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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monastic_colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monastic_colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Monastic colleges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monastic_colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Current situation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D2%AF%D0%BC%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BC_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Гүмбүм хиид – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Гүмбүм хиид" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%A1%C5%A1ter_Kumbum" title="Klášter Kumbum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Klášter Kumbum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbum_Champa_Ling" title="Kumbum Champa Ling – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kumbum Champa Ling" 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kolostor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbum_(klooster)" title="Kumbum (klooster) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kumbum (klooster)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E5%AF%BA" title="クンブム・チャンパーリン寺 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クンブム・チャンパーリン寺" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kumbum_Monastery&params=36_28_53.18_N_101_35_57.09_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°28′53.18″N</span> <span class="longitude">101°35′57.09″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.4814389°N 101.5991917°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.4814389; 101.5991917</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tibetan monastery in Lusar, Qinghai, China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ta'er Temple" redirects here. For the ruined temple in Gansu, see <a href="/wiki/Ta%27er_Temple_(Suoyang_City)" title="Ta'er Temple (Suoyang City)">Ta'er Temple (Suoyang City)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #800547; color: #FFD068;">Kumbum Monastery</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname"><div style="color:black;background-color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan"><span style="color:black;">Tibetan transcription(s)</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan alphabet">Tibetan</a>: སྐུ་འབུམ་བྱམས་པ་གླིང་།<br /><a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie transliteration</a>: sku 'bum byams pa gling<br /><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language"><span style="color:black;">Chinese transcription(s)</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a>: 塔尔寺<br /><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: Tǎ'ěrsì</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kumbum_Monastery_in_Amdo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kumbum_Monastery_in_Amdo.jpg/220px-Kumbum_Monastery_in_Amdo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kumbum_Monastery_in_Amdo.jpg/330px-Kumbum_Monastery_in_Amdo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kumbum_Monastery_in_Amdo.jpg/440px-Kumbum_Monastery_in_Amdo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="225" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Kumbum Monastery</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #800547; color: #FFD068;">Religion</th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Affiliation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">Sect</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #800547; color: #FFD068;">Location</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Huangzhong_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Huangzhong County">Huangzhong County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xining" title="Xining">Xining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">China</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Qinghai_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kumbum Monastery is located in Qinghai"><img alt="Kumbum Monastery is located in Qinghai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/China_Qinghai_adm_location_map.svg/250px-China_Qinghai_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/China_Qinghai_adm_location_map.svg/375px-China_Qinghai_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/China_Qinghai_adm_location_map.svg/500px-China_Qinghai_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1351" data-file-height="984" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.316%;left:87.407%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kumbum Monastery"><img alt="Kumbum Monastery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gold_temple_icon.png/8px-Gold_temple_icon.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gold_temple_icon.png/12px-Gold_temple_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gold_temple_icon.png/16px-Gold_temple_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="36" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Kumbum Monastery</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Qinghai</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kumbum Monastery is located in China"><img alt="Kumbum Monastery is located in China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/China_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-China_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/China_edcp_location_map.svg/375px-China_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/China_edcp_location_map.svg/500px-China_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="408" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.582%;left:46.086%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kumbum Monastery"><img alt="Kumbum Monastery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gold_temple_icon.png/8px-Gold_temple_icon.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gold_temple_icon.png/12px-Gold_temple_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gold_temple_icon.png/16px-Gold_temple_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="36" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Kumbum Monastery (China)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of China</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Geographic coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kumbum_Monastery&params=36_28_53.18_N_101_35_57.09_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°28′53.18″N</span> <span class="longitude">101°35′57.09″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.4814389°N 101.5991917°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.4814389; 101.5991917</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #800547; color: #FFD068;">Architecture</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/3rd_Dalai_Lama" title="3rd Dalai Lama">3rd Dalai Lama</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date established</th><td class="infobox-data">1583</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center; background-color:#DAA520"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFEBC2">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Category:Tibetan Buddhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFEBC2"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#7D0545">Tibetan Buddhism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Tibetan Dharma Wheel"><img alt="Tibetan Dharma Wheel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/100px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/150px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/200px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadam_(Tibetan_Buddhism)" title="Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism)">Kadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodongpa" title="Bodongpa">Bodong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists#Tibetan" title="List of Buddhists">Key personalities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <dl><dt>First dissemination<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita" title="Śāntarakṣita">Śāntarakṣita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala%C5%9B%C4%ABla" title="Kamalaśīla">Kamalaśīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisong_Detsen" title="Trisong Detsen">Trisong Detsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralpacan" title="Ralpacan">Ralpacan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Second dissemination<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilopa" title="Tilopa">Talika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Abhayakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niguma" title="Niguma">Niguma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhasiddhi" title="Sukhasiddhi">Sukhasiddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milarepa" title="Milarepa">Milarepa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Nyingma</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Tsogyal" title="Yeshe Tsogyal">Yeshe Tsogyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Lingpa" title="Jigme Lingpa">Jigme Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrul_Rinpoche" title="Patrul Rinpoche">Patrul Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudjom_Lingpa" title="Dudjom Lingpa">Dudjom Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Ju_Mipham_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso">Mipham</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Kagyu<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marpa_Lotsawa" title="Marpa Lotsawa">Marpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangjung_Dorje,_3rd_Karmapa_Lama" title="Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama">Rangjung Dorje</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Jonang<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolpopa_Sherab_Gyaltsen" title="Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen">Dolpopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranatha" title="Taranatha">Taranatha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Sakya<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Pandita" title="Sakya Pandita">Sakya Pandita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorampa" title="Gorampa">Gorampa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Bodongpa<br /></dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Samding_Dorje_Phagmo" title="Samding Dorje Phagmo">Samding Dorje Phagmo</a> </p> <dl><dt>Gelugpa<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama" title="5th Dalai Lama">5th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Dalai_Lama" title="13th Dalai Lama">13th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama">10th Panchen Lama</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Teachings</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <dl><dt>General Buddhist</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Saṃsāra</i></span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">Dharma</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Tibetan</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Tenets_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Tenets system">Four Tenets system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangtong-Shentong" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangtong-Shentong">Rangtong-Shentong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika-Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction">Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Nyingma</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointing-out_instruction" title="Pointing-out instruction">Pointing-out instruction</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">Practices and attainment</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamrim" title="Lamrim">Lamrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitās</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Laity</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">Tantra techniques</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_yoga" title="Guru yoga">Guru yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_yoga" title="Dream yoga">Dream yoga</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Thukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tibetan_monasteries" title="List of Tibetan monasteries">Major monasteries</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tradruk_Temple" title="Tradruk Temple">Tradruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drepung_Monastery" title="Drepung Monastery">Drepung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen_Monastery" title="Dzogchen Monastery">Dzogchen</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Monastery" title="Ganden Monastery">Ganden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kumbum</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labrang_Monastery" title="Labrang Monastery">Labrang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindrolling_Monastery" title="Mindrolling Monastery">Mindrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_Monastery" title="Namgyal Monastery">Namgyal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narthang_Monastery" title="Narthang Monastery">Narthang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechung" title="Nechung">Nechung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabonka_Hermitage" title="Pabonka Hermitage">Pabonka</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palcho_Monastery" title="Palcho Monastery">Palcho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralung_Monastery" title="Ralung Monastery">Ralung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoche_Temple" title="Ramoche Temple">Ramoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rato_Dratsang" title="Rato Dratsang">Rato</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Monastery" title="Sakya Monastery">Sakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanga_Monastery" title="Sanga Monastery">Sanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sera_Monastery" title="Sera Monastery">Sera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalu_Monastery" title="Shalu Monastery">Shalu</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tashi_Lhunpo_Monastery" title="Tashi Lhunpo Monastery">Tashi Lhunpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsurphu_Monastery" title="Tsurphu Monastery">Tsurphu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerpa" title="Yerpa">Yerpa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">Institutional roles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_festivals" title="Tibetan festivals">Festivals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chotrul_Duchen" title="Chotrul Duchen">Chotrul Duchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dajyur" title="Dajyur">Dajyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdan_Namchot" title="Galdan Namchot">Galdan Namchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losar" title="Losar">Losar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosmoche" title="Dosmoche">Dosmoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monlam_Prayer_Festival" title="Monlam Prayer Festival">Monlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sho_Dun_Festival" title="Sho Dun Festival">Sho Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losoong_Festival" title="Losoong Festival">Losoong</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangyur" title="Kangyur">Kangyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengyur" title="Tengyur">Tengyur</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma_Gyubum" title="Nyingma Gyubum">Nyingma Gyubum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Art</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mandala" title="Sand mandala">Sand mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_wall_paintings" title="Tibetan Buddhist wall paintings">Wall paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamangala" title="Ashtamangala">Ashtamangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_physiology" title="Tree of physiology">Tree of physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thongdrel" title="Thongdrel">Festival thangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_stone" title="Mani stone">Mani stone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">History and overview</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibetan_Buddhism" title="History of Tibetan Buddhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index of articles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tibetan_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Template:Tibetan Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tibetan_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Tibetan Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tibetan_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tibetan Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kumbum Monastery</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">སྐུ་འབུམ་བྱམས་པ་གླིང་</span>, <a href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL</a> <i>Kumbum Jampa Ling</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called <b>Ta'er Temple</b>, is a Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Gompa" title="Gompa">gompa</a> in Lusar, <a href="/wiki/Huangzhong_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Huangzhong County">Huangzhong County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xining" title="Xining">Xining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, China. It was founded in 1583 in a narrow valley close to the village of Lusar in the historical Tibetan region of <a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cabot1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabot1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its superior monastery is <a href="/wiki/Drepung_Monastery" title="Drepung Monastery">Drepung Monastery</a>, immediately to the west of <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is ranked in importance as second only to Lhasa.<sup id="cite_ref-cabot1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabot1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumbum_Monastery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el" title="Alexandra David-Néel">Alexandra David-Néel</a>, the famous Belgian-French explorer who spent more than two years studying and translating Tibetan books at the monastery, said of it:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[T]he configuration of the surrounding mountain ranges arrested the passage of the clouds, and forced them to turn around the rocky summit which supported the <i>gompa</i> forming a sea of white mist, with its waves beating silently against the cells of the monks, wreathing the wooded slopes and creating a thousand fanciful landscapes as they rolled by. Terrible hailstorms would often break over the monastery, due, said the country folk, to the malignity of the demons who sought to disturb the peace of the saintly monks.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We were taken first to the great kitchen where priests were brewing Tibetan tea in great copper cauldrons ten feet in diameter, beautifully chased with the Buddhist symbols. The stoves were the usual mud affairs and the fuel nothing but straw, which younger lamas continually fed to the fire."<sup id="cite_ref-cabot1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabot1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins:_The_Tree_of_Great_Merit">Origins: The Tree of Great Merit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumbum_Monastery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins: The Tree of Great Merit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, was born in nearby <a href="/wiki/Haidong" title="Haidong">Tsongkha</a> in 1357. According to one tradition, Tsongkhapa's father took the afterbirth and buried it where the monastery is now and soon a <a href="/wiki/Santalum" title="Santalum">sandalwood tree</a> grew on the spot. Another version has it that the tree grew up where drops of <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> from Tsongkhapa's <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cord" title="Umbilical cord">umbilical cord</a> had fallen on the ground. In any case this tree became known as the "Tree of Great Merit." The leaves and the bark of this tree were reputed to bear impressions of the Buddha's face and various mystic syllables and its blossoms were said to give off a peculiarly pleasing scent. </p><p>The four-storied golden-roofed temple built around the tree where Tsongkhapa is said to have been born is called "Golden Tree" (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>gser sdong</i>, metaphorically "wish-fulfilling tree") and is considered the holiest place at Kumbum.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>On the porch of the Golden Temple, pilgrims prostrate themselves one hundred times and the boards are worn into grooves where their feet and hands touch. . . . We were taken into one great temple capable of seating twenty-five hundred priests. The great pillars were covered with brilliantly woven rugs, skins of animals, and the bright "pulo" cloth of the Tibetans. It was a mass of brilliant, garish colors and to my mind would have been wonderful in a more subdued light."<sup id="cite_ref-cabot1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabot1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> This is the origin of its Chinese name, Little Tower Temple. </p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_1900%D0%B5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_1900%D0%B5.JPG/350px-%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_1900%D0%B5.JPG" decoding="async" width="350" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_1900%D0%B5.JPG/525px-%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_1900%D0%B5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_1900%D0%B5.JPG/700px-%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_1900%D0%B5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3198" data-file-height="2198" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gombojab_Tsybikov" title="Gombojab Tsybikov">Gombojab Tsybikov</a> took this photo in 1900 of Kumbum Monastery, <a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></figcaption></figure><p> Two <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholic</a> missionaries, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_R%C3%A9gis_Huc" title="Évariste Régis Huc">Évariste Régis Huc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gabet" title="Joseph Gabet">Joseph Gabet</a> who arrived here in the 1840s when the tree was still living were fully prepared to dismiss "The Tree of Great Merit" as just another fanciful legend.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We were filled with an absolute consternation of astonishment," Huc noted in his famous book <i>Travels in Tartary</i>, "at finding that, in point of fact, there were upon each of the leaves well-formed Tibetan characters . . . Our first impression was a suspicion of fraud on the part of the lamas; but after a minute examination of every detail, we could not discover the least deception."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Section of this tree are now preserved in a stupa in the Great Golden Temple. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The "Golden Tiled Temple" is revered throughout Tibet and Mongolia. It is a small building with a roof of pure gold plate. Inside, it is full of wonderful relics, great banners of silk brocade called "<a href="/wiki/Khata" title="Khata">katas</a>", wonderful lamps of gold and silver, thousands of small vessels burning butter, a colossal figure of Tsong Kapa, said to be made of gold. All is in semi-darkness which adds to the mystical effect, and the gleam from the butter lamps threw into relief some beautifully wrought temple vessels, or the queer blank face of some saintly Buddha image."<sup id="cite_ref-cabot1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabot1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumbum_Monastery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumbum_Monastery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kumbummonastery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kumbummonastery.jpg/350px-Kumbummonastery.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kumbummonastery.jpg/525px-Kumbummonastery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kumbummonastery.jpg/700px-Kumbummonastery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Kumbum Monastery</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1360s Tsongkhapa's mother, with the help of locals, had a small temple with a <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> built on the site of his birthplace. </p><p>In 1560 the meditator Tsöndrü Gyeltsen (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>brtson 'grus rgyal mtshan</i>) built a small monastery there called Gonpalung for intensive <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> practice. At first, it had seven monks at a time, but soon expanded to hold fifteen. </p><p>In 1576, <a href="/wiki/Altan_Khan" title="Altan Khan">Altan Khan</a> (1507–1583) of the <a href="/wiki/Tumed" title="Tumed">Tümed Mongols</a> invited the future <a href="/wiki/3rd_Dalai_Lama" title="3rd Dalai Lama">3rd Dalai Lama</a>, Sönam Gyatso (1543–1588) to bring Buddhism to <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>. After Altan Khan adopted Buddhism, he gave Sönam Gyatso the title Dalai Lama: <i>Dalai</i> is the Mongolian translation of the name <i>Gyatso</i> "ocean." </p><p>On his way to meet Altan Khan near <a href="/wiki/Qinghai_Lake" title="Qinghai Lake">Qinghai Lake</a>, the 3rd Dalai Lama stopped at the isolated retreat by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy tree">holy tree</a> marking the spot where Tsongkhapa had been born. He requested Tsöndrü Gyeltsen to construct a larger monastery at this site and appointed him as the head lama. The monastery was built completely in 1583 and a fence was erected around the "Tree of Great Merit". An annual <a href="/wiki/Monlam_Prayer_Festival" title="Monlam Prayer Festival">Monlam Prayer Festival</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>smon lam</i>) was inaugurated, like the one held in <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>. The new monastery was called Kumbum Jampa Ling. "Kumbum" means "100,000 enlightening bodies of the Buddha". It is named after the 100,000 images of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%ABm%C4%81l%C4%81dev%C4%AB_Si%E1%B9%83han%C4%81da_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra">Siṃhanāda</a> which appear on the leaves of the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life" title="Tree of life">holy</a> <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">sandalwood</a> tree. "Jampa ling" means "Maitreya Cloister." This refers to the Maitreya temple built by Tsöndrü Gyeltsen to the right of the precious tree. </p><p>The first Throne Holder of Kumbum was Düldzin Özer Gyatso (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: '<i>dul 'dzin 'od zer rgya mtsho</i>, born 1557). In 1603, the <a href="/wiki/4th_Dalai_Lama" title="4th Dalai Lama">4th Dalai Lama</a> (1589–1616) stopped at Kumbum on his way from his native <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> to <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Ü-Tsang</a>. At that time, he proclaimed the need for a study division to be built and for Düldzin Özer Gyatso to be appointed as the head of the entire monastery. At Kumbum's Monlam of 1612, Düldzin Özer Gyatso first ascended to the throne of abbot and opened a debate college (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>dpal ldan bshad grub gling grwa tshang</i>). </p><p>By the middle of the 20th century, Kumbum Monastery included thirty temples and a thousand or so houses.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> General <a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a> patronized the <a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama">Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>. <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> served as a "sanctuary" for Nyingma members. Ma Bufang allowed Kumbum Monastery to be totally self-governed by the Panchen Lama.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monastic_colleges">Monastic colleges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumbum_Monastery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Monastic colleges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsongkhapa.Kumbum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tsongkhapa.Kumbum.jpg/280px-Tsongkhapa.Kumbum.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="431" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tsongkhapa.Kumbum.jpg/420px-Tsongkhapa.Kumbum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tsongkhapa.Kumbum.jpg/560px-Tsongkhapa.Kumbum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="967" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a> at Kumbum Monastery</figcaption></figure> <p>Kumbum has four monastic colleges or faculties (<i>dratsang</i>). The largest is the Debate College or Faculty for Logic, the Shadupling Dratsang.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of its divisions use the textbooks of Jetsunpa Chokyi-gyeltsen (1469–1544), as at Ganden Jangtsey and Sera Jey Colleges near Lhasa. A few of the divisions follow the textbooks of Kunkyen Jamyang-zhaypa Ngawang-tsondru (1648–1722), as at Gomang College of <a href="/wiki/Drepung_Monastery" title="Drepung Monastery">Drepung Monastery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labrang_Monastery" title="Labrang Monastery">Labrang Monastery</a>. The highest degrees of Geshe Rabjampa and Geshe Shayrampa are awarded at the Kumbum <a href="/wiki/Monlam_Prayer_Festival" title="Monlam Prayer Festival">Monlam Prayer Festival</a> each year. </p><p>Gyüpa Dratsang, the Tantric College, or Sangngag Dechenling Datsang was founded by Chojey Legpa-gyatso in 1649. The curriculum follows that of Gyumay Lower Tantric College of <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>. After study of the major texts and commentaries of the <i><a href="/wiki/Guhyasam%C4%81ja_tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Guhyasamāja tantra">Guhyasamāja tantra</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cakrasa%E1%B9%83vara_Tantra" title="Cakrasaṃvara Tantra">Cakrasaṃvara Tantra</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>bde mchog</i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Yamantaka" title="Yamantaka">Vajrabhairava tantra</a></i>, monks receive the <i>geshe ngagrampa</i> degree. </p><p>In 1711, Chuzang Lozang-tenpay-gyeltsen built a new Tantric College, Ngagpa Dratsang. In 1723, the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing armies</a> severely damaged the four great monasteries of the Qinghai region – Kumbum, Gonlung, Serkog and Chuzang and many monks fled. Soon afterwards, the Qing commander asked the 21st Throne Holder to convert the new Ngagpa Dratsang into a Medical College, and this was done. With the appointment of several famous doctors, the Medical College, Menpa Dratsang Sorig-dargyey-zhenpen-norbuling was opened in 1725. It became a separate college during the time of the 22nd Throne Holder. The doctors who are graduated receive the Menrampa degree. </p><p>The fourth college at Kumbum is the <a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a> College, Dükhor Dratsang or Dukor Dratsang Rigden Losel ling. It was founded in 1820 by Ngawang Shedrub Tenpé Nyima. Monks at this college also study astrology and receive the <i>tsirampa</i> degree upon completion of their education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_situation">Current situation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumbum_Monastery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Current situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monks_at_Kumbum_Monastery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Monks_at_Kumbum_Monastery.jpg/270px-Monks_at_Kumbum_Monastery.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Monks_at_Kumbum_Monastery.jpg/405px-Monks_at_Kumbum_Monastery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Monks_at_Kumbum_Monastery.jpg/540px-Monks_at_Kumbum_Monastery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikṣus</a> at Kumbum Monastery</figcaption></figure> <p>Before 1958, Kumbum had 3600 monks. At present, there are 400, as the monastery was affected by Chinese Communist policies since the late 1950s. Of these, 300 are at the Debate College and the rest are distributed evenly among the other three colleges. Traditionally, the majority of the Kumbum monks have been <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetans</a> from Amdo, as at <a href="/wiki/Labrang_Monastery" title="Labrang Monastery">Labrang Monastery</a>. The remainder have been <a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha Mongols</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>phyi sog</i>) or <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>smad sog, nang-sog</i>), <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mongols" title="Upper Mongols">Upper Mongols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>stod sog</i>) from Amdo east of Kumbum or <a href="/wiki/Yugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">Yugurs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>yu gur</i>) from <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>. </p><p>Kumbum is still a major pilgrimage for <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> believers and scholars, visited by many thousands of people a year. The Arjia <a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">tulkus</a> are traditionally given the position of abbot of Kumbum. The <a href="/wiki/8th_Arjia_Rinpoche" title="8th Arjia Rinpoche">8th Arjia Rinpoche</a> went into exile in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in 1998. He is currently developing an exile campus of Kumbum Monastery in <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington, Indiana</a>, known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumbum_Chamtse_Ling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumbum Chamtse Ling (page does not exist)">Kumbum Chamtse Ling</a> or Kumbum West. </p><p>The Kumbum monastery is still very much a repository of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_culture" title="Tibetan culture">Tibetan culture</a> and art, including various <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculptures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">statues</a> and religious artifacts. It certainly is a repository of the Western respect for Tibet, as so many wayfarers from the West apart from <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_David-N%C3%A9el" title="Alexandra David-Néel">David-Néel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paul_Pelliot" title="Paul Pelliot">Paul Pelliot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ella_Maillart" title="Ella Maillart">Ella Maillart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fleming_(writer)" title="Peter Fleming (writer)">Peter Fleming</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_R%C3%A9gis_Huc" title="Évariste Régis Huc">Evariste Huc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Migot" title="André Migot">André Migot</a>) have spent time there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumbum_Monastery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tbrc.org/#!rid=G160">"sku 'bum dgon"</a>. <i>Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center</i>. Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tibetan+Buddhist+Resource+Center&rft.atitle=sku+%27bum+dgon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbrc.org%2F%23%21rid%3DG160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumbum+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cabot1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cabot1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cabot1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cabot1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cabot1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cabot1_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMabel_H._Cabot2003" class="citation book cs1">Mabel H. Cabot (2003). <i>Vanished Kingdoms: A Woman Explorer in Tibet, China & Mongolia, 1921-1925</i>. Aperture Publishers. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931788-18-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-931788-18-9"><bdi>1-931788-18-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vanished+Kingdoms%3A+A+Woman+Explorer+in+Tibet%2C+China+%26+Mongolia%2C+1921-1925&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Aperture+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-931788-18-9&rft.au=Mabel+H.+Cabot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumbum+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThubten_Jigme_Norbu1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thubten_Jigme_Norbu" title="Thubten Jigme Norbu">Thubten Jigme Norbu</a> (1986). <i>Tibet is My Country: Autobiography of Thubten Jigme Norbu, Brother of the Dalai Lama as told to Heinrich Harrer</i>. Edward Fitzgerald (trans.). <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom Publications">Wisdom Publications</a>. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-045-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-045-2"><bdi>0-86171-045-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet+is+My+Country%3A+Autobiography+of+Thubten+Jigme+Norbu%2C+Brother+of+the+Dalai+Lama+as+told+to+Heinrich+Harrer&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-86171-045-2&rft.au=Thubten+Jigme+Norbu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumbum+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexandra_David-neel1927" class="citation book cs1">Alexandra David-neel (1927). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/myjourneytolhasa00davi_1"><i>My Journey to Lhasa: The Classic Story of the Only Western Woman Who Succeeded in Entering the Forbidden City</i></a></span>. Harper and Brothers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-059655-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-059655-2"><bdi>978-0-06-059655-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Journey+to+Lhasa%3A+The+Classic+Story+of+the+Only+Western+Woman+Who+Succeeded+in+Entering+the+Forbidden+City&rft.pub=Harper+and+Brothers&rft.date=1927&rft.isbn=978-0-06-059655-2&rft.au=Alexandra+David-neel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmyjourneytolhasa00davi_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumbum+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThubten_Jigme_Norbu1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thubten_Jigme_Norbu" title="Thubten Jigme Norbu">Thubten Jigme Norbu</a> (1986). <i>Tibet is My Country: Autobiography of Thubten Jigme Norbu, Brother of the Dalai Lama as told to Heinrich Harrer</i>. Edward Fitzgerald (trans.). <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom Publications">Wisdom Publications</a>. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-045-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-045-2"><bdi>0-86171-045-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet+is+My+Country%3A+Autobiography+of+Thubten+Jigme+Norbu%2C+Brother+of+the+Dalai+Lama+as+told+to+Heinrich+Harrer&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-86171-045-2&rft.au=Thubten+Jigme+Norbu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumbum+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazlitt1852" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_R%C3%A9gis_Huc" title="Évariste Régis Huc">Huc, Évariste Régis</a> (1852), <a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt_(registrar)" title="William Hazlitt (registrar)">Hazlitt, William</a> (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travelsintartary02huce/page/n9"><i>Travels in Tartary, Thibet, and China during the Years 1844–5–6</i></a>, vol. I, London: National Illustrated Library</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+in+Tartary%2C+Thibet%2C+and+China+during+the+Years+1844%E2%80%935%E2%80%936&rft.place=London&rft.pub=National+Illustrated+Library&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Huc&rft.aufirst=%C3%89variste+R%C3%A9gis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftravelsintartary02huce%2Fpage%2Fn9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumbum+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThubten_Jigme_Norbu1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thubten_Jigme_Norbu" title="Thubten Jigme Norbu">Thubten Jigme Norbu</a> (1986). <i>Tibet is My Country: Autobiography of Thubten Jigme Norbu, Brother of the Dalai Lama as told to Heinrich Harrer</i>. Edward Fitzgerald (trans.). <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom Publications">Wisdom Publications</a>. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-045-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-045-2"><bdi>0-86171-045-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet+is+My+Country%3A+Autobiography+of+Thubten+Jigme+Norbu%2C+Brother+of+the+Dalai+Lama+as+told+to+Heinrich+Harrer&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-86171-045-2&rft.au=Thubten+Jigme+Norbu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumbum+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantha_Rama_Rau1950" class="citation book cs1">Santha Rama Rau (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JNccAAAAMAAJ&q=To+him,+and+to+his+following+of+Tibetan+lamas+loyal+to+the+Red+Sect+of+Lamaism,+Ma+Bu-fang+had+given+sanctuary+in+Chinghai,+and+had+allowed+the+Panchan+Lama+to+build+up+his+own+fantastic+Vatican+in+Kumbum,+and+to+rule+it+as+he+saw+fit"><i>East of home</i></a>. Harper. p. 122<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+of+home&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1950&rft.au=Santha+Rama+Rau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJNccAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DTo%2Bhim%2C%2Band%2Bto%2Bhis%2Bfollowing%2Bof%2BTibetan%2Blamas%2Bloyal%2Bto%2Bthe%2BRed%2BSect%2Bof%2BLamaism%2C%2BMa%2BBu-fang%2Bhad%2Bgiven%2Bsanctuary%2Bin%2BChinghai%2C%2Band%2Bhad%2Ballowed%2Bthe%2BPanchan%2BLama%2Bto%2Bbuild%2Bup%2Bhis%2Bown%2Bfantastic%2BVatican%2Bin%2BKumbum%2C%2Band%2Bto%2Brule%2Bit%2Bas%2Bhe%2Bsaw%2Bfit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumbum+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThubten_Jigme_Norbu1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thubten_Jigme_Norbu" title="Thubten Jigme Norbu">Thubten Jigme Norbu</a> (1986). <i>Tibet is My Country: Autobiography of Thubten Jigme Norbu, Brother of the Dalai Lama as told to Heinrich Harrer</i>. Edward Fitzgerald (trans.). <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom Publications">Wisdom Publications</a>. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-045-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-045-2"><bdi>0-86171-045-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet+is+My+Country%3A+Autobiography+of+Thubten+Jigme+Norbu%2C+Brother+of+the+Dalai+Lama+as+told+to+Heinrich+Harrer&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-86171-045-2&rft.au=Thubten+Jigme+Norbu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKumbum+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumbum_Monastery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Arjia Rinpoche (Lobsang Tubten Jigme Gyatso) (2010) <i>Surviving the Dragon: a Tibetan Lama's Account of 40 Years Under Chinese Rule.</i> Emmaus, Pa.: Rodale.</li> <li>Bell, Charles Alfred. (1987) <i>Portrait of a Dalai Lama: a Biography of the Great Thirteenth.</i> London: Wisdom.</li> <li>Bell, Charles (1924) <i>Tibet: Past and Present.</i> Oxford: Clarendon Press</li> <li>Bell, Charles (1931) <i>The Religion of Tibet.</i> Oxford: Clarendon Press</li> <li>Tsering, Diki, and Khedroob Thondup. (2001) <i>Dalai Lama, My Son: a Mother's Story.</i> New York: Compass Books.</li> <li>Gyalo Thondup and Anne F. Thurston, (2015) <i>The Noodle Maker of Kalimpong.</i> London: Rider</li> <li>Harrer, Heinrich (1954) <i>Seven Years in Tibet.</i> (translated from the German by Richard Graves; with an introduction by Peter Fleming; foreword by the Dalai Lama), New York: E. P. Dutton, 1954, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0874778883" title="Special:BookSources/0874778883">0874778883</a></li> <li>Huc, Evariste Régis, Joseph Gabet, and Paul Pelliot (1928) <i>Huc and Gabet: travels in Tartary, Thibet and China, 1844-1846.</i> New York: Harper & Brothers.</li> <li>Laird, Thomas (2007) <i>The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama.</i> London: Atlantic. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84354-145-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84354-145-5">978-1-84354-145-5</a></li> <li>Mullin, Glenn H (1988) <i>The Thirteenth Dalai Lama: Path of the Bodhisattva Warrior</i> Ithaca, New York: Snow Lion. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-937938-55-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-937938-55-6">0-937938-55-6</a></li> <li>Mullin, Glenn H. (2001) <i>The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation</i>, Santa Fe, New Mexico.: Clear Light Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57416-092-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-57416-092-3">1-57416-092-3</a></li> <li>Richardson, Hugh E. (1984) <i>Tibet & its History.</i> Boulder and London: Shambala. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87773-292-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87773-292-2">0-87773-292-2</a></li> <li>Smith, Warren (1997) <i>Tibetan Nation.</i> New Delhi: HarperCollins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3155-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3155-2">0-8133-3155-2</a></li> <li>Thubten Jigme Norbu (1965) <i>Tibet is My Country; the Autobiography of Thubten Jigme Norbu, Brother of the Dalai Lama, as Told to Heinrich Harrer.</i> New York: Dutton.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumbum_Monastery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kumbum_Monastery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kumbum Monastery">Kumbum Monastery</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070715110135/http://www.passcal.nmt.edu/~bob/passcal/china/china06.htm">Moving West and the Kumbum Monastery</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treasuryoflives.org/institution/Kumbum-Jampa-Ling">Kumbum Jampa Ling</a> - at <i><a href="/wiki/The_Treasury_of_Lives" title="The Treasury of Lives">The Treasury of Lives</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930150446/http://www.belfun.com/Amaury/xining_kumbum.htm">Kumbum Monastery</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerzin" class="citation web cs1">Berzin, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studybuddhism.com/web/en/archives/study/history_buddhism/buddhism_tibet/gelug/brief_history_kumbum_monastery.html">"A Brief History of Kumbum Monastery"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B00760;color:#C9B358;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhist_monasteries_in_Qinghai" title="Template:Buddhist monasteries in Qinghai"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#C9B358">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhist_monasteries_in_Qinghai" title="Template talk:Buddhist monasteries in Qinghai"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#C9B358">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhist_monasteries_in_Qinghai" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhist monasteries in Qinghai"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#C9B358">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Buddhist_monasteries_in_Qinghai" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#C9B358">Buddhist monasteries in Qinghai</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chayilung_Monastery" title="Chayilung Monastery">Chayilung Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuzang" title="Chuzang">Chuzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartu_Monastery" title="Gartu Monastery">Gartu Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6nlung_Jampa_Ling_monastery" title="Gönlung Jampa Ling monastery">Gönlung Jampa Ling monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianmoda_Monastery" title="Jianmoda Monastery">Jianmoda Monastery</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kumbum Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langboin_Monastery" title="Langboin Monastery">Langboin Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhunshigyia_Monastery" title="Lhunshigyia Monastery">Lhunshigyia Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongwo_Monastery" title="Rongwo Monastery">Rongwo Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingyor_Monastery" title="Nyingyor Monastery">Nyingyor Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakya_Monastery" title="Rakya Monastery">Rakya Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serdzong_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Serdzong Monastery">Serdzong Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surmang" title="Surmang">Surmang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrangu_Monastery" title="Thrangu Monastery">Thrangu Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsangwo_Monastery" title="Tsangwo Monastery">Tsangwo Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaritang_Monastery" title="Yaritang Monastery">Yaritang Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaxiqoilang_Monastery" title="Zhaxiqoilang Monastery">Zhaxiqoilang Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhigegor_Monastery" title="Zhigegor Monastery">Zhigegor Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Buddhist_temples_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700; color:Sienna;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhist_temples_in_China" title="Template:Buddhist temples in China"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:Sienna">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhist_temples_in_China" title="Template talk:Buddhist temples in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:Sienna">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhist_temples_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhist temples in China"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:Sienna">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Buddhist_temples_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Buddhist temples in China</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FCC200;"><div id="Chinese_Buddhist_architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">Chinese Buddhist architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFDB58;">Architectonic elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiwen" title="Chiwen">Chiwen</a> (<span lang="zh">鴟吻</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_hip-and-gable_roof" title="East Asian hip-and-gable roof">Hip-and-gable roof</a> (<span lang="zh">歇山頂</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dougong" title="Dougong">Dougong</a> (<span lang="zh">斗拱</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huilang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huilang (page does not exist)">Huilang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E5%BB%8A" class="extiw" title="zh:回廊">zh</a>]</span> (<span lang="zh">回廊</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_screen" title="Spirit screen">Spirit screen</a> (<span lang="zh">影壁</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_lantern" title="Stone lantern">Denglong</a> (<span lang="zh">石燈籠</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrace_(China)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terrace (China) (page does not exist)">Terrace</a> (<span lang="zh">台</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_pavilion" title="Chinese pavilion">Chinese pavilion</a> (<span lang="zh">亭</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> (<span lang="zh">塔</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a> (<span lang="zh">舍利塔</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_guardian_lions" title="Chinese guardian lions">Chinese guardian lions</a> (<span lang="zh">石狮子</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heng_and_Ha" title="Heng and Ha">Heng and Ha</a> (<span lang="zh">金剛力士/哼哈二將</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFDB58;">Men (gates)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanmen" title="Shanmen">Shanmen</a> (Mount gate) (<span lang="zh">山門</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paifang" title="Paifang">Paifang</a> (<span lang="zh">牌門</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFDB58;">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanmen" title="Shanmen">Shanmen</a> (Hall of Mount Gate; <span lang="zh">山門殿</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Four_Heavenly_Kings" title="Hall of Four Heavenly Kings">Hall of Four Heavenly Kings</a> (<span lang="zh">天王殿</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira_Hall" title="Mahavira Hall">Mahavira Hall</a> (<span lang="zh">大雄寶殿</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_tower_(Chinese_Buddhism)" title="Bell tower (Chinese Buddhism)">Bell tower</a> (<span lang="zh">鐘樓</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_tower_(Chinese_Buddhism)" title="Drum tower (Chinese Buddhism)">Drum tower</a> (<span lang="zh">鼓樓</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_Hall" title="Dharma Hall">Dharma Hall</a> (<span lang="zh">法堂</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Sangharama_Palace" title="Hall of Sangharama Palace">Hall of Sangharama Palace</a> (<span lang="zh">伽藍殿</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Guru" title="Hall of Guru">Hall of Guru</a> (<span lang="zh">祖師殿</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Kshitigarbha" title="Hall of Kshitigarbha">Hall of Kshitigarbha</a> (<span lang="zh">地藏殿</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Bhaisajyaguru" title="Hall of Bhaisajyaguru">Hall of Bhaisajyaguru</a> (<span lang="zh">藥師殿</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Guanyin" title="Hall of Guanyin">Hall of Guanyin</a> (<span lang="zh">觀音殿</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat_Hall" title="Arhat Hall">Arhat Hall</a> (<span lang="zh">羅漢堂</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbot%27s_Room&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abbot's Room (page does not exist)">Abbot's Room</a> (<span lang="zh">方丈</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts_library" title="Buddhist texts library">Buddhist texts library</a> (<span lang="zh">藏經閣</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Life_Pond" title="Free Life Pond">Free Life Pond</a> (<span lang="zh">放生池</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FCC200;"><div id="Schools_and_objects_of_worship" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Schools and objects of worship</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFDB58;">Major schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="East Asian Yogācāra">Weishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_M%C4%81dhyamaka" title="East Asian Mādhyamaka">Sanlun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangmi">Tangmi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFDB58;"><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a> schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linji_school" title="Linji school">Linji school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodong_school" title="Caodong school">Caodong school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyang_school" title="Guiyang school">Guiyang school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunmen_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunmen school">Yunmen school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayan_school" title="Fayan school">Fayan school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FCC200;"><div id="Notable_Buddhist_temples_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Notable Buddhist temples in China</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baoguang_Temple" title="Baoguang Temple">Baoguang Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoguo_Temple_(Zhejiang)" title="Baoguo Temple (Zhejiang)">Baoguo Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabeilou_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Dabeilou Temple">Dabeilou Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafo_Temple_(Xinchang)" title="Dafo Temple (Xinchang)">Dafo Temple, Xinchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafo_Temple_(Zhangye)" title="Dafo Temple (Zhangye)">Dafo Temple, Zhangye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donglin_Temple_(Jiujiang)" title="Donglin Temple (Jiujiang)">Donglin Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donglin_Temple_(Shanghai)" title="Donglin Temple (Shanghai)">Donglin Temple (Shanghai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famen_Temple" title="Famen Temple">Famen Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawang_Temple" title="Fawang Temple">Fawang Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayu_Temple" title="Fayu Temple">Fayu Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengguo_Temple" title="Fengguo Temple">Fengguo Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foguang_Temple" title="Foguang Temple">Foguang Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyuan_Temple" title="Geyuan Temple">Geyuan Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Temple_of_Mount_Heng" title="Grand Temple of Mount Heng">Grand Temple of Mount Heng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanghua_Temple_(Putian)" title="Guanghua Temple (Putian)">Guanghua Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gufo_Temple" title="Gufo Temple">Gufo Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyuan_Temple" title="Guiyuan Temple">Guiyuan Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guoqing_Temple" title="Guoqing Temple">Guoqing Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_Temple" title="Hanging Temple">Hanging Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanshan_Temple" title="Hanshan Temple">Hanshan Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huacheng_Temple" title="Huacheng Temple">Huacheng Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunyan_Temple_(Suzhou)" title="Yunyan Temple (Suzhou)">Huqiu Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Buddha_Temple" title="Jade Buddha Temple">Jade Buddha Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianfu_Temple" title="Jianfu Temple">Jianfu Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jile_Temple" title="Jile Temple">Jile Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiming_Temple" title="Jiming Temple">Jiming Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing%27an_Temple" title="Jing'an Temple">Jing'an Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingci_Temple" title="Jingci Temple">Jingci Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinge_Temple" title="Jinge Temple">Jinge Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaishan_Temple" title="Kaishan Temple">Kaishan Temple</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kumbum Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linggu_Temple" title="Linggu Temple">Linggu Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingyan_Temple_(Jinan)" title="Lingyan Temple (Jinan)">Lingyan Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingyin_Temple" title="Lingyin Temple">Lingyin Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhua_Temple" title="Longhua Temple">Longhua Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longxing_Temple" title="Longxing Temple">Longxing Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Manasarovar" title="Lake Manasarovar">Lake Manasarovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimi_Temple" title="Mimi Temple">Mimi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanchan_Temple" title="Nanchan Temple">Nanchan Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanhua_Temple" title="Nanhua Temple">Nanhua Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Putuo_Temple" title="South Putuo Temple">South Putuo Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda_Forest_at_Shaolin_Temple" title="Pagoda Forest at Shaolin Temple">Pagoda Forest at Shaolin Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palpung_Monastery" title="Palpung Monastery">Palpung Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puji_Temple" title="Puji Temple">Puji Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puning_Temple_(Hebei)" title="Puning Temple (Hebei)">Puning Temple (Hebei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puning_Temple_(Jiangxi)" title="Puning Temple (Jiangxi)">Puning Temple (Jiangxi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putuo_Zongcheng_Temple" title="Putuo Zongcheng Temple">Putuo Zongcheng Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiongzhu_Temple" title="Qiongzhu Temple">Qiongzhu Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qixia_Temple" title="Qixia Temple">Qixia Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanhua_Temple" title="Shanhua Temple">Shanhua Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuanglin_Temple" title="Shuanglin Temple">Shuanglin Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Temple_Buddha" title="Spring Temple Buddha">Spring Temple Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Design_for_Buddhist_Temple_Construction" title="Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction">Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangxiao_Temple_(Guangzhou)" title="Guangxiao Temple (Guangzhou)">Temple of Bright Filial Piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Great_Compassion" title="Temple of Great Compassion">Temple of Great Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Six_Banyan_Trees" title="Temple of the Six Banyan Trees">Temple of the Six Banyan Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianning_Temple_(Changzhou)" title="Tianning Temple (Changzhou)">Tianning Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huashoutai" title="Huashoutai">Wa Sau Toi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanfu_Temple" title="Wanfu Temple">Wanfu Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Temple" title="White Horse Temple">White Horse Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolong_Temple" title="Wolong Temple">Wolong Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangyan_Temple" title="Xiangyan Temple">Xiangyan Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ximing_Temple" title="Ximing Temple">Ximing Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingjiao_Temple" title="Xingjiao Temple">Xingjiao Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanqing_Temple" title="Yanqing Temple">Yanqing Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanshan_Temple" title="Yanshan Temple">Yanshan Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youguo_Temple" title="Youguo Temple">Youguo Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhanshan_Temple" title="Zhanshan Temple">Zhanshan Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenguo_Temple" title="Zhenguo Temple">Zhenguo Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zunsheng_Temple" title="Zunsheng Temple">Zunsheng Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daxiangguo_Temple" title="Daxiangguo Temple">Daxiangguo Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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