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transliteration</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie-transliterasie" title="Wylie-transliterasie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wylie-transliterasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="ওয়াইলি প্রতিলিপিকরণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়াইলি প্রতিলিপিকরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཝའི་ལི་སྒྲ་སྒྱུར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཝའི་ལི་སྒྲ་སྒྱུར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteraci%C3%B3_Wylie" title="Transliteració Wylie – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Transliteració Wylie" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Вайли – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вайли" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylieho_transliterace_tibet%C5%A1tiny" title="Wylieho transliterace tibetštiny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wylieho transliterace tibetštiny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umschrift_nach_Wylie" title="Umschrift nach Wylie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Umschrift nach Wylie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AE_%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9" title="Μεταγραφή Γουίλι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεταγραφή Γουίλι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteraci%C3%B3n_Wylie" title="Transliteración Wylie – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Transliteración Wylie" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliterumado_Wylie" title="Transliterumado Wylie – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Transliterumado Wylie" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="نویسه‌گردانی وایل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نویسه‌گردانی وایل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translitt%C3%A9ration_Wylie" title="Translittération Wylie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Translittération Wylie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteraci%C3%B3n_Wylie" title="Transliteración Wylie – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Transliteración Wylie" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%80%EC%9D%BC%EB%A6%AC_%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95" title="와일리 표기법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="와일리 표기법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BA%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Վայլի տրանսկրիպցիոն համակարգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վայլի տրանսկրիպցիոն համակարգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="वयली लिप्यंतरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वयली लिप्यंतरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alih_aksara_Wylie" title="Alih aksara Wylie – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alih aksara Wylie" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traslitterazione_Wylie" title="Traslitterazione Wylie – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Traslitterazione Wylie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ვაილი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვაილი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translitteratio_Wylie" title="Translitteratio Wylie – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Translitteratio Wylie" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vailio_transliteracija" title="Vailio transliteracija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vailio transliteracija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie-f%C3%A9le_transzliter%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Wylie-féle transzliteráció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wylie-féle transzliteráció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Транслитерација по Вајли – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Транслитерација по Вајли" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie_(romanisatie)" title="Wylie (romanisatie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wylie (romanisatie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="वयली लिप्यन्तरण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वयली लिप्यन्तरण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F" title="ワイリー方式 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ワイリー方式" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wylie transliteration" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylietranslitterasjon" title="Wylietranslitterasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wylietranslitterasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie-translitterering" title="Wylie-translitterering – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Wylie-translitterering" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਵਾਇਲੀ ਲਿਪਾਂਤਰਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਾਇਲੀ ਲਿਪਾਂਤਰਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteracja_Wyliego" title="Transliteracja Wyliego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Transliteracja Wyliego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translitera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Wylie" title="Transliteração Wylie – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transliteração Wylie" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Транскрипционная система Вайли – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Транскрипционная система Вайли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wylie transliteration" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie-translitterering" title="Wylie-translitterering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wylie-translitterering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="ระบบการถอดอักษรแบบไวลี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบการถอดอักษรแบบไวลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie_transliterasyonu" title="Wylie transliterasyonu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Wylie transliterasyonu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Вайлі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вайлі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ph%C3%A1p_chuy%E1%BB%83n_t%E1%BB%B1_Wylie" title="Phương pháp chuyển tự Wylie – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phương pháp chuyển tự Wylie" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Wylie_transliteration.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Wylie transliteration of Tibetan script</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg/40px-Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg/60px-Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg/80px-Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan alphabet">Tibetan script</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see very small fonts, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan alphabet">Tibetan characters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Wylie transliteration</b> is a method for <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterating</a> <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan script</a> using only the letters available on a typical <a href="/wiki/English-language" class="mw-redirect" title="English-language">English-language</a> <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriter</a>. The system is named for the American scholar <a href="/wiki/Turrell_V._Wylie" title="Turrell V. Wylie">Turrell V. Wylie</a>, who created the system and published it in a 1959 <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Journal_of_Asiatic_Studies" title="Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies">Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</a></i> article.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has subsequently become a standard transliteration scheme in Tibetan studies, especially in the United States. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turrell_Wylie.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Turrell_Wylie.png/220px-Turrell_Wylie.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Turrell_Wylie.png 1.5x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Professor Turrell Wylie in 1979 at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>, Department of Asian Languages and Literature</figcaption></figure> <p>Any <a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetan language</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> scheme faces the dilemma of whether it should seek to accurately reproduce the sounds of spoken Tibetan or the spelling of written Tibetan. These differ widely, as Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> became fixed in the 11th century, while pronunciation continued to <a href="/wiki/Language_change" title="Language change">evolve</a>, comparable to the <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English orthography</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French orthography</a>, which reflect <a href="/wiki/Late_medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Late medieval">late medieval</a> pronunciation. </p><p>Previous transcription schemes sought to split the difference with the result that they achieved neither goal perfectly. Wylie transliteration was designed to precisely transcribe Tibetan script <i>as written</i>, which led to its acceptance in academic and historical studies. It is not intended to represent the pronunciation of Tibetan words. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consonants">Consonants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wylie_transliteration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This section contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p>The Wylie scheme transliterates the Tibetan characters as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Tibetan">T</abbr></th> <th><abbr title="Wylie">W</abbr></th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>T</th> <th>W</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>T</th> <th>W</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>T</th> <th>W</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:190%;">ཀ</span></td> <td>ka</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ká]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:190%;">ཁ</span></td> <td>kha</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[↘︎kʰá]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:190%;">ག</span></td> <td>ga</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡà/↗︎kʰà]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:190%;">ང</span></td> <td>nga</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋà]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:190%;">ཅ</span></td> <td>ca</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕá]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:190%;">ཆ</span></td> <td>cha</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[↘︎tɕʰá]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:190%;">ཇ</span></td> <td>ja</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʑà/↗︎tɕʰà]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:190%;">ཉ</span></td> <td>nya</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲà]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:190%;">ཏ</span></td> <td>ta</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tá]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:190%;">ཐ</span></td> <td>tha</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[↘︎tʰá]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:190%;">ད</span></td> <td>da</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dà/↗︎tʰà]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:190%;">ན</span></td> <td>na</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nà]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:190%;">པ</span></td> <td>pa</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pá]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:190%;">ཕ</span></td> <td>pha</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[↘︎pʰá]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:190%;">བ</span></td> <td>ba</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bà/↗︎pʰà]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:190%;">མ</span></td> <td>ma</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mà]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:190%;">ཙ</span></td> <td>tsa</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsá]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:190%;">ཚ</span></td> <td>tsha</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[↘︎tsʰá]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:190%;">ཛ</span></td> <td>dza</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dzà/↗︎tsʰà]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:190%;">ཝ</span></td> <td>wa</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wà]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:190%;">ཞ</span></td> <td>zha</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʑà/↗︎ɕà]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:190%;">ཟ</span></td> <td>za</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zà/↗︎sà]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:190%;">འ</span></td> <td>'a</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɦà/↗︎ʔà]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:190%;">ཡ</span></td> <td>ya</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jà]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:190%;">ར</span></td> <td>ra</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[rà]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:190%;">ལ</span></td> <td>la</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[là]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:190%;">ཤ</span></td> <td>sha</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[↘︎ɕá]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:190%;">ས</span></td> <td>sa</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[↘︎sá]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:190%;">ཧ</span></td> <td>ha</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[há]</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:190%;">ཨ</span></td> <td>a</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[↘︎ʔá]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Tibetan script, consonant clusters within a syllable may be represented through the use of prefixed or suffixed letters or by letters superscripted or subscripted to the root letter (forming a "stack"). The Wylie system does not normally distinguish these as in practice no ambiguity is possible under the rules of Tibetan spelling. The exception is the sequence <i>gy-</i>, which may be written either with a prefix <i>g</i> or a subfix <i>y</i>. In the Wylie system, these are distinguished by inserting a <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">period</a> between a prefix <i>g</i> and initial <i>y</i>. E.g. <span style="font-size:190%;">གྱང</span> "wall" is <i>gyang</i>, while <span style="font-size:190%;">གཡང་</span> "chasm" is <i>g.yang</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vowels">Vowels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wylie_transliteration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The four vowel marks (here applied to the base letter <span style="font-size:190%;">ཨ</span>) are transliterated: </p> <table cellpadding="8" style="font-size: x-large; font-family: Jomolhari, Kailash, 'Tibetan Machine Uni';"> <tbody><tr> <td>ཨི  i</td> <td>ཨུ  u</td> <td>ཨེ  e</td> <td>ཨོ  o </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>When a syllable has no explicit vowel marking, the letter <i>a</i> is used to represent the default vowel "a" (e.g. <span style="font-size:190%;">ཨ་</span> = a). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capitalization">Capitalization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wylie_transliteration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Capitalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many previous systems of Tibetan transliteration included internal capitalisation schemes—essentially, capitalising the root letter rather than the first letter of a word, when the first letter is a prefix consonant. Tibetan dictionaries are organized by root letter, and prefixes are often silent, so knowing the root letter gives a better idea of pronunciation. However, these schemes were often applied inconsistently, and usually only when the word would normally be capitalised according to the norms of Latin text (i.e. at the beginning of a sentence). On the grounds that internal capitalisation was overly cumbersome, of limited usefulness in determining pronunciation, and probably superfluous to a reader able to use a Tibetan dictionary, Wylie specified that if a word was to be capitalised, the first letter should be capital, in conformity with Western capitalisation practices. Thus a particular Tibetan Buddhist sect (<a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a>) is capitalised <i>Bka' brgyud</i> and not <i>bKa' brgyud</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extensions">Extensions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wylie_transliteration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Extensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wylie's original scheme is not capable of transliterating all Tibetan-script texts. In particular, it has no correspondences for most Tibetan punctuation symbols, and lacks the ability to represent non-Tibetan words written in Tibetan script (Sanskrit and phonetic Chinese are the most common cases). Accordingly, various scholars have adopted <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">ad hoc</a></i> and incomplete conventions as needed. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_and_Himalayan_Library" title="Tibetan and Himalayan Library">Tibetan and Himalayan Library</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> developed a standard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/reference/transliteration/#essay=/thl/ewts">EWTS</a>—the Extended Wylie Transliteration Scheme—that addresses these deficiencies systematically. It uses capital letters and Latin punctuation to represent the missing characters. Several software systems, including <a href="/wiki/Tise" title="Tise">Tise</a>, now use this standard to allow one to type unrestricted Tibetan script (including the full <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Tibetan character set) on a Latin keyboard. </p><p>Since the Wylie system is not intuitive for use by linguists unfamiliar with Tibetan, a new transliteration system based on the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> has been proposed to replace Wylie in articles on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetan_historical_phonology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tibetan historical phonology (page does not exist)">Tibetan historical phonology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wylie_transliteration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span 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href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tise" title="Tise">Tise</a>, an extended Wylie input method for Tibetan script</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Standard Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen script</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wylie_transliteration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWylie1959" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Turrell_Wylie" class="mw-redirect" title="Turrell Wylie">Wylie, Turrell V.</a> (December 1959). "A Standard System of Tibetan Transcription". <i>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</i>. <b>22</b>. Harvard-Yenching Institute: 261–267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2718544">10.2307/2718544</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718544">2718544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Standard+System+of+Tibetan+Transcription&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=261-267&rft.date=1959-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2718544&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2718544%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wylie&rft.aufirst=Turrell+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWylie+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacques2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Jacques" title="Guillaume Jacques">Jacques, Guillaume</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2322359">"A new transcription system for Old and Classical Tibetan"</a>. <i>Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 89–96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistics+of+the+Tibeto-Burman+Area&rft.atitle=A+new+transcription+system+for+Old+and+Classical+Tibetan&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=89-96&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Jacques&rft.aufirst=Guillaume&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2322359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWylie+transliteration" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/archives/ltba/pdf/LTBA-35.2.89.pdf">as PDF on sealang.net</a>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wylie_transliteration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(Some of the following links require installation of Tibetan fonts to display properly) </p> <ul><li>Wylie, Turrell (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110127175457/http://sites.google.com/site/chrisfynn2/wylietransliteration">A Standard System of Tibetan Transcription</a>. <i>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</i>, p. 261-267</li> <li>Hill, Nathan W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ret/pdf/ret_23_04.pdf">A note on the history and future of the 'Wylie' system</a> in <i>Revue d'Études Tibétaines</i>, Number 23, Avril 2012. pp. 103–105.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050223032751/http://www.nitartha.org/wylie_tables.html">The Wylie Translation Table, at Nitartha International</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ead.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/en/kataloge/tibetan.html">Staatsbibliothek Berlin – <i>A standard system of Tibetan transcription</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/reference/transliteration/#wiki=/access/wiki/site/26a34146-33a6-48ce-001e-f16ce7908a6a/tibetan%20transliteration%20and%20transcription.html">THDL Extended Wylie Transliteration Scheme</a> (A project of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thdl.org">Tibetan and Himalayan Digital Library</a> to adapt and expand the Wylie system for computer use.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lotsawahouse.org/other/digitaltibetan">Tibetan transliteration: convert between Wylie or EWTS and Unicode</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tbrc.org/#help_FooterNavigationtools">Test Tibetan display (enter wylie)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Tibetan_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tibetan_language" title="Template:Tibetan language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tibetan_language" title="Template talk:Tibetan language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tibetan_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tibetan 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a> (Drutsa, Bêtsug)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Regional (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Tibet_calligraphy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Tibet calligraphy (page does not exist)">Joyig, Monyig and Lhoyig</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_numerals" title="Tibetan numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Transcription: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wylie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_pinyin" title="Tibetan pinyin">Tibetan pinyin</a>, <a href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL Transcription</a></li> <li>Grammar (<a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Tibetan_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Standard Tibetan grammar">Modern Standard Tibetan grammar</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic languages</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan plateau">Tibetan plateau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balti_language" 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