CINXE.COM
Brunel University | International Business - Academia.edu
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>Brunel University | International Business - Academia.edu</title> <!-- _ _ _ | | (_) | | __ _ ___ __ _ __| | ___ _ __ ___ _ __ _ ___ __| |_ _ / _` |/ __/ _` |/ _` |/ _ \ '_ ` _ \| |/ _` | / _ \/ _` | | | | | (_| | (_| (_| | (_| | __/ | | | | | | (_| || __/ (_| | |_| | \__,_|\___\__,_|\__,_|\___|_| |_| |_|_|\__,_(_)___|\__,_|\__,_| We're hiring! See https://www.academia.edu/hiring --> <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "departments", 'action': "show_works", 'controller_action': 'departments#show_works', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="3ueOlaMWmoBAikKcAhNYbXwsNmSw4lL3pcaEeYnhgAl8t-J5w2vVyjoP7tTxLvNV3LWxjJpRa0_hH4Ioi_1IhA" /> <style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Parity;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 12px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #eef2f9;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: Roboto;--type-font-family-serif: Georgia;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 30px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 36px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 24px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 20px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 32px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 40px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 26px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 48px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 52px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 48px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 58px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 80px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 64px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}@media(min-width: 568px)and (max-width: 1279px){:root{--token-mode: Parity;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 12px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #eef2f9;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: Roboto;--type-font-family-serif: Georgia;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 42px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 36px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 34px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 28px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 25px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 20px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 40px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 48px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 28px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 58px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 68px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 74px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 82px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 104px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 80px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}@media(min-width: 1280px){:root{--token-mode: Parity;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 12px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #eef2f9;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: Roboto;--type-font-family-serif: Georgia;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 42px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 38px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 34px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 28px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 25px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 20px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 40px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 48px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 28px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 58px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 68px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 74px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 82px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 152px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 80px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}</style><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-57f9da13cef3fd4e2a8b655342c6488eded3e557e823fe67571f2ac77acd7b6f.css" /> <meta name="description" content="Academia.edu is the platform to share, find, and explore 50 Million research papers. Join us to accelerate your research needs & academic interests." /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'departments'; var $action_name = "show_works"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '9744e839ffe2d813ef8b7eb988ae0a3341a6052d'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":13921,"monthly_visitors":"142 million","monthly_visitor_count":142865128,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":142,"user_count":286007559,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1743317987000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1743317987000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/html5shiv/3.7.2/html5shiv.min.js"></script> <![endif]--> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="preload" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" as="style" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-9982828ed1de4777566441c35ccf7157c55ca779141fce69380d727ebdbbb926.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-cf157bca4ef673abcac8051ac68ed1136134beba22a884388e7ed6391572eef4.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-f96ab8a6334d161855249975a57d3f3d57f65c2e7553c6d20ab43c63efb79575.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://brunel.academia.edu/Departments/International_Business/Documents" /> </head> <!--[if gte IE 9 ]> <body class='ie ie9 c-departments a-show_works logged_out u-bgColorWhite'> <![endif]--> <!--[if !(IE) ]><!--> <body class='c-departments a-show_works logged_out u-bgColorWhite'> <!--<![endif]--> <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root"> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <!-- Event listeners for analytics --> <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav no-xs no-sm no-md"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more <span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less <span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <div class="DesignSystem" style="margin-top:-40px"><div class="PageHeader"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft u-fs24 u-tcGrayDarkest"><span class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fw700 u-mr5x u-pr5x u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderRight1"><a href="https://brunel.academia.edu/"><span class="u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarkest">Brunel University</span></a></span><h1 class="u-m0x u-fw300 u-fs24 u-displayInline">International Business</h1></div><div class="u-floatRight u-mt1x"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline"><li class="u-floatLeft u-pr5x u-mr5x u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderRight1"><a href="https://brunel.academia.edu/"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> All Departments</span></a></li><li class="u-floatLeft active"><a href="https://brunel.academia.edu/Departments/International_Business/Documents">9 Papers</a></li><li class="u-floatLeft"><a href="https://brunel.academia.edu/Departments/International_Business">38 Researchers</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="u-ph0x"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2203467" data-work_id="2203467" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2203467/Creating_shared_value">Creating shared value</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2203467" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="494f813612b6a56dd93ff12e47c8c970" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30254009,"asset_id":2203467,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30254009/download_file?st=MTc0MzMxNzk4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2816790" href="https://brunel.academia.edu/KrishnaGupta">Krishna Gupta</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2816790" type="text/json">{"id":2816790,"first_name":"Krishna","last_name":"Gupta","domain_name":"brunel","page_name":"KrishnaGupta","display_name":"Krishna Gupta","profile_url":"https://brunel.academia.edu/KrishnaGupta","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2816790/920133/1151593/s65_krishna.gupta.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2203467 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2203467"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2203467, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2203467", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2203467 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2203467; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2203467"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2203467 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2203467"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2203467; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2203467]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2203467").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2203467").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2203467"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2203467]'), work: {"id":2203467,"title":"Creating shared value","created_at":"2012-11-27T02:08:26.557-08:00","owner_id":2816790,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/2203467/Creating_shared_value","slug":"Creating_shared_value","dom_id":"work_2203467","summary":null,"publication":"Harvard business review","publication_with_fallback":"Harvard business review","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30254009,"asset_id":2203467,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/30254009/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30254009/11-porter-creating-shared-value-ss-highlights-libre.pdf?1390882067=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCreating_shared_value.pdf\u0026Expires=1736849475\u0026Signature=MahJbZ5esSCI0WzXRtJh6RVHhnV8vGg0Oz1pBjB-S5F7McxYCqsSJ2o25p2ZoB9gMqKeFr~x020S8zb7yniusl-Ra7baUOGr4vSM-hkUSUUlSJCvqC7XhHv9VJplNpNQmY1WMhQS6bNnYSvgRyMp9yfaYXEz05dtFm-xz90OuXeqAj1dFAAoKUYV8vpIQVkMGdjipygeRnEx~7SePBo-IqXrwT5qyodaa5SrLitGSyBgSo2cG4NTGXKxXleW~UGkcwCnnRw73R4rXAPEWlvBwEo2oU~XWnEAlj0~AnBHNI0huyccVZGJM19oiSC5bWoG6px2RwPUBbfztDEASWWu8Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30254009/download_file?st=MTc0MzMxNzk4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/30254009/mini_magick20190426-15363-fq6wke.png?1556339542"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":30254009,"asset_id":2203467,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/30254009/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30254009/11-porter-creating-shared-value-ss-highlights-libre.pdf?1390882067=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCreating_shared_value.pdf\u0026Expires=1736849475\u0026Signature=MahJbZ5esSCI0WzXRtJh6RVHhnV8vGg0Oz1pBjB-S5F7McxYCqsSJ2o25p2ZoB9gMqKeFr~x020S8zb7yniusl-Ra7baUOGr4vSM-hkUSUUlSJCvqC7XhHv9VJplNpNQmY1WMhQS6bNnYSvgRyMp9yfaYXEz05dtFm-xz90OuXeqAj1dFAAoKUYV8vpIQVkMGdjipygeRnEx~7SePBo-IqXrwT5qyodaa5SrLitGSyBgSo2cG4NTGXKxXleW~UGkcwCnnRw73R4rXAPEWlvBwEo2oU~XWnEAlj0~AnBHNI0huyccVZGJM19oiSC5bWoG6px2RwPUBbfztDEASWWu8Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30254009/download_file?st=MTc0MzMxNzk4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/30254009/mini_magick20190426-15363-fq6wke.png?1556339542"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":13,"ordered_authors":[{"id":2816790,"first_name":"Krishna","last_name":"Gupta","domain_name":"brunel","page_name":"KrishnaGupta","display_name":"Krishna Gupta","profile_url":"https://brunel.academia.edu/KrishnaGupta","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2816790/920133/1151593/s65_krishna.gupta.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":445321,"name":"Harvard Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Harvard_Business"}],"publication_year":2011,"publication_year_with_fallback":2011,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":407,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2203468" data-work_id="2203468" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2203468/Moral_leadership_Getting_to_the_heart_of_school_improvement">Moral leadership: Getting to the heart of school improvement</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2203468" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="787152f692c310294faa381c90a105f4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50711454,"asset_id":2203468,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50711454/download_file?st=MTc0MzMxNzk4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2816790" href="https://brunel.academia.edu/KrishnaGupta">Krishna Gupta</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2816790" type="text/json">{"id":2816790,"first_name":"Krishna","last_name":"Gupta","domain_name":"brunel","page_name":"KrishnaGupta","display_name":"Krishna Gupta","profile_url":"https://brunel.academia.edu/KrishnaGupta","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2816790/920133/1151593/s65_krishna.gupta.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2203468 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2203468"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2203468, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2203468", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2203468 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2203468; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2203468"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2203468 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2203468"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2203468; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2203468]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2203468").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2203468").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2203468"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="489930" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Leadership_Quarterly">Leadership Quarterly</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="489930" type="text/json">{"id":73149,"name":"Business and Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Management","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2203468]'), work: {"id":2203468,"title":"Moral leadership: Getting to the heart of school improvement","created_at":"2012-11-27T02:08:26.848-08:00","owner_id":2816790,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/2203468/Moral_leadership_Getting_to_the_heart_of_school_improvement","slug":"Moral_leadership_Getting_to_the_heart_of_school_improvement","dom_id":"work_2203468","summary":null,"publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50711454,"asset_id":2203468,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/50711454/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/50711454/1048-9843_2892_2990016-920161204-12005-147wr5g-libre.pdf?1480888314=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMoral_leadership_Getting_to_the_heart_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1742175286\u0026Signature=UjYggGrbIt1xsu-WgDHPukeV8Xaqn0FrZOivVauGq0oEyKfrKT2YkS5Y6f0XA2NGrnUFiQXBPtwoEzwuw4dARngUgU-nz6GKuQzTgFLtz6wDCJWyyNOWkIpMG0R8keZF3lZVw0WwWYwlzFrPEqAlM0QCKeSO3s11ToeLCJakZn6gqziU-e-5a9-tkoRp35589eAZCBNCPWBgt4lJngahhj2MYbJMDtWnEnRz49fyrrOAx-cLrRjRORjeoOESFAlWvXxmM6TEXntZ~5TXTdiQH4Yv6DgcYp5lirePF3bvfYkLS5S72JRwKpkBcEsMIT1Ejx8RXMAhQM4hp6Bf~GZ0Nw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50711454/download_file?st=MTc0MzMxNzk4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/50711454/mini_magick20190127-21884-trjiy1.png?1548658239"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":50711454,"asset_id":2203468,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/50711454/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/50711454/1048-9843_2892_2990016-920161204-12005-147wr5g-libre.pdf?1480888314=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMoral_leadership_Getting_to_the_heart_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1742175286\u0026Signature=UjYggGrbIt1xsu-WgDHPukeV8Xaqn0FrZOivVauGq0oEyKfrKT2YkS5Y6f0XA2NGrnUFiQXBPtwoEzwuw4dARngUgU-nz6GKuQzTgFLtz6wDCJWyyNOWkIpMG0R8keZF3lZVw0WwWYwlzFrPEqAlM0QCKeSO3s11ToeLCJakZn6gqziU-e-5a9-tkoRp35589eAZCBNCPWBgt4lJngahhj2MYbJMDtWnEnRz49fyrrOAx-cLrRjRORjeoOESFAlWvXxmM6TEXntZ~5TXTdiQH4Yv6DgcYp5lirePF3bvfYkLS5S72JRwKpkBcEsMIT1Ejx8RXMAhQM4hp6Bf~GZ0Nw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50711454/download_file?st=MTc0MzMxNzk4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/50711454/mini_magick20190127-21884-trjiy1.png?1548658239"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":4,"ordered_authors":[{"id":2816790,"first_name":"Krishna","last_name":"Gupta","domain_name":"brunel","page_name":"KrishnaGupta","display_name":"Krishna Gupta","profile_url":"https://brunel.academia.edu/KrishnaGupta","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2816790/920133/1151593/s65_krishna.gupta.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":73149,"name":"Business and Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Management","nofollow":true},{"id":489930,"name":"Leadership Quarterly","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Leadership_Quarterly"}],"publication_year":1992,"publication_year_with_fallback":1992,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":42,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2203469" data-work_id="2203469" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2203469/The_link_between_competitive_advantage_and_corporate_social_responsibility">The link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2203469" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9e8918640bf027a947b5eb43724ec361" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30254012,"asset_id":2203469,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30254012/download_file?st=MTc0MzMxNzk4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2816790" href="https://brunel.academia.edu/KrishnaGupta">Krishna Gupta</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2816790" type="text/json">{"id":2816790,"first_name":"Krishna","last_name":"Gupta","domain_name":"brunel","page_name":"KrishnaGupta","display_name":"Krishna Gupta","profile_url":"https://brunel.academia.edu/KrishnaGupta","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2816790/920133/1151593/s65_krishna.gupta.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2203469 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2203469"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2203469, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2203469", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2203469 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2203469; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2203469"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2203469 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2203469"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2203469; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2203469]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2203469").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2203469").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2203469"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1452" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corporate_Social_Responsibility">Corporate Social Responsibility</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1452" type="text/json">{"id":1452,"name":"Corporate Social Responsibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corporate_Social_Responsibility","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2203469]'), work: {"id":2203469,"title":"The link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility","created_at":"2012-11-27T02:08:27.083-08:00","owner_id":2816790,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/2203469/The_link_between_competitive_advantage_and_corporate_social_responsibility","slug":"The_link_between_competitive_advantage_and_corporate_social_responsibility","dom_id":"work_2203469","summary":null,"publication":"Harvard business review","publication_with_fallback":"Harvard business review","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30254012,"asset_id":2203469,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/30254012/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30254012/strategy-society-libre.pdf?1363452421=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_link_between_competitive_advantage_a.pdf\u0026Expires=1738433299\u0026Signature=YhnEWh7w0oZ4BSNyJdS24wbUsb8s0YkS73cRNQUlkv6KCptjMwxcazFipSCfFNcdKxY47mSQG~DczvynYJo6jGV~jDzHNDahoj90Xzdy71pfbMaGyUwMcfx5DiSFY4alSPjMWgrMS4Hj~8IUvahijXwCk51nOkdiBAwCcNuyEMHs2gANPzzLk1wjKkArggkda2sPCkbnvTIRSYhGdIiwhjSodLJci72zZWSu2A7MuPM59xhTheKhbENx10FzDwtw1P49~byvbAJwWXj0qNWIF3e8VgB283FevtK0g4bLw4BjYF-rHL-rn7tvyF9~V7o0jRH9k43RxMhBqdQNLaPIkw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30254012/download_file?st=MTc0MzMxNzk4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/30254012/mini_magick20190426-15357-3267oe.png?1556339544"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":30254012,"asset_id":2203469,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/30254012/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30254012/strategy-society-libre.pdf?1363452421=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_link_between_competitive_advantage_a.pdf\u0026Expires=1738433299\u0026Signature=YhnEWh7w0oZ4BSNyJdS24wbUsb8s0YkS73cRNQUlkv6KCptjMwxcazFipSCfFNcdKxY47mSQG~DczvynYJo6jGV~jDzHNDahoj90Xzdy71pfbMaGyUwMcfx5DiSFY4alSPjMWgrMS4Hj~8IUvahijXwCk51nOkdiBAwCcNuyEMHs2gANPzzLk1wjKkArggkda2sPCkbnvTIRSYhGdIiwhjSodLJci72zZWSu2A7MuPM59xhTheKhbENx10FzDwtw1P49~byvbAJwWXj0qNWIF3e8VgB283FevtK0g4bLw4BjYF-rHL-rn7tvyF9~V7o0jRH9k43RxMhBqdQNLaPIkw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30254012/download_file?st=MTc0MzMxNzk4Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/30254012/mini_magick20190426-15357-3267oe.png?1556339544"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":15,"ordered_authors":[{"id":2816790,"first_name":"Krishna","last_name":"Gupta","domain_name":"brunel","page_name":"KrishnaGupta","display_name":"Krishna Gupta","profile_url":"https://brunel.academia.edu/KrishnaGupta","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2816790/920133/1151593/s65_krishna.gupta.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1452,"name":"Corporate Social Responsibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corporate_Social_Responsibility","nofollow":true},{"id":43318,"name":"Competitive advantage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Competitive_advantage"},{"id":445321,"name":"Harvard Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Harvard_Business"}],"publication_year":2006,"publication_year_with_fallback":2006,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":5913,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2203471" data-work_id="2203471" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2203471/The_role_of_shared_values_and_vision_in_creating_professional_learning_communities">The role of shared values and vision in creating professional learning communities</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2203471" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="812a98edd79ae7d1227acb22ce87df85" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30254011,"asset_id":2203471,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30254011/download_file?st=MTc0MzMxNzk4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2816790" href="https://brunel.academia.edu/KrishnaGupta">Krishna Gupta</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2816790" type="text/json">{"id":2816790,"first_name":"Krishna","last_name":"Gupta","domain_name":"brunel","page_name":"KrishnaGupta","display_name":"Krishna Gupta","profile_url":"https://brunel.academia.edu/KrishnaGupta","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2816790/920133/1151593/s65_krishna.gupta.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2203471 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2203471"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2203471, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2203471", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2203471 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2203471; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2203471"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2203471 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2203471"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2203471; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2203471]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2203471").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2203471").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2203471"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17612" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Philosophy">Educational Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17612" type="text/json">{"id":2969,"name":"Leadership","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Leadership","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="203753" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Goal_Orientation">Goal Orientation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="203753" type="text/json">{"id":3376,"name":"Values","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Values","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2203471]'), work: {"id":2203471,"title":"The role of shared values and vision in creating professional learning communities","created_at":"2012-11-27T02:08:27.558-08:00","owner_id":2816790,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/2203471/The_role_of_shared_values_and_vision_in_creating_professional_learning_communities","slug":"The_role_of_shared_values_and_vision_in_creating_professional_learning_communities","dom_id":"work_2203471","summary":null,"publication":"Nassp Bulletin","publication_with_fallback":"Nassp Bulletin","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30254011,"asset_id":2203471,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/30254011/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30254011/the_role_of_shared_values_and_vision_in_creating_professional_learning_communities-libre.pdf?1363452422=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_role_of_shared_values_and_vision_in.pdf\u0026Expires=1743178079\u0026Signature=YvLJAWNYa3bqTJj2bjEA7YMHrubm6Wx2WiI196SqSrtvzK3xDpZSo~nXktP1l8HP-Q9wzBOPnUmor7W15bp~6QtgVfgu~wicoU7quwKO9hecvX4L1yQYzzkfuk7P-LXvqD-drHC-IiOyLQSpJBJIBpJLnvSulylrUZJUh4Qa6Y-PPrc3GZ~0vJ1FkCF8n2tQpV8nV2Ql1xIWBfzUz56C7fTXa18LDgR-o5zkswOrCJA3dM3fkvcg3KiJMt71yplBOdQZAL~9iliadrj8utVR4tunXOVe7oOi-n4UUHLhMreQJYC8ReT2ozwgQOCawsCUQ-nQBGUqFKF3c2jLYSZ3ow__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30254011/download_file?st=MTc0MzMxNzk4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/30254011/mini_magick20190426-15357-7m1y93.png?1556339558"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":30254011,"asset_id":2203471,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/30254011/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30254011/the_role_of_shared_values_and_vision_in_creating_professional_learning_communities-libre.pdf?1363452422=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_role_of_shared_values_and_vision_in.pdf\u0026Expires=1743178079\u0026Signature=YvLJAWNYa3bqTJj2bjEA7YMHrubm6Wx2WiI196SqSrtvzK3xDpZSo~nXktP1l8HP-Q9wzBOPnUmor7W15bp~6QtgVfgu~wicoU7quwKO9hecvX4L1yQYzzkfuk7P-LXvqD-drHC-IiOyLQSpJBJIBpJLnvSulylrUZJUh4Qa6Y-PPrc3GZ~0vJ1FkCF8n2tQpV8nV2Ql1xIWBfzUz56C7fTXa18LDgR-o5zkswOrCJA3dM3fkvcg3KiJMt71yplBOdQZAL~9iliadrj8utVR4tunXOVe7oOi-n4UUHLhMreQJYC8ReT2ozwgQOCawsCUQ-nQBGUqFKF3c2jLYSZ3ow__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30254011/download_file?st=MTc0MzMxNzk4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/30254011/mini_magick20190426-15357-7m1y93.png?1556339558"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":23,"ordered_authors":[{"id":2816790,"first_name":"Krishna","last_name":"Gupta","domain_name":"brunel","page_name":"KrishnaGupta","display_name":"Krishna Gupta","profile_url":"https://brunel.academia.edu/KrishnaGupta","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2816790/920133/1151593/s65_krishna.gupta.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2969,"name":"Leadership","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Leadership","nofollow":true},{"id":3376,"name":"Values","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Values","nofollow":true},{"id":17612,"name":"Educational Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Philosophy"},{"id":17769,"name":"Professional Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Professional_Development"},{"id":43774,"name":"Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning"},{"id":75387,"name":"Professional Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Professional_Learning"},{"id":104446,"name":"Academic achievement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Academic_achievement"},{"id":203753,"name":"Goal Orientation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Goal_Orientation"}],"publication_year":2003,"publication_year_with_fallback":2003,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":70,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2203472" data-work_id="2203472" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2203472/Can_schools_be_communities_The_tension_between_shared_values_and_inclusion">Can schools be communities? The tension between shared values and inclusion</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article considers a central dilemma associated with school communities, the tension between the need for shared values that are constitutive enough to serve as the basis for community and the premises of liberal inclusiveness. The... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2203472" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article considers a central dilemma associated with school communities, the tension between the need for shared values that are constitutive enough to serve as the basis for community and the premises of liberal inclusiveness. The author evaluates 3 candidates for school-community values-comprehensive doctrines, caring, and democracy-and concludes that, if a value is a constitutive one, then it cannot be consistent with liberal inclusiveness. He suggests a middle ground based in variants of these values that are thick, but vague, and more freedom of association within the public school system around these values.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2203472" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1629139dbe5795a68f3fc9db591ee81d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30254010,"asset_id":2203472,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30254010/download_file?st=MTc0MzMxNzk4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2816790" href="https://brunel.academia.edu/KrishnaGupta">Krishna Gupta</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2816790" type="text/json">{"id":2816790,"first_name":"Krishna","last_name":"Gupta","domain_name":"brunel","page_name":"KrishnaGupta","display_name":"Krishna Gupta","profile_url":"https://brunel.academia.edu/KrishnaGupta","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2816790/920133/1151593/s65_krishna.gupta.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2203472 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2203472"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2203472, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2203472", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2203472 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2203472; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2203472"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2203472 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2203472"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2203472; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2203472]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2203472").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2203472").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2203472"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2203472]'), work: {"id":2203472,"title":"Can schools be communities? The tension between shared values and inclusion","created_at":"2012-11-27T02:08:27.862-08:00","owner_id":2816790,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/2203472/Can_schools_be_communities_The_tension_between_shared_values_and_inclusion","slug":"Can_schools_be_communities_The_tension_between_shared_values_and_inclusion","dom_id":"work_2203472","summary":"This article considers a central dilemma associated with school communities, the tension between the need for shared values that are constitutive enough to serve as the basis for community and the premises of liberal inclusiveness. The author evaluates 3 candidates for school-community values-comprehensive doctrines, caring, and democracy-and concludes that, if a value is a constitutive one, then it cannot be consistent with liberal inclusiveness. He suggests a middle ground based in variants of these values that are thick, but vague, and more freedom of association within the public school system around these values.","publication":"Educational Administration Quarterly","publication_with_fallback":"Educational Administration Quarterly","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30254010,"asset_id":2203472,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/30254010/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30254010/strike_shared_values_and_liberalism-libre.pdf?1390882065=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCan_schools_be_communities_The_tension_b.pdf\u0026Expires=1738529615\u0026Signature=f9ZUHhb9aJFKD-KDaRa9ZKD91NW4TYjJcckCSNLfk-U5dWaVj-Dpj0GJ4-nUglNc7iNyS0nuMl7W3Gnnk3dvV6~vDOtmRqR3RTL8o9ZZgE9OcJDnmD0VMaPvJBDS2obGVkMca0FMLVlauuX-pqxG8nmS2-SKjTpT2~1ajaiykAUQzmN6wJTQwcTkTiDrhU-wHQNBMNVgUC25RjX6~kYMCHoiWLW8iPqe-P5-5RrE~0Sr58Oa9WY2P6h8zlbMDIg2EjYck-T31r9cE7Ef9WX3pKzfqc3zBLCk7vAhSdN4ExfyFUPf0~mugAgqNvWxH-7hz6d9JpedNmvnou6vMxEbuw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30254010/download_file?st=MTc0MzMxNzk4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/30254010/mini_magick20190426-2625-16l34c0.png?1556339544"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":30254010,"asset_id":2203472,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/30254010/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30254010/strike_shared_values_and_liberalism-libre.pdf?1390882065=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCan_schools_be_communities_The_tension_b.pdf\u0026Expires=1738529615\u0026Signature=f9ZUHhb9aJFKD-KDaRa9ZKD91NW4TYjJcckCSNLfk-U5dWaVj-Dpj0GJ4-nUglNc7iNyS0nuMl7W3Gnnk3dvV6~vDOtmRqR3RTL8o9ZZgE9OcJDnmD0VMaPvJBDS2obGVkMca0FMLVlauuX-pqxG8nmS2-SKjTpT2~1ajaiykAUQzmN6wJTQwcTkTiDrhU-wHQNBMNVgUC25RjX6~kYMCHoiWLW8iPqe-P5-5RrE~0Sr58Oa9WY2P6h8zlbMDIg2EjYck-T31r9cE7Ef9WX3pKzfqc3zBLCk7vAhSdN4ExfyFUPf0~mugAgqNvWxH-7hz6d9JpedNmvnou6vMxEbuw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30254010/download_file?st=MTc0MzMxNzk4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/30254010/mini_magick20190426-2625-16l34c0.png?1556339544"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":25,"ordered_authors":[{"id":2816790,"first_name":"Krishna","last_name":"Gupta","domain_name":"brunel","page_name":"KrishnaGupta","display_name":"Krishna Gupta","profile_url":"https://brunel.academia.edu/KrishnaGupta","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2816790/920133/1151593/s65_krishna.gupta.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3376,"name":"Values","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Values"},{"id":17656,"name":"Community","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community"}],"publication_year":1999,"publication_year_with_fallback":1999,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":218,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2203473" data-work_id="2203473" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2203473/Social_capital_and_value_creation_The_role_of_intrafirm_networks">Social capital and value creation: The role of intrafirm networks</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2203473" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6d102181d5e2d2ac6080b29ad59da1a4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30254013,"asset_id":2203473,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30254013/download_file?st=MTc0MzMxNzk4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2816790" href="https://brunel.academia.edu/KrishnaGupta">Krishna Gupta</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2816790" type="text/json">{"id":2816790,"first_name":"Krishna","last_name":"Gupta","domain_name":"brunel","page_name":"KrishnaGupta","display_name":"Krishna Gupta","profile_url":"https://brunel.academia.edu/KrishnaGupta","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2816790/920133/1151593/s65_krishna.gupta.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2203473 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2203473"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2203473, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2203473", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2203473 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2203473; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2203473"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2203473 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2203473"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2203473; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2203473]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2203473").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2203473").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2203473"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="39" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing">Marketing</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="39" type="text/json">{"id":39,"name":"Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2203473]'), work: {"id":2203473,"title":"Social capital and value creation: The role of intrafirm networks","created_at":"2012-11-27T02:08:28.133-08:00","owner_id":2816790,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/2203473/Social_capital_and_value_creation_The_role_of_intrafirm_networks","slug":"Social_capital_and_value_creation_The_role_of_intrafirm_networks","dom_id":"work_2203473","summary":null,"publication":"Academy of management Journal","publication_with_fallback":"Academy of management Journal","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30254013,"asset_id":2203473,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/30254013/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30254013/tsaighosal-libre.pdf?1390882073=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSocial_capital_and_value_creation_The_ro.pdf\u0026Expires=1736727076\u0026Signature=SB8yPk1LDIbHsyoowma~5VQpfku2kQN411nPqGGia3uNv9pojhMfOhdUz8LPrsCrSGnXJUSAvm8JDuNOtnot4rxpF8AdDH6pgLxVtYlqeaKNfu9BQjkk77nvwCCuRCRsh9Ag7TKlbrdw~yfKnApMszBPYqNI5S7TLt~dRH86s6NaWXLC1Zw6u79znCkooF8kEzTBiD-0QD9c56iq9cjcurdugcGqSy8WoEXA7rvwQfq9lfr17d6J~9QPcavEKlow4I0ym2U~lVdK79kSe03aUViCHFSMyF71o0BbWfnql3wY-bwTf9Lu35ZyQnIQ~tay5eoZdBJMmoynBXCyU3Wzcw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30254013/download_file?st=MTc0MzMxNzk4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/30254013/mini_magick20180818-26498-3h241a.png?1534591652"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":30254013,"asset_id":2203473,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/30254013/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30254013/tsaighosal-libre.pdf?1390882073=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSocial_capital_and_value_creation_The_ro.pdf\u0026Expires=1736727076\u0026Signature=SB8yPk1LDIbHsyoowma~5VQpfku2kQN411nPqGGia3uNv9pojhMfOhdUz8LPrsCrSGnXJUSAvm8JDuNOtnot4rxpF8AdDH6pgLxVtYlqeaKNfu9BQjkk77nvwCCuRCRsh9Ag7TKlbrdw~yfKnApMszBPYqNI5S7TLt~dRH86s6NaWXLC1Zw6u79znCkooF8kEzTBiD-0QD9c56iq9cjcurdugcGqSy8WoEXA7rvwQfq9lfr17d6J~9QPcavEKlow4I0ym2U~lVdK79kSe03aUViCHFSMyF71o0BbWfnql3wY-bwTf9Lu35ZyQnIQ~tay5eoZdBJMmoynBXCyU3Wzcw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30254013/download_file?st=MTc0MzMxNzk4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/30254013/mini_magick20180818-26498-3h241a.png?1534591652"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":20,"ordered_authors":[{"id":2816790,"first_name":"Krishna","last_name":"Gupta","domain_name":"brunel","page_name":"KrishnaGupta","display_name":"Krishna Gupta","profile_url":"https://brunel.academia.edu/KrishnaGupta","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2816790/920133/1151593/s65_krishna.gupta.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":39,"name":"Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing","nofollow":true},{"id":5745,"name":"Social Capital","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Capital"},{"id":73149,"name":"Business and Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Management"},{"id":98888,"name":"Value Creation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Value_Creation"},{"id":681751,"name":"Academy of Management Review","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Academy_of_Management_Review"}],"publication_year":1998,"publication_year_with_fallback":1998,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":7524,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2203474" data-work_id="2203474" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2203474/Creating_sustainable_value">Creating sustainable value</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2203474" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fdf206488609395408afec7862b32a17" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30254014,"asset_id":2203474,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30254014/download_file?st=MTc0MzMxNzk4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2816790" href="https://brunel.academia.edu/KrishnaGupta">Krishna Gupta</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2816790" type="text/json">{"id":2816790,"first_name":"Krishna","last_name":"Gupta","domain_name":"brunel","page_name":"KrishnaGupta","display_name":"Krishna Gupta","profile_url":"https://brunel.academia.edu/KrishnaGupta","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2816790/920133/1151593/s65_krishna.gupta.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2203474 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2203474"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2203474, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2203474", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2203474 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2203474; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2203474"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2203474 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2203474"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2203474; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2203474]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2203474").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2203474").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2203474"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2203474]'), work: {"id":2203474,"title":"Creating sustainable value","created_at":"2012-11-27T02:08:28.352-08:00","owner_id":2816790,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/2203474/Creating_sustainable_value","slug":"Creating_sustainable_value","dom_id":"work_2203474","summary":null,"publication":"The Academy of Management Executive","publication_with_fallback":"The Academy of Management Executive","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30254014,"asset_id":2203474,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/30254014/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30254014/creating_sustainable_value-libre.pdf?1390882076=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCreating_sustainable_value.pdf\u0026Expires=1742419236\u0026Signature=EzCWueFEBTzq0k8F~PLKe1LP2~rGVBrLRtgjxIKS7EpY91eDd57qzK8xC-hlDlFxMoN6qNV8fyrSUlNDDFC2FfDrxHe8Tfb6~oViSZrITg3Um9iHOvtKZ8A2Ma2xh8fC8Fv7FGEi3w9QFCLriXmxKx8Jc-noUWwGLnlf4RiGenB36kDmJEctJnYd53IVthuNRJWod7A37lLNSWk5Jb1OzRxXfiEKL3K~jfl3kQPMQwFXtGjiGsEuLbARp6ytlQSWx-wP3eyreFrgSkSR8LKCmgyGgQD942qPCaNuzCIweWlxIhgw~5dTwp0rQ0hy26I9wGHB7j9fb3kKrUjf1ImzUw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30254014/download_file?st=MTc0MzMxNzk4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/30254014/mini_magick20180815-12947-jvea0s.png?1534396148"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":30254014,"asset_id":2203474,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/30254014/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30254014/creating_sustainable_value-libre.pdf?1390882076=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCreating_sustainable_value.pdf\u0026Expires=1742419236\u0026Signature=EzCWueFEBTzq0k8F~PLKe1LP2~rGVBrLRtgjxIKS7EpY91eDd57qzK8xC-hlDlFxMoN6qNV8fyrSUlNDDFC2FfDrxHe8Tfb6~oViSZrITg3Um9iHOvtKZ8A2Ma2xh8fC8Fv7FGEi3w9QFCLriXmxKx8Jc-noUWwGLnlf4RiGenB36kDmJEctJnYd53IVthuNRJWod7A37lLNSWk5Jb1OzRxXfiEKL3K~jfl3kQPMQwFXtGjiGsEuLbARp6ytlQSWx-wP3eyreFrgSkSR8LKCmgyGgQD942qPCaNuzCIweWlxIhgw~5dTwp0rQ0hy26I9wGHB7j9fb3kKrUjf1ImzUw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30254014/download_file?st=MTc0MzMxNzk4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/30254014/mini_magick20180815-12947-jvea0s.png?1534396148"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":22,"ordered_authors":[{"id":2816790,"first_name":"Krishna","last_name":"Gupta","domain_name":"brunel","page_name":"KrishnaGupta","display_name":"Krishna Gupta","profile_url":"https://brunel.academia.edu/KrishnaGupta","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2816790/920133/1151593/s65_krishna.gupta.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":73149,"name":"Business and Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Management"}],"publication_year":2003,"publication_year_with_fallback":2003,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":6680,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2203475" data-work_id="2203475" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2203475/Differentiated_fit_and_shared_values_Alternatives_for_managing_headquarters_subsidiary_relations">Differentiated fit and shared values: Alternatives for managing headquarters‐subsidiary relations</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2203475" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d87cf388077ac9f8d0b5960cadcf5a3d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30254017,"asset_id":2203475,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30254017/download_file?st=MTc0MzMxNzk4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2816790" href="https://brunel.academia.edu/KrishnaGupta">Krishna Gupta</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2816790" type="text/json">{"id":2816790,"first_name":"Krishna","last_name":"Gupta","domain_name":"brunel","page_name":"KrishnaGupta","display_name":"Krishna Gupta","profile_url":"https://brunel.academia.edu/KrishnaGupta","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2816790/920133/1151593/s65_krishna.gupta.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2203475 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2203475"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2203475, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2203475", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2203475 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2203475; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2203475"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2203475 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2203475"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2203475; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2203475]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2203475").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2203475").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2203475"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i> <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a> </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Management">Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="38" type="text/json">{"id":38,"name":"Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Management","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="39" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing">Marketing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="39" type="text/json">{"id":39,"name":"Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="733224" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empirical_Method">Empirical Method</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="733224" type="text/json">{"id":5009,"name":"Strategic Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategic_Management","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="864845" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/MULTINATIONAL_CORPORATION">MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="864845" type="text/json">{"id":29571,"name":"Multinational Corporations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multinational_Corporations","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2203475]'), work: {"id":2203475,"title":"Differentiated fit and shared values: Alternatives for managing headquarters‐subsidiary relations","created_at":"2012-11-27T02:09:14.118-08:00","owner_id":2816790,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/2203475/Differentiated_fit_and_shared_values_Alternatives_for_managing_headquarters_subsidiary_relations","slug":"Differentiated_fit_and_shared_values_Alternatives_for_managing_headquarters_subsidiary_relations","dom_id":"work_2203475","summary":null,"publication":"Strategic Management Journal","publication_with_fallback":"Strategic Management Journal","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30254017,"asset_id":2203475,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/30254017/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30254017/nohria__ghoshal_1994_-_theme_1-libre.pdf?1390882076=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDifferentiated_fit_and_shared_values_Alt.pdf\u0026Expires=1736901797\u0026Signature=hFPlnQ6bZexbDRRqFGCmQmqhykBc7l70jYgULKcv2EgEF0pBk5DdN42tUHlGsSszwoFwhC8-5JijQY~xnQGddxU0GMLYN3dRepNwiurE7KMAaeUFVoBgwGBG5yE0Xow343jGHMLpAul6p~EVBcJA91cnbFUGnixjIN4vsYTn1KjLjpEN1Q6ZRdWnARmrJKvJdCDoPaREwBMItNa37Mdu2JUJhKB1aeWwyTMcWPKDPEvwI3dos7R4vXqmRJCrOgsrQ4Lu082FnzDmMHZRsE8yUMPhJHTYEOvh9QcDvfGScQNSTNuPdi7nA6m6etUz4ON9Yh55nSH~4-G9sBP8erkOMg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30254017/download_file?st=MTc0MzMxNzk4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/30254017/mini_magick20180817-12938-1pd0xrh.png?1534561127"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":30254017,"asset_id":2203475,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/30254017/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30254017/nohria__ghoshal_1994_-_theme_1-libre.pdf?1390882076=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDifferentiated_fit_and_shared_values_Alt.pdf\u0026Expires=1736901797\u0026Signature=hFPlnQ6bZexbDRRqFGCmQmqhykBc7l70jYgULKcv2EgEF0pBk5DdN42tUHlGsSszwoFwhC8-5JijQY~xnQGddxU0GMLYN3dRepNwiurE7KMAaeUFVoBgwGBG5yE0Xow343jGHMLpAul6p~EVBcJA91cnbFUGnixjIN4vsYTn1KjLjpEN1Q6ZRdWnARmrJKvJdCDoPaREwBMItNa37Mdu2JUJhKB1aeWwyTMcWPKDPEvwI3dos7R4vXqmRJCrOgsrQ4Lu082FnzDmMHZRsE8yUMPhJHTYEOvh9QcDvfGScQNSTNuPdi7nA6m6etUz4ON9Yh55nSH~4-G9sBP8erkOMg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30254017/download_file?st=MTc0MzMxNzk4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/30254017/mini_magick20180817-12938-1pd0xrh.png?1534561127"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":13,"ordered_authors":[{"id":2816790,"first_name":"Krishna","last_name":"Gupta","domain_name":"brunel","page_name":"KrishnaGupta","display_name":"Krishna Gupta","profile_url":"https://brunel.academia.edu/KrishnaGupta","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2816790/920133/1151593/s65_krishna.gupta.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":38,"name":"Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Management","nofollow":true},{"id":39,"name":"Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing","nofollow":true},{"id":5009,"name":"Strategic Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategic_Management","nofollow":true},{"id":29571,"name":"Multinational Corporations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multinational_Corporations","nofollow":true},{"id":35811,"name":"Organizational structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_structure"},{"id":73149,"name":"Business and Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Management"},{"id":199317,"name":"Relation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Relation"},{"id":733224,"name":"Empirical Method","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empirical_Method"},{"id":864845,"name":"MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/MULTINATIONAL_CORPORATION"}],"publication_year":2006,"publication_year_with_fallback":2006,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":1172,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6217125" data-work_id="6217125" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6217125/Emerging_market_MNEs">Emerging market MNEs</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6217125" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7e5da51a4c06fdf68a25d3921d890889" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33087425,"asset_id":6217125,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33087425/download_file?st=MTc0MzMxNzk4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9528154" href="https://brunel.academia.edu/KranatipYenKlao">Kranatip Yen-Klao</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9528154" type="text/json">{"id":9528154,"first_name":"Kranatip","last_name":"Yen-Klao","domain_name":"brunel","page_name":"KranatipYenKlao","display_name":"Kranatip Yen-Klao","profile_url":"https://brunel.academia.edu/KranatipYenKlao","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9528154/3017863/3544877/s65_kranatip.yen-klao.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6217125 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6217125"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6217125, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6217125", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_6217125 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6217125; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_6217125"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_6217125 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6217125"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6217125; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6217125]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6217125").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6217125").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6217125"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8757" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multinational_Enterprises">Multinational Enterprises</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8757" type="text/json">{"id":8757,"name":"Multinational Enterprises","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multinational_Enterprises","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6217125]'), work: {"id":6217125,"title":"Emerging market MNEs","created_at":"2014-02-26T10:54:29.078-08:00","owner_id":9528154,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/6217125/Emerging_market_MNEs","slug":"Emerging_market_MNEs","dom_id":"work_6217125","summary":null,"publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33087425,"asset_id":6217125,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/33087425/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/33087425/mg5565_coursework.docx?1738108606=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEmerging_market_MNEs.docx\u0026Expires=1743034872\u0026Signature=fVm03a1yhTHbCorC2K-IdBz6toxbCKu-e9KxM2HIovTLYQIS1wUIpQH8bzIulrOhkLY6dUU7M6e4mb5Ea~YXCyZ4uASNf8U9dyFp1IfbPxN74~v~IzNwWqf7qQXrSOoOfM0UpjwoTCvCOwqp~erFqyOYAGtajTeKNtaUzH1QtRaG5Mjs1s31MyW16LQjuAL0dNqVptyXx1Z6s-7SFhhF7xwLf2Fo7DUdFEjlGPW~9KdJKbdOXCCMmUryVx6BDJDZJVNMh-s1osM9lWmeuO2WvnUdQq~-p6v~X7gEYqbGAORP0cbx2rWcBJ-LEFz~8DSgJ6qy1BrPcwCJeYIInCXVog__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33087425/download_file?st=MTc0MzMxNzk4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/33087425/mini_magick20190406-2559-bh82vh.png?1554565182"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":33087425,"asset_id":6217125,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/33087425/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/33087425/mg5565_coursework.docx?1738108606=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEmerging_market_MNEs.docx\u0026Expires=1743034872\u0026Signature=fVm03a1yhTHbCorC2K-IdBz6toxbCKu-e9KxM2HIovTLYQIS1wUIpQH8bzIulrOhkLY6dUU7M6e4mb5Ea~YXCyZ4uASNf8U9dyFp1IfbPxN74~v~IzNwWqf7qQXrSOoOfM0UpjwoTCvCOwqp~erFqyOYAGtajTeKNtaUzH1QtRaG5Mjs1s31MyW16LQjuAL0dNqVptyXx1Z6s-7SFhhF7xwLf2Fo7DUdFEjlGPW~9KdJKbdOXCCMmUryVx6BDJDZJVNMh-s1osM9lWmeuO2WvnUdQq~-p6v~X7gEYqbGAORP0cbx2rWcBJ-LEFz~8DSgJ6qy1BrPcwCJeYIInCXVog__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33087425/download_file?st=MTc0MzMxNzk4Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/33087425/mini_magick20190406-2559-bh82vh.png?1554565182"}],"has_pdf":false,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":5,"ordered_authors":[{"id":9528154,"first_name":"Kranatip","last_name":"Yen-Klao","domain_name":"brunel","page_name":"KranatipYenKlao","display_name":"Kranatip Yen-Klao","profile_url":"https://brunel.academia.edu/KranatipYenKlao","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9528154/3017863/3544877/s65_kranatip.yen-klao.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8757,"name":"Multinational Enterprises","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multinational_Enterprises","nofollow":true},{"id":32213,"name":"Emerging Markets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emerging_Markets"}],"publication_year":null,"publication_year_with_fallback":null,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":1077,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; } .sign-in-with-apple-button > div { margin: 0 auto; / This centers the Apple-rendered button horizontally }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "04968d96bbedd76974042a3d486e8c8355be09cec5a25908f43d1b9d801c9325", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="NgklnSEP4ZiPGsgX8AyejLC8Rgo36_AoGudeC_zTHKCUWUlxQXKu0vWfZF8DMTW0ECXB4h1YyZBePlha_s_ULQ" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://brunel.academia.edu/Departments/International_Business/Documents" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="DSA6kMYFiMBG2i1y_wvLVGu4XR9WEPDdSJPRjX65xz6vcFZ8pnjHijxfgToMNmBsyyHa93yjyWUMStfcfKUPsw" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style=""><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style=""><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2025</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>