inflation in Germany but I don't see any willingness in the German government to tolerate that, or to accept a <a href="/wiki/Current_account_(balance_of_payments)" title="Current account (balance of payments)">current account</a> deficit."<a href="#cite_note-AE-P_29Mar2012-285">[284]</a> According to a research paper by <a href="/wiki/Credit_Suisse" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse</a>, "Solving the periphery economic imbalances does not only rest on the periphery countries' shoulders even if these countries have been asked to bear most of the burden. Part of the effort to re-balance Europe also has to been borne [sic] by Germany via its current account."<a href="#cite_note-CS_13Mar2012-286">[285]</a> At the end of May 2012, the European Commission warned that an "orderly unwinding of intra-euro area macroeconomic imbalances is crucial for <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable growth">sustainable growth</a> and stability in the euro area," and suggested Germany should "contribute to rebalancing by removing unnecessary regulatory and other constraints on domestic demand".<a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a> In July 2012, the IMF added its call for higher wages and prices in Germany, and for reform of parts of the country's economy to encourage more spending by its consumers.<a href="#cite_note-DE_pivotal-288">[287]</a> Paul Krugman estimates that Spain and other peripherals need to reduce their price levels relative to Germany by around 20 percent to become competitive again: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> If Germany had 4 percent inflation, they could do that over 5 years with stable prices in the periphery—which would imply an overall eurozone inflation rate of something like 3 percent. But if Germany is going to have only 1 percent inflation, we're talking about massive deflation in the periphery, which is both hard (probably impossible) as a macroeconomic proposition, and would greatly magnify the debt burden. This is a recipe for failure, and collapse.<a href="#cite_note-CoaL_25Sep2012-289">[288]</a> </blockquote> The US has also repeatedly asked Germany to loosen fiscal policy at G7 meetings, but the Germans have repeatedly refused.<a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-CGiles_11May2013-291">[290]</a> Even with such policies, Greece and other countries would face years of hard times, but at least there would be some hope of recovery.<a href="#cite_note-PaKr_16Apr2012-292">[291]</a> EU employment chief Laszlo Andor called for a radical change in EU crisis strategy and criticised what he described as the German practice of "wage dumping" within the eurozone to gain larger export surpluses.<a href="#cite_note-EU_opinion-293">[292]</a> With regard to structural reforms required from countries at the periphery, Simon Evenett stated in 2013: "Many promoters of structural reform are honest enough to acknowledge that it generates short-term pain. (...) If you've been in a job where it is hard to be fired, labour market reform introduces insecurity, and you might be tempted to save more now there's a greater prospect of unemployment. Economy-wide labour reform might induce <a href="/wiki/Consumer_spending" title="Consumer spending">consumer spending</a> cuts, adding another drag on a weakened economy."<a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a> Paul Krugman opposed structural reforms in accordance with his view of the task of improving the macroeconomic situation being "the responsibility of Germany and the ECB."<a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a> Claims that Germany had, by mid-2012, given Greece the equivalent of 29 times the aid given to West Germany under the Marshall Plan after World War II have been contested, with opponents claiming that aid was just a small part of Marshall Plan assistance to Germany and conflating the writing off of a majority of Germany's debt with the Marshall Plan.<a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a> The version of adjustment offered by Germany and its allies is that austerity will lead to an internal devaluation, i.e. deflation, which would enable Greece gradually to regain competitiveness. This view too has been contested. A February 2013 research note by the Economics Research team at Goldman Sachs claims that the years of recession being endured by Greece "exacerbate the fiscal difficulties as the denominator of the debt-to-GDP ratio diminishes".<a href="#cite_note-297">[296]</a> Strictly in terms of reducing wages relative to Germany, Greece had been making progress: private-sector wages fell 5.4% in the third quarter of 2011 from a year earlier and 12% since their peak in the first quarter of 2010.<a href="#cite_note-RTB_05Jan2012-298">[297]</a> The second economic adjustment programme for Greece called for a further labour cost reduction in the private sector of 15% during 2012–2014.<a href="#cite_note-European_Commission-299">[298]</a> In contrast Germany's unemployment continued its downward trend to record lows in March 2012,<a href="#cite_note-300">[299]</a> and yields on its government bonds fell to repeat record lows in the first half of 2012 (though real interest rates are actually negative).<a href="#cite_note-TDCL_18Apr2012-301">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a> All of this has resulted in increased anti-German sentiment within peripheral countries like Greece and Spain.<a href="#cite_note-303">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spain_cries-304">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[304]</a> When Horst Reichenbach arrived in Athens towards the end of 2011 to head a new European Union task force, the Greek media instantly dubbed him "Third Reichenbach".<a href="#cite_note-SiDo_19Nov2011-282">[281]</a> Almost four million German tourists—more than any other EU country—visit Greece annually, but they comprised most of the 50,000 cancelled bookings in the ten days after 6 May 2012 Greek elections, a figure The Observer called "extraordinary". The <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Greek_Tourism_Enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Greek Tourism Enterprises">Association of Greek Tourism Enterprises</a> estimates that German visits for 2012 will decrease by about 25%.<a href="#cite_note-obs20120526-306">[305]</a> Such is the ill-feeling, historic claims on Germany from WWII have been reopened,<a href="#cite_note-307">[306]</a> including "a huge, never-repaid loan the nation was forced to make under Nazi occupation from 1941 to 1945."<a href="#cite_note-308">[307]</a> Perhaps to curb some of the popular reactions, Germany and the eurozone members approve the 2019 budget of Greece, which called for no further pension cuts, in spite of the fact that these were agreed under the third memorandum.<a href="#cite_note-309">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effect_of_applied_programmes_on_the_debt_crisis">Effect of applied programmes on the debt crisis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Effect of applied programmes on the debt crisis">edit</a>]</div> Greece's GDP dropped by 25%, connected with the bailout programmes.<a href="#cite_note-Tsipras_Bloomberg-310">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marianne-193">[192]</a> This had a critical effect: the debt-to-GDP ratio, the key factor defining the severity of the crisis, would jump from its 2009 level of 127%<a href="#cite_note-Eurostat_Debt_to_GDP-194">[193]</a> to about 170%, solely due to the GDP drop (for the same debt). Such a level is considered[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] most probably unsustainable. In a 2013 report, the IMF admitted that it had underestimated the effects of such extensive tax hikes and budget cuts on the country's GDP and issued an informal apology.<a href="#cite_note-Marianne-193">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMF_Guardian-311">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMF_Reuters-312">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMF_Telegraph-313">[312]</a> The Greek programmes imposed a very rapid improvement in structural primary balance, at least two times faster than in Ireland, Portugal and Cyprus.<a href="#cite_note-Fiscal_adjustment-192">[191]</a> The results of these policies, which worsened the debt crisis, are often cited,<a href="#cite_note-Forbes_Austerity-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMF_Bloomberg-314">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMF_WSJ-315">[314]</a> while Greece's president, Prokopis Pavlopoulos, has stressed the creditors' share in responsibility for the depth of the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-Pavlopoulos_Statement-316">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pavlopoulos_Moscovici-317">[316]</a> Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras spoke to <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg</a> about errors in the design of the first two programmes which he alleged that, by imposing too much austerity, lead to a loss of 25% of the Greek GDP.<a href="#cite_note-Tsipras_Bloomberg-310">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_of_the_role_of_news_media_and_stereotyping">Criticism of the role of news media and stereotyping</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Criticism of the role of news media and stereotyping">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Tone plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Tone" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's tone or style may not reflect the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic tone</a> used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">guide to writing better articles</a> for suggestions. (May 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> A large number of negative articles about the Greek economy and society have been published in international media before and during the crisis, leading to accusations about negative stereotyping and possible effects on the evolution of the crisis itself.<a href="#cite_note-Media_Coverage-80">[79]</a> Elements contradicting several negative reports include the facts that Greeks even before the crisis worked the hardest in the EU, took fewer vacation days and on average retired at about the same age as the Germans,<a href="#cite_note-Media_Coverage-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alex_2-318">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reality_Check-319">[318]</a> Greece's private and households debt-to-GDP ratio was one of the lowest in the EU, while its government expenditure as a percentage of GDP was at the EU average.<a href="#cite_note-Media_Coverage-80">[79]</a> Similarly, negative reports about the Greek economy rarely mentioned the previous decades of <a href="#Historical_debt">Greece's high economic growth rates combined with low government debt</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_statistics">Economic statistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Economic statistics">edit</a>]</div> <div style="width:auto; overflow:scroll"> <table class="wikitable" style="clear:both; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; text-align:center; border:2px solid; font-size:75%"> <caption><big>Greek government budget balance, GDP growth and debt-to-GDP ratio (1970–2017)</big> Source: Eurostat and European Commission </caption> <tbody><tr style="border-bottom:2px solid"> <th style="text-align:left; background:#ccf">Greek national account </th> <th style="background:#fcc">1970 </th> <th style="background:#fcc">1980 </th> <th style="background:#fcc">1990 </th> <th style="background:#ccf">1995 </th> <th style="background:#ccf">1996 </th> <th style="background:#ccf">1997 </th> <th style="background:#ccf">1998 </th> <th style="background:#ccf">1999 </th> <th style="background:#ccf">2000 </th> <th style="background:#ccf">2001a </th> <th style="background:#ccf">2002 </th> <th style="background:#ccf">2003 </th> <th style="background:#ccf">2004 </th> <th style="background:#ccf">2005 </th> <th style="background:#ccf">2006 </th> <th style="background:#ccf">2007 </th> <th style="background:#ccf">2008 </th> <th style="background:#ccf">2009 </th> <th style="background:#ccf">2010 </th> <th style="background:#ccf">2011 </th> <th style="background:#ccf">2012 </th> <th style="background:#ccf">2013 </th> <th style="background:#ccf">2014 </th> <th style="background:#D0F0C0">2015b </th> <th style="background:#D0F0C0">2016b </th> <th style="background:#D0F0C0">2017c </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Government_revenue" title="Government revenue">Public revenue</a>d (% of GDP)<a href="#cite_note-Public_revenue-320">[319]</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>31.0d </td> <td>37.0d </td> <td>37.8d </td> <td>39.3d </td> <td>40.9d </td> <td>41.8d </td> <td>43.4d </td> <td>41.3d </td> <td>40.6d </td> <td>39.4d </td> <td>38.4d </td> <td>39.0d </td> <td>38.7 </td> <td>40.2 </td> <td>40.6 </td> <td>38.7 </td> <td>41.1 </td> <td>43.8 </td> <td>45.7 </td> <td>47.8 </td> <td>45.8 </td> <td style="background:#ffc;">48.1 </td> <td style="background:#ffc;">45.8 </td> <td style="background:#ffc;">TBA </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Government_expenditure" class="mw-redirect" title="Government expenditure">Public expenditure</a>d (% of GDP)<a href="#cite_note-Public_expenditure-321">[320]</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>45.2d </td> <td>46.2d </td> <td>44.5d </td> <td>45.3d </td> <td>44.7d </td> <td>44.8d </td> <td>47.1d </td> <td>45.8d </td> <td>45.5d </td> <td>45.1d </td> <td>46.0d </td> <td>44.4d </td> <td>44.9 </td> <td>46.9 </td> <td>50.6 </td> <td>54.0 </td> <td>52.2 </td> <td>54.0 </td> <td>54.4 </td> <td>60.1 </td> <td>49.3 </td> <td style="background:#ffc;">50.2 </td> <td style="background:#ffc;">47.9 </td> <td style="background:#ffc;">TBA </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:2px solid"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Government_budget_balance" title="Government budget balance">Budget balance</a>d (% of GDP)<a href="#cite_note-Budget_balance_since_1988-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eurostat_data_for_Budget_balance-322">[321]</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>-14.2d </td> <td>-9.1d </td> <td>-6.7d </td> <td>-5.9d </td> <td>-3.9d </td> <td>-3.1d </td> <td>-3.7d </td> <td>-4.5d </td> <td>-4.9d </td> <td>-5.7d </td> <td>-7.6d </td> <td>-5.5d </td> <td>-6.1 </td> <td>-6.7 </td> <td>-9.9 </td> <td>-15.3 </td> <td>-11.1 </td> <td>-10.2 </td> <td>-8.7 </td> <td>-12.3 </td> <td>-3.5 </td> <td style="background:#ffc;">-2.1 </td> <td style="background:#ffc;">-2.2 </td> <td style="background:#ffc;">TBA </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:2px solid"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Structural_and_cyclical_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural and cyclical deficit">Structural balance</a>e (% of GDP)<a href="#cite_note-Structural_balance_ESA2010_–_per_extract_by_AMECO_database-323">[322]</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>−14.9f </td> <td>−9.4g </td> <td>−6.9g </td> <td>−6.3g </td> <td>−4.4g </td> <td>−3.6g </td> <td>−4.2g </td> <td>−4.9g </td> <td>−4.5g </td> <td>−5.7h </td> <td>−7.7h </td> <td>−5.2h </td> <td>−7.4h </td> <td>−7.8h </td> <td>−9.7h </td> <td>−14.7h </td> <td>−9.8 </td> <td>−6.3 </td> <td>-0.6 </td> <td>2.2 </td> <td>0.4 </td> <td style="background:#ffc">-1.4 </td> <td style="background:#ffc">-2.3 </td> <td style="background:#ffc">TBA </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nominal_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominal GDP">Nominal GDP</a> growth (%)<a href="#cite_note-Nominal_GDP_at_current_marketprices-324">[323]</a> </td> <td>13.1 </td> <td>20.1 </td> <td>20.7 </td> <td>12.1 </td> <td>10.8 </td> <td>10.9 </td> <td>9.5 </td> <td>6.8 </td> <td>5.6 </td> <td>7.2 </td> <td>6.8 </td> <td>10.0 </td> <td>8.1 </td> <td>3.2 </td> <td>9.4 </td> <td>6.9 </td> <td>4.0 </td> <td>−1.9 </td> <td>−4.7 </td> <td>−8.2 </td> <td>−6.5 </td> <td>−6.1 </td> <td>−1.8 </td> <td style="background:#ffc;">-0.7 </td> <td style="background:#ffc;">3.6 </td> <td style="background:#ffc;">TBA </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/GDP_deflator" title="GDP deflator">GDP price deflator</a>i (%)<a href="#cite_note-GDP_deflator-325">[324]</a> </td> <td>3.8 </td> <td>19.3 </td> <td>20.7 </td> <td>9.8 </td> <td>7.7 </td> <td>6.2 </td> <td>5.2 </td> <td>3.6 </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td>3.4 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>3.2 </td> <td>3.0 </td> <td>2.3 </td> <td>3.4 </td> <td>3.2 </td> <td>4.4 </td> <td>2.6 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>−2.3 </td> <td>−2.6 </td> <td style="background:#ffc;">-1.2 </td> <td style="background:#ffc;">0.7 </td> <td style="background:#ffc;">TBA </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:2px solid"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Real_gross_domestic_product" title="Real gross domestic product">Real GDP growth</a>j (%)<a href="#cite_note-Real_GDP_at_constant_marketprices-326">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eurostat_GDP_growth-327">[326]</a> </td> <td>8.9 </td> <td>0.7 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td>2.1 </td> <td>3.0 </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>4.1 </td> <td>3.1 </td> <td>4.0 </td> <td>3.7 </td> <td>3.2 </td> <td>6.6 </td> <td>5.0 </td> <td>0.9 </td> <td>5.8 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>−0.4 </td> <td>−4.4 </td> <td>−5.4 </td> <td>−8.9 </td> <td>−6.6 </td> <td>−3.9 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td style="background:#ffc;">0.5 </td> <td style="background:#ffc;">2.9 </td> <td style="background:#ffc;">TBA </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">Public debt</a>k (billion €)<a href="#cite_note-Debt_in_national_currency-328">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eurostat_data_for_Government_debt_in_million_of_National_Currency-329">[328]</a> </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>31.2 </td> <td>87.0 </td> <td>98.0 </td> <td>105.4 </td> <td>112.1 </td> <td>118.8 </td> <td>141.2 </td> <td>152.1 </td> <td>159.5 </td> <td>168.3 </td> <td>183.5 </td> <td>212.8 </td> <td>225.3 </td> <td>240.0 </td> <td>264.6 </td> <td>301.0 </td> <td>330.3 </td> <td>356.0 </td> <td>304.7 </td> <td>319.2 </td> <td>317.1 </td> <td style="background:#ffc;">320.4 </td> <td style="background:#ffc;">319.6 </td> <td style="background:#ffc;">TBA </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nominal_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominal GDP">Nominal GDP</a>k (billion €)<a href="#cite_note-Nominal_GDP_at_current_marketprices-324">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eurostat_data_for_GDP-330">[329]</a> </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>7.1 </td> <td>45.7 </td> <td>93.4 </td> <td>103.5 </td> <td>114.8 </td> <td>125.7 </td> <td>134.2 </td> <td>141.7 </td> <td>152.0 </td> <td>162.3 </td> <td>178.6 </td> <td>193.0 </td> <td>199.2 </td> <td>217.8 </td> <td>232.8 </td> <td>242.1 </td> <td>237.4 </td> <td>226.2 </td> <td>207.8 </td> <td>194.2 </td> <td>182.4 </td> <td>179.1 </td> <td style="background:#ffc;">177.8 </td> <td style="background:#ffc;">184.3 </td> <td style="background:#ffc;">TBA </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" style="border-bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Debt-to-GDP_ratio" title="Debt-to-GDP ratio">Debt-to-GDP ratio</a> (%)<a href="#cite_note-Debt-to-GDP_ratio-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eurostat_data_for_debt-to-GDP_ratio-331">[330]</a> </td> <td style="border-bottom:0">17.2 </td> <td style="border-bottom:0">21.0 </td> <td style="border-bottom:0">68.3 </td> <td style="border-bottom:0">93.1 </td> <td style="border-bottom:0">94.7 </td> <td style="border-bottom:0">91.8 </td> <td style="border-bottom:0">89.2 </td> <td style="border-bottom:0">88.5 </td> <td style="border-bottom:0">99.6 </td> <td style="border-bottom:0">100.1 </td> <td style="border-bottom:0">98.3 </td> <td style="border-bottom:0">94.2 </td> <td style="border-bottom:0">95.1 </td> <td style="border-bottom:0">106.9 </td> <td style="border-bottom:0">103.4 </td> <td style="border-bottom:0">103.1 </td> <td style="border-bottom:0">109.3 </td> <td style="border-bottom:0">126.8 </td> <td style="border-bottom:0">146.0 </td> <td style="border-bottom:0">171.4 </td> <td style="border-bottom:0">156.9 </td> <td style="border-bottom:0">175.0 </td> <td style="border-bottom:0">177.1 </td> <td style="border-bottom:0; background:#ffc">180.2 </td> <td style="border-bottom:0; background:#ffc">173.4 </td> <td style="border-bottom:0; background:#ffc">TBA </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">- Impact of Nominal GDP growth (%)<a href="#cite_note-Debt-to-GDP_changes_due_to_Budget_balance_+_Nominal_GDP_Growth_+_Stock-flow_adjustment-332">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-Impact_of_nominal_GDP_growth_on_debt-to-GDP_ratio-333">[332]</a> </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">−2.3 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">−3.7 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">−10.6 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">−10.0 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">−9.1 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">−9.3 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">−7.9 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">−5.7 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">−4.7 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">−6.7 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">−6.3 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">−9.0 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">−7.1 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">−2.9 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">−9.2 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">−6.7 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">−3.9 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">2.1 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">6.3 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">13.0 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">12.0 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">10.1 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">3.3 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0; background:#ffc">1.3 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0; background:#ffc">−6.3 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0; background:#ffc">TBA </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">- Stock-flow adjustment (%)<a href="#cite_note-Nominal_GDP_at_current_marketprices-324">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-Debt-to-GDP_changes_due_to_Budget_balance_+_Nominal_GDP_Growth_+_Stock-flow_adjustment-332">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stock-flow_adjustment_in_National_Currency-334">[333]</a> </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">N/A </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">N/A </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">2.9 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">1.5 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">3.9 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">0.5 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">1.4 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">1.9 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">12.1 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">2.7 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">−0.3 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">−0.8 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">0.3 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">9.2 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">−0.4 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">−0.4 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">0.3 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">0.0 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">1.9 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">2.1 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">−35.1 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">−4.4 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">−4.7 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0; background:#ffc">−0.2 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0; background:#ffc">−2.6 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0; background:#ffc">TBA </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">- Impact of budget balance (%)<a href="#cite_note-Budget_balance_since_1988-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eurostat_data_for_Budget_balance-322">[321]</a> </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">N/A </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">N/A </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">14.2 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">9.1 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">6.7 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">5.9 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">3.9 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">3.1 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">3.7 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">4.5 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">4.9 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">5.7 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">7.6 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">5.5 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">6.1 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">6.7 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">9.9 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">15.3 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">11.1 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">10.2 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">8.7 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">12.3 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">3.5 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0; background:#ffc">2.1 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0; background:#ffc">2.2 </td> <td style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0; background:#ffc">TBA </td></tr> <tr style="border-bottom:2px solid"> <td align="left" style="border-top:0">- Overall yearly ratio change (%) </td> <td style="border-top:0">−2.3 </td> <td style="border-top:0">−0.9 </td> <td style="border-top:0">6.5 </td> <td style="border-top:0">0.6 </td> <td style="border-top:0">1.5 </td> <td style="border-top:0">−2.9 </td> <td style="border-top:0">−2.6 </td> <td style="border-top:0">−0.7 </td> <td style="border-top:0">11.1 </td> <td style="border-top:0">0.4 </td> <td style="border-top:0">−1.8 </td> <td style="border-top:0">−4.0 </td> <td style="border-top:0">0.8 </td> <td style="border-top:0">11.8 </td> <td style="border-top:0">−3.4 </td> <td style="border-top:0">−0.4 </td> <td style="border-top:0">6.2 </td> <td style="border-top:0">17.5 </td> <td style="border-top:0">19.2 </td> <td style="border-top:0">25.3 </td> <td style="border-top:0">−14.5 </td> <td style="border-top:0">18.1 </td> <td style="border-top:0">2.1 </td> <td style="border-top:0;background:#ffc">3.1 </td> <td style="border-top:0;background:#ffc">−6.8 </td> <td style="border-top:0;background:#ffc">TBA </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="27" style="text-align:center">Notes: a Year of entry into the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a>. b Forecasts by <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> pr 5 May 2015.<a href="#cite_note-EC-spring-forecast_2015-140">[139]</a> c Forecasts by the bailout plan in April 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Second_Economic_Adjustment_Programme_for_Greece_(Fourth_review_April_2014)-75">[74]</a> d Calculated by ESA-2010 EDP method, except data for 1990–2005 only being calculated by the old ESA-1995 EDP method. e Structural balance = "Cyclically-adjusted balance" minus impact from "one-off and temporary measures" (according to ESA-2010). f Data for 1990 is not the "structural balance", but only the "Cyclically-adjusted balance" (according to ESA-1979).<a href="#cite_note-Cyclically-adjusted_balance_1990-2014-335">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cyclically-adjusted_balance_1970-2012-336">[335]</a> g Data for 1995–2002 is not the "structural balance", but only the "Cyclically-adjusted balance" (according to ESA-1995).<a href="#cite_note-Cyclically-adjusted_balance_1990-2014-335">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cyclically-adjusted_balance_1970-2012-336">[335]</a> h Data for 2003–2009 represents the "structural balance", but are so far only calculated by the old ESA-1995 method. i Calculated as yoy %-change of the GDP deflator index in National Currency (weighted to match the GDP composition of 2005). j Calculated as yoy %-change of 2010 constant GDP in National Currency. k Figures prior of 2001 were all converted retrospectively from drachma to euro by the fixed euro exchange rate in 2000. </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1999_Greek_stock_market_crash" title="1999 Greek stock market crash">1999 Greek stock market crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_crisis" title="Currency crisis">Currency crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_International_Finance#Greek_debt_crisis" title="Institute of International Finance">The role of the Institute of International Finance in the Greek debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonica_Partners" title="Japonica Partners">Japonica Partner's Greek bond trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acronyms:_European_sovereign-debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acronyms: European sovereign-debt crisis">List of acronyms: European sovereign-debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_external_debt" title="List of countries by external debt">List of countries by external debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_net_international_investment_position_per_capita" title="List of countries by net international investment position per capita">List of countries by net international investment position per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_government-debt_crisis" title="Puerto Rican government-debt crisis">Puerto Rican government-debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulture_fund" title="Vulture fund">Vulture fund</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analogous_events">Analogous events</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Analogous events">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis" title="1998 Russian financial crisis">1998 Russian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%932002_Argentine_great_depression" title="1998–2002 Argentine great depression">1998–2002 Argentine great depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_debt_crisis" title="Latin American debt crisis">Latin American debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_economic_crisis_of_2002" title="South American economic crisis of 2002">South American economic crisis of 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Belgian_financial_crisis" title="2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis">2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932014_Spanish_financial_crisis" title="2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis">2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932014_Portuguese_financial_crisis" title="2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis">2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_about_the_debt">Film about the debt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Film about the debt">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debtocracy" title="Debtocracy">Debtocracy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> 100-year period up to the eve of the Greek debt crisis </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FT-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FT_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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Retrieved 7 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Italy+faces+restructured+derivatives+hit&rft.date=2013-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F440007a8-dd9a-11e2-a756-00144feab7de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+government-debt+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloomberg-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_DunbarElisa_Martinuzzi2012" class="citation news cs1">Nicholas Dunbar; Elisa Martinuzzi (5 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-03-06/goldman-secret-greece-loan-shows-two-sinners-as-client-unravels">"Goldman Secret Greece Loan Shows Two Sinners as Client Unravels"</a>. Bloomberg L.P. <q>'Greece actually executed the swap transactions to reduce its debt-to-gross-domestic-product ratio because all member states were required by the Maastricht Treaty to show an improvement in their public finances,' Laffan said in an e- mail. 'The swaps were one of several techniques that many European governments used to meet the terms of the treaty.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Goldman+Secret+Greece+Loan+Shows+Two+Sinners+as+Client+Unravels&rft.date=2012-03-05&rft.au=Nicholas+Dunbar&rft.au=Elisa+Martinuzzi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2012-03-06%2Fgoldman-secret-greece-loan-shows-two-sinners-as-client-unravels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+government-debt+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Guardian-115"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElena_Moya2010" class="citation news cs1">Elena Moya (16 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/feb/16/greek-debt-goldman-sachs">"Banks that inflated Greek debt should be investigated, EU urges"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <q>'These instruments were not invented by Greece, nor did investment banks discover them just for Greece,' said Christophoros Sardelis, who was chief of Greece's debt management agency when the contracts were conducted with Goldman Sachs. Such contracts were also used by other European countries until Eurostat, the EU's statistic agency, stopped accepting them later in the decade. Eurostat has also asked Athens to clarify the contracts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Banks+that+inflated+Greek+debt+should+be+investigated%2C+EU+urges&rft.date=2010-02-16&rft.au=Elena+Moya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2010%2Ffeb%2F16%2Fgreek-debt-goldman-sachs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+government-debt+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Der_Spiegel-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Der_Spiegel_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Der_Spiegel_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeat_Balzli2010" class="citation news cs1">Beat Balzli (8 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/greek-debt-crisis-how-goldman-sachs-helped-greece-to-mask-its-true-debt-a-676634.html">"Greek Debt Crisis: How Goldman Sachs Helped Greece to Mask its True Debt"</a>. Der Spiegel. Retrieved 29 October 2013. <q>This credit disguised as a swap didn't show up in the Greek debt statistics. Eurostat's reporting rules don't comprehensively record transactions involving financial derivatives. 'The Maastricht rules can be circumvented quite legally through swaps,' says a German derivatives dealer. In previous years, Italy used a similar trick to mask its true debt with the help of a different US bank.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Greek+Debt+Crisis%3A+How+Goldman+Sachs+Helped+Greece+to+Mask+its+True+Debt&rft.date=2010-02-08&rft.au=Beat+Balzli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Feurope%2Fgreek-debt-crisis-how-goldman-sachs-helped-greece-to-mask-its-true-debt-a-676634.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+government-debt+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldman-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman_117-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100305175636/http://www.businessinsider.com/henry-blodget-greece-paid-goldman-300-million-to-help-it-hide-its-ballooning-debts-2010-2">"Greece Paid Goldman $300 Million To Help It Hide Its Ballooning Debts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>. 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The Telegraph. 29 July 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/07/28/imf-admits-disastrous-love-affair-with-euro-apologises-for-the-i/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=IMF+admits+disastrous+love+affair+with+the+euro+and+apologises+for+the+immolation+of+Greece&rft.date=2016-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2F2016%2F07%2F28%2Fimf-admits-disastrous-love-affair-with-euro-apologises-for-the-i%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+government-debt+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMF_Bloomberg-314"><a href="#cite_ref-IMF_Bloomberg_314-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-06-18/why-three-rescues-didn-t-solve-greece-s-debt-problem-quicktake">"Why Three Rescues Didn't Solve Greece's Debt Problem"</a>. Bloomberg. 18 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+Three+Rescues+Didn%27t+Solve+Greece%27s+Debt+Problem&rft.date=2018-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2018-06-18%2Fwhy-three-rescues-didn-t-solve-greece-s-debt-problem-quicktake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+government-debt+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMF_WSJ-315"><a href="#cite_ref-IMF_WSJ_315-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/will-the-imf-apologize-to-greece-1402863715">"Will the IMF Apologize to Greece?"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. 15 June 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Will+the+IMF+Apologize+to+Greece%3F&rft.date=2014-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fwill-the-imf-apologize-to-greece-1402863715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+government-debt+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pavlopoulos_Statement-316"><a href="#cite_ref-Pavlopoulos_Statement_316-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekathimerini.com/229962/article/ekathimerini/news/debt-deal-exceeded-market-expectations-tsipras-says">"Debt deal exceeded market expectations, Tsipras says"</a>. Kathimerini. 22 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kathimerini&rft.atitle=Debt+deal+exceeded+market+expectations%2C+Tsipras+says&rft.date=2018-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekathimerini.com%2F229962%2Farticle%2Fekathimerini%2Fnews%2Fdebt-deal-exceeded-market-expectations-tsipras-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+government-debt+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pavlopoulos_Moscovici-317"><a href="#cite_ref-Pavlopoulos_Moscovici_317-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kathimerini.gr/972843/gallery/epikairothta/politikh/paylopoylos-se-moskovisi-na-mhn-epanalhf8oyn-la8h-poy-odhghsan-se-odynhres-8ysies-ton-lao">"Pavlopoulos to Moscovici: the mistakes that lead to painful sacrifices for the Greek people should not be repeated"</a>. Kathimerini (in Greek). 3 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kathimerini&rft.atitle=Pavlopoulos+to+Moscovici%3A+the+mistakes+that+lead+to+painful+sacrifices+for+the+Greek+people+should+not+be+repeated&rft.date=2018-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kathimerini.gr%2F972843%2Fgallery%2Fepikairothta%2Fpolitikh%2Fpaylopoylos-se-moskovisi-na-mhn-epanalhf8oyn-la8h-poy-odhghsan-se-odynhres-8ysies-ton-lao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+government-debt+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alex_2-318"><a href="#cite_ref-Alex_2_318-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ad0n-eX_cYI">"Alex" episode 2: The Lazy Greek</a>. Omikronproject. 7 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/ad0n-eX_cYI">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2018 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Alex%22+episode+2%3A+The+Lazy+Greek&rft.date=2013-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dad0n-eX_cYI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+government-debt+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reality_Check-319"><a href="#cite_ref-Reality_Check_319-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxMhVyclsk4">"UpFront – Reality Check: Are the Greeks all that lazy?"</a>. Al Jazeera English. 27 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/mxMhVyclsk4">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2018 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera+English&rft.atitle=UpFront+%E2%80%93+Reality+Check%3A+Are+the+Greeks+all+that+lazy%3F&rft.date=2015-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DmxMhVyclsk4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+government-debt+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Public_revenue-320"><a href="#cite_ref-Public_revenue_320-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/ameco/Include/Query.cfm?serie=URTG&trn=1&agg=0&unite=319&ref=0&nomserie=Total+revenue%3A+general+government&lstCntry=%27EU28%27%2C%27EU27%27%2C%27EU15%27%2C%27EA19%27%2C%27EA18%27%2C%27EA12%27%2C%27BEL%27%2C%27BGR%27%2C%27CZE%27%2C%27DNK%27%2C%27DEU%27%2C%27EST%27%2C%27IRL%27%2C%27GRC%27%2C%27ESP%27%2C%27FRA%27%2C%27HRV%27%2C%27ITA%27%2C%27CYP%27%2C%27LVA%27%2C%27LTU%27%2C%27LUX%27%2C%27HUN%27%2C%27MLT%27%2C%27NLD%27%2C%27AUT%27%2C%27POL%27%2C%27PRT%27%2C%27ROM%27%2C%27SVN%27%2C%27SVK%27%2C%27FIN%27%2C%27SWE%27%2C%27GBR%27">"AMECO database results: Total revenue of General Government (% of GDP, ESA 2010)"</a>. Automatically updated 3 times per year in February+May+November. European Commission. 7 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Automatically+updated+3+times+per+year+in+February%2BMay%2BNovember&rft.atitle=AMECO+database+results%3A+Total+revenue+of+General+Government+%28%25+of+GDP%2C+ESA+2010%29&rft.date=2012-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feconomy_finance%2Fameco%2FInclude%2FQuery.cfm%3Fserie%3DURTG%26trn%3D1%26agg%3D0%26unite%3D319%26ref%3D0%26nomserie%3DTotal%2Brevenue%253A%2Bgeneral%2Bgovernment%26lstCntry%3D%2527EU28%2527%252C%2527EU27%2527%252C%2527EU15%2527%252C%2527EA19%2527%252C%2527EA18%2527%252C%2527EA12%2527%252C%2527BEL%2527%252C%2527BGR%2527%252C%2527CZE%2527%252C%2527DNK%2527%252C%2527DEU%2527%252C%2527EST%2527%252C%2527IRL%2527%252C%2527GRC%2527%252C%2527ESP%2527%252C%2527FRA%2527%252C%2527HRV%2527%252C%2527ITA%2527%252C%2527CYP%2527%252C%2527LVA%2527%252C%2527LTU%2527%252C%2527LUX%2527%252C%2527HUN%2527%252C%2527MLT%2527%252C%2527NLD%2527%252C%2527AUT%2527%252C%2527POL%2527%252C%2527PRT%2527%252C%2527ROM%2527%252C%2527SVN%2527%252C%2527SVK%2527%252C%2527FIN%2527%252C%2527SWE%2527%252C%2527GBR%2527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+government-debt+crisis" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Public_expenditure-321"><a href="#cite_ref-Public_expenditure_321-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/ameco/Include/Query.cfm?serie=UUTGE&trn=1&agg=0&unite=319&ref=0&nomserie=Total+expenditure%3A+general+government+%3A-+Excessive+deficit+procedure+%28Including+one-off+proceeds+%28treated+as+negative+expenditure%29+relative+to+the+allocation+of+mobile+phone+licences+%28UMTS%29%29&lstCntry=%27EU28%27%2C%27EU27%27%2C%27EU15%27%2C%27EA19%27%2C%27EA18%27%2C%27EA12%27%2C%27BEL%27%2C%27BGR%27%2C%27CZE%27%2C%27DNK%27%2C%27DEU%27%2C%27EST%27%2C%27IRL%27%2C%27GRC%27%2C%27ESP%27%2C%27FRA%27%2C%27HRV%27%2C%27ITA%27%2C%27CYP%27%2C%27LVA%27%2C%27LTU%27%2C%27LUX%27%2C%27HUN%27%2C%27MLT%27%2C%27NLD%27%2C%27AUT%27%2C%27POL%27%2C%27PRT%27%2C%27ROM%27%2C%27SVN%27%2C%27SVK%27%2C%27FIN%27%2C%27SWE%27%2C%27GBR%27">"AMECO database results: Total expenditure of General Government -calculated by ESA 2010 EDP method (% of GDP)"</a>. European Commission. 7 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AMECO+database+results%3A+Total+expenditure+of+General+Government+-calculated+by+ESA+2010+EDP+method+%28%25+of+GDP%29&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=2012-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feconomy_finance%2Fameco%2FInclude%2FQuery.cfm%3Fserie%3DUUTGE%26trn%3D1%26agg%3D0%26unite%3D319%26ref%3D0%26nomserie%3DTotal%2Bexpenditure%253A%2Bgeneral%2Bgovernment%2B%253A-%2BExcessive%2Bdeficit%2Bprocedure%2B%2528Including%2Bone-off%2Bproceeds%2B%2528treated%2Bas%2Bnegative%2Bexpenditure%2529%2Brelative%2Bto%2Bthe%2Ballocation%2Bof%2Bmobile%2Bphone%2Blicences%2B%2528UMTS%2529%2529%26lstCntry%3D%2527EU28%2527%252C%2527EU27%2527%252C%2527EU15%2527%252C%2527EA19%2527%252C%2527EA18%2527%252C%2527EA12%2527%252C%2527BEL%2527%252C%2527BGR%2527%252C%2527CZE%2527%252C%2527DNK%2527%252C%2527DEU%2527%252C%2527EST%2527%252C%2527IRL%2527%252C%2527GRC%2527%252C%2527ESP%2527%252C%2527FRA%2527%252C%2527HRV%2527%252C%2527ITA%2527%252C%2527CYP%2527%252C%2527LVA%2527%252C%2527LTU%2527%252C%2527LUX%2527%252C%2527HUN%2527%252C%2527MLT%2527%252C%2527NLD%2527%252C%2527AUT%2527%252C%2527POL%2527%252C%2527PRT%2527%252C%2527ROM%2527%252C%2527SVN%2527%252C%2527SVK%2527%252C%2527FIN%2527%252C%2527SWE%2527%252C%2527GBR%2527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+government-debt+crisis" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Eurostat_data_for_Budget_balance-322">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eurostat_data_for_Budget_balance_322-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurostat_data_for_Budget_balance_322-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-053864_QID_-1B619087_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;GEO,L,Y,0;UNIT,L,Z,0;SECTOR,L,Z,1;INDIC_NA,L,Z,2;INDICATORS,C,Z,3;&zSelection=DS-053864INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;DS-053864SECTOR,S13;DS-053864INDIC_NA,EDP_B9;DS-053864UNIT,PC_GDP;&rankName1=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName2=SECTOR_1_2_-1_2&rankName3=INDIC-NA_1_2_-1_2&rankName4=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName5=UNIT_1_2_-1_2&rankName6=GEO_1_2_0_1&pprRK=FIRST&pprSO=PROTOCOL&ppcRK=FIRST&ppcSO=ASC&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=ROLLING&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23.%23%23%23">"Government deficit/surplus"</a>. Eurostat. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+deficit%2Fsurplus&rft.pub=Eurostat&rft.date=2012-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fappsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu%2Fnui%2Fshow.do%3Fquery%3DBOOKMARK_DS-053864_QID_-1B619087_UID_-3F171EB0%26layout%3DTIME%2CC%2CX%2C0%3BGEO%2CL%2CY%2C0%3BUNIT%2CL%2CZ%2C0%3BSECTOR%2CL%2CZ%2C1%3BINDIC_NA%2CL%2CZ%2C2%3BINDICATORS%2CC%2CZ%2C3%3B%26zSelection%3DDS-053864INDICATORS%2COBS_FLAG%3BDS-053864SECTOR%2CS13%3BDS-053864INDIC_NA%2CEDP_B9%3BDS-053864UNIT%2CPC_GDP%3B%26rankName1%3DTIME_1_0_0_0%26rankName2%3DSECTOR_1_2_-1_2%26rankName3%3DINDIC-NA_1_2_-1_2%26rankName4%3DINDICATORS_1_2_-1_2%26rankName5%3DUNIT_1_2_-1_2%26rankName6%3DGEO_1_2_0_1%26pprRK%3DFIRST%26pprSO%3DPROTOCOL%26ppcRK%3DFIRST%26ppcSO%3DASC%26sortC%3DASC_-1_FIRST%26rStp%3D%26cStp%3D%26rDCh%3D%26cDCh%3D%26rDM%3Dtrue%26cDM%3Dtrue%26footnes%3Dfalse%26empty%3Dfalse%26wai%3Dfalse%26time_mode%3DROLLING%26lang%3DEN%26cfo%3D%2523%2523%2523%252C%2523%2523%2523.%2523%2523%2523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+government-debt+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Structural_balance_ESA2010_–_per_extract_by_AMECO_database-323"><a href="#cite_ref-Structural_balance_ESA2010_–_per_extract_by_AMECO_database_323-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/ameco/Include/Query.cfm?serie=UBLGAPS&trn=1&agg=0&unite=319&ref=0&nomserie=Structural+balance+of+general+government+%3A-+Adjustment+based+on+potential+GDP+Excessive+deficit+procedure&lstCntry=%27EU28%27%2C%27EU27%27%2C%27EU15%27%2C%27EA19%27%2C%27EA18%27%2C%27EA12%27%2C%27BEL%27%2C%27BGR%27%2C%27CZE%27%2C%27DNK%27%2C%27DEU%27%2C%27EST%27%2C%27IRL%27%2C%27GRC%27%2C%27ESP%27%2C%27FRA%27%2C%27HRV%27%2C%27ITA%27%2C%27CYP%27%2C%27LVA%27%2C%27LTU%27%2C%27LUX%27%2C%27HUN%27%2C%27MLT%27%2C%27NLD%27%2C%27AUT%27%2C%27POL%27%2C%27PRT%27%2C%27ROM%27%2C%27SVN%27%2C%27SVK%27%2C%27FIN%27%2C%27SWE%27%2C%27GBR%27">"AMECO database: Structural balance of general government – Adjustment based on potential GDP (Excessive deficit procedure, ESA 2010)"</a>. Automatically updated 3 times per year in February+May+November. European Commission. Retrieved 3 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Automatically+updated+3+times+per+year+in+February%2BMay%2BNovember&rft.atitle=AMECO+database%3A+Structural+balance+of+general+government+%E2%80%93+Adjustment+based+on+potential+GDP+%28Excessive+deficit+procedure%2C+ESA+2010%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feconomy_finance%2Fameco%2FInclude%2FQuery.cfm%3Fserie%3DUBLGAPS%26trn%3D1%26agg%3D0%26unite%3D319%26ref%3D0%26nomserie%3DStructural%2Bbalance%2Bof%2Bgeneral%2Bgovernment%2B%253A-%2BAdjustment%2Bbased%2Bon%2Bpotential%2BGDP%2BExcessive%2Bdeficit%2Bprocedure%26lstCntry%3D%2527EU28%2527%252C%2527EU27%2527%252C%2527EU15%2527%252C%2527EA19%2527%252C%2527EA18%2527%252C%2527EA12%2527%252C%2527BEL%2527%252C%2527BGR%2527%252C%2527CZE%2527%252C%2527DNK%2527%252C%2527DEU%2527%252C%2527EST%2527%252C%2527IRL%2527%252C%2527GRC%2527%252C%2527ESP%2527%252C%2527FRA%2527%252C%2527HRV%2527%252C%2527ITA%2527%252C%2527CYP%2527%252C%2527LVA%2527%252C%2527LTU%2527%252C%2527LUX%2527%252C%2527HUN%2527%252C%2527MLT%2527%252C%2527NLD%2527%252C%2527AUT%2527%252C%2527POL%2527%252C%2527PRT%2527%252C%2527ROM%2527%252C%2527SVN%2527%252C%2527SVK%2527%252C%2527FIN%2527%252C%2527SWE%2527%252C%2527GBR%2527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+government-debt+crisis" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Nominal_GDP_at_current_marketprices-324">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nominal_GDP_at_current_marketprices_324-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nominal_GDP_at_current_marketprices_324-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nominal_GDP_at_current_marketprices_324-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/ameco/Include/Query.cfm?serie=UVGD&trn=1&agg=0&unite=0&ref=0&nomserie=Gross+domestic+product+at+current+market+prices&lstCntry=%27EU28%27%2C%27EU27%27%2C%27EU15%27%2C%27EA19%27%2C%27EA18%27%2C%27EA12%27%2C%27BEL%27%2C%27BGR%27%2C%27CZE%27%2C%27DNK%27%2C%27DEU%27%2C%27EST%27%2C%27IRL%27%2C%27GRC%27%2C%27ESP%27%2C%27FRA%27%2C%27HRV%27%2C%27ITA%27%2C%27CYP%27%2C%27LVA%27%2C%27LTU%27%2C%27LUX%27%2C%27HUN%27%2C%27MLT%27%2C%27NLD%27%2C%27AUT%27%2C%27POL%27%2C%27PRT%27%2C%27ROM%27%2C%27SVN%27%2C%27SVK%27%2C%27FIN%27%2C%27SWE%27%2C%27GBR%27">"AMECO database results: Nominal GDP at current marketprices in National Currency"</a>. Automatically updated 3 times per year in February+May+November. European Commission. 7 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Automatically+updated+3+times+per+year+in+February%2BMay%2BNovember&rft.atitle=AMECO+database+results%3A+Nominal+GDP+at+current+marketprices+in+National+Currency&rft.date=2012-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feconomy_finance%2Fameco%2FInclude%2FQuery.cfm%3Fserie%3DUVGD%26trn%3D1%26agg%3D0%26unite%3D0%26ref%3D0%26nomserie%3DGross%2Bdomestic%2Bproduct%2Bat%2Bcurrent%2Bmarket%2Bprices%26lstCntry%3D%2527EU28%2527%252C%2527EU27%2527%252C%2527EU15%2527%252C%2527EA19%2527%252C%2527EA18%2527%252C%2527EA12%2527%252C%2527BEL%2527%252C%2527BGR%2527%252C%2527CZE%2527%252C%2527DNK%2527%252C%2527DEU%2527%252C%2527EST%2527%252C%2527IRL%2527%252C%2527GRC%2527%252C%2527ESP%2527%252C%2527FRA%2527%252C%2527HRV%2527%252C%2527ITA%2527%252C%2527CYP%2527%252C%2527LVA%2527%252C%2527LTU%2527%252C%2527LUX%2527%252C%2527HUN%2527%252C%2527MLT%2527%252C%2527NLD%2527%252C%2527AUT%2527%252C%2527POL%2527%252C%2527PRT%2527%252C%2527ROM%2527%252C%2527SVN%2527%252C%2527SVK%2527%252C%2527FIN%2527%252C%2527SWE%2527%252C%2527GBR%2527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+government-debt+crisis" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-GDP_deflator-325"><a href="#cite_ref-GDP_deflator_325-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/ameco/Include/Query.cfm?serie=PVGD&trn=3&agg=1&unite=0&ref=0&nomserie=Price+deflator+gross+domestic+product+at+market+prices&lstCntry=%27EU28%27%2C%27EU27%27%2C%27EU15%27%2C%27EA19%27%2C%27EA18%27%2C%27EA12%27%2C%27BEL%27%2C%27BGR%27%2C%27CZE%27%2C%27DNK%27%2C%27DEU%27%2C%27EST%27%2C%27IRL%27%2C%27GRC%27%2C%27ESP%27%2C%27FRA%27%2C%27HRV%27%2C%27ITA%27%2C%27CYP%27%2C%27LVA%27%2C%27LTU%27%2C%27LUX%27%2C%27HUN%27%2C%27MLT%27%2C%27NLD%27%2C%27AUT%27%2C%27POL%27%2C%27PRT%27%2C%27ROM%27%2C%27SVN%27%2C%27SVK%27%2C%27FIN%27%2C%27SWE%27%2C%27GBR%27">"AMECO database results: Price deflator – gross domestic product at market prices in national currency (index development)"</a>. Automatically updated 3 times per year in February+May+November. European Commission. 7 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Automatically+updated+3+times+per+year+in+February%2BMay%2BNovember&rft.atitle=AMECO+database+results%3A+Price+deflator+%E2%80%93+gross+domestic+product+at+market+prices+in+national+currency+%28index+development%29&rft.date=2012-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feconomy_finance%2Fameco%2FInclude%2FQuery.cfm%3Fserie%3DPVGD%26trn%3D3%26agg%3D1%26unite%3D0%26ref%3D0%26nomserie%3DPrice%2Bdeflator%2Bgross%2Bdomestic%2Bproduct%2Bat%2Bmarket%2Bprices%26lstCntry%3D%2527EU28%2527%252C%2527EU27%2527%252C%2527EU15%2527%252C%2527EA19%2527%252C%2527EA18%2527%252C%2527EA12%2527%252C%2527BEL%2527%252C%2527BGR%2527%252C%2527CZE%2527%252C%2527DNK%2527%252C%2527DEU%2527%252C%2527EST%2527%252C%2527IRL%2527%252C%2527GRC%2527%252C%2527ESP%2527%252C%2527FRA%2527%252C%2527HRV%2527%252C%2527ITA%2527%252C%2527CYP%2527%252C%2527LVA%2527%252C%2527LTU%2527%252C%2527LUX%2527%252C%2527HUN%2527%252C%2527MLT%2527%252C%2527NLD%2527%252C%2527AUT%2527%252C%2527POL%2527%252C%2527PRT%2527%252C%2527ROM%2527%252C%2527SVN%2527%252C%2527SVK%2527%252C%2527FIN%2527%252C%2527SWE%2527%252C%2527GBR%2527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+government-debt+crisis" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Real_GDP_at_constant_marketprices-326"><a href="#cite_ref-Real_GDP_at_constant_marketprices_326-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/ameco/Include/Query.cfm?serie=OVGD&trn=1&agg=1&unite=0&ref=0&nomserie=Gross+domestic+product+at+2010+market+prices&lstCntry=%27EU28%27%2C%27EU27%27%2C%27EU15%27%2C%27EA19%27%2C%27EA18%27%2C%27EA12%27%2C%27BEL%27%2C%27BGR%27%2C%27CZE%27%2C%27DNK%27%2C%27DEU%27%2C%27EST%27%2C%27IRL%27%2C%27GRC%27%2C%27ESP%27%2C%27FRA%27%2C%27HRV%27%2C%27ITA%27%2C%27CYP%27%2C%27LVA%27%2C%27LTU%27%2C%27LUX%27%2C%27HUN%27%2C%27MLT%27%2C%27NLD%27%2C%27AUT%27%2C%27POL%27%2C%27PRT%27%2C%27ROM%27%2C%27SVN%27%2C%27SVK%27%2C%27FIN%27%2C%27SWE%27%2C%27GBR%27">"AMECO database results: Real GDP at constant marketprices in National Currency"</a>. Automatically updated 3 times per year in February+May+November. European Commission. Retrieved 7 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Automatically+updated+3+times+per+year+in+February%2BMay%2BNovember&rft.atitle=AMECO+database+results%3A+Real+GDP+at+constant+marketprices+in+National+Currency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feconomy_finance%2Fameco%2FInclude%2FQuery.cfm%3Fserie%3DOVGD%26trn%3D1%26agg%3D1%26unite%3D0%26ref%3D0%26nomserie%3DGross%2Bdomestic%2Bproduct%2Bat%2B2010%2Bmarket%2Bprices%26lstCntry%3D%2527EU28%2527%252C%2527EU27%2527%252C%2527EU15%2527%252C%2527EA19%2527%252C%2527EA18%2527%252C%2527EA12%2527%252C%2527BEL%2527%252C%2527BGR%2527%252C%2527CZE%2527%252C%2527DNK%2527%252C%2527DEU%2527%252C%2527EST%2527%252C%2527IRL%2527%252C%2527GRC%2527%252C%2527ESP%2527%252C%2527FRA%2527%252C%2527HRV%2527%252C%2527ITA%2527%252C%2527CYP%2527%252C%2527LVA%2527%252C%2527LTU%2527%252C%2527LUX%2527%252C%2527HUN%2527%252C%2527MLT%2527%252C%2527NLD%2527%252C%2527AUT%2527%252C%2527POL%2527%252C%2527PRT%2527%252C%2527ROM%2527%252C%2527SVN%2527%252C%2527SVK%2527%252C%2527FIN%2527%252C%2527SWE%2527%252C%2527GBR%2527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+government-debt+crisis" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Eurostat_GDP_growth-327"><a href="#cite_ref-Eurostat_GDP_growth_327-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tec00115">"Real GDP growth rate – volume: Percentage change on previous year"</a>. Eurostat. Retrieved 31 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Real+GDP+growth+rate+%E2%80%93+volume%3A+Percentage+change+on+previous+year&rft.pub=Eurostat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu%2Ftgm%2Ftable.do%3Ftab%3Dtable%26init%3D1%26plugin%3D1%26language%3Den%26pcode%3Dtec00115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+government-debt+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Debt_in_national_currency-328"><a href="#cite_ref-Debt_in_national_currency_328-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/ameco/Include/Query.cfm?serie=UDGGL&trn=1&agg=0&unite=0&ref=0&nomserie=General+government+consolidated+gross+debt+%3A-+Excessive+deficit+procedure+%28based+on+ESA+2010%29+and+former+definition+%28linked+series%29&lstCntry=%27EU28%27%2C%27EU27%27%2C%27EU15%27%2C%27EA19%27%2C%27EA18%27%2C%27EA12%27%2C%27BEL%27%2C%27BGR%27%2C%27CZE%27%2C%27DNK%27%2C%27DEU%27%2C%27EST%27%2C%27IRL%27%2C%27GRC%27%2C%27ESP%27%2C%27FRA%27%2C%27HRV%27%2C%27ITA%27%2C%27CYP%27%2C%27LVA%27%2C%27LTU%27%2C%27LUX%27%2C%27HUN%27%2C%27MLT%27%2C%27NLD%27%2C%27AUT%27%2C%27POL%27%2C%27PRT%27%2C%27ROM%27%2C%27SVN%27%2C%27SVK%27%2C%27FIN%27%2C%27SWE%27%2C%27GBR%27">"AMECO database results: General government consolidated gross debt (billion €, ESA 2010)"</a>. Automatically updated 3 times per year in February+May+November. European Commission. 7 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Automatically+updated+3+times+per+year+in+February%2BMay%2BNovember&rft.atitle=AMECO+database+results%3A+General+government+consolidated+gross+debt+%28billion+%E2%82%AC%2C+ESA+2010%29&rft.date=2012-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feconomy_finance%2Fameco%2FInclude%2FQuery.cfm%3Fserie%3DUDGGL%26trn%3D1%26agg%3D0%26unite%3D0%26ref%3D0%26nomserie%3DGeneral%2Bgovernment%2Bconsolidated%2Bgross%2Bdebt%2B%253A-%2BExcessive%2Bdeficit%2Bprocedure%2B%2528based%2Bon%2BESA%2B2010%2529%2Band%2Bformer%2Bdefinition%2B%2528linked%2Bseries%2529%26lstCntry%3D%2527EU28%2527%252C%2527EU27%2527%252C%2527EU15%2527%252C%2527EA19%2527%252C%2527EA18%2527%252C%2527EA12%2527%252C%2527BEL%2527%252C%2527BGR%2527%252C%2527CZE%2527%252C%2527DNK%2527%252C%2527DEU%2527%252C%2527EST%2527%252C%2527IRL%2527%252C%2527GRC%2527%252C%2527ESP%2527%252C%2527FRA%2527%252C%2527HRV%2527%252C%2527ITA%2527%252C%2527CYP%2527%252C%2527LVA%2527%252C%2527LTU%2527%252C%2527LUX%2527%252C%2527HUN%2527%252C%2527MLT%2527%252C%2527NLD%2527%252C%2527AUT%2527%252C%2527POL%2527%252C%2527PRT%2527%252C%2527ROM%2527%252C%2527SVN%2527%252C%2527SVK%2527%252C%2527FIN%2527%252C%2527SWE%2527%252C%2527GBR%2527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+government-debt+crisis" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Eurostat_data_for_Government_debt_in_million_of_National_Currency-329"><a href="#cite_ref-Eurostat_data_for_Government_debt_in_million_of_National_Currency_329-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-053864_QID_-72DB4332_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;GEO,L,Y,0;UNIT,L,Z,0;SECTOR,L,Z,1;INDIC_NA,L,Z,2;INDICATORS,C,Z,3;&zSelection=DS-053864INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;DS-053864SECTOR,S13;DS-053864INDIC_NA,GD;DS-053864UNIT,MIO_NAC;&rankName1=SECTOR_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=INDIC-NA_1_2_-1_2&rankName3=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName4=UNIT_1_2_-1_2&rankName5=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName6=GEO_1_2_0_1&pprRK=FIRST&pprSO=PROTOCOL&ppcRK=FIRST&ppcSO=ASC&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=ROLLING&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23.%23%23%23">"Government consolidated gross debt (millions of National Currency)"</a>. Eurostat. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+consolidated+gross+debt+%28millions+of+National+Currency%29&rft.pub=Eurostat&rft.date=2012-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fappsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu%2Fnui%2Fshow.do%3Fquery%3DBOOKMARK_DS-053864_QID_-72DB4332_UID_-3F171EB0%26layout%3DTIME%2CC%2CX%2C0%3BGEO%2CL%2CY%2C0%3BUNIT%2CL%2CZ%2C0%3BSECTOR%2CL%2CZ%2C1%3BINDIC_NA%2CL%2CZ%2C2%3BINDICATORS%2CC%2CZ%2C3%3B%26zSelection%3DDS-053864INDICATORS%2COBS_FLAG%3BDS-053864SECTOR%2CS13%3BDS-053864INDIC_NA%2CGD%3BDS-053864UNIT%2CMIO_NAC%3B%26rankName1%3DSECTOR_1_2_-1_2%26rankName2%3DINDIC-NA_1_2_-1_2%26rankName3%3DINDICATORS_1_2_-1_2%26rankName4%3DUNIT_1_2_-1_2%26rankName5%3DTIME_1_0_0_0%26rankName6%3DGEO_1_2_0_1%26pprRK%3DFIRST%26pprSO%3DPROTOCOL%26ppcRK%3DFIRST%26ppcSO%3DASC%26sortC%3DASC_-1_FIRST%26rStp%3D%26cStp%3D%26rDCh%3D%26cDCh%3D%26rDM%3Dtrue%26cDM%3Dtrue%26footnes%3Dfalse%26empty%3Dfalse%26wai%3Dfalse%26time_mode%3DROLLING%26lang%3DEN%26cfo%3D%2523%2523%2523%252C%2523%2523%2523.%2523%2523%2523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+government-debt+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eurostat_data_for_GDP-330"><a href="#cite_ref-Eurostat_data_for_GDP_330-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-053864_QID_59C88D83_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;GEO,L,Y,0;UNIT,L,Z,0;SECTOR,L,Z,1;INDIC_NA,L,Z,2;INDICATORS,C,Z,3;&zSelection=DS-053864INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;DS-053864SECTOR,S1;DS-053864INDIC_NA,B1GM;DS-053864UNIT,MIO_NAC;&rankName1=SECTOR_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=INDIC-NA_1_2_-1_2&rankName3=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName4=UNIT_1_2_-1_2&rankName5=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName6=GEO_1_2_0_1&pprRK=FIRST&pprSO=PROTOCOL&ppcRK=FIRST&ppcSO=ASC&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=ROLLING&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23.%23%23%23">"GDP at market prices (millions of National Currency)"</a>. Eurostat. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GDP+at+market+prices+%28millions+of+National+Currency%29&rft.pub=Eurostat&rft.date=2012-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fappsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu%2Fnui%2Fshow.do%3Fquery%3DBOOKMARK_DS-053864_QID_59C88D83_UID_-3F171EB0%26layout%3DTIME%2CC%2CX%2C0%3BGEO%2CL%2CY%2C0%3BUNIT%2CL%2CZ%2C0%3BSECTOR%2CL%2CZ%2C1%3BINDIC_NA%2CL%2CZ%2C2%3BINDICATORS%2CC%2CZ%2C3%3B%26zSelection%3DDS-053864INDICATORS%2COBS_FLAG%3BDS-053864SECTOR%2CS1%3BDS-053864INDIC_NA%2CB1GM%3BDS-053864UNIT%2CMIO_NAC%3B%26rankName1%3DSECTOR_1_2_-1_2%26rankName2%3DINDIC-NA_1_2_-1_2%26rankName3%3DINDICATORS_1_2_-1_2%26rankName4%3DUNIT_1_2_-1_2%26rankName5%3DTIME_1_0_0_0%26rankName6%3DGEO_1_2_0_1%26pprRK%3DFIRST%26pprSO%3DPROTOCOL%26ppcRK%3DFIRST%26ppcSO%3DASC%26sortC%3DASC_-1_FIRST%26rStp%3D%26cStp%3D%26rDCh%3D%26cDCh%3D%26rDM%3Dtrue%26cDM%3Dtrue%26footnes%3Dfalse%26empty%3Dfalse%26wai%3Dfalse%26time_mode%3DROLLING%26lang%3DEN%26cfo%3D%2523%2523%2523%252C%2523%2523%2523.%2523%2523%2523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+government-debt+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eurostat_data_for_debt-to-GDP_ratio-331"><a href="#cite_ref-Eurostat_data_for_debt-to-GDP_ratio_331-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-053864_QID_496DCBD3_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;GEO,L,Y,0;UNIT,L,Z,0;SECTOR,L,Z,1;INDIC_NA,L,Z,2;INDICATORS,C,Z,3;&zSelection=DS-053864INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;DS-053864SECTOR,S13;DS-053864INDIC_NA,GD;DS-053864UNIT,PC_GDP;&rankName1=SECTOR_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=INDIC-NA_1_2_-1_2&rankName3=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName4=UNIT_1_2_-1_2&rankName5=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName6=GEO_1_2_0_1&pprRK=FIRST&pprSO=PROTOCOL&ppcRK=FIRST&ppcSO=ASC&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=ROLLING&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23.%23%23%23">"Government debt-to-GDP ratio"</a>. Eurostat. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+debt-to-GDP+ratio&rft.pub=Eurostat&rft.date=2012-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fappsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu%2Fnui%2Fshow.do%3Fquery%3DBOOKMARK_DS-053864_QID_496DCBD3_UID_-3F171EB0%26layout%3DTIME%2CC%2CX%2C0%3BGEO%2CL%2CY%2C0%3BUNIT%2CL%2CZ%2C0%3BSECTOR%2CL%2CZ%2C1%3BINDIC_NA%2CL%2CZ%2C2%3BINDICATORS%2CC%2CZ%2C3%3B%26zSelection%3DDS-053864INDICATORS%2COBS_FLAG%3BDS-053864SECTOR%2CS13%3BDS-053864INDIC_NA%2CGD%3BDS-053864UNIT%2CPC_GDP%3B%26rankName1%3DSECTOR_1_2_-1_2%26rankName2%3DINDIC-NA_1_2_-1_2%26rankName3%3DINDICATORS_1_2_-1_2%26rankName4%3DUNIT_1_2_-1_2%26rankName5%3DTIME_1_0_0_0%26rankName6%3DGEO_1_2_0_1%26pprRK%3DFIRST%26pprSO%3DPROTOCOL%26ppcRK%3DFIRST%26ppcSO%3DASC%26sortC%3DASC_-1_FIRST%26rStp%3D%26cStp%3D%26rDCh%3D%26cDCh%3D%26rDM%3Dtrue%26cDM%3Dtrue%26footnes%3Dfalse%26empty%3Dfalse%26wai%3Dfalse%26time_mode%3DROLLING%26lang%3DEN%26cfo%3D%2523%2523%2523%252C%2523%2523%2523.%2523%2523%2523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+government-debt+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Debt-to-GDP_changes_due_to_Budget_balance_+_Nominal_GDP_Growth_+_Stock-flow_adjustment-332">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Debt-to-GDP_changes_due_to_Budget_balance_+_Nominal_GDP_Growth_+_Stock-flow_adjustment_332-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debt-to-GDP_changes_due_to_Budget_balance_+_Nominal_GDP_Growth_+_Stock-flow_adjustment_332-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/db_indicators/gen_gov_data/documents/2014/autumn2014_country_en.pdf">"General Government Data autumn 2014: Revenue, Expenditure, Balances and Gross debt (Part 1: Tables by country)"</a> (PDF). European Commission. 4 November 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Government+Data+autumn+2014%3A+Revenue%2C+Expenditure%2C+Balances+and+Gross+debt+%28Part+1%3A+Tables+by+country%29&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=2014-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feconomy_finance%2Fdb_indicators%2Fgen_gov_data%2Fdocuments%2F2014%2Fautumn2014_country_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+government-debt+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Impact_of_nominal_GDP_growth_on_debt-to-GDP_ratio-333"><a href="#cite_ref-Impact_of_nominal_GDP_growth_on_debt-to-GDP_ratio_333-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/ameco/Include/Query.cfm?serie=ADGGU&trn=1&agg=0&unite=0&ref=0&nomserie=Impact+of+the+nominal+increase+of+GDP+on+general+government+consolidated+gross+debt+%3A-+Excessive+deficit+procedure+%28based+on+ESA+2010%29&lstCntry=%27EU28%27%2C%27EU27%27%2C%27EU15%27%2C%27EA19%27%2C%27EA18%27%2C%27EA12%27%2C%27BEL%27%2C%27BGR%27%2C%27CZE%27%2C%27DNK%27%2C%27DEU%27%2C%27EST%27%2C%27IRL%27%2C%27GRC%27%2C%27ESP%27%2C%27FRA%27%2C%27HRV%27%2C%27ITA%27%2C%27CYP%27%2C%27LVA%27%2C%27LTU%27%2C%27LUX%27%2C%27HUN%27%2C%27MLT%27%2C%27NLD%27%2C%27AUT%27%2C%27POL%27%2C%27PRT%27%2C%27ROM%27%2C%27SVN%27%2C%27SVK%27%2C%27FIN%27%2C%27SWE%27%2C%27GBR%27">"AMECO database results: Impact of nominal GDP growth on debt-to-GDP ratio"</a>. Automatically updated 3 times per year in February+May+November. European Commission. 7 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Automatically+updated+3+times+per+year+in+February%2BMay%2BNovember&rft.atitle=AMECO+database+results%3A+Impact+of+nominal+GDP+growth+on+debt-to-GDP+ratio&rft.date=2012-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feconomy_finance%2Fameco%2FInclude%2FQuery.cfm%3Fserie%3DADGGU%26trn%3D1%26agg%3D0%26unite%3D0%26ref%3D0%26nomserie%3DImpact%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bnominal%2Bincrease%2Bof%2BGDP%2Bon%2Bgeneral%2Bgovernment%2Bconsolidated%2Bgross%2Bdebt%2B%253A-%2BExcessive%2Bdeficit%2Bprocedure%2B%2528based%2Bon%2BESA%2B2010%2529%26lstCntry%3D%2527EU28%2527%252C%2527EU27%2527%252C%2527EU15%2527%252C%2527EA19%2527%252C%2527EA18%2527%252C%2527EA12%2527%252C%2527BEL%2527%252C%2527BGR%2527%252C%2527CZE%2527%252C%2527DNK%2527%252C%2527DEU%2527%252C%2527EST%2527%252C%2527IRL%2527%252C%2527GRC%2527%252C%2527ESP%2527%252C%2527FRA%2527%252C%2527HRV%2527%252C%2527ITA%2527%252C%2527CYP%2527%252C%2527LVA%2527%252C%2527LTU%2527%252C%2527LUX%2527%252C%2527HUN%2527%252C%2527MLT%2527%252C%2527NLD%2527%252C%2527AUT%2527%252C%2527POL%2527%252C%2527PRT%2527%252C%2527ROM%2527%252C%2527SVN%2527%252C%2527SVK%2527%252C%2527FIN%2527%252C%2527SWE%2527%252C%2527GBR%2527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+government-debt+crisis" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Stock-flow_adjustment_in_National_Currency-334"><a href="#cite_ref-Stock-flow_adjustment_in_National_Currency_334-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/ameco/Include/Query.cfm?serie=UDGGS&trn=1&agg=0&unite=0&ref=0&nomserie=Stock-flow+adjustment+on+general+government+consolidated+gross+debt+%3A-+Excessive+deficit+procedure+%28based+on+ESA+2010%29&lstCntry=%27EU28%27%2C%27EU27%27%2C%27EU15%27%2C%27EA19%27%2C%27EA18%27%2C%27EA12%27%2C%27BEL%27%2C%27BGR%27%2C%27CZE%27%2C%27DNK%27%2C%27DEU%27%2C%27EST%27%2C%27IRL%27%2C%27GRC%27%2C%27ESP%27%2C%27FRA%27%2C%27HRV%27%2C%27ITA%27%2C%27CYP%27%2C%27LVA%27%2C%27LTU%27%2C%27LUX%27%2C%27HUN%27%2C%27MLT%27%2C%27NLD%27%2C%27AUT%27%2C%27POL%27%2C%27PRT%27%2C%27ROM%27%2C%27SVN%27%2C%27SVK%27%2C%27FIN%27%2C%27SWE%27%2C%27GBR%27">"AMECO database results: Stock-flow adjustment in National Currency"</a>. Automatically updated 3 times per year in February+May+November. European Commission. 7 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Automatically+updated+3+times+per+year+in+February%2BMay%2BNovember&rft.atitle=AMECO+database+results%3A+Stock-flow+adjustment+in+National+Currency&rft.date=2012-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feconomy_finance%2Fameco%2FInclude%2FQuery.cfm%3Fserie%3DUDGGS%26trn%3D1%26agg%3D0%26unite%3D0%26ref%3D0%26nomserie%3DStock-flow%2Badjustment%2Bon%2Bgeneral%2Bgovernment%2Bconsolidated%2Bgross%2Bdebt%2B%253A-%2BExcessive%2Bdeficit%2Bprocedure%2B%2528based%2Bon%2BESA%2B2010%2529%26lstCntry%3D%2527EU28%2527%252C%2527EU27%2527%252C%2527EU15%2527%252C%2527EA19%2527%252C%2527EA18%2527%252C%2527EA12%2527%252C%2527BEL%2527%252C%2527BGR%2527%252C%2527CZE%2527%252C%2527DNK%2527%252C%2527DEU%2527%252C%2527EST%2527%252C%2527IRL%2527%252C%2527GRC%2527%252C%2527ESP%2527%252C%2527FRA%2527%252C%2527HRV%2527%252C%2527ITA%2527%252C%2527CYP%2527%252C%2527LVA%2527%252C%2527LTU%2527%252C%2527LUX%2527%252C%2527HUN%2527%252C%2527MLT%2527%252C%2527NLD%2527%252C%2527AUT%2527%252C%2527POL%2527%252C%2527PRT%2527%252C%2527ROM%2527%252C%2527SVN%2527%252C%2527SVK%2527%252C%2527FIN%2527%252C%2527SWE%2527%252C%2527GBR%2527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+government-debt+crisis" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Cyclically-adjusted_balance_1990-2014-335">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cyclically-adjusted_balance_1990-2014_335-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyclically-adjusted_balance_1990-2014_335-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/db_indicators/gen_gov_data/documents/2014/ccab_spring_en.pdf">"Cyclical adjustment of Budget Balances – spring 2014"</a> (PDF). European Commission. 7 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cyclical+adjustment+of+Budget+Balances+%E2%80%93+spring+2014&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=2014-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feconomy_finance%2Fdb_indicators%2Fgen_gov_data%2Fdocuments%2F2014%2Fccab_spring_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+government-debt+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cyclically-adjusted_balance_1970-2012-336">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cyclically-adjusted_balance_1970-2012_336-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyclically-adjusted_balance_1970-2012_336-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150706010718/http://www.cesifo-group.de/de/ifoHome/facts/DICE/Public-Sector/Public-Finance/Public-Debt/fiscal-balances/fileBinary/fiscal-balances.xls">"Fiscal balances 1970–2015: A1 – Cyclically adjusted net lending (+) or net borrowing (-) of general government, as a percentage of potential GDP"</a>. Center for Economic Studies – Ifo institut (CESifo). 5 December 2013. 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(7 September 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voxeu.org/content/eurozone-crisis-consensus-view-causes-and-few-possible-solutions">The Eurozone Crisis: A Consensus View of the Causes and a Few Possible Solutions</a>, VoxEU, <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Economic_Policy_Research" title="Centre for Economic Policy Research">CEPR</a> Press, retrieved 26 September 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eurozone+Crisis%3A+A+Consensus+View+of+the+Causes+and+a+Few+Possible+Solutions&rft.pub=VoxEU%2C+CEPR+Press&rft.date=2015-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoxeu.org%2Fcontent%2Feurozone-crisis-consensus-view-causes-and-few-possible-solutions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+government-debt+crisis" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Albanese Ginammi Alessandro, Conte Giampaolo, Greek Bailouts in Historical Perspective: Comparative Case Studies, 1893 and 2010|The Journal of European Economic History, 2 2016</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Great_Recession_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_sovereign-debt_crisis" title="Template:European sovereign-debt crisis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_sovereign-debt_crisis" title="Template talk:European sovereign-debt crisis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_sovereign-debt_crisis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European sovereign-debt crisis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Great_Recession_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> in <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe" title="Great Recession in Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Belgian_financial_crisis" title="2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis">Belgium</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Cypriot_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2012–13 Cypriot financial crisis">Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greece</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932011_Icelandic_financial_crisis" title="2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">Ireland</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Latvian_financial_crisis" title="2008 Latvian financial crisis">Latvia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932014_Portuguese_financial_crisis" title="2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis">Portugal</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Russia" title="Great Recession in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932014_Spanish_financial_crisis" title="2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis">Spain</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Ukrainian_financial_crisis" title="2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Responses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Greece" title="Anti-austerity movement in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_protests_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-austerity protests in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Portugal" title="Anti-austerity movement in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Spain" title="Anti-austerity movement in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anti-austerity movement in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Icelandic_financial_crisis_protests" title="2009 Icelandic financial crisis protests">Icelandic financial crisis protests</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_May_Day_protests#Europe" title="2009 May Day protests">May Day protests across Europe</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_French_pension_reform_strikes" title="2010 French pension reform strikes">French pension reform strikes</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_student_protest_in_Dublin" title="2010 student protest in Dublin">Irish students</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_for_a_Better_Way" title="March for a Better Way">March for a Better Way</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests" title="2010 United Kingdom student protests">UK students</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_social_model" title="European social model">European social model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_outvasion" title="Icelandic outvasion">Icelandic outvasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">Irish banking crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo_Irish_Bank" title="Anglo Irish Bank">Anglo Irish Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo_Irish_Bank_hidden_loans_controversy" title="Anglo Irish Bank hidden loans controversy">Hidden loans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo_Irish_Bank_Corporation_Act_2009" title="Anglo Irish Bank Corporation Act 2009">Nationalisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_emergency_budget,_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish emergency budget, 2009">Irish emergency budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_trading_loss" title="2008 Société Générale trading loss">Société Générale trading loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_Kingdom_bank_rescue_package" title="2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package">United Kingdom bank rescue package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_European_Union_bank_stress_test" title="2010 European Union bank stress test">2010 European Union bank stress test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_public_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by public debt">List of countries by public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIGS_(economics)" title="PIGS (economics)">PIIGS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 See: <a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Financial_crises" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Financial_crises" title="Template:Financial crises"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Financial_crises" title="Template talk:Financial crises"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Financial_crises" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Financial crises"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Financial_crises" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crises</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_run" title="Bank run">Bank run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_price_shocks" title="Commodity price shocks">Commodity price shocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_crunch" title="Credit crunch">Credit crunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_cycle" title="Credit cycle">Credit cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_crisis" title="Currency crisis">Currency crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_crisis" title="Debt crisis">Debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_crisis" title="Energy crisis">Energy crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_contagion" title="Financial contagion">Financial contagion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_contagion" title="Social contagion">Social contagion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_crash" title="Flash crash">Flash crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">Hyperinflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidity_crisis" title="Liquidity crisis">Liquidity crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accounting_liquidity" title="Accounting liquidity">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_capital" title="Liquid capital">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_liquidity" title="Funding liquidity">Funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_liquidity" title="Market liquidity">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsky_moment" title="Minsky moment">Minsky moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_crisis" title="Social crisis">Social crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_market_crash" title="Stock market crash">Stock market crash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-<a href="/wiki/Commercial_revolution" title="Commercial revolution">1000</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_33" title="Financial crisis of 33">Financial crisis of 33 CE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a> (235–284 CE)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_revolution" title="Commercial revolution">Commercial revolution</a> (1000–1760)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bullion_Famine" title="Great Bullion Famine">Great Bullion Famine</a> (c. 1400–c. 1500)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Debasement" title="The Great Debasement">The Great Debasement</a> (1544–1551)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_history_of_the_Dutch_Republic" title="Financial history of the Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic stock market crashes</a> (c. 1600–1760)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipper_und_Wipper" title="Kipper und Wipper">Kipper und Wipper</a> (1621–1623)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_mania" title="Tulip mania">Tulip mania crash</a> (1637)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea bubble crash</a> (1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Company" title="Mississippi Company">Mississippi bubble crash</a> (1720)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">1st Industrial Revolution</a> (1760–1840)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_banking_crisis_of_1763" title="Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763">Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Bubble_of_1769" title="Bengal Bubble of 1769">Bengal bubble crash</a> (1769–1784)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">British credit crisis of 1772–1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_history_of_the_Dutch_Republic" title="Financial history of the Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic financial collapse</a> (c. 1780–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_Panic_of_1789" title="Copper Panic of 1789">Copper Panic of 1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1792" title="Panic of 1792">Panic of 1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1796%E2%80%931797" title="Panic of 1796–1797">Panic of 1796–1797</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_state_bankruptcy_of_1813" title="Danish state bankruptcy of 1813">Danish state bankruptcy of 1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_price_shocks" title="Commodity price shocks">Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks</a> (1815–1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1819" title="Panic of 1819">Panic of 1819</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1825" title="Panic of 1825">Panic of 1825</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1840–1870</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_potato_failure" title="European potato failure">European potato failure</a> (1845–1856) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Irish Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Potato_Famine" title="Highland Potato Famine">Highland Potato Famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1847" title="Panic of 1847">Panic of 1847</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1866" title="Panic of 1866">Panic of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1869)" title="Black Friday (1869)">Black Friday</a> (1869)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">2nd Industrial Revolution</a> (1870–1914)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Bourse_crash_of_1882" title="Paris Bourse crash of 1882">Paris Bourse crash of 1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1884" title="Panic of 1884">Panic of 1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arendal_crash" title="Arendal crash">Arendal crash</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baring_crisis" title="Baring crisis">Baring crisis</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encilhamento" title="Encilhamento">Encilhamento</a> (1890–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_banking_crisis_of_1893" title="Australian banking crisis of 1893">Australian banking crisis of 1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Monday_(1894)" title="Black Monday (1894)">Black Monday</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1896" title="Panic of 1896">Panic of 1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1901" title="Panic of 1901">Panic of 1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1907" title="Panic of 1907">Panic of 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_rubber_stock_market_crisis" title="Shanghai rubber stock market crisis">Shanghai rubber stock market crisis</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1910%E2%80%9311" title="Panic of 1910–11">Panic of 1910–11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_1914" title="Financial crisis of 1914">Financial crisis of 1914</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a> (1918–1939)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_early_Soviet_Russia" title="Hyperinflation in early Soviet Russia">Early Soviet hyperinflation</a> (1917–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic hyperinflation</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Shōwa financial crisis</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1930" title="Panic of 1930">Panic of 1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_hyperinflation" title="Chinese hyperinflation">Chinese hyperinflation</a> (1937-1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Wartime period</a> (1939–1945)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Greece" title="Hyperinflation in Greece">Greek hyperinflation</a> (1941–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_hyperinflation" title="Chinese hyperinflation">Chinese hyperinflation</a> (1937-1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post–WWII expansion</a> (1945–1973)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_peng%C5%91#Hyperinflation" title="Hungarian pengő">Hungarian pengő hyperinflation</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Slide_of_1962" title="Kennedy Slide of 1962">Kennedy Slide of 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963%E2%80%931965_Indonesian_hyperinflation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963–1965 Indonesian hyperinflation (page does not exist)">1963–1965 Indonesian hyperinflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_hyperinflation" title="Chinese hyperinflation">Chinese hyperinflation</a> (1937-1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">Great Inflation</a> (1973–1982)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">1970s energy crisis</a> (1973–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973%E2%80%931974_stock_market_crash" title="1973–1974 stock market crash">1973–1974 stock market crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_banking_crisis_of_1973%E2%80%931975" title="Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975">Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_crisis" title="Steel crisis">Steel crisis</a> (1973–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_debt_crisis" title="Latin American debt crisis">Latin American debt crisis</a> (1975–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_sterling_crisis" title="1976 sterling crisis">1976 British currency crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Brazil" title="Hyperinflation in Brazil">Brazilian hyperinflation</a> (1980–1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Moderation" title="Great Moderation">Great Moderation</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Great_Regression" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Regression">Great Regression</a> (1982–2007)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Brazil" title="Hyperinflation in Brazil">Brazilian hyperinflation</a> (1982–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_Al-Manakh_stock_market_crash" title="Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash">Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_1982" title="Crisis of 1982">Chilean crisis of 1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Israel_bank_stock_crisis" title="1983 Israel bank stock crisis">1983 Israel bank stock crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Saturday_(1983)" title="Black Saturday (1983)">Black Saturday (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_crisis" title="Savings and loan crisis">Savings and loan crisis</a> (1986–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_economic_crisis" title="Cameroonian economic crisis">Cameroonian economic crisis</a> (1987–2000s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Monday_(1987)" title="Black Monday (1987)">Black Monday (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988%E2%80%931992_Norwegian_banking_crisis" title="1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis">1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble" title="Japanese asset price bubble">Japanese asset price bubble crash</a> (1990–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_banking_crisis" title="Rhode Island banking crisis">Rhode Island banking crisis</a> (1990–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Indian_economic_crisis" title="1991 Indian economic crisis">1991 Indian economic crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_financial_crisis_1990%E2%80%931994" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden financial crisis 1990–1994">1990s Swedish financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_Finnish_banking_crisis" title="1990s Finnish banking crisis">1990s Finnish banking crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_energy_crisis_of_1990s" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian energy crisis of 1990s">1990s Armenian energy crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Period" title="Special Period">Cuban Special Period</a> (1991–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">Black Wednesday (1992 Sterling crisis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav hyperinflation</a> (1992–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_bond_market_crisis" title="1994 bond market crisis">1994 bond market crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_banking_crisis_of_1994" title="Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994">Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso_crisis" title="Mexican peso crisis">Mexican peso crisis</a> (1994–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_27,_1997,_mini-crash" title="October 27, 1997, mini-crash">October 1997 mini-crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis" title="1998 Russian financial crisis">1998 Russian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%931999_Ecuador_economic_crisis" title="1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis">1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%932002_Argentine_great_depression" title="1998–2002 Argentine great depression">1998–2002 Argentine great depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_effect" title="Samba effect">Samba effect</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">Dot-com bubble crash</a> (2000–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Economic effects of the September 11 attacks">9/11 stock market crash</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Turkish_economic_crisis" title="2001 Turkish economic crisis">2001 Turkish economic crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_economic_crisis_of_2002" title="South American economic crisis of 2002">South American economic crisis of 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_market_downturn_of_2002" title="Stock market downturn of 2002">Stock market downturn of 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Uruguay_banking_crisis" title="2002 Uruguay banking crisis">2002 Uruguay banking crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Myanmar_banking_crisis" title="2003 Myanmar banking crisis">2003 Myanmar banking crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis" title="2000s energy crisis">2000s energy crisis</a> (2003–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Argentine_energy_crisis" title="2004 Argentine energy crisis">2004 Argentine energy crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_stock_bubble_of_2007" title="Chinese stock bubble of 2007">2007 Chinese stock bubble crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Zimbabwe" title="Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwean hyperinflation</a> (2007–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> (2007–2009)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_September_2008" title="Global financial crisis in September 2008">September 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_October_2008" title="Global financial crisis in October 2008">October 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_November_2008" title="Global financial crisis in November 2008">November 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_December_2008" title="Global financial crisis in December 2008">December 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_2009" title="Global financial crisis in 2009">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subprime_mortgage_crisis" title="Subprime mortgage crisis">Subprime mortgage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_United_States_housing_market_correction" title="2000s United States housing market correction">2000s U.S. housing market correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_bear_market_of_2007%E2%80%932009" title="United States bear market of 2007–2009">U.S. bear market of 2007–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Latvian_financial_crisis" title="2008 Latvian financial crisis">2008 Latvian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Belgian_financial_crisis" title="2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis">2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Russia" title="Great Recession in Russia">2008–2009 Russian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Ukrainian_financial_crisis" title="2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis">2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932011_Icelandic_financial_crisis" title="2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis">2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">2008–2011 Irish banking crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932014_Spanish_financial_crisis" title="2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis">2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Monday_Crash_2009" title="Blue Monday Crash 2009">Blue Monday Crash 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greek government-debt crisis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a> (2009–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dubai_World" title="Dubai World">2009 Dubai debt standstill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_banking_crisis_of_2009%E2%80%932010" title="Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010">Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932014_Portuguese_financial_crisis" title="2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis">2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Energy crisis in Venezuela">Energy crisis in Venezuela</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Syria" title="Economy of Syria">Syrian economic crisis</a> (2011–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2011_stock_markets_fall" title="August 2011 stock markets fall">August 2011 stock markets fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bangladesh_share_market_scam" title="2011 Bangladesh share market scam">2011 Bangladesh share market scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Cypriot_financial_crisis" title="2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis">2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Banking_Liquidity_Crisis_of_2013" title="Chinese Banking Liquidity Crisis of 2013">2013 Chinese banking liquidity crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%93present_economic_crisis_in_Venezuela" title="2013–present economic crisis in Venezuela">Venezuela economic crisis</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Brazilian_economic_crisis" title="2014 Brazilian economic crisis">2014–2016 Brazilian economic crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_government-debt_crisis" title="Puerto Rican government-debt crisis">Puerto Rican government-debt crisis</a> (2014–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_financial_crisis_(2014%E2%80%932016)" title="Russian financial crisis (2014–2016)">Russian financial crisis (2014–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Nepal_blockade" title="2015 Nepal blockade">2015 Nepal blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Chinese_stock_market_turbulence" title="2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence">2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_stock_market_selloff" title="2015–2016 stock market selloff">2015–2016 stock market selloff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Brexit" title="Economic effects of Brexit">Brexit stock market crash</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Venezuela" title="Hyperinflation in Venezuela">Venezuelan hyperinflation</a> (2016–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Sri_Lankan_fuel_crisis" title="2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis">2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_banking_crisis" title="Ghana banking crisis">Ghana banking crisis</a> (2017–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_economic_crisis_(2018%E2%80%93current)" title="Turkish economic crisis (2018–current)">Turkish economic crisis</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_liquidity_crisis" title="Lebanese liquidity crisis">Lebanese liquidity crisis</a> (2019–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_economic_crisis_(2019%E2%80%93present)" title="Sri Lankan economic crisis (2019–present)">Sri Lankan economic crisis</a> (2019–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Financial market impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash" title="2020 stock market crash">2020 stock market crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_2020s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Early 2020s recession">Recession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_property_sector_crisis_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Chinese property sector crisis (2020–present)">Chinese property sector crisis</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_inflation_surge" title="2021–2023 inflation surge">2021–2023 inflation surge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_economic_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Pakistani economic crisis (2022–present)">Pakistani economic crisis</a> (2022–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_stock_market_decline" title="2022 stock market decline">2022 stock market decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_economic_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="German economic crisis (2022–present)">2022–2024 German economic crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_United_States_banking_crisis" title="2023 United States banking crisis">2023 United States banking crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%932024_Egyptian_financial_crisis" title="2023–2024 Egyptian financial crisis">2023–2024 Egyptian financial crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banking_crises" title="List of banking crises">List of banking crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_crises" title="List of economic crises">List of economic crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_debt_crises" title="List of sovereign debt crises">List of sovereign debt crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_market_crashes_and_bear_markets" title="List of stock market crashes and bear markets">List of stock market crashes and bear markets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Greece_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greece_topics" title="Template:Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greece_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Greece" title="Outline of Greece">Basic topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Greece-related_articles" title="Index of Greece-related articles">Alphabetical index of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Southeastern Europe">Prehistory</a> (pre-1100 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Greece" title="Neolithic Greece">Neolithic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean civilizations">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helladic_chronology" title="Helladic chronology">Helladic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse#Greece" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Antiquity</a> (1100 BC-330 AD)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Greek_migrations" title="Iron Age Greek migrations">Iron Age migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">Wars of Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Diadochi" title="Wars of the Diadochi">Wars of the Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Greek_wars" title="Roman–Greek wars">Roman–Greek wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Greece">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople#Foundation_of_Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Foundation of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greece" title="Medieval Greece">Middle Ages</a> (330–1453)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Byzantine period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period">Migration period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian" title="Plague of Justinian">Plague of Justinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">Arab–Byzantine wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Renaissance" title="Macedonian Renaissance">Macedonian Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Despotate of the Morea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern and <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Greece" title="History of modern Greece">Modern era</a> (post-1453)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Venetian_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands">Venetian Ionian islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Candia" title="Kingdom of Candia">Kingdom of Candia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Modern Greek Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Greece in the Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Schism" title="National Schism">National Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece_(1923%E2%80%931940)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greece (1923–1940)">History of Greece (1923–1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek civil war">Civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_military_junta_of_1967%E2%80%931974" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek military junta of 1967–1974">Military junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic" title="Third Hellenic Republic">Third Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Ancient regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Ottoman Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Greco-Roman_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="List of Greek coups d'état">Coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Greece" title="Demographic history of Greece">Demographic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_modern_Greece" title="Demographic history of modern Greece">Modern</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world" title="Economic history of Greece and the Greek world">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_name_changes_in_Greece" title="Geographical name changes in Greece">Geographical name changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_Greek_countries_and_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic Greek countries and regions">Greek countries and regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Renaissance scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Greek inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Language question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece" title="Military history of Greece">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Greece" title="Monarchy of Greece">Monarchy</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Greece" title="List of kings of Greece">Kings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_royal_family" title="Greek royal family">royal family</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">Polis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Population exchange of 1923</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece" title="Geography of Greece">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Greece" title="Category:Borders of Greece">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Greece">Cities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">co-capital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Greece">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_regions_of_Greece" title="Geographic regions of Greece">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(geographic_region)" title="Central Greece (geographic region)">Central Greece</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aetolia-Acarnania" title="Aetolia-Acarnania">Aetolia-Acarnania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aetolia" title="Aetolia">Aetolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acarnania" title="Acarnania">Acarnania</a>), <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evrytania" title="Evrytania">Evrytania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phocis" title="Phocis">Phocis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phthiotis" title="Phthiotis">Phthiotis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saronic_Islands" title="Saronic Islands">Saronic Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chania_(regional_unit)" title="Chania (regional unit)">Chania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heraklion_(regional_unit)" title="Heraklion (regional unit)">Heraklion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rethymno_(regional_unit)" title="Rethymno (regional unit)">Rethymno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lasithi" title="Lasithi">Lasithi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a> (<a href="/wiki/Andros" title="Andros">Andros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kea_(island)" title="Kea (island)">Kea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kythnos" title="Kythnos">Kythnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milos" title="Milos">Milos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mykonos" title="Mykonos">Mykonos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naxos" title="Naxos">Naxos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paros" title="Paros">Paros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syros" title="Syros">Syros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinos" title="Tinos">Tinos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agathonisi" title="Agathonisi">Agathonisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astypalaia" title="Astypalaia">Astypalaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalki" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalki">Chalki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalymnos" title="Kalymnos">Kalymnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karpathos" title="Karpathos">Karpathos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasos" title="Kasos">Kasos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Kos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leipsoi" title="Leipsoi">Leipsoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leros" title="Leros">Leros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisyros" title="Nisyros">Nisyros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patmos" title="Patmos">Patmos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symi" title="Symi">Symi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilos" title="Tilos">Tilos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arta_(regional_unit)" title="Arta (regional unit)">Arta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ioannina_(regional_unit)" title="Ioannina (regional unit)">Ioannina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preveza_(regional_unit)" title="Preveza (regional unit)">Preveza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thesprotia" title="Thesprotia">Thesprotia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ithaca_(island)" title="Ithaca (island)">Ithaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kefalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kefalonia">Kefalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kythira" title="Kythira">Kythira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lefkada" title="Lefkada">Lefkada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paxi">Paxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zakynthos" title="Zakynthos">Zakynthos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Macedonia">Macedonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chalkidiki" title="Chalkidiki">Chalkidiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama_(regional_unit)" title="Drama (regional unit)">Drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florina_(regional_unit)" title="Florina (regional unit)">Florina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grevena_(regional_unit)" title="Grevena (regional unit)">Grevena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imathia" title="Imathia">Imathia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastoria_(regional_unit)" title="Kastoria (regional unit)">Kastoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kavala_(regional_unit)" title="Kavala (regional unit)">Kavala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilkis_(regional_unit)" title="Kilkis (regional unit)">Kilkis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozani_(regional_unit)" title="Kozani (regional unit)">Kozani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pella_(regional_unit)" title="Pella (regional unit)">Pella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieria_(regional_unit)" title="Pieria (regional unit)">Pieria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serres_(regional_unit)" title="Serres (regional unit)">Serres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thasos" title="Thasos">Thasos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_(regional_unit)" title="Thessaloniki (regional unit)">Thessaloniki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Aegean_islands" title="North Aegean islands">North Aegean islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikaria">Ikaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(regional_unit)" title="Arcadia (regional unit)">Arcadia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argolis" title="Argolis">Argolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corinthia" title="Corinthia">Corinthia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messenia" title="Messenia">Messenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaea" title="Achaea">Achaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elis_(regional_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elis (regional unit)">Elis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karditsa_(regional_unit)" title="Karditsa (regional unit)">Karditsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larissa_(regional_unit)" title="Larissa (regional unit)">Larissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesia_(regional_unit)" title="Magnesia (regional unit)">Magnesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trikala_(regional_unit)" title="Trikala (regional unit)">Trikala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sporades" title="Sporades">Sporades</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Thrace" title="Western Thrace">Thrace</a> (<a href="/wiki/Evros_(regional_unit)" title="Evros (regional unit)">Evros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_(regional_unit)" title="Rhodope (regional unit)">Rhodope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xanthi_(regional_unit)" title="Xanthi (regional unit)">Xanthi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canyons_and_gorges_of_Greece" title="Category:Canyons and gorges of Greece">Canyons and gorges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Greece" title="List of caves in Greece">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Greece" title="Geology of Greece">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Greece" title="List of islands of Greece">Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Greece" title="List of mountains in Greece">Mountains</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Olympus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pindus" title="Pindus">Pindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodopes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peninsulas_of_Greece" title="Category:Peninsulas of Greece">Peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plains_of_Greece" title="Category:Plains of Greece">Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Greece" title="List of volcanoes in Greece">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Greece" title="Water supply and sanitation in Greece">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coasts_of_Greece" title="Category:Coasts of Greece">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Greece" title="List of lakes of Greece">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Greece" title="List of rivers of Greece">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icarian_Sea" title="Icarian Sea">Icarian Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece#Environment" title="Geography of Greece">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Greece" title="Climate of Greece">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_disasters_in_Greece" title="Category:Natural disasters in Greece">Natural disasters</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Greece" title="List of earthquakes in Greece">earthquakes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Greece" title="List of ecoregions in Greece">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Greece" title="Environmental issues in Greece">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forests_of_Greece" title="Category:Forests of Greece">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Greece" title="List of mammals of Greece">Mammals</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Greece" title="List of birds of Greece">birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Greece" title="National parks of Greece">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_Greece" title="Category:Protected areas of Greece">Protected areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Greece" title="Politics of Greece">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Greece" title="Constitution of Greece">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Constitutional amendments (<a href="/wiki/Greek_constitutional_amendment_of_1986" title="Greek constitutional amendment of 1986">1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_constitutional_amendment_of_2001" title="Greek constitutional amendment of 2001">2001</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_constitutional_amendment_of_2008" title="Greek constitutional amendment of 2008">2008</a>, 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Greece" title="Constitutional history of Greece">Constitutions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1822" title="Greek Constitution of 1822">1822</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1827" title="Greek Constitution of 1827">1827</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1844" title="Greek Constitution of 1844">1844</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1864" title="Greek Constitution of 1864">1864</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1911" title="Greek Constitution of 1911">1911</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Special_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Special Court">Supreme Special Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Greece" title="Cabinet of Greece">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Greece" title="Government of Greece">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Government_Gazette_(Greece)" title="Government Gazette (Greece)">Government Gazette</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidential_Mansion,_Athens" title="Presidential Mansion, Athens">Presidential Mansion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maximos_Mansion" title="Maximos Mansion">Maximos Mansion</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Presidents_(Greece)" title="Conference of Presidents (Greece)">Conference of Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Hellenic Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Hellenic_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament">Speaker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Committees_(Greece)" title="Parliamentary Committees (Greece)">Parliamentary Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Hellenic_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidium of the Hellenic Parliament">Presidium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Greece" title="Elections in Greece">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationality_law" title="Greek nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parataxis" title="Parataxis">Parataxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_of_Greece" title="List of parliamentary constituencies of Greece">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasokification" title="Pasokification">Pasokification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Greece" title="List of political parties in Greece">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial system of Greece">Judicial system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Greece)" title="Council of State (Greece)">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Audit_(Greece)" title="Court of Audit (Greece)">Court of Audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Civil_and_Criminal_Court_of_Greece" title="Supreme Civil and Criminal Court of Greece">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Police" title="Hellenic Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Greece" title="Capital punishment in Greece">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Greece" title="Corruption in Greece">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Greece" title="Crime in Greece">Crime</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_mafia" title="Greek mafia">Greek mafia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_Greece" title="Life imprisonment in Greece">Life imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Greece" title="Terrorism in Greece">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Coast_Guard" title="Hellenic Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Greece" title="Foreign relations of Greece">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_dispute" title="Aegean dispute">Aegean dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greece_and_the_European_Union" title="Category:Greece and the European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">Macedonia naming dispute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language_naming_dispute" title="Macedonian language naming dispute">Language naming dispute</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greece_and_NATO" title="Category:Greece and NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_passport" title="Greek passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Greece" title="Category:Treaties of Greece">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greece_and_the_United_Nations" title="Category:Greece and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Greece">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Air_Force" title="Hellenic Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_alliances_involving_Greece" title="Category:Military alliances involving Greece">Alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army" title="Hellenic Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Greece" title="Conscription in Greece">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_military_ranks" title="Greek military ranks">Military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Navy" title="Hellenic Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evzones" title="Evzones">Evzones</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidential_Guard_(Greece)" title="Presidential Guard (Greece)">Presidential Guard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Greece)" title="National Guard (Greece)">National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Athens)" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Athens)">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Greece" title="Abortion in Greece">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Greece" title="Cannabis in Greece">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greece" title="Education in Greece">Education</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Greece" title="List of universities in Greece">universities</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in Greece">Healthcare</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Greece" title="List of hospitals in Greece">hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Greece" title="Obesity in Greece">obesity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Greece" title="Smoking in Greece">smoking</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Greece" title="Human rights in Greece">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Greece" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Greece">Human rights abuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Greece">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Greece" title="Prostitution in Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_scandals_in_Greece" title="Category:Political scandals in Greece">Political scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe#Greece" title="Racism in Europe">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Greece" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchism_in_Greece" title="Category:Monarchism in Greece">Monarchism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism_in_Greece" title="Category:Fascism in Greece">Fascism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Liberalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Republicanism_in_Greece" title="Category:Republicanism in Greece">Republicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Nationalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hellenocentrism" title="Hellenocentrism">Hellenocentrism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">Enosis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Social_Movements" class="mw-redirect" title="New Social Movements">New Social Movements</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Environmentalism_in_Greece" title="Category:Environmentalism in Greece">Environmentalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_Greece" title="Category:Pacifism in Greece">Pacifism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Greece" title="Socialism in Greece">Socialism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Laocracy" title="Laocracy">Laocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Trotskyism_in_Greece" title="Category:Trotskyism in Greece">Trotskyism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Anarchism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Greece" title="Administrative divisions of Greece">Administrative divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_and_communities_of_Greece" title="Municipalities and communities of Greece">Municipalities and communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_regions_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative regions of Greece">Administrative regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_units_of_Greece" title="Regional units of Greece">Regional units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_administrations_of_Greece" title="Decentralized administrations of Greece">Decentralized administrations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of Greece">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Greece" title="Agriculture in Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Greece" title="List of airports in Greece">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Athens Stock Exchange">Athens Stock Exchange</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_listed_on_the_Athens_Stock_Exchange" title="List of companies listed on the Athens Stock Exchange">companies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Greece" title="Banking in Greece">Banking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Central bank</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_brands" title="Category:Greek brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Greece" title="List of companies of Greece">Companies</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_electric_power_companies_in_Greece" title="List of electric power companies in Greece">electric power</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Debt crisis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_withdrawal_from_the_eurozone" title="Greek withdrawal from the eurozone">Grexit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_drachma" title="Modern drachma">Drachma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Greece" title="Energy in Greece">Energy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Greece" title="Renewable energy in Greece">renewable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Greece">nuclear</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_euro_coins" title="Greek euro coins">Euro coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_and_the_International_Monetary_Fund" title="Greece and the International Monetary Fund">Greece and the International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_economic_miracle" title="Greek economic miracle">Greek economic miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Greece" title="Highways in Greece">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laiki_agora" title="Laiki agora">Laiki agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Greece" title="List of ports in Greece">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_pensions_in_Greece" title="Public pensions in Greece">Public pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Greece" title="Rail transport in Greece">Railways</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Greece" title="History of rail transport in Greece">history</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Greece" title="International rankings of Greece">Rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and technology in Greece">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">Shipping</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_Merchant_Marine" title="Greek Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Space_Agency" title="Hellenic Space Agency">Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_subdivisions_by_GDP" title="List of Greek subdivisions by GDP">Subdivisions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Greece" title="Taxation in Greece">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Greece" title="Telecommunications in Greece">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_International_Fair" title="Thessaloniki International Fair">Thessaloniki International Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Greece" title="Tourism in Greece">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Greece" title="Trade unions in Greece">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Greece" title="Transport in Greece">Transportation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rio%E2%80%93Antirrio_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio–Antirrio bridge">Rio–Antirrio bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athens_Metro" title="Athens Metro">Athens Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_Metro" title="Thessaloniki Metro">Thessaloniki Metro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Greece" title="Water supply and sanitation in Greece">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Greece" title="Demographics of Greece">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Name_of_Greece" title="Name of Greece">names of Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks" title="Names of the Greeks">the Greeks</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Greece" title="Immigration to Greece">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Greece" title="Minorities in Greece">Minorities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muslim_minority_of_Greece" title="Muslim minority of Greece">Muslim minority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Greece">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Arvanites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_Greece" title="Aromanians in Greece">Aromanians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aromanian_question" title="Aromanian question">Aromanian question</a>), <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanians" title="Megleno-Romanians">Megleno-Romanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia" title="Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia">Slavophones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Greece" title="Romani people in Greece">Roma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Greece" title="Women in Greece">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Greek regions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anastenaria" title="Anastenaria">Anastenaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryatid" title="Caryatid">Caryatid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Monday" title="Clean Monday">Clean Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Concept of kingship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dress" title="Greek dress">Dress</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chiton_(costume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiton (costume)">Chiton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlamys" title="Chlamys">Chlamys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exomis" title="Exomis">Exomis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fustanella" title="Fustanella">Fustanella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himation" title="Himation">Himation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariner%27s_cap" title="Mariner's cap">Mariner's cap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peplos" title="Peplos">Peplos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perizoma_(loincloth)" title="Perizoma (loincloth)">Perizoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsarouchi" title="Tsarouchi">Tsarouchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breeches" title="Breeches">Vraka</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Party" title="Eastern Party">Eastern Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_festival" title="Greek festival">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_folklore" title="Modern Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_East_and_Latin_West" title="Greek East and Latin West">Greek East and Latin West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greektown" title="Greektown">Greektown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">Hospitality</a></li> <li>Carols (<a href="/wiki/Kalanta_Christougenon" title="Kalanta Christougenon">Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalanta_of_the_New_Year" title="Kalanta of the New Year">New Year's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalanta_of_the_Theophany" title="Kalanta of the Theophany">Theophany's</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangas" title="Mangas">Mangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountza" title="Mountza">Mountza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Naming customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">Philhellenism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Hellenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_smashing" title="Plate smashing">Plate smashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Greece" title="Public holidays in Greece">Public holidays</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celebration_of_the_Greek_Revolution" title="Celebration of the Greek Revolution">Independence Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohi_Day" title="Ohi Day">Ohi Day</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouketopolemos" title="Rouketopolemos">Rouketopolemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souliotic_songs" title="Souliotic songs">Souliotic songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Theophany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiknopempti" title="Tsiknopempti">Tsiknopempti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_units_of_measurement" title="Greek units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry_beads" title="Worry beads">Worry beads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_architecture" title="Modern Greek architecture">Architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Greece" title="List of castles in Greece">Castles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heptanese_school_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heptanese school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_art" title="Modern Greek art">Modern art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">19th century</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_theatre" title="Modern Greek theatre">Theatre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Ancient</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Religious art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Breads (<a href="/wiki/Daktyla" title="Daktyla">Daktyla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kritsini" class="mw-redirect" title="Kritsini">Kritsini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagana_(bread)" title="Lagana (bread)">Lagana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paximadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paximadi">Paximadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsoureki" title="Tsoureki">Tsoureki</a>)</li> <li>Desserts (<a href="/wiki/Diples" title="Diples">Diples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halva" title="Halva">Halva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koulourakia" title="Koulourakia">Koulourakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kourabiedes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kourabiedes">Kourabiedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loukoumades" class="mw-redirect" title="Loukoumades">Loukoumades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melomakarona" class="mw-redirect" title="Melomakarona">Melomakarona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasteli" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteli">Pasteli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spoon_sweets" title="Spoon sweets">Spoon sweets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasilopita" title="Vasilopita">Vasilopita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_dishes" title="List of Greek dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li>Drinks (<a href="/wiki/Mastika" title="Mastika">Mastika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaxa" title="Metaxa">Metaxa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">Ouzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rakomelo" title="Rakomelo">Rakomelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sideritis" title="Sideritis">Sideritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tentura" title="Tentura">Tentura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsipouro" title="Tsipouro">Tsipouro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsikoudia" title="Tsikoudia">Tsikoudia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frapp%C3%A9_coffee" title="Frappé coffee">Frappé coffee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_Protected_Designations_of_Origin_cheeses" title="List of Greek Protected Designations of Origin cheeses">Cheeses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anthotyros" title="Anthotyros">Anthotyros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feta" title="Feta">Feta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graviera" title="Graviera">Graviera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasseri" title="Kasseri">Kasseri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kefalotyri" title="Kefalotyri">Kefalotyri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladotyri_Mytilinis" title="Ladotyri Mytilinis">Ladotyri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manouri" title="Manouri">Manouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metsovone" title="Metsovone">Metsovone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizithra" title="Mizithra">Mizithra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filo" title="Filo">Filo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amygdalopita" title="Amygdalopita">Amygdalopita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bougatsa" title="Bougatsa">Bougatsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaktoboureko" title="Galaktoboureko">Galaktoboureko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karydopita" title="Karydopita">Karydopita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanakopita" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanakopita">Spanakopita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiropita" title="Tiropita">Tiropita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_salad" title="Greek salad">Greek salad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dakos" title="Dakos">Dakos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meze" title="Meze">Meze</a></li> <li>Pasta (<a href="/wiki/Gogges" title="Gogges">Gogges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flomaria" title="Flomaria">Flomaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilopites" title="Hilopites">Hilopites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_restaurant" title="Greek restaurant">Restaurants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kafenio" title="Kafenio">Kafenio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouzeri" title="Ouzeri">Ouzeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taverna" title="Taverna">Taverna</a>)</li> <li>Sauces (<a href="/wiki/Skordalia" title="Skordalia">Skordalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taramosalata" class="mw-redirect" title="Taramosalata">Taramosalata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirokafteri" title="Tirokafteri">Tirokafteri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tzatziki" title="Tzatziki">Tzatziki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souvlaki" title="Souvlaki">Souvlaki</a></li> <li>Varieties (<a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Ionian islands">Heptanesean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine_(Greek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian cuisine (Greek)">Macedonian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_wine" title="Greek wine">Wine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agiorgitiko" title="Agiorgitiko">Agiorgitiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aidini" title="Aidini">Aidini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrtiko" title="Assyrtiko">Assyrtiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athiri" title="Athiri">Athiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kotsifali" title="Kotsifali">Kotsifali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian wine">Lesbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limnio" title="Limnio">Limnio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mavrodafni" title="Mavrodafni">Mavrodafni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandilaria" title="Mandilaria">Mandilaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malagousia" title="Malagousia">Malagousia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malvasia" title="Malvasia">Malvasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moschofilero" title="Moschofilero">Moschofilero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retsina" title="Retsina">Retsina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robola" title="Robola">Robola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savatiano" title="Savatiano">Savatiano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilana" title="Vilana">Vilana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinomavro" title="Xinomavro">Xinomavro</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece" title="Languages of Greece">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Braille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">dialects</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greco-Australian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maniots#Maniot_dialect" title="Maniots">Maniot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Sign_Language" title="Greek Sign Language">Greek Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Medieval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece#Minority_languages" title="Languages of Greece">Minority languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a>), <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Romani" title="Balkan Romani">Balkan Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_exonyms" title="Greek exonyms">exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_phrases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek phrases">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Words for love</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Greece">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Greece" title="Cinema of Greece">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Greece" title="Internet in Greece">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Greece" title="List of newspapers in Greece">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Greece" title="Television in Greece">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Greece">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Greece" title="Corruption in Greece">Corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dances" title="Greek dances">Dances</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ai_Georgis" title="Ai Georgis">Ai Georgis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angaliastos" title="Angaliastos">Angaliastos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antikristos" title="Antikristos">Antikristos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballos" title="Ballos">Ballos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysiakos" title="Dionysiakos">Dionysiakos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fisounis" title="Fisounis">Fisounis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaitanaki" title="Gaitanaki">Gaitanaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geranos" class="mw-redirect" title="Geranos">Geranos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasapiko" title="Hasapiko">Hasapiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikariotikos" title="Ikariotikos">Ikariotikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalamatianos" title="Kalamatianos">Kalamatianos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kangeli" title="Kangeli">Kangeli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastorianos" title="Kastorianos">Kastorianos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerkiraikos" title="Kerkiraikos">Kerkiraikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koftos" title="Koftos">Koftos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pidikhtos" title="Pidikhtos">Pidikhtos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leventikos" title="Leventikos">Leventikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maniatikos" title="Maniatikos">Maniatikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metsovitikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Metsovitikos">Metsovitikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ntames" title="Ntames">Ntames</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palamakia" title="Palamakia">Palamakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partalos" title="Partalos">Partalos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentozali" title="Pentozali">Pentozali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proskinitos" title="Proskinitos">Proskinitos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhichios" title="Pyrrhichios">Pyrrhichios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rougatsiarikos" title="Rougatsiarikos">Rougatsiarikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirtaki" title="Sirtaki">Sirtaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sousta" title="Sousta">Sousta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrtos" title="Syrtos">Syrtos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trata_(dance)" title="Trata (dance)">Trata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsakonikos" title="Tsakonikos">Tsakonikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsamikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsamikos">Tsamikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeibekiko" title="Zeibekiko">Zeibekiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zervos" title="Zervos">Zervos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ntekhno" title="Éntekhno">Éntekhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek folk music">Folk music</a> (<a href="/wiki/Music_of_Crete" title="Music of Crete">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Epirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Epirus">Epirote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Heptanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Heptanese">Heptanesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Music of Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisiotika" title="Nisiotika">Nisiotika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Peloponnese" title="Music of the Peloponnese">Peloponnesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks#Music" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thessaly" title="Music of Thessaly">Thessalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thrace" title="Music of Thrace">Thracian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hip_hop" title="Greek hip hop">Hip Hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (music)">Ionian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFko" title="Laïko">Laïko</a> (<a href="/wiki/Skyladiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Skyladiko">Skyladiko</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_musical_instruments" title="Greek musical instruments">Musical instruments</a> (<a href="/wiki/Askomandoura" title="Askomandoura">Askomandoura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">Aulos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">Bouzouki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Byzantine lyra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cretan_lyra" title="Cretan lyra">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_lyra" title="Macedonian lyra">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politiki_lyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Politiki lyra">Politiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontian_lyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontian lyra">Pontic</a>), <a href="/wiki/Crotala" class="mw-redirect" title="Crotala">Crotala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floghera" title="Floghera">Floghera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaida">Gaida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">Harp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laouto" title="Laouto">Laouto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan_flute" title="Pan flute">Pan flute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phorminx" title="Phorminx">Phorminx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psaltery" title="Psaltery">Psaltery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salpinx" title="Salpinx">Salpinx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Santouri">Santouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Souravli" title="Souravli">Souravli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambouras" title="Tambouras">Tambouras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trigono" title="Trigono">Trigono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsampouna" title="Tsampouna">Tsampouna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(hand_drum)" title="Tympanum (hand drum)">Tympano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zilia" title="Zilia">Zilia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebetiko" title="Rebetiko">Rebetiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek rock">Rock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_punk" title="Greek punk">Punk</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Religion</a> and lore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient religion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_religion" title="Mycenaean religion">Origins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Modern Revival</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerico" title="Aerico">Aerico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism_in_Greece" title="Category:Buddhism in Greece">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Greece" title="Catholic Church in Greece">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosoulites" title="Drosoulites">Drosoulites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> (Timeline: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(33%E2%80%93717)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (33–717)">Antiquity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(717%E2%80%931204)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (717–1204)">Early Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1204%E2%80%931453)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1204–1453)">Late Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1453%E2%80%931821)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1453–1821)">Early Modern Era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1821%E2%80%931924)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1821–1924)">19th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1924%E2%80%931974)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1924–1974)">Early 20th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1974%E2%80%932008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1974–2008)">Late 20th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(from_2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (from 2008)">Contemporary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_fairy_tales" title="Category:Greek fairy tales">Fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gello" title="Gello">Gello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Church of Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Flag of the Greek Orthodox Church">Flag</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Old_Calendarists" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Old Calendarists">Greek Old Calendarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Greece" title="Hinduism in Greece">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertimos" title="Hypertimos">Hypertimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Judaism_in_Greece" title="Category:Judaism in Greece">Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">History</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamia" title="Lamia">Lamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormo" title="Mormo">Mormo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities" title="Greek primordial deities">Primordial deities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellerophon" title="Bellerophon">Bellerephon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Greece" title="Protestantism in Greece">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychai" title="Psychai">Psychai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greece" title="Sikhism in Greece">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymiaterion" title="Thymiaterion">Thymiaterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_days_in_Greece" title="Name days in Greece">Name days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrykolakas" title="Vrykolakas">Vrykolakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayside_shrine" title="Wayside shrine">Wayside shrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Greece" title="Sport in Greece">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Greece" title="Baseball in Greece">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketball_in_Greece" title="Basketball in Greece">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Greece" title="Cricket in Greece">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Greece" title="Football in Greece">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockey_in_Greece" title="Hockey in Greece">Hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_in_Greece" title="Ice hockey in Greece">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_at_the_Olympics" title="Greece at the Olympics">Modern Olympics</a> (<a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/1906_Intercalated_Games" title="1906 Intercalated Games">1906</a>, <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Greece" title="Rugby league in Greece">Rugby league</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_to_Liberty" title="Hymn to Liberty">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece" title="Coat of arms of Greece">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greece" title="Flag of Greece">Flag</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_colours_of_Greece" title="National colours of Greece">national colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_flags" title="List of Greek flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftheria_i_thanatos" title="Eleftheria i thanatos">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Greece" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Greece">Orders and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Greece" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Greece">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Greece" title="Category:Greece">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Greece" title="Portal:Greece">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Poverty_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Poverty_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Poverty in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Albania (page does not exist)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Azerbaijan" title="Poverty in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Bulgaria" title="Poverty in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Croatia (page does not exist)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Cyprus" title="Poverty in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Denmark (page does not exist)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Estonia (page does not exist)">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Finland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Finland (page does not exist)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_France" title="Poverty in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Germany" title="Poverty in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Hungary (page does not exist)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Iceland (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Republic of Ireland (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Moldova" title="Poverty in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Netherlands (page does not exist)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Norway" title="Poverty in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Poland" title="Poverty in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Romania" title="Poverty in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Russia (page does not exist)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Serbia (page does not exist)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Spain (page does not exist)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Sweden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Sweden (page does not exist)">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Switzerland" title="Poverty in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Turkey" title="Poverty in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Ukraine" title="Poverty in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&oldid=1254909439">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greek_government-debt_crisis&oldid=1254909439</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Category:Greek government-debt crisis">Greek government-debt crisis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2009_in_Greece" title="Category:2009 in Greece">2009 in Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2010s_in_Greece" title="Category:2010s in Greece">2010s in Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2009_in_economic_history" title="Category:2009 in economic history">2009 in economic history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2010s_in_economic_history" title="Category:2010s in economic history">2010s in economic history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Athens_Exchange" title="Category:Athens Exchange">Athens Exchange</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_Greece" title="Category:Economic history of Greece">Economic history of Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eurozone_crisis" title="Category:Eurozone crisis">Eurozone crisis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Financial_crises" title="Category:Financial crises">Financial crises</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_debt_by_country" 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