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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat_loss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Heat loss</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat_loss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Essential_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essential_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Essential components</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Essential_components-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Essential components subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Essential_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Shell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Membrane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membrane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Membrane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membrane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neoprene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neoprene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Neoprene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neoprene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Hybrid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Seals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waterproof_entry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterproof_entry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Waterproof entry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waterproof_entry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accessories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Accessories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Accessories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Accessories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Accessories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thermal_undersuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_undersuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Thermal undersuits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_undersuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suspenders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suspenders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Suspenders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suspenders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hoods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Helmets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helmets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Helmets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Helmets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boots_or_socks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boots_or_socks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Boots or socks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boots_or_socks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gloves,_mitts,_and_three-finger_mitts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gloves,_mitts,_and_three-finger_mitts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Gloves, mitts, and three-finger mitts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gloves,_mitts,_and_three-finger_mitts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attachment_rings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attachment_rings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Attachment rings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attachment_rings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suit_inflation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suit_inflation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Suit inflation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suit_inflation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suit_inflation_gas_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suit_inflation_gas_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8.1</span> <span>Suit inflation gas supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suit_inflation_gas_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inflation_valve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflation_valve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8.2</span> <span>Inflation valve</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflation_valve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inflation_hose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflation_hose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8.3</span> <span>Inflation hose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflation_hose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exhaust_valves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exhaust_valves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Exhaust valves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exhaust_valves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zipper_and_seal_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zipper_and_seal_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Zipper and seal protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zipper_and_seal_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_P-valve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_P-valve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>The P-valve</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_P-valve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cargo_pockets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cargo_pockets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Cargo pockets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cargo_pockets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Bio-seals"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Bio-seals""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>"Bio-seals"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Bio-seals"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Active_heating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Active_heating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>Active heating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Active_heating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associated_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Associated equipment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Associated_equipment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Associated equipment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Associated_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Weighting_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weighting_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Weighting systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weighting_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gaiters,_ankle_straps_and_ankle_weights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaiters,_ankle_straps_and_ankle_weights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Gaiters, ankle straps and ankle weights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaiters,_ankle_straps_and_ankle_weights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buoyancy_compensators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buoyancy_compensators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Buoyancy compensators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buoyancy_compensators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overalls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overalls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Overalls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overalls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Underwater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underwater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Underwater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underwater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recreational_diving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreational_diving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Recreational diving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreational_diving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_diving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_diving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Professional diving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_diving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Surface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aquaculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquaculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Aquaculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquaculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Boating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_water_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_water_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Surface water sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_water_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Working" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Working"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Working</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Working-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Survival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.5</span> <span>Survival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rescue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rescue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.6</span> <span>Rescue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rescue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Manufacture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inherent_weaknesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inherent_weaknesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Inherent weaknesses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Inherent_weaknesses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Inherent weaknesses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Inherent_weaknesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seal_damage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seal_damage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Seal damage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seal_damage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zipper_damage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zipper_damage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Zipper damage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zipper_damage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazards_of_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazards_of_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Hazards of use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hazards_of_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hazards of use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hazards_of_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overheating_before_a_dive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overheating_before_a_dive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Overheating before a dive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overheating_before_a_dive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wind_chill_after_a_dive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wind_chill_after_a_dive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Wind chill after a dive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wind_chill_after_a_dive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suit_squeeze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suit_squeeze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Suit squeeze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suit_squeeze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Over-inflation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Over-inflation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Over-inflation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Over-inflation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suit_flooding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suit_flooding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Suit flooding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suit_flooding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decompression_risk_from_loss_of_heat_during_a_dive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decompression_risk_from_loss_of_heat_during_a_dive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Decompression risk from loss of heat during a dive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decompression_risk_from_loss_of_heat_during_a_dive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diving_without_a_buoyancy_compensator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diving_without_a_buoyancy_compensator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Diving without a buoyancy compensator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diving_without_a_buoyancy_compensator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carotid-sinus_reflex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carotid-sinus_reflex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>Carotid-sinus reflex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carotid-sinus_reflex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accidental_body-inversion_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accidental_body-inversion_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.9</span> <span>Accidental body-inversion hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accidental_body-inversion_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Underwater_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underwater_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.9.1</span> <span>Underwater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underwater_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.9.2</span> <span>Surface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_and_later_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_and_later_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>World War II and later 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_and_later_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction_of_the_watertight_zipper_and_variable_volume_dry_suit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_of_the_watertight_zipper_and_variable_volume_dry_suit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Introduction of the watertight zipper and variable volume dry suit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_of_the_watertight_zipper_and_variable_volume_dry_suit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardisation_of_inflation_and_deflation_controls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardisation_of_inflation_and_deflation_controls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Standardisation of inflation and deflation controls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardisation_of_inflation_and_deflation_controls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>21st century developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Dry suit</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_060329-F-3759D-001_U.S._Navy_divers_assigned_to_the_rescue_and_salvage_ship_USS_Safeguard_(ARS_50)_prepare_to_dive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/US_Navy_060329-F-3759D-001_U.S._Navy_divers_assigned_to_the_rescue_and_salvage_ship_USS_Safeguard_%28ARS_50%29_prepare_to_dive.jpg/220px-US_Navy_060329-F-3759D-001_U.S._Navy_divers_assigned_to_the_rescue_and_salvage_ship_USS_Safeguard_%28ARS_50%29_prepare_to_dive.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/US_Navy_060329-F-3759D-001_U.S._Navy_divers_assigned_to_the_rescue_and_salvage_ship_USS_Safeguard_%28ARS_50%29_prepare_to_dive.jpg/330px-US_Navy_060329-F-3759D-001_U.S._Navy_divers_assigned_to_the_rescue_and_salvage_ship_USS_Safeguard_%28ARS_50%29_prepare_to_dive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/US_Navy_060329-F-3759D-001_U.S._Navy_divers_assigned_to_the_rescue_and_salvage_ship_USS_Safeguard_%28ARS_50%29_prepare_to_dive.jpg/440px-US_Navy_060329-F-3759D-001_U.S._Navy_divers_assigned_to_the_rescue_and_salvage_ship_USS_Safeguard_%28ARS_50%29_prepare_to_dive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="706" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">U.S. Navy divers in contamination dry suits preparing to dive</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Uses</th><td class="infobox-data">Environmental protection of <a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">underwater divers</a>, boaters and other people who may be immersed in water.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inventor</th><td class="infobox-data">Augustus Siebe (1837)<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch1">: Ch1 </span></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related items</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">Diving suit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">Wetsuit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Survival_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Survival suit">Survival suit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazmat_suit" title="Hazmat suit">Hazmat suit</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>dry suit</b> or <b>drysuit</b> provides the wearer with environmental protection by way of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">thermal insulation</a> and exclusion of water,<sup id="cite_ref-Piantadosi_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piantadosi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brewster_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brewster-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nishi_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nishi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thalmann_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thalmann-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is worn by <a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">divers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boating" title="Boating">boaters</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_water_sports" title="List of water sports">water sports enthusiasts</a>, and others who work or play in or near cold or contaminated water. A dry suit normally protects the whole body except the head, hands, and possibly the feet. In <a href="/wiki/Hazmat_suit" title="Hazmat suit">hazmat</a> configurations, however, all of these are covered as well.<sup id="cite_ref-High_risk_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_risk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main difference between dry suits and <a href="/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">wetsuits</a> is that dry suits are designed to prevent water from entering. This generally allows better insulation, making them more suitable for use in cold water. Dry suits can be uncomfortably hot in warm or hot air, and are typically more expensive and more complex to don. For divers, they add some degree of operational complexity and hazard as the suit must be inflated and deflated with changes in depth in order to minimize "<a href="#Suit_squeeze">squeeze</a>" on descent or uncontrolled rapid ascent due to excessive buoyancy, which requires additional skills for safe use.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dry suits provide passive thermal protection: Undergarments are worn for thermal insulation against heat transfer to the environment and are chosen to suit expected conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When this is insufficient, active warming or cooling may be provided by chemical or electrically powered heating accessories.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch1">: Ch1 </span></sup> </p><p>The essential components are the waterproof shell, the seals, and the watertight entry closure.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of accessories are commonly fitted, particularly to dry suits used for diving, for safety, comfort and convenience of use. Gas inflation and exhaust equipment are generally used for diving applications, primarily for maintaining the thermal insulation of the undergarments, but also for buoyancy control and to prevent squeeze.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dry suit is a form of <a href="/wiki/Exposure_suit" title="Exposure suit">exposure suit</a>, a garment worn to protect the user from adverse environmental conditions. The two most common purposes are to insulate the wearer against excessive heat loss, and to isolate the wearer from direct contact with a liquid environment during immersion or repeated multi-directional contact with bulk liquids or spray. Most often the liquid is water, usually without significant contaminants, but dry suits also have applications in isolation from hazardous materials and biological contaminants.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-High_risk_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_risk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the insulation function is provided by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Passive_thermal_protection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Passive thermal protection (page does not exist)">passive thermal protection</a> in the form of garments worn under the dry suit, The suit itself has the primary function of keeping the insulating garments dry, and allowing them to be maintained at sufficient <a href="/wiki/Loft_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loft (clothing)">loft</a> to provide adequate insulation by adding dry gas to the interior of the suit and releasing excess gas. Active heating systems may also be used but are less popular.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch2">: Ch2 </span></sup> </p><p>Isolation of the wearer from contact with the environment for purposes other than thermal insulation usually requires the entire surface of the skin to be kept dry and uncontaminated by the ambient environment. This requires that the seal between the breathing apparatus and the suit is also reliably watertight, which is most effectively provided by sealing the suit to a <a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">helmet</a> with <a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)" title="Redundancy (engineering)">redundant</a> series exhaust valves, or a return of exhaled gas to the surface by hose, similar to a <a href="/wiki/Saturation_diving#Gas_reclaim_systems" title="Saturation diving">gas reclaim system</a>, though there are applications where a lesser level of isolation is acceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch3">: Ch3 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-High_risk_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_risk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 109">: 109 </span></sup> </p><p>Dry suits should not leak, but once the suit is sealed, interior humidity rises to 100% and condensation will occur on cold surfaces such as the inside of the suit. A certain amount of dampness is inevitable and common on the inside of the suit after a dive, and is acceptable provided the diver remains warm. Flexing the wrists and large movements of the head may allow water to enter along raised or sunken tendons. This is normal, and to some extent can be avoided or reduced with practice. It can be prevented by attaching the gloves directly to the suit and by sealing the suit to the helmet.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang_2007_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang_2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heat_loss">Heat loss</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Heat loss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_physiology_of_underwater_diving#Exposure" title="Human physiology of underwater diving">Human physiology of underwater diving § Exposure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer#Heat_transfer_in_the_human_body" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer § Heat transfer in the human body</a></div> <p>There are two physiological aspects of heat loss of particular relevance to the diver: <a href="/wiki/Cold_shock_response" title="Cold shock response">Cold shock response</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a>. </p><p>Cold shock response is the <a href="/wiki/Physiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological">physiological</a> response of <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> to sudden cold, especially cold water, and is a common cause of death from immersion in very cold water,<sup id="cite_ref-coldii_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coldii-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as by falling through thin ice. The immediate shock of the cold causes involuntary inhalation, which if underwater can result in drowning. The cold water can also cause heart attack due to vasoconstriction;<sup id="cite_ref-phases_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phases-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the heart has to work harder to pump the same volume of blood throughout the body, and for people with heart disease, this additional workload can cause the heart to go into arrest. This effect is prevented or mitigated by almost any dry suit, as the cold water is kept from direct contact with most of the body and the immediate heat loss is reduced considerably. A person who survives the initial minute of trauma after falling into icy water can survive for at least thirty minutes before succumbing to hypothermia provided they don't drown. However, the ability to perform useful work like staying afloat declines substantially after ten minutes as the body protectively cuts off blood flow to "non-essential" muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-coldii_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coldii-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a> is reduced body temperature that happens when a body dissipates more heat than it absorbs and produces,<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is a major limitation to swimming or diving in cold water.<sup id="cite_ref-Sterba_1990_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sterba_1990-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reduction in finger dexterity due to pain or numbness decreases general safety and work capacity, which consequently increases the risk of other injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Sterba_1990_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sterba_1990-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cheung_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cheung-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Body heat is lost much more quickly in water than in air, so water temperatures that would be quite reasonable as outdoor air temperatures can lead to hypothermia in inadequately protected divers, although it is not often the direct clinical cause of death.<sup id="cite_ref-Sterba_1990_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sterba_1990-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effectiveness of a dry suit in preventing or delaying hypothermia depends on its insulating value.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two major routes for heat loss. Respiratory and through the skin. The mechanisms of respiratory heat loss are heating the inspired gas and humidifying the inspired gas by latent heat of evaporation. While they are major factors in diver compfort and safety, these are not influenced by the use of a dry suit. The loss of heat through the skin by radiation, conduction, and convection is the aspect which can be controlled by an exposure suit, and the one for which dry suits are effective and appropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-Neves_and_Thomas_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neves_and_Thomas-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Skin will heat up gas and clothing inside a dry suit by radiation and conduction. Convection will transport heated gas within the suit, and may take it to places where it may be transferred through the suit shell more rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-Neves_and_Thomas_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neves_and_Thomas-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer_by_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat transfer by radiation">Heat transfer by radiation</a> occurs through a medium that is transparent to infrared radiation of the relevant wavelengths. This is mostly the gas, and the radiation paths are short, multiple, and with small temperature differences, so the effects are relatively small. <a href="/wiki/Heat_conduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat conduction">Heat conduction</a> is kinetic energy transfer by molecular or atomic collision. It has the more important role in heat transfer through a diving suit. Conduction occurs between the diver's skin and the gas and suit materials in contact with it, and through these materials to the shell, through the shell to the surrounding water, where it is rapidly removed by convection. Conduction heat loss is strongly influenced by thermal conductivity of the gas in the suit.<sup id="cite_ref-Neves_and_Thomas_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neves_and_Thomas-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Convective_heat_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Convective heat transfer">Convective heat transfer</a> is the consequence of movement of heat carried by a gas or liquid from one place to another, where conduction can occur. It can considerably speed up heat transfer, so thermal protection of the undersuit is improved when it limits convection of the gas within the suit. Convective heat transfer in the suit is strongly influenced by the freedom of the gas in the suit to move around, which is increased when there are large gas spaces, and reduced when the gas is constrained by the loft of the fabric. There is also heat transfer within the suit by evaporation of moisture in contact with the skin, and condensation on the inner surface of the shell. This is reduced by wicking it away from the skin before it evaporates, and preventing condensate on the inside of the shell from wetting the inner layer of the undersuit.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Essential_components">Essential components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Essential components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viking_pro_1000_drysuit_with_magnum_hood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Viking_pro_1000_drysuit_with_magnum_hood.jpg/150px-Viking_pro_1000_drysuit_with_magnum_hood.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Viking_pro_1000_drysuit_with_magnum_hood.jpg/225px-Viking_pro_1000_drysuit_with_magnum_hood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Viking_pro_1000_drysuit_with_magnum_hood.jpg/300px-Viking_pro_1000_drysuit_with_magnum_hood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Rubber on two way stretch knit fabric has an external surface that is relatively easy to decontaminate<sup id="cite_ref-Viking_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viking-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-High_risk_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_risk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p76">: p76 </span></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The essential components include a shell of watertight material, sufficiently flexible to allow the wearer to function adequately, seals where parts of the body pass through the suit while in use, and a method of sealing the access opening while the suit is worn. An inflation valve with gas supply and dump valve are generally provided on dry suits used for diving, but were not standard on early models, and are not needed when the suit is sealed to the helmet and the helmet space is open to the interior of the suit, or for suits only used for surface activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shell">Shell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Shell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main part of the dry suit is a waterproof shell made from a membrane type material, closed cell foamed <a href="/wiki/Neoprene" title="Neoprene">neoprene</a> or a hybrid of both. Insulation may be provided in part by the suit shell, but is usually mainly provided by thermal insulation clothing worn under the suit, which relies to a large extent on trapped air for its insulating properties.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Membrane">Membrane</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Membrane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plongee_CombinaisonsEtanchesDansLaGlace-199912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Plongee_CombinaisonsEtanchesDansLaGlace-199912.jpg/220px-Plongee_CombinaisonsEtanchesDansLaGlace-199912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Plongee_CombinaisonsEtanchesDansLaGlace-199912.jpg/330px-Plongee_CombinaisonsEtanchesDansLaGlace-199912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Plongee_CombinaisonsEtanchesDansLaGlace-199912.jpg/440px-Plongee_CombinaisonsEtanchesDansLaGlace-199912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Membrane drysuit in icy water</figcaption></figure> <p>Membrane dry suits are made from thin materials which have little thermal insulation. They are commonly made of <a href="/wiki/Stockinette" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockinette">stockinette</a> fabric coated with <a href="/wiki/Vulcanization" title="Vulcanization">vulcanized rubber</a>, laminated layers of <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Butyl_rubber" title="Butyl rubber">butyl rubber</a> known as <span title="See entry on this page at § trilaminate" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed #86a1ff; color:initial;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology:_T%E2%80%93Z#trilaminate" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology: T–Z">trilaminate</a></span>, or <a href="/wiki/Cordura" title="Cordura">Cordura</a> proofed with an inner layer of <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethane</a>. With the exception of the rubber-coated stockinette, membrane dry suits typically do not stretch, so they need to be made slightly oversized and baggy to allow flexibility at the joints through the wearer's range of motion and to allow the hands and feet to pass through without difficulty. This makes membrane dry suits easy to put on and take off, provides a good range of motion for the wearer when correctly sized and sufficiently inflated, and makes them relatively comfortable to wear for long periods out of the water compared to a wetsuit or close-fitting <a href="/wiki/Neoprene" title="Neoprene">neoprene</a> dry suit, as the wearer does not have to pull against rubber <a href="/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)" title="Elasticity (physics)">elasticity</a> to move or keep joints flexed.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch4">: Ch4 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ange_2020_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ange_2020-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To stay warm in a membrane suit, the user must wear a thermally insulating undersuit, typically made from synthetic fiber, which is considered preferable to natural materials, since synthetic materials have better insulating properties when damp or wet from <a href="/wiki/Perspiration" title="Perspiration">sweat</a>, seepage, or a leak. A low capacity for water absorption, retention of loft under mild compression, and quick drying after use are also desirable characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 73">: 73 </span></sup> </p><p>Reasonable care must be taken not to puncture or tear membrane dry suits, because buoyancy and insulation depend entirely on the air layer held in the undersuit, (whereas a wetsuit normally allows water to enter, and retains its insulation despite it). The dry suit material offers essentially no buoyancy or insulation itself, so if the dry suit leaks or is torn, water can soak the undersuit, with a corresponding loss of buoyancy and insulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 73">: 73 </span></sup> </p><p>Membrane dry suits for surface use may also be made of a waterproof but breathable material like <a href="/wiki/Gore-Tex" title="Gore-Tex">Gore-Tex</a> to enable comfortable wear without excessive humidity and buildup of condensation. This function does not work underwater. <a href="/wiki/Sailor" title="Sailor">Sailors</a> and boaters who intend to stay out of the water may prefer this type of suit, but the fabric is less tolerant of rough usage, and may develop leaks more easily.<sup id="cite_ref-Kokatat_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kokatat-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Membrane suits rely entirely on thermal undergarments for thermal insulation. The thermal undergarments rely on large volumes of trapped air for insulation, and any excess air trapped within the suit is not well constrained from migrating to the high points of the suit when diving. The loose fit necessary to allow reasonable freedom of movement and to make it possible to get in and out of the suit creates baggy air pockets where trapped air accumulates if it is not vented immediately, and some of these air pockets form in the parts of the suit where they are least easily vented by a diver trimmed for efficient horizontal swimming. This combination makes it necessary for the diver to be more vigilant and increases task loading in buoyancy control, and thereby increases risk of overinflation incidents and uncontrolled ascents. These risks are reduced by use of a suit which has the minimum excess volume, which in most cases requires precise custom fitting.<sup id="cite_ref-Ange_2020_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ange_2020-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large and baggy <a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard diving suit">standard diving suits</a> had the option of lacing up the back of the legs to reduce suit volume in the place where it was most hazardous,<sup id="cite_ref-USN_1943_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN_1943-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USN_training_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN_training-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this feature is not available on more recent suits, and the nearest functional substitute is <a href="/wiki/Gaiters_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaiters (diving)">gaiters</a> over the lower legs. Bagginess in the torso and arms is less problematic as excess gas in these areas is much easier to vent, and will usually do so automatically if the dump valve is set correctly.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 45, 87">: 45, 87 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neoprene">Neoprene</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Neoprene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diving_suit_neoprene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Diving_suit_neoprene.jpg/220px-Diving_suit_neoprene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Diving_suit_neoprene.jpg/330px-Diving_suit_neoprene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Diving_suit_neoprene.jpg/440px-Diving_suit_neoprene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The neck seal, the zip, the inflator, a wrist seal, and the manual cuff vent of a <a href="/wiki/Neoprene" title="Neoprene">neoprene</a> dry suit</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Neoprene" title="Neoprene">Neoprene</a> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">synthetic rubber</a> which can be foamed during manufacture to a high proportion of tiny enclosed gas bubbles, forming a buoyant and thermally-insulating material, called "foamed neoprene", "foam-neoprene" or "expanded neoprene". Wetsuits are made from this material as it is a good insulator, waterproof, and is flexible enough for comfortable wear. The neoprene alone is very flexible and elastic, but not very resistant to tearing, so it is usually skinned with a layer of <a href="/wiki/Knitted_fabric" title="Knitted fabric">knitted fabric</a> bonded to each side for strength and abrasion resistance. Foamed neoprene may be used for the shell of a drysuit, providing insulation in proportion to the thickness due to the gas within the material, as in a standard wetsuit. If torn or punctured, leading to flooding, a foam-neoprene suit retains the insulation and buoyancy of the gas bubbles in the foam, like a wet suit. Although foamed-neoprene dry suits provide some insulation, thermal under-suits are usually worn in cold water.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55">: 55 </span></sup> </p><p>Neoprene dry suits are generally not as easy to put on and remove as are membrane dry suits, largely due to a closer fit which is possible due to the inherent elasticity of the material, and partly due to greater weight. As with wetsuits, their buoyancy and thermal protection decreases with depth as the air bubbles in the neoprene are compressed. The air or other gas in the dry fabric undergarments providing insulation under a dry suit is also compressed, but can be restored to an effective volume by inflating the drysuit at depth through an inflator valve, thus preventing "suit squeeze" and compacting of the air-filled undersuit. Foam-neoprene tends to shrink over the years as it loses gas from the foam and slowly becomes less flexible as it ages.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56">: 56 </span></sup> </p><p>An alternative is crushed or compressed foam neoprene, which is less susceptible to volume changes when under pressure. Crushed neoprene is foam neoprene which has been hydrostatically compressed so much that the gas bubbles have been mostly eliminated, this retains the elasticity of foamed neoprene which allows freedom of movement, but does not provide much insulation, and is functionally more like a membrane suit.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 57">: 57 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hybrid">Hybrid</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hybrid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some suits marketed as hybrid suits combine the features of both types, with a membrane top attached to a neoprene bottom near the waist.<sup id="cite_ref-DUI_50/50_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DUI_50/50-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33">: 33 </span></sup> The neoprene part may also be configured as a "farmer-john" salopette that covers the torso as well as the legs, with membrane sleeves. This style is often used for surface water sports, especially in very cold water. The tighter fitting lower part lets the wearer kick while swimming, and the looser fitting top allows easy arm movement. A close-fitting neoprene torso covering provides additional self-rescue or survival time if the suit leaks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other manufacturers such as "Waterproof", use the term to refer to a membrane suit with a fitted liner of a relatively compression resistant porous 3-dimensional mesh, which creates a thin but resilient air space between the suit shell and the diver.<sup id="cite_ref-Leisurepro_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leisurepro-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Waterproof_D1_Hybrid_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterproof_D1_Hybrid-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seals">Seals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Seals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silicone_neck_seal_with_clamping_ring_-_inside_P8170011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Silicone_neck_seal_with_clamping_ring_-_inside_P8170011.jpg/220px-Silicone_neck_seal_with_clamping_ring_-_inside_P8170011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Silicone_neck_seal_with_clamping_ring_-_inside_P8170011.jpg/330px-Silicone_neck_seal_with_clamping_ring_-_inside_P8170011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Silicone_neck_seal_with_clamping_ring_-_inside_P8170011.jpg/440px-Silicone_neck_seal_with_clamping_ring_-_inside_P8170011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Silicone neck seal attached with clamping ring - view inside the suit</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silocone_cuff_seals_with_clip-on_clamping_rings_P8110005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Silocone_cuff_seals_with_clip-on_clamping_rings_P8110005.jpg/220px-Silocone_cuff_seals_with_clip-on_clamping_rings_P8110005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Silocone_cuff_seals_with_clip-on_clamping_rings_P8110005.jpg/330px-Silocone_cuff_seals_with_clip-on_clamping_rings_P8110005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Silocone_cuff_seals_with_clip-on_clamping_rings_P8110005.jpg/440px-Silocone_cuff_seals_with_clip-on_clamping_rings_P8110005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Silicone dry suit cuff seals with clip-on clamping rings: above - assembled, below - components</figcaption></figure> <p>Seals, also known as gaskets,<sup id="cite_ref-Homeland_Security_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homeland_Security-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the wrists and neck prevent water entering the suit by a close contact fit against the skin around the wrists and neck. The seals are not absolutely watertight, however, and the wearer may experience some seepage during use. The seals are typically made from <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a> <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a>, foam <a href="/wiki/Neoprene" title="Neoprene">neoprene</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch4">: Ch4 </span></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Silicone_rubber" title="Silicone rubber">silicone rubber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Long_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">Latex</a> seals are supple but easily damaged and deteriorate with exposure to oils, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, and other materials, so they must be washed after use and replaced periodically, every two years or more often. Latex also causes an <a href="/wiki/Latex_allergy" title="Latex allergy">allergic</a> reaction in some users. Neoprene seals last longer and are non-allergenic, but, being less elastic, let more water enter because they do not seal as effectively as latex seals to the contours of wrist and neck. They are also typically glued and sewn together to form a tube, and may leak along that seam.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch4">: Ch4 </span></sup> </p><p>A more recent innovation is the <a href="/wiki/Silicone" title="Silicone">silicone</a> seal, which is claimed to be as supple as latex, more flexible, yet far more durable. These are available as original equipment on some makes of dry suit. Silicone seals are <a href="/wiki/Hypoallergenic" title="Hypoallergenic">hypoallergenic</a>, but can not be glued to the suit, and must be attached using clip-on rings. The silicone seals are similar in mechanical strength to latex seals but do not deteriorate as rapidly from <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidation</a> and chemical attack. They are initially relatively expensive, but can be replaced without tools by the user which reduces cost of replacement.<sup id="cite_ref-Long_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Waterproof_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterproof-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waterproof_entry">Waterproof entry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Waterproof entry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dry_suit_shoulder-entry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Dry_suit_shoulder-entry.jpg/220px-Dry_suit_shoulder-entry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Dry_suit_shoulder-entry.jpg/330px-Dry_suit_shoulder-entry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Dry_suit_shoulder-entry.jpg/440px-Dry_suit_shoulder-entry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Shoulder (rear entry) zipper</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dry_suit_front-entry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Dry_suit_front-entry.jpg/220px-Dry_suit_front-entry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Dry_suit_front-entry.jpg/330px-Dry_suit_front-entry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Dry_suit_front-entry.jpg/440px-Dry_suit_front-entry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Front entry zipper</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plastic_watertight_drysuit_zipper_tooth_and_seal_edge_detail_P8110020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Plastic_watertight_drysuit_zipper_tooth_and_seal_edge_detail_P8110020.jpg/220px-Plastic_watertight_drysuit_zipper_tooth_and_seal_edge_detail_P8110020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Plastic_watertight_drysuit_zipper_tooth_and_seal_edge_detail_P8110020.jpg/330px-Plastic_watertight_drysuit_zipper_tooth_and_seal_edge_detail_P8110020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Plastic_watertight_drysuit_zipper_tooth_and_seal_edge_detail_P8110020.jpg/440px-Plastic_watertight_drysuit_zipper_tooth_and_seal_edge_detail_P8110020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Plastic watertight dry suit zipper: tooth and seal edge detail - the watertight seal is made by pressing together the continuous ridge along the middle of the teeth when the zipper is closed.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plastic_watertight_drysuit_zipper_closed_teeth_detail_P8110024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Plastic_watertight_drysuit_zipper_closed_teeth_detail_P8110024.jpg/220px-Plastic_watertight_drysuit_zipper_closed_teeth_detail_P8110024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Plastic_watertight_drysuit_zipper_closed_teeth_detail_P8110024.jpg/330px-Plastic_watertight_drysuit_zipper_closed_teeth_detail_P8110024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Plastic_watertight_drysuit_zipper_closed_teeth_detail_P8110024.jpg/440px-Plastic_watertight_drysuit_zipper_closed_teeth_detail_P8110024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Watertight and airtight dry suit zipper made by <a href="/w/index.php?title=TIZIP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TIZIP (page does not exist)">TIZIP</a>, Germany: Detail of closed teeth showing interlock above and (not visible) below the seal edge.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WP_zip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/WP_zip.jpg/220px-WP_zip.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/WP_zip.jpg/330px-WP_zip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/WP_zip.jpg/440px-WP_zip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Waterproof zipper installed on a membrane type dry suit</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern dry suits have a watertight <a href="/wiki/Zipper" title="Zipper">zipper</a> for entry and exit. The original bronze-toothed version was developed by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> to hold air inside <a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">space suits</a>. This complex and special zipper is one of the most expensive parts of the suit. Heavy-duty, medium, and lightweight versions are made.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch4">: Ch4 </span></sup> A later design uses injection moulded plastic teeth, and these are lighter, more flexible and less costly.<sup id="cite_ref-Tizip_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tizip-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The zipper is commonly installed across the back of the shoulders, since this placement compromises overall flexibility the least, and usually puts the least stress on the zipper — but this design normally means the wearer requires assistance to close and open the zipper. The other common zipper placement is diagonally across the front of the torso, which allows self-donning.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 59">: 59 </span></sup> Other designs place the zipper straight down the middle of the back (early <i>Poseidon Unisuit</i>), up one side of the front, around the back of the neck and partway back down the front (later model <i>Poseidon Unisuit</i><sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50">: 50 </span></sup>) or on a wide tubular chest tunnel entry opening which is folded down and clipped round the waist after sealing the zip (some <i>Typhoon</i> suits). The waterproof-zipper is stiff, and cannot stretch at all, which can make it difficult for a user to get into and out of the suit.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup> Dry suits may also be fitted with an extra waterproof "fly", "relief" or "convenience" zipper to let the user urinate when out of the water when the suit is worn for long periods.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 85">: 85 </span></sup> </p><p>Before truly watertight zippers were invented, other methods of keeping the suit waterproof at the entry point were used, with the most common being a long rubber tunnel entry on the chest or the back, which would be folded shut, then rolled together from the sides and finally folded and clamped with a metal clip or tied with surgical rubber tubing. Sometimes the entry tunnel protruded through a non-watertight zipper, which would be closed over it to hold the roll in place in the pocket so formed.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup> </p><p>The alternatives to tunnel entry were neck entry and the two-piece suit. Neck entry suits were sealed by overlapping the neck opening and the hood over a grooved neck ring, and clamping with a large elastic O-ring. The two piece, or waist entry suits, were sealed by rolling or folding the overlapped rubber skirts of the jacket and trousers together and these were held in place by a separate rubber cummerbund or a ring and rail clamping system much like the neck seal system, but using a grooved rubber belt and elastic loop.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch1">: Ch1 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accessories">Accessories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Accessories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermal_undersuits">Thermal undersuits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Thermal undersuits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Clothing_insulation" title="Clothing insulation">Clothing insulation</a></div> <p>Most dry suits do not provide sufficient thermal insulation without suitable undergarments. The type of undergarment selected will depend on the environmental conditions, type of dry suit and the planned activity. The purpose of the undergarment is to maintain the wearer in <a href="/wiki/Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">comfortable thermal balance</a>, where the heat lost is balanced by the heat generated by the user. More insulation is needed for colder conditions and for less energetic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch2">: Ch2 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Man_in_the_Sea_V1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man_in_the_Sea_V1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A balance of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">thermal comfort</a> with freedom of movement, minimal variation in buoyancy with depth, and minimal effects on <a href="/wiki/Diver_trim" title="Diver trim">diver trim</a> is one of the goals of undersuit selection for diving.<sup id="cite_ref-Man_in_the_Sea_V1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man_in_the_Sea_V1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For surface applications, thermal comfort with freedom of movement and minimum skin dampness from condensation is the target. <a href="/wiki/Moisture_management" title="Moisture management">Moisture management</a> using wicking textiles is often used. </p><p>The principle of <a href="/wiki/Layered_clothing" title="Layered clothing">layered clothing</a> can be used to provide a wider range of insulation possibilities from a relatively small range of underwear items, however this can only be done before entering the water. Most dry suit underwear insulates mainly by a trapped layer of gas in the garment, and this is largely lost if the gas is replaced by water in a flooded suit, so as an approximation, insulation is proportional to the combined thickness of the undergarments. The layering principle shows that the option of two layers of undergarment in two thicknesses allows three levels of insulation to be selected. Thin only, thick only, and both layers.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch2">: Ch2 </span></sup> </p><p>Some materials have better insulating properties than others when wet, and will keep the diver warmer if the suit leaks or floods. The best dry suit undergarment is the thinnest material that will provide the required insulation, by trapping air in the smallest spaces. These will require less air in the suit and thus less excess buoyancy for which weighting will be required.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch2">: Ch2 </span></sup> </p><p>The moisture given off by the human skin, even when not exercising and sweating, will condense against the inside of the dry suit, and the way this condensate is handled by the underwear material will influence the comfort of the diver. If the underwear soaks up this moisture it will feel cold and clammy, particularly if this layer is against the skin. Materials which wick the moisture away from the skin and do not soak up the condensate will be more comfortable.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A thin polypropylene layer against the skin will keep moisture away from the skin, and may keep the main undersuit clean.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang_2007_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang_2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early thermal undersuits for drysuits were commonly made from wool, as it retains its insulating properties better when wet than most other natural fibres.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang_and_Sayer_2007_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang_and_Sayer_2007-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch2">: Ch2 </span></sup> </p><p>The fit of the underwear should allow the same range of movement as the suit itself, and together should allow the wearer to bend, <a href="/wiki/Squatting_position" title="Squatting position">squat</a>, kneel, climb a ladder, fin and reach all critical parts of equipment worn on the body. Underwear which is flexible and stretches, particularly at the joints, will allow the diver more freedom of movement, and is less likely to chafe, and for diving use, materials which resist compaction under light pressure will maintain a more even thickness in use, which will provide better insulation for the same overall volume.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 76">: 76 </span></sup> </p><p>For cold-water use, especially diving under ice, the user will usually wear a thick undersuit. The thickness of undersuits varies and can be chosen by the wearer according to the water temperature. <a href="/wiki/Thinsulate" title="Thinsulate">Thinsulate</a> is one of the preferred fabrics for diving undersuits.<sup id="cite_ref-Audet_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Audet-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sterba_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sterba-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hydrophobic qualities of Thinsulate help prevent water absorption which helps to maintain the insulating airspace even in the presence of free water.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, <a href="/wiki/Aerogel" title="Aerogel">aerogel</a> material is being added to conventional undergarments to increase the insulating properties of those garments.<sup id="cite_ref-Nuckols_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nuckols-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Polar_fleece" title="Polar fleece">Polar fleece</a> is a good insulator with good stretch, is lightweight, and dries quickly if it gets wet. It is also hypoallergenic and comfortable against the skin. Polyester liners can add to the insulation and will wick perspiration away from the skin. <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a> absorbs moisture and saturates easily, and will then rapidly conduct heat away from the body, so it is not used. Most dry-suit underwear is full length, either as a one piece or jacket and trousers, but a vest may be added for extra insulation on the torso, and a "Farmer John" <a href="/wiki/Salopettes" class="mw-redirect" title="Salopettes">salopette</a> style trousers with jacket is flexible and puts extra insulation where it is most useful.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterproof_dry_suit_liner_connection_to_suit_IMG_20210516_081102.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Waterproof_dry_suit_liner_connection_to_suit_IMG_20210516_081102.jpg/220px-Waterproof_dry_suit_liner_connection_to_suit_IMG_20210516_081102.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Waterproof_dry_suit_liner_connection_to_suit_IMG_20210516_081102.jpg/330px-Waterproof_dry_suit_liner_connection_to_suit_IMG_20210516_081102.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Waterproof_dry_suit_liner_connection_to_suit_IMG_20210516_081102.jpg/440px-Waterproof_dry_suit_liner_connection_to_suit_IMG_20210516_081102.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Mesh dry suit liner attachment to inside of suit</figcaption></figure> <p>The dry suit manufacturer "Waterproof" has introduced an unusual style of suit liner for diving drysuits which is made of a compression resistant but light and flexible coarse nylon mesh, and attached to the inside of the trilaminate drysuit shell when in use, which maintains an air gap between the undersuit and the inner surface of the shell, and which keeps condensate that forms on the inside of the shell from contact with the undersuit, so the undersuit is more likely to remain dry.<sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neoprene dry suits are made from a foam-rubber sheet containing tiny air bubbles, which provide insulation by themselves, and can eliminate the need for an under-suit, or reduce the thickness needed for the under-suit fabric, but the bubbles in the neoprene are compressed and the insulation of the suit decreases with depth in the same way as for a wetsuit.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55">: 55 </span></sup> Crushed neoprene provides the flexibility of neoprene with the consistent buoyancy and insulation of membrane suits, but is heavy like other neoprene suits and provides less insulation in shallow water than regular foamed neoprene.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 57">: 57 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ange_2020_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ange_2020-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A neoprene wet suit can also be worn under a membrane dry suit for insulation and extra protection against condensation and leaks, but it will compress with depth, as will any flexible closed cell material. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suspenders">Suspenders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Suspenders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some dry suits are provided with internally attached suspenders (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>: braces), which when hooked over the shoulders, will hold the trouser section up while the top part of the suit has not been fully dressed into by the diver, this is also convenient if the suit is partly removed between dives for comfort. The suspenders also help to keep the trousers fully lifted if the torso of a membrane suit is a little long to provide enough space for the diver to bend the torso comfortably when in use. If the crotch hangs too low it encumbers the legs when finning, and increases the risk of the feet pulling out of the boots in an inversion.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch4">: Ch4 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hoods">Hoods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hoods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dry suit may also have an integral <a href="/wiki/Hood_(headgear)" title="Hood (headgear)">hood</a>, which seals water out around the wearer's face, and helps keep the wearer's head warm. The integral hood is often latex rubber that fits tightly around the head, but can also be made mainly from neoprene or membrane to allow an insulating cap to be worn under the hood. Care must be taken to avoid the hood making an airtight seal around either of the ears, as this could cause an <a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">eardrum bursting</a> outwards at depth.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 106">: 106 </span></sup> Separate hoods are generally neoprene wetsuit hoods with a flare at the bottom opening, worn over the neck seal. Some suits are made with an external "warm neck collar" around the base of the neck seal, which allows the flare of the hood to tuck in over the outside of the seal and under the collar. This can keep the neck significantly warmer, since the seal itself provides little insulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch9">: Ch9 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Helmets">Helmets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Helmets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To provide more protection to the head against impact, to secure the airway, to fully isolate the diver from the water, and to permit easy communication with the surface and between divers, a rigid metal or <a href="/wiki/Fibre-reinforced_plastic" title="Fibre-reinforced plastic">fibre-reinforced plastic</a> <a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">diving helmet</a> may be worn with the dry suit. This can be separate from the dry suit with its own watertight neck seal, or it can be clamped onto a neck ring attached to the suit, so that air can flow between the helmet and the suit.<sup id="cite_ref-High_risk_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_risk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boots_or_socks">Boots or socks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Boots or socks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most commercial diving dry suits have heavy duty integral <a href="/wiki/Boot" title="Boot">boots</a>. Sport diving suits may have lightweight integral boots or soft neoprene <a href="/wiki/Wetsuit_boot" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetsuit boot">booties</a>. <span title="See entry on this page at § Rock boots" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed #86a1ff; color:initial;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology:_P%E2%80%93S#Rock_boots" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology: P–S">Rock boots</a></span> or heavy working boots may also be worn over integral socks of latex or neoprene or the same material as the rest of the suit. Boots which are stiff at the ankle make finning inefficient and are unsuitable for many diving applications where mobility is important. If the suit will be used by a diver who needs to fin efficiently on some dives and to walk on sharp surfaces on other dives, it is more effective to wear boots suited to the dive over a dry suit with integral socks.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup> </p><p>Latex rubber ankle seals are sometimes fitted in place of socks and can allow better foot control of <a href="/wiki/Water_ski" class="mw-redirect" title="Water ski">water skis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surfboard" title="Surfboard">surfboards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55">: 55 </span></sup> Survival suits may have neoprene socks of the same material as the suit, with tougher soles and ankle ties to keep them on the feet, as the "one-size fits all" socks must be too big for most users if they are to accommodate the few with larger feet.<sup id="cite_ref-mustangsurvival_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mustangsurvival-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mustangusermanual_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mustangusermanual-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gloves,_mitts,_and_three-finger_mitts"><span id="Gloves.2C_mitts.2C_and_three-finger_mitts"></span>Gloves, mitts, and three-finger mitts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gloves, mitts, and three-finger mitts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trockenhandschuh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Trockenhandschuh.jpg/220px-Trockenhandschuh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Trockenhandschuh.jpg/330px-Trockenhandschuh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Trockenhandschuh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption>Dry glove with attachment ring and liner</figcaption></figure> <p>Dry suits may have wrist seals, permanently attached gloves or mitts, or removable dry gloves connected by attachment rings.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 84">: 84 </span></sup> </p><p>Neoprene wetsuit gloves are pulled over the top of wrist seals. They are wet gloves and vary considerably in effectiveness depending on construction and fit. As they are not watertight they do not fail catastrophically when damaged, and are reasonably tough.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang_2007_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang_2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Permanently attached gloves or mitts are unusual, It is more common for them to be connected by attachment rings. Either way, the absence of a wrist seal makes getting in and out of the suit much easier since there is no need for the suit to tightly seal around the wrists. It may be necessary to use a wrist strap to prevent loose gloves pulling off the hands when filled with air. Dry gloves can also be fitted over a wrist seal, which prevents leakage into the sleeves if the gloves are penetrated.<sup id="cite_ref-High_risk_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_risk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 81">: 81 </span></sup> Rubber or rubber coated stretch fabric dry gloves are the most effective at insulation while they remain dry inside, Insulation is provided by liner gloves worn underneath, which may be chosen to suit insulation and dexterity requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang_2007_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang_2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Full-hand diving mitts can be sometimes useful in extreme environments such as ice diving, but significantly reduce dexterity and grip.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 84">: 84 </span></sup> Dry gloves and mitts usually allow a dry insulating glove to be worn underneath.<sup id="cite_ref-High_risk_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_risk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 82">: 82 </span></sup> </p><p>Three-finger mitts are a compromise between gloves and full mittens. In the three-finger mitts, the fingers are arranged with the index finger in a separate pocket to the other three fingers. This provides slightly better hand-grasping dexterity while still permitting heavy <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">insulation</a> around the hands.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 84">: 84 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attachment_rings">Attachment rings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Attachment rings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dry_suit_latex_seals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dry_suit_latex_seals.jpg/220px-Dry_suit_latex_seals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dry_suit_latex_seals.jpg/330px-Dry_suit_latex_seals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dry_suit_latex_seals.jpg/440px-Dry_suit_latex_seals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Dry suits with latex seals; Top: quick-change seal (Viking ring); Bottom: glued seal.</figcaption></figure> <p>Attachment rings allow separate neck seals, gloves, and (less commonly) boots to be clipped to the suit with a watertight seal. On both commercial and recreational suits, "quick-change" rings have become common. These are glued to the suit, either during manufacture or as a retrofit. These systems form a watertight seal between the suit and components. Quick-change rings allow a diver to easily replace a damaged seal on the surface with no tools or adhesives, or to change attachments depending on conditions – for example, choosing between dry gloves and standard wrist seals. Different manufacturers' ring systems may be incompatible.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41">: 41 </span></sup> </p><p>Some styles of cuff ring allow dry gloves to be clipped on over a wrist seal. A seal breaker strand is worn under the cuff seal to allow the interior of the glove to equalise with the sleeve of the dry suit. If the glove is damaged underwater, the strand can be removed to prevent further water leakage into the suit.<sup id="cite_ref-SI_tech_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI_tech-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suit_inflation">Suit inflation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Suit inflation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dry_suit_inflation_valve_P8170013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Dry_suit_inflation_valve_P8170013.jpg/220px-Dry_suit_inflation_valve_P8170013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Dry_suit_inflation_valve_P8170013.jpg/330px-Dry_suit_inflation_valve_P8170013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Dry_suit_inflation_valve_P8170013.jpg/440px-Dry_suit_inflation_valve_P8170013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Inflation valve on neoprene suit</figcaption></figure> <p>Dry suits for diving are usually equipped with an inflation valve (or inlet valve) and at least one exhaust valve (or dump valve, or outlet valve).<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch5">: Ch5 </span></sup> Survival suits and other dry suits designed for wear on the surface have no inflation or dump valves as suit squeeze and achieving neutral buoyancy are not relevant.The inflation valve allows the diver to compensate for gas compression in the suit on descent. Suit gas compression squeezes the suit uncomfortably onto the diver's body, especially where the suit folds, it hinders the diver's freedom of movement, reduces thermal insulation through compression of insulating garments and interferes with buoyancy control.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch5">: Ch5 </span></sup> Environmentally sealed suits, which are sealed to the helmet, automatically equalise from the breathing gas, and will also inflate from the breathing gas if inverted.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch3">: Ch3 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suit_inflation_gas_supply">Suit inflation gas supply</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Suit inflation gas supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Submersible_argon_cylinder_for_dry_suit_inflation_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Submersible_argon_cylinder_for_dry_suit_inflation_1.jpg/220px-Submersible_argon_cylinder_for_dry_suit_inflation_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Submersible_argon_cylinder_for_dry_suit_inflation_1.jpg/330px-Submersible_argon_cylinder_for_dry_suit_inflation_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Submersible_argon_cylinder_for_dry_suit_inflation_1.jpg/440px-Submersible_argon_cylinder_for_dry_suit_inflation_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Aluminium cylinder and valve intended for argon at a maximum pressure of 139 bar to be used for the inflation of a dry suit while scuba diving</figcaption></figure> <p>Compensating gas is supplied from a breathing gas <a href="/wiki/Diving_cylinder" title="Diving cylinder">cylinder</a>, a small, dedicated suit inflation cylinder, or the umbilical of a surface-supplied diver. Normally, the gas used for dry suit inflation on scuba is air from the primary breathing cylinder. <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">gas mixes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Trimix_(breathing_gas)" title="Trimix (breathing gas)">trimix</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heliox" title="Heliox">heliox</a> are avoided for suit inflation because of helium's high <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_and_Neuman_2003_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_and_Neuman_2003-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nitrox blends from a <a href="/wiki/Decompression_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression stop">decompression cylinder</a> have essentially the same thermal conductivity as air but oxygen rich mixes introduce a fire hazard when out of the water. Using a small (1-2 litre), dedicated cylinder for suit inflation avoids these complications; usually this will contain air but <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> may be used instead. Argon has a low thermal conductivity, which improves insulation by approximately 20% compared to air,<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24">: 24 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Neves_and_Thomas_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neves_and_Thomas-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lang_2007_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang_2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> without adding any further bulk or weight. However, the accidental breathing of pure argon results in rapid unconsciousness and probable death. Consequently, argon cylinders must be clearly marked to prevent the accidental attachment of a breathing regulator or have valves that cannot accept a breathing regulator. To gain the full benefit of argon the suit must be flushed with argon before the dive to remove the air.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE2008_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE2008-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-argon_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-argon-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inflation_valve">Inflation valve</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Inflation valve"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An inflation valve is fitted to diving dry suits to admit gas to compensate for compression during descent. This is not necessary when the suit is sealed directly to a diving helmet, as the demand valve will automatically feed gas into the suit if the internal pressure difference drops. The spring-loaded push-button inflation valve is usually mounted over the chest for easy access, and is manually operated by the diver during descent to maintain the loft of the undergarments for insulation and to prevent discomfort from suit squeeze. Descent rate may also be adjusted by controlling suit volume and thereby buoyancy. Gas is supplied to the valve through a low-pressure hose, which can be connected and disconnected under pressure and underwater. Like the dump valves, most dry suits use inflation valves made by Apeks or SI Tech.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch5">: Ch5 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inflation_hose">Inflation hose</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Inflation hose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seatec_quick_disconnect_end_fitting_P8180016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Seatec_quick_disconnect_end_fitting_P8180016.jpg/220px-Seatec_quick_disconnect_end_fitting_P8180016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Seatec_quick_disconnect_end_fitting_P8180016.jpg/330px-Seatec_quick_disconnect_end_fitting_P8180016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Seatec_quick_disconnect_end_fitting_P8180016.jpg/440px-Seatec_quick_disconnect_end_fitting_P8180016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Seatec quick disconnect end fitting commonly used for most dry-suit and buoyancy compensator inflation</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Low_pressure_air_hose_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a2/Low_pressure_air_hose_1.jpg/220px-Low_pressure_air_hose_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a2/Low_pressure_air_hose_1.jpg/330px-Low_pressure_air_hose_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a2/Low_pressure_air_hose_1.jpg/440px-Low_pressure_air_hose_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">Low pressure</a> inflation hose with CEJN connector (right) used for some dry suits</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two types of low-pressure hose connections commonly used for suit inflation. These are the standard Seatec style quick release coupler, fitted with an internal <a href="/wiki/Schrader_valve" title="Schrader valve">Schrader valve</a>, as also used on most diving buoyancy compensators, and the CEJN connector which allows a higher flow rate due to a larger bore through the non-return valve in the connector. This valve can allow a dangerously fast inflation rate if it jams open, and is also more likely to free-flow when disconnected. These hose connectors use incompatible valve fittings, but it is usually possible to swap the fitting on the inflator valve to accept the alternative hose end fitting. Both types of BCD and dry suit low pressure inflator hoses are supplied with a standard fitting for connection to a <a href="/wiki/Diving_regulator#Accessories_and_special_features" title="Diving regulator">scuba regulator first stage low-pressure port</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miflex_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miflex-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch5">: Ch5 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exhaust_valves">Exhaust valves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Exhaust valves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dry_suit_auto_dump_valve_P8170014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Dry_suit_auto_dump_valve_P8170014.jpg/220px-Dry_suit_auto_dump_valve_P8170014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Dry_suit_auto_dump_valve_P8170014.jpg/330px-Dry_suit_auto_dump_valve_P8170014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Dry_suit_auto_dump_valve_P8170014.jpg/440px-Dry_suit_auto_dump_valve_P8170014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Auto-dump valve on neoprene suit</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Internal_view_of_Apeks_dry_suit_automatic_dump_valve_showing_underside_of_rubber_mushroom_valve_P3250159.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Internal_view_of_Apeks_dry_suit_automatic_dump_valve_showing_underside_of_rubber_mushroom_valve_P3250159.jpg/220px-Internal_view_of_Apeks_dry_suit_automatic_dump_valve_showing_underside_of_rubber_mushroom_valve_P3250159.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Internal_view_of_Apeks_dry_suit_automatic_dump_valve_showing_underside_of_rubber_mushroom_valve_P3250159.jpg/330px-Internal_view_of_Apeks_dry_suit_automatic_dump_valve_showing_underside_of_rubber_mushroom_valve_P3250159.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Internal_view_of_Apeks_dry_suit_automatic_dump_valve_showing_underside_of_rubber_mushroom_valve_P3250159.jpg/440px-Internal_view_of_Apeks_dry_suit_automatic_dump_valve_showing_underside_of_rubber_mushroom_valve_P3250159.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Internal view of automatic dump valve showing underside of rubber mushroom valve</figcaption></figure> <p>The exhaust valve (or dump valve, often an <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="auto-dump_valve"></span><span class="vanchor-text">auto-dump valve</span></span>) allows the diver to vent expanding gas from the suit during ascent to maintain buoyancy control in the same way that a <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy_compensator_(diving)" title="Buoyancy compensator (diving)">buoyancy compensator</a> must be vented during ascent to avoid an uncontrolled (or runaway) buoyant ascent, missed decompression stops, <a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">decompression sickness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arterial_gas_embolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial gas embolism">arterial gas embolism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_barotrauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary barotrauma">pulmonary barotrauma</a>. Configurations may vary but adjustable over-pressure automatic vents (<a href="/wiki/Auto-dump_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-dump valve">auto-dump valves</a>) are generally on the sleeve at the left shoulder, clear of the harness or buoyancy compensator, and non-adjustable over-pressure vents at the left wrist, where they can be raised quickly to dump, and occasionally also at the ankles, to automatically dump in the event of an inversion.<sup id="cite_ref-Dump_valve_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dump_valve-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adjustable valves can be pre-set or set to suit the undergarments during or after the descent, and in most situations can be left at this setting throughout the dive, but may be closed after surfacing to retain more gas for buoyancy and insulation,<sup id="cite_ref-AAUSascents_Long_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAUSascents_Long-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AAUSascents_Stinton_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAUSascents_Stinton-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An auto-dump valve is a two stage valve to reduce inward leakage of water. The inner valve is generally a mushroom type elastomer non-return valve, with a low opening pressure differential, which will close automatically when there is no suit gas flowing out. This serves to prevent water ingress when the valve is manually opened by pressing down on the outer cover to compress the adjustable spring and open the pressure relief valve. The outer valve is an adjustable pressure relief valve which can be manually opened by pressing it with the hand against the spring preload, or opens automatically when internal pressure overcomes the preload setting. Spring tension is adjusted by screwing the outer cover further down to increase opening pressure difference, and unscrewing to reduce pressure difference. The rotation of the cover has stops at both ends, and clicks every few degrees of turn, so the user can judge the setting. Non-adjustable valves are similar but do not have the adjustment facility and can be more compact. Most dry suit dump valves are manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Apeks" title="Apeks">Apeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/SI_Tech" class="mw-redirect" title="SI Tech">SI Tech</a> and may be relabeled by suit manufacturers, though <a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Divers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Divers (page does not exist)">Northern Divers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mares" class="mw-redirect" title="Mares">Mares</a> manufacture their own valves.The SI Tech valve has a different size gasket to the Apeks glued to the suit, so they are not interchangeable.<sup id="cite_ref-Dump_valve_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dump_valve-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gasket_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gasket-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maintenance is mostly rinsing in fresh water after a dive, and most minor leaks can be fixed by soaking the valve mechanism and flushing with fresh water.<sup id="cite_ref-Blue_Flash_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blue_Flash-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Environmentally sealed suits used for diving in contaminated water have a watertight seal to the helmet, rely on the helmet exhaust valve to release air from the suit, and may not have a separate exhaust valve on the suit itself. This is common for free-flow helmets and was part of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">standard diving dress</a> system. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_dry_suit_head_and_shoulder_duckbill_valves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Soviet_dry_suit_head_and_shoulder_duckbill_valves.jpg/220px-Soviet_dry_suit_head_and_shoulder_duckbill_valves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Soviet_dry_suit_head_and_shoulder_duckbill_valves.jpg/330px-Soviet_dry_suit_head_and_shoulder_duckbill_valves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Soviet_dry_suit_head_and_shoulder_duckbill_valves.jpg/440px-Soviet_dry_suit_head_and_shoulder_duckbill_valves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Duckbill valves attached to the hood and shoulders of a Soviet "GP" professional dry suit</figcaption></figure> <p>Most, but not all, dry suits from the 1950s and the early 1960s came without dedicated vents; venting was achieved by raising an arm and lifting one of the wrist seals or placing a finger in the neck seal. Several manufacturers back then attached a rubber venting tube closed with a stopper to the chest area of valveless dry suits, enabling the latter to be completely deflated before entering the water or inflated in the water to make the suit buoyant if required.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some mid-twentieth-century divers installed <a href="/wiki/Duckbill_valve" title="Duckbill valve">duckbill valves</a>, also known as spear valves or flutter valves, which were designed to release excess air from the interior of their otherwise valveless dry suits at the head, shoulders or ankles. </p><p>Surface-use dry suits do not normally have exhaust valves, but the wearer may vent excess air by crouching down and hugging the legs while slipping a finger under the neck seal.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch1">: Ch1 </span></sup> </p><p>During ascent, the diver has several things to monitor and do, so an adjustable automatic exhaust valve which provides hands-free operation helps reduce this task loading.<sup id="cite_ref-AAUSascents_Stinton_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAUSascents_Stinton-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zipper_and_seal_protection">Zipper and seal protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Zipper and seal protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some suits are provided with a flap which can be closed over the outside of the zipper to protect it from being damaged by contact with the diver's equipment or the environment. these flaps may be held in place by velcro or a non-watertight outer zipper. These flaps are almost always fitted to zippers fitted diagonally across the front of the suit, and less often to rear entry cross shoulder zippers.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 105">: 105 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Homeland_Security_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homeland_Security-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cuff and collar extensions to the shell may be fitted to protect the seals from abrasion and tears. This is particularly useful on suits used for activities like rescue, where the environment may be rough on the suit.<sup id="cite_ref-Homeland_Security_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homeland_Security-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_P-valve">The P-valve</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: The P-valve"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For commercial divers or technical divers who may spend many hours in a dry suit underwater, it is not practical to have to climb back on board the ship in order to open a waterproof relief zipper and urinate. The P-valve is a urinal built into the suit, which enables a diver to urinate at any time without having to get out of the water, while keeping him or her dry and clean inside the suit. Risks involved with the use of the P-valve can include <a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">urinary tract infection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pneumaturia" title="Pneumaturia">pneumaturia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">genital squeeze</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22752741_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22752741-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Divers expecting the need to urinate in dry suits can also use an adult <a href="/wiki/Diaper" title="Diaper">diaper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Diaper" title="Diaper">nappy</a>, which soaks up and retains the urine.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid22752741_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22752741-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fly_(clothing)" title="Fly (clothing)">Watertight relief zippers</a> may be fitted which allow urination when out of the water without removing the suit.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch7">: Ch7 </span></sup> but these are a potential source of leaks and an additional expense.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang_2007_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang_2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cargo_pockets">Cargo pockets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cargo pockets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design#Tool_bags,_pockets_and_lanyards" title="Human factors in diving equipment design">Human factors in diving equipment design § Tool bags, pockets and lanyards</a></div> <p>Pockets are a convenient storage for small items of equipment and tools that may be needed on a dive, or on surface dry suits, during work. They are often used by scuba divers who use back inflation buoyancy control devices without integral pockets, and are often simply glued to the suit in the position chosen by the diver. Various styles and capacities are used. The usual positions are on the thighs. Forward position is more ambidextrously accessible, but can make boarding a small boat over the gunwale difficult or impossible, the sides of the thighs is more streamlined and better for boat entry, but makes it difficult to reach into the pocket with the opposite hand. Chest pockets are also sometimes used.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch7">: Ch7 </span></sup> Pockets may alternatively be mounted on shorts, a tunic, or protective overalls worn over the dry suit, or be integral parts of the buoyancy compensator. They usually cause additional drag underwater, and should drain rapidly while climbing out of the water.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang_2007_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang_2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Homeland_Security_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homeland_Security-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Bio-seals""><span id=".22Bio-seals.22"></span>"Bio-seals"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: "Bio-seals""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To reduce the contact with latex seals in divers with a latex allergy, a soft elastomer band called a "Bio-seal" can be worn under the latex contact area. These may also reduce friction with the seal and improve watertightness.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_2005_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_2005-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Active_heating">Active heating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Active heating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For applications where passive heating is insufficient, active heating can be used. One of the earliest systems was the tube suit, a set of underwear with a complicated labyrinth of tubes which carried heated water supplied from the surface or the lockout submersible through an additional hose in the diver's umbilical.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other active heating systems use electrical heating elements in an undersuit layer, or internal pockets containing hot-packs, sealed plastic bags containing materials which emit latent heat during a phase change.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associated_equipment">Associated equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Associated equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some equipment may require modification to suit use with a dry suit. This is particularly relevant for weighting systems and buoyancy control devices.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang_2007_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang_2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weighting_systems">Weighting systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Weighting systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Weight harnesses with shoulder straps have advantages over standard scuba weight belts, as they are more secure and more suited to supporting the larger mass often required to ballast a dry suit system, are less likely to cause lower back or hip pain and are less likely to slide of over the hips of divers with larger waists. Integrated weight systems in buoyancy compensators are not always able to contain the required weights.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang_2007_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang_2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gaiters,_ankle_straps_and_ankle_weights"><span id="Gaiters.2C_ankle_straps_and_ankle_weights"></span>Gaiters, ankle straps and ankle weights</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Gaiters, ankle straps and ankle weights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The internal volume necessary in trouser legs to allow passage of the feet to the boots can hold a large volume of air when inverted, which may pull the boots off the feet. Both the accumulation of gas in this part of the suit and the inability to fin put the diver at severe risk of uncontrollable buoyant ascent.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 121">: 121 </span></sup> Elastic or tailored "<a href="/wiki/Gaiters" title="Gaiters">gaiters</a>" can be pulled snug around the lower legs to reduce the potential airspace to help prevent an inversion event and help maintain horizontal trim. Gaiters may also reduce hydrodynamic drag when finning, reduce the risk of the feet pulling out of the boots when inverted, and can be used effectively on membrane and neoprene suits. Ankle straps perform a similar function, but are less effective at restricting the volume around the lower leg.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 45">: 45 </span></sup> Small ankle-weights, typically 0.5 to 1 kg (one or two pounds) can also be used with any dry suit, both to provide trim weight at the bottom of the suit, and function as ankle straps. Ankle-weights have to be accelerated along with the fins during every kick, which requires more work from the diver. Gaiters do not have this drawback as they are typically very light and approximately neutral buoyancy, and usually reduce the drag of the lower leg.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 87">: 87 </span></sup> The heavy <a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">standard diving dress</a> dry suit tended to be a very loose fit and had optional lacing at the back of the legs for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-USN_training_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN_training-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buoyancy_compensators">Buoyancy compensators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Buoyancy compensators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of buoyancy compensators (BCs) for diving with dry suits is required by some organisations as they provide secure flotation in the event of catastrophic flooding of the suit. Large volumes of gas in the suit can also put pressure on the neck, or vent through the neck seal, which could cause a sudden loss of buoyancy, water ingress, or both. The BC is used to compensate for mass change due to consumption of breathing gas, while the dry suit is kept at a near constant volume to optimise thermal insulation. The BC must not obstruct free access to the inflation valve, which is usually on the chest, or the shoulder dump valve.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang_2007_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang_2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overalls">Overalls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Overalls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Boilersuit" title="Boilersuit">Boilersuit</a> style protective wear may be worn over the dry suit to protect it from environmental damage. This is most commonly done by commercial and military divers working in a harsh environment where the suit is exposed to sharp points or edges, or abrasive surfaces, or is likely to be contaminated on the surface by materials which can be warded off by the cheaper and relatively disposable protective clothing overlay.<sup id="cite_ref-DIT_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DIT-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Use of dry suits can conveniently be divided into underwater and surface applications, as the construction of the suit may be optimized for either. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Underwater">Underwater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Underwater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BC%D1%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BC%D1%8B.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BC%D1%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BC%D1%8B.jpg/330px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BC%D1%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BC%D1%8B.jpg/440px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BC%D1%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2992" /></a><figcaption>A museum display of diving dry suits with different breathing apparatus configurations</figcaption></figure> <p>Dry suits are typically used where the water temperature is below 15 °C (60 °F), and for extended immersion in water above 15 °C (60 °F), where discomfort and a greater risk of hypothermia would be experienced by a wet suit user. They are also used with integral boots, and gloves and sealed to the helmet for personal protection when working in and around hazardous liquids regardless of temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-High_risk_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_risk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recreational_diving">Recreational diving</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Recreational diving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dry suits for recreational diving are made in both <a href="/wiki/Artificial_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial membrane">membrane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoprene" title="Neoprene">neoprene</a> materials, and primarily differ from surface dry suits in that they have inflation and deflation air valves to maintain neutral buoyancy, and may be more durable in construction and a closer fit.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Professional_diving">Professional diving</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Professional diving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dry suits for commercial and military diving tend to be heavier and more durable than recreational diving dry suits because they are more likely to endure a harsh and abrasive environment, especially if being used for heavy labor such as <a href="/wiki/Underwater_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater welding">underwater welding</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Boiler_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiler suit">boiler suit</a> may be worn over the dry suit for protection of the suit.<sup id="cite_ref-DIT_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DIT-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some commercial dry suits are rated for contaminated environment diving, and when combined with a suitably rated <a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">diving helmet</a> can completely isolate and protect the diver from hazardous environments such as sewage pits and chemical storage tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-Steigleman_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steigleman-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These "hazmat diving suits" are most often made of <a href="/wiki/Vulcanized_rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcanized rubber">vulcanized rubber</a> with a cloth liner, which is easier to decontaminate than other dry suit materials because of its slick surface.<sup id="cite_ref-High_risk_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_risk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface">Surface</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Surface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surface use may include partial immersion or even shallow complete immersion for short periods. These applications do not require fine control of buoyancy under varying pressure, and a simpler suit without inflation and dump valves is usually adequate. Aspects considered in selection may include initial cost, suitability for purpose, ease of use, and maintenance cost and effort.<sup id="cite_ref-Homeland_Security_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homeland_Security-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Aquaculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Full-Body_Chest-Entry_Wader_with_Boots_Gloves_and_Hood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Full-Body_Chest-Entry_Wader_with_Boots_Gloves_and_Hood.jpg/220px-Full-Body_Chest-Entry_Wader_with_Boots_Gloves_and_Hood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Full-Body_Chest-Entry_Wader_with_Boots_Gloves_and_Hood.jpg/330px-Full-Body_Chest-Entry_Wader_with_Boots_Gloves_and_Hood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Full-Body_Chest-Entry_Wader_with_Boots_Gloves_and_Hood.jpg/440px-Full-Body_Chest-Entry_Wader_with_Boots_Gloves_and_Hood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1529" data-file-height="1243" /></a><figcaption>Chinese-made full-body chest-entry dry wading suit with attached boots, gloves and hood with uncut face opening.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Full-Body_Chest-Entry_Wading_Suit_with_Socks_Wristseals_and_Neckseal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Full-Body_Chest-Entry_Wading_Suit_with_Socks_Wristseals_and_Neckseal.jpg/220px-Full-Body_Chest-Entry_Wading_Suit_with_Socks_Wristseals_and_Neckseal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Full-Body_Chest-Entry_Wading_Suit_with_Socks_Wristseals_and_Neckseal.jpg/330px-Full-Body_Chest-Entry_Wading_Suit_with_Socks_Wristseals_and_Neckseal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Full-Body_Chest-Entry_Wading_Suit_with_Socks_Wristseals_and_Neckseal.jpg/440px-Full-Body_Chest-Entry_Wading_Suit_with_Socks_Wristseals_and_Neckseal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1335" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption>Chinese-made full-body chest-entry dry wading suit with attached socks, wrist seals and neck seal.</figcaption></figure> <p>Full-body chest-entry dry suits for wading purposes are worn by <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> workers and fishermen in China. They are fitted with a pair of boots or socks for the feet, wrist seals or a pair of gloves for the hands and a neck seal or integral hood for the head. Suits with boots enable the wearer to stand or walk in deeper water, while suits with socks enable the user to don <a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">swimming fins</a> for <a href="/wiki/Float_tube" title="Float tube">float-tube fishing</a>. Entry is via the suit chest aperture, which comes with excess material on the outside to be tied off afterwards for a leak-tight seal. Some versions use a watertight zip fastener instead to close the front entry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Boating">Boating</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Boating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dry suits are often worn for <a href="/wiki/Boating" title="Boating">boating</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">sailing</a>, and on <a href="/wiki/Personal_watercraft" title="Personal watercraft">personal watercraft</a> in the winter months. The primary uses are for protection from spray, and in case of accidental short-term immersion in cold water if the user falls overboard. These dry suits, which are only intended for temporary immersion, are less rugged than diving dry suits. They are usually made of a breathable <a href="/wiki/Artificial_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial membrane">membrane</a> material to let sweat vapour permeate, keeping the wearer dry and comfortable all day.<sup id="cite_ref-Sailing_World_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sailing_World-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Membrane type surface dry suits only keep the user dry, and have little thermal insulating properties. Users will wear a thermal <a href="/wiki/Undersuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Undersuit">undersuit</a>, or sportswear for warmth, but most fabrics will lose much of their insulating properties if the suit leaks in cold water.<sup id="cite_ref-Northern_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch6">: Ch6 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surface_water_sports">Surface water sports</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Surface water sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DrySuits.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/DrySuits.jpg/220px-DrySuits.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/DrySuits.jpg/330px-DrySuits.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/DrySuits.jpg/440px-DrySuits.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kitesurfing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitesurfing">Kitesurfers</a> wearing dry suits on <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a> in winter when the air and water temperatures are near 0 °C (32 °F)</figcaption></figure> <p>Dry suits are used for <a href="/wiki/Windsurfing" title="Windsurfing">windsurfing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kitesurfing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitesurfing">kitesurfing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kayaking" title="Kayaking">kayaking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_skiing" title="Water skiing">water skiing</a> and other surface water sports where the user is frequently immersed in cold water.<sup id="cite_ref-Coast_water_sports_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coast_water_sports-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These suits are often made from very lightweight material for minimum encumbrance. Membrane type suits are commonly used with moderate water temperatures, but neoprene and hybrid dry suits for surface sports are preferred in cold water, as they provide greater thermal protection in the event of a leak. Suits for kayaking may have an overlap for the spray deck (skirt) and suits for surfing , kiteboarding and other standing sports may have ankle cuff seals instead of boots or socks, allowing the user a wider choice of specialised footwear.<sup id="cite_ref-Coast_water_sports_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coast_water_sports-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ability to swim for self-rescue in these types of suits is important to water sports users that do not use a boat.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Short suits with bicep and thigh cuff seals are also available, and are useful when it is mainly necessary to keep the torso dry.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_shortie_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond_shortie-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Working">Working</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Working"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aa_navalflightsuit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aa_navalflightsuit.jpg/220px-Aa_navalflightsuit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aa_navalflightsuit.jpg/330px-Aa_navalflightsuit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aa_navalflightsuit.jpg/440px-Aa_navalflightsuit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Naval aircrew immersion flight suit</figcaption></figure> <p>Crew members who must work on the decks of commercial ships wear a type of dry suit also known as an <a href="/wiki/Immersion_suit" title="Immersion suit">immersion work suit</a>. Single engine aircraft ferry pilots flying between North America and Europe, and helicopter pilots that must fly over the open ocean, must wear a survival suit in the cockpit, so they can continue to fly the aircraft until impact, then exit immediately if the aircraft is ditched in cold water after an engine failure. These suits are also used on shore when working on docks, bridges, or other areas where cold water immersion is a safety risk. They are usually a three-part system consisting of:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>A warm undersuit made of synthetic fabric designed to wick moisture from sweat generated by physical exertion away from the user's skin.</li> <li>A dry suit made with a waterproof breathable membrane to let moisture vapour permeate out of the suit when not immersed.</li> <li>A durable outer shell, designed to protect the dry suit, and to carry tools and survival gear. The outer shell may also be equipped with an inflatable bladder to give the wearer additional flotation and stability when immersed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Survival">Survival</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Survival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Survival_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Survival suit">Survival suit</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diver_Pataholm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Diver_Pataholm.jpg/220px-Diver_Pataholm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Diver_Pataholm.jpg/330px-Diver_Pataholm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Diver_Pataholm.jpg/440px-Diver_Pataholm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1193" data-file-height="1590" /></a><figcaption>Survival suit</figcaption></figure> <p>Immersion survival suits are dry suits carried for use by ship and aircraft crew who will be immersed in cold water if the craft must be abandoned. Unlike immersion survival work suits, these are not intended to be worn routinely for long periods, and are only intended to be used in an emergency. Survival suits will typically be a one-piece design made of fire-retardant neoprene, optimized with quick donning features, and produced in high visibility colours with reflective tape patches.<sup id="cite_ref-mustangsurvival_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mustangsurvival-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mustangusermanual_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mustangusermanual-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immersion suits protect the wearer from cold shock and delay hypothermia by reducing heat loss. Other functions include providing buoyancy and increasing visibility to rescuers. They must allow sufficient freedom of movement to perform necessary actions. There are two basic types: Suits for emergency abandonment, and suits intended to be worn over long work periods where the risk of immersion is relatively high, or there may be no opportunity to put the suit on in the event of an emergency.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweeney_2016_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweeney_2016-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size range that must be available for marine abandonment immersion suits is specified by CAN/CGSB-65.16-2005 and other standards, and may include children, small adults, universal, jumbo, and custom sizes. ISO 15027, Canadian General Standards Board (CAN/CGSB-65.16-2005), and Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) immersion suit standards, as well as others, apply.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweeney_and_Taber_2014_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweeney_and_Taber_2014-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A survival suit for protecting survivors of a helicopter ditching incident is also known as a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helicopter_transportation_suit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helicopter transportation suit (page does not exist)">helicopter transportation suit</a> (HTS). A ditched helicopter may invert immediately after impact, and the suit must facilitate underwater escape, which requires minimal buoyancy until the survivor is outside the ditched helicopter. Once outside, and clear of the wreckage, the suit must provide buoyancy, protection from drowning, and thermal protection while immersed. During normal flight operations the suit must be acceptably comfortable. Except for the underwater egress these requirements are very similar to those for other survival suits.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweeney_2016_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweeney_2016-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Helicopter transportation suits are constant wear immersion suits that are required for crew and passengers during operations over cold water. Aircrew and passenger HTS typically differ as pilots must not be encumbered while busy flying, generate more heat due to activity in flight, and are often heated by sunlight through the cockpit glazing.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweeney_2016_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweeney_2016-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rescue">Rescue</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Rescue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dry suits are also worn by rescue personnel who must enter, or may accidentally enter, cold water. Features of dry suits designed for rescue may be a hybrid of the immersion survival and work suits, since the wearer is not expected to be working in the suit for an extended time. They may also be optimized for a specific task such as <a href="/wiki/Ice_rescue" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice rescue">ice rescue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swift_water_rescue" title="Swift water rescue">swift water rescue</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Helicopter_rescue_swimmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Helicopter rescue swimmer">helicopter rescue swimmer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Northern_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Homeland_Security_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homeland_Security-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lightweight suits of breathable shell fabric which are easy to don, comfortable, strong, seals which can be trimmed to custom fit, and bootees that are easy to don and not bulky in the outer boot are desirable characteristics. Durable materials with reinforcement and padding on the knees, elbows and seat improve the useful life of the suit. High visibility colours and reflective tape which can be seen while wearing a personal flotation device are appropriate for this use case. Adjustable internal suspenders, belts and thigh straps allow better adjustment of fit to the individual, and well drained pockets in convenient locations and relief zippers are useful in the field. Low drag in the water can be valuable in some use cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Homeland_Security_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homeland_Security-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacture">Manufacture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Manufacture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neoprene_dry_suit_seam_waterproofing_detail_P8170008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Neoprene_dry_suit_seam_waterproofing_detail_P8170008.jpg/220px-Neoprene_dry_suit_seam_waterproofing_detail_P8170008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Neoprene_dry_suit_seam_waterproofing_detail_P8170008.jpg/330px-Neoprene_dry_suit_seam_waterproofing_detail_P8170008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Neoprene_dry_suit_seam_waterproofing_detail_P8170008.jpg/440px-Neoprene_dry_suit_seam_waterproofing_detail_P8170008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>DUI crushed neoprene dry suit seam waterproofing detail</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neoprene_dry_suit_seam_tape_detail_P8170005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Neoprene_dry_suit_seam_tape_detail_P8170005.jpg/220px-Neoprene_dry_suit_seam_tape_detail_P8170005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Neoprene_dry_suit_seam_tape_detail_P8170005.jpg/330px-Neoprene_dry_suit_seam_tape_detail_P8170005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Neoprene_dry_suit_seam_tape_detail_P8170005.jpg/440px-Neoprene_dry_suit_seam_tape_detail_P8170005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Neoprene dry suit glued and stitched seam with inside seam tape detail</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seam_detail_on_trilaminate_dry_suit_P8180001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Seam_detail_on_trilaminate_dry_suit_P8180001.jpg/220px-Seam_detail_on_trilaminate_dry_suit_P8180001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Seam_detail_on_trilaminate_dry_suit_P8180001.jpg/330px-Seam_detail_on_trilaminate_dry_suit_P8180001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Seam_detail_on_trilaminate_dry_suit_P8180001.jpg/440px-Seam_detail_on_trilaminate_dry_suit_P8180001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Seam detail on trilaminate dry suit showing double-stitched seam from the outside.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neoprene_dry_suit_seam_stitching_detail_P8170016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Neoprene_dry_suit_seam_stitching_detail_P8170016.jpg/220px-Neoprene_dry_suit_seam_stitching_detail_P8170016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Neoprene_dry_suit_seam_stitching_detail_P8170016.jpg/330px-Neoprene_dry_suit_seam_stitching_detail_P8170016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Neoprene_dry_suit_seam_stitching_detail_P8170016.jpg/440px-Neoprene_dry_suit_seam_stitching_detail_P8170016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Neoprene dry suit seam outside stitching detail</figcaption></figure> <p>Manufacturing processes mainly depend on the material of the shell. Most suit shells are currently assembled by stitching the seams, which in the case of neoprene suits are first butt-glued, and are then overlock blind-stitched and waterproofed by glued seam tape. DUI use a liquid polyurethane sealing compound over the seams on the inside of the suit instead of tape,<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch4">: Ch4 </span></sup> DUI crushed neoprene suit shells are assembled before crushing the bubbles by hydrostatic pressure, then adding seals, zippers and accessories.<sup id="cite_ref-DUI_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DUI-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polyurethane coated nylon and trilaminate suits are usually assembled using double stitched seams for strength, which are then taped on the inside for watertightness.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch.4">: Ch.4 </span></sup> </p><p>Vulcanised rubber dry suits are made from a rubber coated knitted fabric, stitched together along the seams to hold them together during the vulcanising process. Once the suit has been assembled, it is stretched over an aluminium mandrel in the shape and size of the finished suit. When the suit is on the mandrel, the seams are taped with strips of the same rubber, but without the liner cloth, then bonded together with heat and pressure in an autoclave, which vulcanises the rubber of the suit and seam tape into a homogeneous layer which is very reliably watertight. Any customising of the suit is done after this process, and requires cutting and gluing and taping of additional seams, which are generally not as reliable and strong as the original structure The thickness of the rubber layer can be varied and patches added for abrasion resistance. Vulcanised rubber suits can also be made using rubber coated fabric that has already been vulcanised, assembled in much the same way as trilaminate suits, and the seams taped after assembly. This is more versatile for customising, but the seam quality is not as reliable as the method of vulcanising the assembled suit and seam tape together. The combination of high stretch rubber over stretchy knitted fabric makes these suits very flexible and elastic, so a baggy cut is not needed. However, the mandrels are expensive, so a limited number of standard sizes are available.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch.4">: Ch.4 </span></sup> </p><p>Seals, zippers, boots, pockets, and other accessories, are usually glued on to the shell after assembly, and joins and edges may be reinforced by seam tape in high stress areas or to improve watertightness.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_7-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch.4">: Ch.4 </span></sup> Some abrasion reinforcement and logos are bonded or stitched to the suit or printed onto the component panels before or after assembly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inherent_weaknesses">Inherent weaknesses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Inherent weaknesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some components are inherently susceptible to damage if not treated with due care. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seal_damage">Seal damage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Seal damage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torn_latex_rubber_dry_suit_wrist_seal_P8180011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Torn_latex_rubber_dry_suit_wrist_seal_P8180011.jpg/220px-Torn_latex_rubber_dry_suit_wrist_seal_P8180011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Torn_latex_rubber_dry_suit_wrist_seal_P8180011.jpg/330px-Torn_latex_rubber_dry_suit_wrist_seal_P8180011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Torn_latex_rubber_dry_suit_wrist_seal_P8180011.jpg/440px-Torn_latex_rubber_dry_suit_wrist_seal_P8180011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Torn latex rubber dry suit wrist seal</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cracking_of_latex_rubber_dry_suit_wrist_seal_P8180008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Cracking_of_latex_rubber_dry_suit_wrist_seal_P8180008.jpg/220px-Cracking_of_latex_rubber_dry_suit_wrist_seal_P8180008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Cracking_of_latex_rubber_dry_suit_wrist_seal_P8180008.jpg/330px-Cracking_of_latex_rubber_dry_suit_wrist_seal_P8180008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Cracking_of_latex_rubber_dry_suit_wrist_seal_P8180008.jpg/440px-Cracking_of_latex_rubber_dry_suit_wrist_seal_P8180008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Cracking of latex rubber dry suit wrist seal</figcaption></figure> <p>Latex and silicone seals are easily pierced by sharp objects. Gripping the seal with long fingernails to pull it on or off can cut through the material, while long toenails can damage thin rubber booties when the foot is pushed inside tight-fitting fins.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Latex is subject to <a href="/wiki/Rubber_perishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber perishing">rubber perishing</a>, or "dry rot", where ozone normally present in the air deteriorates the material over time, regardless of use. A latex seal is generally expected to last 1–2 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The useful life can be extended by detaching removable seals when not in use and keeping them in airtight containers in a cool, dark environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 131">: 131 </span></sup> Silicone seals are similar in strength and elasticity to latex, but are more chemical resistant and do not perish in the same way. Latex and silicone seals are highly elastic, but can be easily torn if overstretched or nicked on an edge to form a <a href="/wiki/Stress_raiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress raiser">stress raiser</a>. Powdered <a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">talc</a> can help the seals slide on easier.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neoprene seals are a tougher and more tear resistant alternative, though they must be correctly sized for the user, as they cannot be adjusted much. These are much more resistant to perishing than latex,<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the knit fabric backing helps redistribute concentrated loads and thereby reduces the risk of major tears. Minor tears are usually repairable. A lubricating liquid such as dishwashing liquid or <a href="/wiki/KY_jelly" class="mw-redirect" title="KY jelly">KY jelly</a> can be used to facilitate for donning and removing neoprene wrist seals.<sup id="cite_ref-Divernet2_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Divernet2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zipper_damage">Zipper damage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Zipper damage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Worn_dry_suit_zip_detail_P8170002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Worn_dry_suit_zip_detail_P8170002.jpg/220px-Worn_dry_suit_zip_detail_P8170002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Worn_dry_suit_zip_detail_P8170002.jpg/330px-Worn_dry_suit_zip_detail_P8170002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Worn_dry_suit_zip_detail_P8170002.jpg/440px-Worn_dry_suit_zip_detail_P8170002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Frayed edge of zipper tape</figcaption></figure> <p>Metal toothed watertight zippers rely on pressure between the two rubberized contact surfaces of the zipper tapes alongside the teeth for sealing. To get this pressure, the slider needs to press the two faces together while closing, and this increases friction between the slider and the teeth, so the zipper requires considerably more force to close than regular zippers. If the two rows of open teeth are lined up and close together in front of the slider it will prevent misalignment which can permanently damage the sealing edge, and allow the zipper to be closed with less effort. Friction can be reduced by suitable lubrication on the outside surface of the metal teeth, which is usually done with a waterproof wax or grease which remains on the zipper when wet. There should not be an excessive buildup of lubricant which would stick to particles of grit and cause wear and additional friction.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 104, 130">: 104, 130 </span></sup> The plastic tooth zippers have less friction than the metal teeth and need less force to close. The zipper teeth are moulded from a low friction polymer, but must be kept free of grit, so are not normally lubricated, but the slider docking area at the closing end must be greased for a proper seal on the TIZIP model but must not be greased on the YKK model.<sup id="cite_ref-Tizip_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tizip-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DUI-YKK_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DUI-YKK-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DUI_zippers_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DUI_zippers-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On metal toothed zippers, the cut edges of the rubberized fabric of the zipper tapes are susceptible to fraying along the exposed weave. if not trimmed, the frayed edges can accelerate damage to the weave and eventually cause zipper failure by delamination of the edge.<sup id="cite_ref-DUI-YKK_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DUI-YKK-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ursuit_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ursuit-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DUI_zippers_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DUI_zippers-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The moulded plastic zippers do not have an exposed cut edge, so do not have this weakness. The metal toothed zippers are stiffer and require more force to move the slider, and are more easily damaged by bending to a small radius.<sup id="cite_ref-DUI_zippers_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DUI_zippers-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were structural problems with some of the early plastic tooth zippers losing teeth, but these have been fixed by changing the manufacturing process and later models have become reliable. </p><p>Metal zipper failure modes include: worn out backing rubber, where the slider wears through the outer layer of the zipper, exposing the reinforcing fabric, loose or lost teeth, kinked or torn side tape between teeth, and worn out teeth on the interlocking area. Fraying of the reinforcing fabric along the cut edge can be tolerated as long as frayed fibres do not get between the sealing surfaces, thereby causing a leak, cause the slider to jam, or hook on snags and cause more serious damage.<sup id="cite_ref-BSAC_replace_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSAC_replace-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hazards_of_use">Hazards of use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Hazards of use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overheating_before_a_dive">Overheating before a dive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Overheating before a dive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dressing into a dry suit is usually more time-consuming than a wet suit, and may require the assistance of another person to check the neck seal and close the zipper. In situations where the air is warm but the water cold, a prolonged time on the deck of a boat donning a dry suit and other gear can present a risk of <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">overheating</a> to the diver. This is a particular problem to relatively inexperienced divers, who may require more time to dress in. This problem can be mitigated by preparing all other equipment as far as possible before fully donning the suit and to wet the outside of the suit, and the hair and face after closing the zipper, to provide some evaporative cooling while on deck. Professional stand-by divers may have a similar problem, as they are required to be ready for deployment at all times while the working diver is in the water, which may involve waiting on deck for several hours. Wetting the outside of the suit, and seating the diver in shade and a breeze, are the usual solutions to this problem.<sup id="cite_ref-High_risk_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_risk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28, 124, 161">: 28, 124, 161 </span></sup> Overheating in the suit can also happen when there is a difficult route to the water for a shore dive. A side effect of overheating is that the sweat produced by the diver can condense on the inside of the suit, or wet the thermal undergarment, reducing the insulating qualities during the dive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wind_chill_after_a_dive">Wind chill after a dive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Wind chill after a dive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ice_diving" title="Ice diving">Ice diving</a></div> <p>Evaporative cooling in wind can, in very cold or windy conditions, remove more heat from the diver than the water does. This effect can also occur on deck in cold wind with spray. Any form of protection against the wind and spray that reduces evaporative cooling on the surface of the suit can be to some degree effective against <a href="/wiki/Wind_chill" title="Wind chill">wind chill</a>. Adding air to the interior of the suit also increases insulation. </p><p>Temperatures above the ice may be considerably lower than water temperature, which is limited by freezing point of the water, and may be further exacerbated by wind chill. This can be a limiting factor on the endurance of the surface team if inadequately insulated and sheltered, and can have an impact on the divers on exiting the water in wet exposure suits.<sup id="cite_ref-smithsonian2007_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithsonian2007-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117, 126">: 117, 126 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suit_squeeze">Suit squeeze</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Suit squeeze"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During descent the air in the suit is compressed and unless more is added, the folds may be pressed together so tightly by water pressure that they pinch the skin, which is painful and may cause local bruising. The suit may also become so tight that movement is restricted, particularly in a membrane suit. This problem is managed by <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Suit_inflation">suit inflation</a> from a low pressure gas supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Over-inflation">Over-inflation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Over-inflation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scuba_skills#Management_of_a_dry_suit_blowup" title="Scuba skills">Scuba skills § Management of a dry suit blowup</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_skills#Management_of_a_dry_suit_blowup" title="Surface-supplied diving skills">Surface-supplied diving skills § Management of a dry suit blowup</a></div> <p>During ascent, the air added during descent must be removed again, in order to prevent over-inflation, excessive buoyancy, and potential uncontrolled ascent, with possibly fatal consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-Concannon_2012_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concannon_2012-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most modern dry suits are equipped with adjustable spring-loaded automatic exhaust valves, which can assist with this problem by automatically dumping excess gas when properly set and when the valve is higher than the excess gas in the suit. This is most effective and reliable when the volume of the gas in the suit is limited to maintaining undergarment loft, and the dump valve is kept shallower than the feet.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AAUSascents_Long_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAUSascents_Long-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AAUSascents_Stinton_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAUSascents_Stinton-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the suit is sealed directly to a helmet, the exhaust valve of a free-flow helmet or the exhaust valve of the demand valve of a demand helmet serve this purpose. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suit_flooding">Suit flooding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Suit flooding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Damage to the lower part of the suit can cause a sudden inrush of very cold water for winter users, or an inrush of contaminated water or chemicals for hazmat divers. Damage to the upper part of the suit can cause a sudden venting of the air, resulting in a loss of buoyancy and possible uncontrolled descent, followed by flooding with water and loss of thermal insulation, and possible exposure to hazardous materials if the water is contaminated.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ch.3">: ch.3 </span></sup> </p><p>A flooded suit may contain so much water that the diver cannot climb out of the water because of the weight and inertia. In this case it may be necessary to cut a small slit in the lower part of the leg to let water drain out as the diver rises out of the water. This will take some time, and agility will be seriously compromised. The damage should not be difficult to repair if the slit is cut with reasonable care.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ankle dump valves will also serve to drain a flooded suit once enough of the diver is above the water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decompression_risk_from_loss_of_heat_during_a_dive">Decompression risk from loss of heat during a dive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Decompression risk from loss of heat during a dive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Physiology_of_decompression#Body_temperature_and_exercise" title="Physiology of decompression">Physiology of decompression § Body temperature and exercise</a></div> <p>Experimental work by the US <a href="/wiki/Navy_Experimental_Diving_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy Experimental Diving Unit">Navy Experimental Diving Unit</a> shows that getting cold during decompression after being warm during the working part of the dive may be the worst case body temperature profile for decompression risk.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollock_2013_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollock_2013-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Active heating systems that fail during the dive, and suit flooding have the potential to cause this scenario. Divers should be aware of the possible effects of thermal stress on decompression outcome, and the use of active heating should be considered in the context of this risk. Decompression computer algorithms that are claimed to take temperature into consideration are generally taking ambient temperature measurements, which has no reliable correlation to actual body temperature of the diver, and are in those cases of little relevance.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollock_2015_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollock_2015-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pollock (2015) suggests that active diver heating should be minimised to safely complete dive tasks during ingassing and increased during decompression with due attention to avoiding heat stress and dehydration.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollock_2015_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollock_2015-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diving_without_a_buoyancy_compensator">Diving without a buoyancy compensator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Diving without a buoyancy compensator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dry suits are not designed to be used as <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy_compensator_(diving)" title="Buoyancy compensator (diving)">buoyancy compensator devices</a> (BCD) and cannot offer the same degree of safety and control as a BCD. However, the fact that it is possible to control buoyancy using a dry suit has led some divers to attempt to control their buoyancy with the dry suit alone and dive without the dedicated BCD normally worn by scuba divers. Although it is possible to dive like this, the risks are higher than when using a buoyancy compensator for the following reasons:<sup id="cite_ref-Nishi_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nishi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11–19">: 11–19 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AAUSascents_Lang_et_al_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAUSascents_Lang_et_al-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The BCD is more robust than a dry suit. Dry suits are not designed to be buoyancy compensators and more prone to failure than BCDs, they have multiple points of failure and can completely flood when a seal tears or a zip breaks or leaks. Wrist and neck seals can vent accidentally; annoying if wearing a BCD, possibly fatal without.</li> <li>The vent valves of a BCD are more secure and have backups, often via the inflator hose, the left shoulder valve, and a dedicated dump valve at the bottom. The dry suit usually only has an automatic dump valve at the left shoulder, other than manipulating the neck and wrist seals, and wrist seals may not be available if wearing dry gloves attached by a cuff ring.</li> <li>The BCD is designed to act as a flotation device on the surface, the dry suit is not.</li> <li>The BCD can be orally inflated if out of air at the surface, the dry suit is not normally provided with oral inflation fittings.</li> <li>The lifting capacity of the dry suit is less. This is because it is not designed to lift. It may not be sufficient if entering the water overweighted or if required to assist others. A large lifting capacity makes the buoyancy more difficult to control and the risk of severe overinflation is greater.</li> <li>If a dry suit floods, the release of the <a href="/wiki/Diver_weighting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver weighting system">diving weights</a> may not be sufficient to compensate, especially if the cylinders are negatively buoyant. There is no simple method to test this without flooding the suit.</li> <li>It increases the risk on an inversion. Dry suit inversions are dangerous and are best controlled by minimising the volume of air in the suit. If using the BCD for buoyancy control, and the suit inflation only to avoid a squeeze and provide undergarment loft, the suit should never contain an excess of air. If it does contain excess air as a result of using it for buoyancy or to compensate for being over-weighted the excess air may migrate to the legs causing the diver to invert to a dangerous feet-up position making venting the dry suit difficult or impossible and leading to an uncontrolled ascent.</li> <li>Maintaining horizontal <a href="/wiki/Diver_trim" title="Diver trim">trim</a> is more difficult and trim may change suddenly. Excess air will migrate as the diver changes <a href="/wiki/Pitch_attitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch attitude">pitch attitude</a> and may cause dangerous instability.</li> <li>No redundancy. A dry suit might compensate for a BCD failure, but relying on the dry suit alone leaves no buoyancy control redundancy.</li> <li>Having a BCD makes it easier for a buddy assisting in an emergency to determine where the buoyancy is located and how to control it.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carotid-sinus_reflex">Carotid-sinus reflex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Carotid-sinus reflex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An over-tight neck seal can put pressure on the <a href="/wiki/Carotid_sinus" title="Carotid sinus">carotid artery</a>, causing a reflex which slows the heart, resulting in poor oxygen delivery to the brain, light-headedness and eventual unconsciousness. For this reason, neck seals should be stretched or trimmed to the correct size.<sup id="cite_ref-Hendrick_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hendrick-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accidental_body-inversion_hazards">Accidental body-inversion hazards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Accidental body-inversion hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Underwater_2">Underwater</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Underwater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If there is more gas in the dry suit than is needed to counteract "squeeze" on the undersuit, that excess gas accumulates as a "bubble" at the highest point of the suit. In an upright diver this is at the shoulders and around the neck seal, or in an integral hood. Divers need to keep their upper body tilted sufficiently head-up to prevent the bubble from moving into the legs and feet, causing the legs to rise, and inverting the diver's body into a head-down position.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 121">: 121 </span></sup> </p><p>The movement of a large bubble to the legs can be a problem for a number of reasons: It inflates the legs, and may inflate thin rubber booties enough to cause fins to pop off, or cause the boots to pop off the feet, with the fins still in place on the boots. A diver without fins has reduced ability to maneuver back to a head up trim, and also loses the ability to kick downward to maintain depth, so that the bubble expansion problem does not get worse. Gas in the legs and feet of the suit usually cannot be evacuated while the diver is inverted, as most suits do not have ankle dump valves, and the inverted diver may start to float toward the surface, causing the problem of expanding air in the suit to grow worse in proportion to the decrease in depth. If the diver is positively buoyant and rising, the buoyancy of the dry suit will become uncontrollable, and ascent rate will accelerate. The final result of such a run-away inversion is a diver rising all the way to the surface, feet first, in an uncontrolled ascent that is too rapid for decompression safety.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 121">: 121 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-divernet_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-divernet-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ange_2020_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ange_2020-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the suit is used correctly, the excess gas bubble inside it is relatively small, and its movement is not important. The bubble may be large for a variety of reasons: if a diver ascends without venting the suit; if the valve supplying gas the suit fails in the open position; or if the diver is over-weighted, and extra gas has been added to the suit to make the diver neutrally buoyant. The size of the bubble can be minimised by being correctly weighted, using the buoyancy compensator to adjust for weight changes due to gas consumption, keeping the exhaust valve high, and venting excess gas from the suit on ascent. It is a recommended practice to ensure that the bubble remains small and at the top of the body by using the buoyancy compensator to counteract any excess weighting, keeping only the minimum gas necessary to maintain undergarment loft inside the drysuit.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 111">: 111 </span></sup> Suits that fit correctly and are not excessively stretchy also help.<sup id="cite_ref-AAUSascents_Long_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAUSascents_Long-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The recommended procedure in all such inversion incidents, is for the diver to bend at the knees and powerfully swing the arms to do a backward or forward roll to the upright position without delay, to allow the gas to flow to the shoulders and arms, allowing the automatic dump valve to operate, and then vent the suit, if needed, by manually opening the neck seal (sometimes called "burping the suit") by breaking the seal-neck contact with a finger. If finning downwards is not immediately effective, it will not become effective later as the gas continues to expand.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 119">: 119 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surface_2">Surface</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Surface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surface dry suit users can face a similar inversion problem. The problem is more acute when not wearing a <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy_compensator_(diving)" title="Buoyancy compensator (diving)">personal flotation device</a> (life vest) over the dry suit. For surface dry suit users, an inversion can be critical since the wearer may be held upside down and unable to breathe, however, as the user is unlikely to be wearing weights it should be easy to return to a horizontal, face-up position. </p><p>It is not a problem for close-fitting neoprene suits, or hybrid suits with neoprene bottoms, which prevent air from easily moving into the legs of the suit. Wearers of baggy surface dry suits can mitigate the problem by venting out as much excess air as possible before entering the water. This is typically done by crouching down and leaning forward, wrapping the arms around the knees. Excess air can be "burped" out of the neck or cuff seal if there is no dump valve. The zip should be closed with as little tension as reasonably practicable across the opening.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 119">: 119 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_underwater_diving" title="History of underwater diving">History of underwater diving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_diving_technology" title="Timeline of diving technology">Timeline of diving technology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Divers_-_Illustrated_London_News_Feb_6_1873-2.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Divers_-_Illustrated_London_News_Feb_6_1873-2.PNG/220px-Divers_-_Illustrated_London_News_Feb_6_1873-2.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Divers_-_Illustrated_London_News_Feb_6_1873-2.PNG/330px-Divers_-_Illustrated_London_News_Feb_6_1873-2.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Divers_-_Illustrated_London_News_Feb_6_1873-2.PNG/440px-Divers_-_Illustrated_London_News_Feb_6_1873-2.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2939" data-file-height="3666" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Siebe" title="Augustus Siebe">Siebe's</a> improved design in 1873, from the <i><a href="/wiki/Illustrated_London_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrated London News">Illustrated London News</a></i>. The helmet's basic features can be seen: A helmet, supplied with air from the surface, and a waterproof suit. The corselet of the helmet is clamped onto the suit with wingnuts over a rubber flange.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22_10_-_ITALY_-_Gamma-della-X.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%22_10_-_ITALY_-_Gamma-della-X.gif/220px-%22_10_-_ITALY_-_Gamma-della-X.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/%22_10_-_ITALY_-_Gamma-della-X.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>Italian frogman of the Decima Flottiglia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A26571.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A26571.jpg/220px-The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A26571.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A26571.jpg/330px-The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A26571.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A26571.jpg/440px-The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A26571.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Royal Navy divers in Sladen suits during the Second World War</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_navy_frogman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/British_navy_frogman.jpg/220px-British_navy_frogman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="506" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/British_navy_frogman.jpg/330px-British_navy_frogman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/British_navy_frogman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>British navy frogman in dry suit c1945</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1830s, the Deane brothers asked Augustus Siebe to improve their <a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">diving helmet</a> design.<sup id="cite_ref-acott_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acott-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expanding on improvements already made by another engineer, George Edwards, Siebe produced his own design; a helmet clamped to a full-length watertight <a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">canvas</a> <a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">diving suit</a>. The real breakthrough of the equipment was sealing the helmet to the suit, and using a <a href="/wiki/Non-return_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-return valve">non-return valve</a> in the helmet to exhaust the air, which meant that the suit and helmet could not flood no matter how the diver moved, and the interior of the suit remained dry.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch1">: Ch1 </span></sup> Siebe introduced various modifications on this design to accommodate the requirements of the salvage team on the wreck of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Royal_George_(1756)" title="HMS Royal George (1756)">HMS <i>Royal George</i></a>, including making the helmet detachable from the <a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress#Corselet" title="Standard diving dress">corselet</a>; his improved design gave rise to the typical standard diving dress which revolutionised <a href="/wiki/Underwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater">underwater</a> <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a>, underwater <a href="/wiki/Marine_salvage" title="Marine salvage">salvage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commercial_diving" title="Commercial diving">commercial diving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naval_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval diving">naval diving</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-acott_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acott-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 June 1834, Leonard Norcross of <a href="/wiki/Dixfield,_Maine" title="Dixfield, Maine">Dixfield, Maine</a> was awarded a patent for a dry suit made of rubber with an attached metal helmet.<sup id="cite_ref-Portland_Herald_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portland_Herald-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was not the first American patent for a diving suit – it was the third patent of that year for an underwater suit, but Norcross' invention was the first to specify rubber as the waterproofing material.<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_Telegraph_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Telegraph-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France in the 1860s, <a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Rouquayrol" title="Benoît Rouquayrol">Benoît Rouquayrol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Denayrouze" title="Auguste Denayrouze">Auguste Denayrouze</a> developed a single stage demand regulator with a small low pressure reservoir, to make more economical use of surface supplied air pumped by manpower. This was originally used without any form of mask or helmet, but vision was poor, and the "pig-snout" copper mask was developed in 1866 to provide a clearer view through a glass faceplate on a copper mask clamped to the neck opening of the suit. This was soon improved to become a three-bolt helmet supported by a corselet (1867). Later versions were fitted for free-flow air supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Denayrouze_1_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denayrouze_1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest suits were made of waterproofed canvas invented by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Macintosh" title="Charles Macintosh">Charles Mackintosh</a>. From the late 1800s and throughout most of the 20th century, most suits consisted of a solid sheet of rubber between layers of tan <a href="/wiki/Twill" title="Twill">twill</a>. Their thick <a href="/wiki/Vulcanized_rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcanized rubber">vulcanized rubber</a> collar is clamped to the <a href="/wiki/Corselet" title="Corselet">corselet</a> making the joint <a href="/wiki/Waterproofing" title="Waterproofing">waterproof</a>. The inner collar (bib) was made of the same material as the suit and pulled up inside the corselet and around the diver's neck. The space between the bib and corselet would trap most condensation and minor leakage in the helmet, keeping the diver dry. The sleeves could be fitted with integral gloves or rubber wrist seals and the suit legs ended in integral socks.<sup id="cite_ref-USN_training_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN_training-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The twill was available in heavy, medium, and light grades, with the heavy having the best resistance to abrasion and puncture against rough surfaces like <a href="/wiki/Barnacles" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnacles">barnacles</a>, rocks and the jagged edges of wreckage. Vulnerable areas were reinforced by extra layers of fabric.<sup id="cite_ref-USN_training_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN_training-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress#Variations" title="Standard diving dress">Different types</a> of standard diving dress are defined by the clamping of the collar seal to the rim of the corselet or to the joint between bonnet and corselet, and the number of bolts used for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-Denayrouze_2_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denayrouze_2-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some suits the legs could be laced at the back to limit inflated volume, which would limit the volume of excess gas that could be trapped in the legs and reduce the risk of it dragging an inverted diver to the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-davis1955_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis1955-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56">: 56 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USN_training_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN_training-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The waterproof rubberised fabric, the seal to the helmet and the cuff seals kept the diver dry, allowing sufficient clothing to be worn under the suit to keep warm depending on the water temperature and expected level of exertion.<sup id="cite_ref-USN_training_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN_training-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suit was usually a very baggy fit on the diver, and if over-inflated, would be too bulky to allow the diver to reach the control valves for air supply and exhaust. This contributed to the risk of suit blowup, which could cause an uncontrollable buoyant ascent, with high risk of decompression illness. To add to this problem, a runaway ascent could cause sufficient internal pressure to burst the seal at the corselet, which could result in a catastrophic loss of buoyancy, and the injured diver sinking back to the bottom in a flooded suit. Consequently, divers would ensure that they were weighted enough to remain sufficiently negative when underwater to minimise this risk, and to allow reasonably stable walking on the bottom. The bulkiness of fit, weighted boots, lack of fins, and lack of fine buoyancy control made swimming impracticable. At the surface the diver could struggle a short distance using the arms, but underwater would normally walk on the bottom and climb up and down over obstacles, taking care to avoid passing under anything that could foul the air hose. The diver needed to remain upright when ascending to allow venting of excess air through the helmet exhaust valve, and would either be lowered and pulled up by the tenders, or would slide down the shotline and climb back up it.<sup id="cite_ref-USN_training_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN_training-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pirelli" title="Pirelli">Pirelli</a> dry suit was designed in the 1930s and used by <a href="/wiki/Decima_Flottiglia_MAS" title="Decima Flottiglia MAS">Italian frogmen</a> during World War II. It became available for recreational divers after the war and was patented (US Pat. No. 2,570,019) in 1951 for Pirelli by Eugenio Wolk, listed as the inventor. This two piece suit was made from thin and elastic rubber, optionally bonded to a knit fabric reinforcement liner except at the sealing areas at the neck, wrists and waist. The waist seal was achieved by folding up the sealing area of the jacket, and overlapping the sealing area of the trousers, then and folding the overlap down over itself more than once before securing it in place over a profiled heavy rubber waistband using an elastic belt which pulls the multiply folded part into a groove in the waistband. Neck and cuff seals were the forerunners of the latex seals still used for this application. The patent claims this to be the first application of thin and flexible form-fitting rubber for the manufacture of dry suits, and also patents the waist seal system. The suits were intended to be worn over woolen underwear for thermal protection. There was no facility to inject air during a dive. These suits were available in four sizes and five styles, three of which were full length two-piece suits with integral boots, one of which was lined with cloth, and two of which had an optional integral hood on the jacket. The other two models were a two-piece with short sleeves and legs, and a one piece short trouser unit with suspenders which sealed on the chest and thighs.<sup id="cite_ref-Bech_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bech-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_and_later_20th_century">World War II and later 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: World War II and later 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Frogman#United_Kingdom" title="Frogman">British frogmen</a> of World War II and for some time afterwards used a similar one or two piece rubberized knit fabric suit by <a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman" title="Siebe Gorman">Siebe Gorman</a>, who produced the one-piece front-tunnel-entry <a href="/wiki/Sladen_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sladen suit">Sladen suit</a> with integral rubber helmet, developed by the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">British Admiralty</a> for use with <a href="/wiki/Manned_torpedo" class="mw-redirect" title="Manned torpedo">manned torpedoes</a>, and in the late 1950s also the Essjee two-piece waist entry swim suit, based on the Sladen suit. The Essjee suit consisted of a jacket with rubber hood and lightweight wrist cuffs, and trousers shod with moulded rubber soles. Soft open cell sponge-rubber pads inside the hood covered the ears and allowed air flow inside the suit for them to be equalised. There was space under the suit for plenty of woollen underclothes. The suit was available in proofed <a href="/wiki/Gabardine" title="Gabardine">gabardine</a> or rubberised <a href="/wiki/Stockinette" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockinette">stockinette</a>, with the cloth on the outside and the rubber inside, to protect the rubber from sunlight while in use.<sup id="cite_ref-Siebe-Gorman_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siebe-Gorman-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1945, the Spearfisherman Company, of Huntington Beach, California was approached by the US Navy to produce a rubber suit. These were advertised in the first issue of the Skin Diver magazine in December 1951. They were tunnel entry suits, and were available as full length or shortie suits with integral hood. Later versions had a neck level entry chute and a nape valve to purge trapped air. The shortie version was also rebranded as Kellys <i>7-seas</i> suit.<sup id="cite_ref-Spearfisherman_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spearfisherman-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1946 <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a> developed a constant volume drysuit which was inflated by blowing air under the mask skirt into the hood of the suit. Valves in the hood, wrists, and ankles, allowed venting in most positions.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch1">: Ch1 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_Skooba-Totes_Dry_Suit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Yellow_Skooba-Totes_Dry_Suit.jpg/220px-Yellow_Skooba-Totes_Dry_Suit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Yellow_Skooba-Totes_Dry_Suit.jpg/330px-Yellow_Skooba-Totes_Dry_Suit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Yellow_Skooba-Totes_Dry_Suit.jpg/440px-Yellow_Skooba-Totes_Dry_Suit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="1542" /></a><figcaption>Yellow Skooba-"totes" dry suit manufactured by So Lo Marx Rubber Company of Loveland, Ohio, in late 1950s or early 1960s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Seamless dipped latex one and two-piece suits were available In the US from the early 1950s. Two piece suits were connected and sealed by a rolled overlap at the waist or with a "ring and rail" waist seal, and were available in long or short leg versions and long or short sleeved versions, all with integral neck, and cuff or arm and thigh seals, and in a range of sizes and colours. The one piece suits were available with long or short legs and sleeves, and with front or back tunnel, pocket, or neck entry. Separate hoods and boots or reinforced feet for the long leg versions were available as options.<sup id="cite_ref-Seamless_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seamless-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suits were manufactured in dipped latex, 2 and 3 ply gum rubber and textile backed rubber. Some were assembled from cut components, while others were dipped one-piece seamless latex construction. Kits were also available for home completion. Manufacturers included Waterwear of Newport Beach, California, <a href="/wiki/Healthways" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthways">Healthways</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Healthways_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Healthways-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Healthways_Aqua_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Healthways_Aqua-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Voit" title="Voit">W.J. Voit Rubber Corporation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Voit_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voit-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bel-Aqua Water Sports Company of Los Angeles, (later <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquala_Sports_Manufacturing_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquala Sports Manufacturing Company (page does not exist)">Aquala Sports Manufacturing Company</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Bel-Aqua_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bel-Aqua-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Totes_Isotoner" title="Totes Isotoner">So-Lo Marx Rubber Company</a> of <a href="/wiki/Loveland,_Ohio" title="Loveland, Ohio">Loveland, Ohio</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Skooba_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skooba-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Dolphin Manufacturing Company of California.<sup id="cite_ref-Dolphin_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dolphin-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-US_Divers_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Divers-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch1">: Ch1 </span></sup> </p><p>The UK-based <a href="/wiki/Dunlop_Rubber_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunlop Rubber Company">Dunlop Rubber Company</a> produced drysuits for military and commercial divers and the Dunlop Aquafort range for recreational use.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunlop_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunlop-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-1950s, <a href="/wiki/C.E._Heinke_%26_Co._Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="C.E. Heinke & Co. Ltd.">C.E. Heinke & Co. Ltd.</a>, an established manufacturer of <a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard diving equipment">standard diving equipment</a>, had diversified into recreational underwater swimming equipment, including the <i>Delta</i> dry suit, made from natural rubber on a stockinette base. The basic Delta was a two piece suit made up of a jacket with neck seal and trousers with ankle seals which could be worn over woolen undergarments. The full suit included integral hood and feet.<sup id="cite_ref-Delta_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delta-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a few years after C.E. Heinke & Co. Ltd. was taken over by <a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman" title="Siebe Gorman">Siebe-Gorman and Company</a> in 1961, dry suits were marketed under the Siebe-Heinke label. The Siebe-Heinke <i>Dip Suit</i> for recreational diving, swimming, yachting and fishing, was a seamless black dipped-latex jacket with neck and cuff seals, and trousers with separate yellow latex cummerbund for the waist-seal. A yellow hood and black protective over-bootees were optional extras.<sup id="cite_ref-Dip_suit_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dip_suit-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Siebe-Heinke <i>Frogman</i> dry suit for professional and recreational use, introduced in 1963, was available in <a href="/wiki/Stockinette" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockinette">stockinette</a> proofed with black rubber, or proofed fawn <a href="/wiki/Twill" title="Twill">twill</a>. The suit consisted of booted trousers with reinforced soles or optional ankle seals, and a jacket with cuff seals and an option between a neck seal or integral hood, connected by a rolled waist seal and cummerbund.<sup id="cite_ref-Frogman_suits_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frogman_suits-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: history in later 20th cent. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_of_the_watertight_zipper_and_variable_volume_dry_suit">Introduction of the watertight zipper and variable volume dry suit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Introduction of the watertight zipper and variable volume dry suit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Development of space-suits led to the <a href="/wiki/Pressure-tight_zipper" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure-tight zipper">pressure-tight zipper</a>, first manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Goodrich_Corporation" title="Goodrich Corporation">B.F. Goodrich</a>, and first used on a dry suit by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bev_Morgan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bev Morgan (page does not exist)">Bev Morgan</a> in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_7-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suit was in expanded neoprene and had an oral inflator and latex seals. This was followed by the Unisuit, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poseidon_Industri_AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poseidon Industri AB (page does not exist)">Poseidon Industri AB</a> of Sweden, also in neoprene, and which included a low pressure inflator valve and exhaust valves. The zipper ran from mid-back to mid-chest via the crotch. This design became the industry standard for a while and use was widespread. Overpressure valves were installed in the ankles, wrists and neck of dry suits to remove excessive air introduced through the face mask to prevent discomfort created by squeeze, which also increased the insulation capacity of the undergarments. These were called constant volume dry suits, though the volume of gas in them will vary with the underwear in use, the attitude of the diver in the water, and during descent, with depth and manual addition of gas. What is constant is actually the opening pressure of the dump valves. Also in Sweden, <a href="/wiki/Stig_Insul%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Stig Insulán">Stig Insulán</a> and Jorn Stubdal developed a vulcanised rubber drysuit, and Insulán patented the semi-automatic variable volume dry suit exhaust valve in 1971. This valve has a user adjustable overpressure opening setting, and can also be manually opened. When combined with the low pressure inflator valve, it gave the diver precise and trouble-free buoyancy control in what became known as the variable volume dry suit.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_7-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Insulan_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Insulan-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SI_Tech_valve_manual_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI_Tech_valve_manual-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, plastic watertight zippers have been developed and are in widespread use on new suits and for replacement of damaged zippers, though the original metal toothed zippers are still available both as original equipment and for replacements. The all plastic injection moulded zipper must be greased on the landing wedge of the slider to create a proper seal.<sup id="cite_ref-Tizip_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tizip-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standardisation_of_inflation_and_deflation_controls">Standardisation of inflation and deflation controls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Standardisation of inflation and deflation controls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design#Dry_suits" title="Human factors in diving equipment design">Human factors in diving equipment design § Dry suits</a></div> <p>Since recommendations on the standardisation of scuba equipment made at the 1989 American Academy of Underwater Science Biomechanics of Safe Ascents Workshop were made, there has been a general tendency for the position and operation of the inflation and dump valves to be very similar on most dry suits, making the adjustment to an unfamiliar suit relatively straightforward.<sup id="cite_ref-AAUSascents_Lang_et_al_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAUSascents_Lang_et_al-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AAUSascents_Long_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAUSascents_Long-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century_developments">21st century developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: 21st century developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neoprene materials for wetsuits have developed and some of the changes have made them more suitable for dry suits. Among these are much greater abrasion resistance of the surface textiles. The relatively high stretch allows suits to be made with a more form-fitting cut, which reduces both hydrodynamic drag and excess internal volume. Thinner and higher density neoprene cores reduce the effect of depth on the shell thickness. Repair is also easier than for most membrane materials and can in some cases even be done on wet neoprene, making field repairs more practicable. These improvements are also expected to prolong the useful life of the suit.<sup id="cite_ref-Ange_2020_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ange_2020-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: The source does not go into much detail. Other sources must be found to clarify.. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Injection moulded plastic zippers have been developed that are cheaper and require less force to open and close than the metal toothed version, but may leak more if not completely closed, and may not last as long under heavy loads.<sup id="cite_ref-Tizip_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tizip-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DUI_zippers_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DUI_zippers-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training">Training</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver training</a></div> <p>Training in the use of a dry suit include the techniques for putting it on and taking it off without damaging the zipper or seals, and for divers, the additional skills required for diving safely in a dry suit.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_7-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several diver training agencies offer skills training and certification specifically to safely dive in a dry suit.<sup id="cite_ref-SDI_Dry_suit_diver_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDI_Dry_suit_diver-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PADI_Dry_suit_diver_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PADI_Dry_suit_diver-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RAID_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAID-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These skills are often part of a professional diver's basic training.<sup id="cite_ref-Class_IV_DTS_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Class_IV_DTS-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DIT_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DIT-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Developing full proficiency usually requires considerably more experience than is available from the training programmes.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_7-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Training in the use of a dry suit for diving generally involves a theory class on the characteristics and types of dry suit, and the advantages and hazards associated with their use. There may be content on selection of a suit and assessing fit. Practical training will generally include inspection of the suit, how to put it on and take it off, how to determine correct weighting in conjunction with the rest of the diving equipment, routine maintenance and cleaning, basic skills of buoyancy control, and recovery from common problems which if not promptly corrected, could develop into emergencies. A small number of confined water and open water dives will be done to learn and practice the skills, but the ability to use a dry suit competently develops with practice.<sup id="cite_ref-AAUSascents_Long_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAUSascents_Long-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prerequisite is usually an entry-level diving certification, but in some regions where the water is very cold, and with some agencies, entry-level training may be done in dry suits as an option.<sup id="cite_ref-PADI_Dry_suit_diver_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PADI_Dry_suit_diver-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7_reasons_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7_reasons-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SDI_Dry_suit_diver_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDI_Dry_suit_diver-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RAID_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAID-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DIT_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DIT-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skills">Skills</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Skills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scuba_skills" title="Scuba skills">Scuba skills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_skills" title="Surface-supplied diving skills">Surface-supplied diving skills</a></div> <p>Skills necessary for the safe and effective use of dry suits include: </p> <ul><li>Choosing a suit of appropriate size and fit.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch4">: Ch4 </span></sup></li> <li>Selecting appropriate undergarments for the water temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: AppA">: AppA </span></sup></li> <li>Setting up and preparation of the suit.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch4, 8">: Ch4, 8 </span></sup></li> <li>Inspection of the suit for damage and defects before the dive.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch9">: Ch9 </span></sup></li> <li>Dressing into the suit.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch9">: Ch9 </span></sup> <ul><li>Closing the zip correctly.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch9">: Ch9 </span></sup></li> <li>Removing excess gas after putting on the suit.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch9">: Ch9 </span></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Choosing and distributing ballast weight to provide correct trim and buoyancy from the start to the end of the dive.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch8">: Ch8 </span></sup></li> <li>Maintaining an appropriate gas volume in the suit during the dive:<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch10">: Ch10 </span></sup> <ul><li>Buoyancy control during descent, at constant depth, during ascent, and at the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch10">: Ch10 </span></sup></li> <li>Inflation and dumping excess gas and setting the auto-dump valve.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch10">: Ch10 </span></sup></li> <li>Maintaining appropriate trim and attitude underwater and at the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch10">: Ch10 </span></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Managing contingencies: <ul><li>Connecting and disconnecting a pressurised inflator hose.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch10">: Ch10 </span></sup></li> <li>Managing a stuck inflation valve.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch10">: Ch10 </span></sup></li> <li>Recovery from inversion.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch10">: Ch10 </span></sup></li> <li>Recovery from uncontrolled buoyant ascent/blowup.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch10">: Ch10 </span></sup></li> <li>Managing a leak or flood.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch10">: Ch10 </span></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Undressing from the suit without damaging zip or seals.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch10">: Ch10 </span></sup></li> <li>Post dive cleaning and maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch11">: Ch11 </span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturers_and_brands">Manufacturers and brands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Manufacturers and brands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inflation and dump valves are largely manufactured by Apeks and SI Tech. Inflation hoses are basically identical to low pressure hoses for use for inflating buoyancy compensators, but may be of different lengths depending on the gas source and hose routing. Silicone neck seals using a clamping ring system are made by DUI and SI Tech, and fitted to other brands by the manufacturer or as aftermarket improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dry glove systems using clip-on mounting rings are made by several manufacturers; some can be fitted to a latex wrist seal already glued to the suit, others are glued directly to the sleeve of the suit, and the glove ring clips to the fixed ring while in use, usually with an o-ring seal. There is usually a wrist seal under the dry glove in case the glove comes off during the dive<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Watertight zippers are supplied to dry suit manufacturers by German company <a href="/w/index.php?title=TiZip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TiZip (page does not exist)">TiZip</a> (plastic teeth) and BDM, Dynat and OEB from the <a href="/wiki/YKK" title="YKK">YKK</a> group (bronze teeth), and SZIP. (Chinese) <sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Past and present dry suit manufacturers include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquala (page does not exist)">Aquala</a> also known as Bel-Aqua</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bare_(dive_gear)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bare (dive gear) (page does not exist)">Bare (dive gear)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Unlimited_International" title="Diving Unlimited International">Diving Unlimited International</a> (DUI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunlop_Rubber" title="Dunlop Rubber">Dunlop</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FitzWright_Company_Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FitzWright Company Ltd. (page does not exist)">FitzWright Company Ltd.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Element&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fourth Element (page does not exist)">Fourth Element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinke_(diving_equipment_manufacturer)" title="Heinke (diving equipment manufacturer)">Heinke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loitokari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loitokari (page does not exist)">Loitokari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Diver_International_Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Diver International Ltd. (page does not exist)">Northern Diver International Ltd.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%27Three&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O'Three (page does not exist)">O'Three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirelli" title="Pirelli">Pirelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon_Diving_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Poseidon Diving Systems">Poseidon Diving Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santi_(dry_suits)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santi (dry suits) (page does not exist)">Santi (dry suits)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman" title="Siebe Gorman">Siebe Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totes_Isotoner" title="Totes Isotoner">So-Lo Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfisherman_(company)" title="Spearfisherman (company)">Spearfisherman (company)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Typhoon International (page does not exist)">Typhoon International</a></li> <li>Viking dry suits are manufactured by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ansell_Protective_Solutions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ansell Protective Solutions (page does not exist)">Ansell Protective Solutions</a> (formerly Trelleborg Protective Products). They are best known for their vulcanised rubber and polyurethane coated hazmat grade dry suits,<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also manufacture trilaminate drysuits in VSN Cordura, Nylon and Polyester.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterproof_Diving_International_AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waterproof Diving International AB (page does not exist)">Waterproof Diving International AB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whites_Manufacturing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Whites Manufacturing (page does not exist)">Whites Manufacturing</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dry_suits" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dry suits">Dry suits</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/drysuit" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:drysuit">drysuit</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">Diving suit</a> – Garment or device designed to protect a diver from the underwater environment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" title="Human factors in diving equipment design">Human factors in diving equipment design</a> – Influence of the interaction between the user and the equipment on design</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_water_sports" title="List of water sports">List of water sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a> – Propulsion of a vehicle by wind power</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">Space suit</a> – Garment worn to keep a human alive in the harsh environment of outer space</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Survival suit">Survival suit</a> – Waterproof suit that protects the wearer from hypothermia from immersion in cold water</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuilik" title="Tuilik">Tuilik</a> – Watertight jacket used when paddling a kayak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">Wetsuit</a> – Garment worn to provide thermal protection while wet</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_suit&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dry_suit_diving-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-43"><sup><i><b>ar</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-44"><sup><i><b>as</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-45"><sup><i><b>at</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-46"><sup><i><b>au</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-47"><sup><i><b>av</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-48"><sup><i><b>aw</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-49"><sup><i><b>ax</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-50"><sup><i><b>ay</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-51"><sup><i><b>az</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-52"><sup><i><b>ba</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-53"><sup><i><b>bb</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-54"><sup><i><b>bc</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-55"><sup><i><b>bd</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-56"><sup><i><b>be</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-57"><sup><i><b>bf</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-58"><sup><i><b>bg</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-59"><sup><i><b>bh</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-60"><sup><i><b>bi</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-61"><sup><i><b>bj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-62"><sup><i><b>bk</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-63"><sup><i><b>bl</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-64"><sup><i><b>bm</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-65"><sup><i><b>bn</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-66"><sup><i><b>bo</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-67"><sup><i><b>bp</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-68"><sup><i><b>bq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-69"><sup><i><b>br</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-70"><sup><i><b>bs</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-71"><sup><i><b>bt</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-72"><sup><i><b>bu</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-73"><sup><i><b>bv</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-74"><sup><i><b>bw</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-75"><sup><i><b>bx</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-76"><sup><i><b>by</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-77"><sup><i><b>bz</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-78"><sup><i><b>ca</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-79"><sup><i><b>cb</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-80"><sup><i><b>cc</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-81"><sup><i><b>cd</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-82"><sup><i><b>ce</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-83"><sup><i><b>cf</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-84"><sup><i><b>cg</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-85"><sup><i><b>ch</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-86"><sup><i><b>ci</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-87"><sup><i><b>cj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-88"><sup><i><b>ck</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-89"><sup><i><b>cl</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-90"><sup><i><b>cm</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-91"><sup><i><b>cn</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-92"><sup><i><b>co</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-93"><sup><i><b>cp</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dry_suit_diving_1-94"><sup><i><b>cq</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarskyLongStinton1999" class="citation book cs1">Barsky, Steven; Long, Dick; Stinton, Bob (1999). <i>Dry Suit Diving</i> (3rd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: Hammerhead Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9674305-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9674305-0-8"><bdi>978-0-9674305-0-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dry+Suit+Diving&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Hammerhead+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-9674305-0-8&rft.aulast=Barsky&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Long%2C+Dick&rft.au=Stinton%2C+Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piantadosi-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Piantadosi_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiantadosiBallNuckolsThalmann1979" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Piantadosi, C.A.; Ball, D.J.; Nuckols, M.L.; Thalmann, E.D. (1979). Manned Evaluation of the NCSC Diver Thermal Protection (DTP) Passive System Prototype. <i>US Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report</i> (Report). Vol. NEDU-13-79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Manned+Evaluation+of+the+NCSC+Diver+Thermal+Protection+%28DTP%29+Passive+System+Prototype&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Piantadosi&rft.aufirst=C.A.&rft.au=Ball%2C+D.J.&rft.au=Nuckols%2C+M.L.&rft.au=Thalmann%2C+E.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brewster-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brewster_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewsterSterba1988" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Brewster, D.F.; Sterba, J.A. (1988). Market Survey of Commercially Available Dry Suits. <i>US Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report</i> (Report). Vol. NEDU-3-88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Market+Survey+of+Commercially+Available+Dry+Suits&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Brewster&rft.aufirst=D.F.&rft.au=Sterba%2C+J.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nishi-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nishi_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nishi_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNishi1989" class="citation report cs1">Nishi, R.Y. (1989). Proceedings of the DCIEM Diver Thermal Protection Workshop. <i>DCIEM 92-10</i> (Report). Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toronto, CA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+DCIEM+Diver+Thermal+Protection+Workshop&rft.pub=Defence+and+Civil+Institute+of+Environmental+Medicine%2C+Toronto%2C+CA&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Nishi&rft.aufirst=R.Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thalmann-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thalmann_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThalmannSchedlichBroomeBarker1987" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Thalmann, E.D.; Schedlich, R.; Broome, J.R.; Barker, P.E. (1987). "Evaluation of Passive Thermal Protection Systems for Cold Water Diving". <i>(Royal Navy) Institute of Naval Medicine Report. Alverstoke, England</i>. 25–87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%28Royal+Navy%29+Institute+of+Naval+Medicine+Report.+Alverstoke%2C+England&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+Passive+Thermal+Protection+Systems+for+Cold+Water+Diving&rft.volume=25-87&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Thalmann&rft.aufirst=E.D.&rft.au=Schedlich%2C+R.&rft.au=Broome%2C+J.R.&rft.au=Barker%2C+P.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-High_risk-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-High_risk_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-High_risk_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-High_risk_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-High_risk_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-High_risk_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-High_risk_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-High_risk_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-High_risk_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-High_risk_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-High_risk_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarsky2007" class="citation book cs1">Barsky, Steven (2007). <i>Diving in High-Risk Environments</i> (4th ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.coastwatersports.com&rft.atitle=Drysuits&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coastwatersports.com%2Fdrysuits-c-579.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammond-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hammond_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hammond-drysuits.co.uk/">"Surface Watersports Drysuits"</a>. <i>hammond-drysuits.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230607154211/https://www.hammond-drysuits.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hammond-drysuits.co.uk&rft.atitle=Surface+Watersports+Drysuits&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhammond-drysuits.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammond_shortie-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hammond_shortie_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hammond-drysuits.co.uk/">"Shortie Hickman Line Dry Suits"</a>. <i>hammond-drysuits.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230607154211/https://www.hammond-drysuits.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hammond-drysuits.co.uk&rft.atitle=Shortie+Hickman+Line+Dry+Suits&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhammond-drysuits.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sweeney_2016-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sweeney_2016_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sweeney_2016_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sweeney_2016_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweeney2016" class="citation book cs1">Sweeney, Dana H. (2016). 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Synney, NSW. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923003614/http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/us-inventor-leonard-norcross-designed-first-special-suit-which-allowed-man-to-breathe-under-water/news-story/064185c85bbe87b4082eb2a9c989f55b">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Who+designed+world%27s+first+diving+suit%3F&rft.date=2017-06-14&rft.aulast=Lennon&rft.aufirst=Troy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytelegraph.com.au%2Fnews%2Fus-inventor-leonard-norcross-designed-first-special-suit-which-allowed-man-to-breathe-under-water%2Fnews-story%2F064185c85bbe87b4082eb2a9c989f55b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Denayrouze_1-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Denayrouze_1_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDekker" class="citation web cs1">Dekker, David L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.divinghelmet.nl/divinghelmet/1860_Rouquayrol_Denayrouze.html">"1860. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.divinghelmet.nl&rft.atitle=1860.+Benoit+Rouquayrol+%E2%80%93+Auguste+Denayrouze%3A+Part+1&rft.aulast=Dekker&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.divinghelmet.nl%2Fdivinghelmet%2F1860_Rouquayrol_Denayrouze.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Denayrouze_2-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Denayrouze_2_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDekker" class="citation web cs1">Dekker, David L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.divinghelmet.nl/divinghelmet/1860_Rouquayrol_Denayrouze_2.html">"1860. Benoit Rouquayrol – Auguste Denayrouze: Part 2"</a>. <i>www.divinghelmet.nl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310134921/http://www.divinghelmet.nl/divinghelmet/1860_Rouquayrol_Denayrouze_2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.divinghelmet.nl&rft.atitle=1860.+Benoit+Rouquayrol+%E2%80%93+Auguste+Denayrouze%3A+Part+2&rft.aulast=Dekker&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.divinghelmet.nl%2Fdivinghelmet%2F1860_Rouquayrol_Denayrouze_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-davis1955-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-davis1955_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Davis_(inventor)" title="Robert Davis (inventor)">Davis, Robert H.</a> (1955). <i>Deep Diving and Submarine Operations</i> (6th ed.). 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Janwillem Bech. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200221205410/http://www.therebreathersite.nl/Zuurstofrebreathers/Italian/pirelli_diving_suit.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=therebreathersite.nl&rft.atitle=Pirelli+diving+suit&rft.aulast=Bech&rft.aufirst=Janwillem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.therebreathersite.nl%2FZuurstofrebreathers%2FItalian%2Fpirelli_diving_suit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siebe-Gorman-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Siebe-Gorman_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, David Richie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydroglove.net/media/729422104a3ac4baffff81caffffe907.pdf">"Section 18: Siebe-Gorman Diving Suits"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Historical Diving Suits</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Diving+Suits&rft.atitle=Section+18%3A+Siebe-Gorman+Diving+Suits&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=David+Richie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydroglove.net%2Fmedia%2F729422104a3ac4baffff81caffffe907.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spearfisherman-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spearfisherman_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, David Richie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydroglove.net/media/729422104a3ac4baffff81a6ffffe907.pdf">"Section 1: The Spearfisherman Frogman Suits"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Historical Diving Suits</i>. Hydroglove. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406093516/http://www.hydroglove.net/media/729422104a3ac4baffff81a6ffffe907.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Diving+Suits&rft.atitle=Section+1%3A+The+Spearfisherman+Frogman+Suits&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=David+Richie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydroglove.net%2Fmedia%2F729422104a3ac4baffff81a6ffffe907.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seamless-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seamless_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, David Richie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydroglove.net/media/729422104a3ac4baffff81c1ffffe907.pdf">"Section 9: Seamless Suits"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Historical Diving Suits</i>. Hydroglove. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406093459/http://www.hydroglove.net/media/729422104a3ac4baffff81c1ffffe907.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Diving+Suits&rft.atitle=Section+9%3A+Seamless+Suits&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=David+Richie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydroglove.net%2Fmedia%2F729422104a3ac4baffff81c1ffffe907.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Healthways-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Healthways_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, David Richie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydroglove.net/media/729422104a3ac4baffff81beffffe907.pdf">"Section 6: Healthways Carib Suits"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Historical Diving Suits</i>. Hydroglove. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406093408/http://www.hydroglove.net/media/729422104a3ac4baffff81beffffe907.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Diving+Suits&rft.atitle=Section+6%3A+Healthways+Carib+Suits&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=David+Richie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydroglove.net%2Fmedia%2F729422104a3ac4baffff81beffffe907.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Healthways_Aqua-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Healthways_Aqua_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, David Richie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydroglove.net/media/729422104a3ac4baffff81c6ffffe907.pdf">"Section 14: Healthways Aqua Suits"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Historical Diving Suits</i>. Hydroglove. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406093401/http://www.hydroglove.net/media/729422104a3ac4baffff81c6ffffe907.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Diving+Suits&rft.atitle=Section+14%3A+Healthways+Aqua+Suits&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=David+Richie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydroglove.net%2Fmedia%2F729422104a3ac4baffff81c6ffffe907.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Voit-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Voit_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, David Ritchie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydroglove.net/media/729422104a3ac4baffff81c5ffffe907.pdf">"Section 13: Voit Full Dry Suits"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Historical Diving Suits</i>. Hydroglove. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406093530/http://www.hydroglove.net/media/729422104a3ac4baffff81c5ffffe907.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Diving+Suits&rft.atitle=Section+13%3A+Voit+Full+Dry+Suits&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=David+Ritchie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydroglove.net%2Fmedia%2F729422104a3ac4baffff81c5ffffe907.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bel-Aqua-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bel-Aqua_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, David Richie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydroglove.net/media/729422104a3ac4baffff81bfffffe907.pdf">"Bel-Aqua Dry Suits"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Historical Diving Suits</i>. Hydroglove. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406093235/http://www.hydroglove.net/media/729422104a3ac4baffff81bfffffe907.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Diving+Suits&rft.atitle=Bel-Aqua+Dry+Suits&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=David+Richie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydroglove.net%2Fmedia%2F729422104a3ac4baffff81bfffffe907.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skooba-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Skooba_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, David Richie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydroglove.net/media/729422104a3ac4baffff81c0ffffe907.pdf">"Section 8: Skooba-"totes" Suits"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Historical Diving Suits</i>. Hydroglove. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406093627/http://www.hydroglove.net/media/729422104a3ac4baffff81c0ffffe907.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Diving+Suits&rft.atitle=Section+8%3A+Skooba-%22totes%22+Suits&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=David+Richie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydroglove.net%2Fmedia%2F729422104a3ac4baffff81c0ffffe907.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dolphin-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dolphin_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, David Ritchie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydroglove.net/media/729422104a3ac4baffff81c3ffffe907.pdf">"Section 11: Dolphin Suits"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Historical Diving Suits</i>. Hydroglove. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406093335/http://www.hydroglove.net/media/729422104a3ac4baffff81c3ffffe907.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Diving+Suits&rft.atitle=Section+11%3A+Dolphin+Suits&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=David+Ritchie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydroglove.net%2Fmedia%2F729422104a3ac4baffff81c3ffffe907.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_Divers-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-US_Divers_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, David Richie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydroglove.net/media/729422104a3ac4baffff81bdffffe907.pdf">"Section 5: US Divers Seal Suit"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Historical Diving Suits</i>. Hydroglove. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406093523/http://www.hydroglove.net/media/729422104a3ac4baffff81bdffffe907.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Diving+Suits&rft.atitle=Section+5%3A+US+Divers+Seal+Suit&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=David+Richie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydroglove.net%2Fmedia%2F729422104a3ac4baffff81bdffffe907.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunlop-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dunlop_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, David Ritchie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydroglove.net/media/729422104a3ac4baffff81c9ffffe907.pdf">"Section 17: Dunlop Diving Suits"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Historical Diving Suits</i>. Hydroglove. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406093340/http://www.hydroglove.net/media/729422104a3ac4baffff81c9ffffe907.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Diving+Suits&rft.atitle=Section+17%3A+Dunlop+Diving+Suits&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=David+Ritchie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydroglove.net%2Fmedia%2F729422104a3ac4baffff81c9ffffe907.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Delta-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Delta_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, David Richie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydroglove.net/media/729422104a3ac4baffff81bcffffe907.pdf">"Section 4: Heinke Delta Suit"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Historical Diving Suits</i>. Hydroglove. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406093322/http://www.hydroglove.net/media/729422104a3ac4baffff81bcffffe907.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Diving+Suits&rft.atitle=Section+4%3A+Heinke+Delta+Suit&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=David+Richie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydroglove.net%2Fmedia%2F729422104a3ac4baffff81bcffffe907.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dip_suit-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dip_suit_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, David Richie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydroglove.net/media/729422104a3ac4baffff81a7ffffe907.pdf">"Section 2: Siebe-Heinke Dip Suit"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Historical Diving Suits</i>. Hydroglove. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406093328/http://www.hydroglove.net/media/729422104a3ac4baffff81a7ffffe907.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Diving+Suits&rft.atitle=Section+2%3A+Siebe-Heinke+Dip+Suit&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=David+Richie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydroglove.net%2Fmedia%2F729422104a3ac4baffff81a7ffffe907.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frogman_suits-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frogman_suits_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, David Richie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydroglove.net/media/729422104a3ac4baffff81c8ffffe907.pdf">"Section 16: Siebe-Heinke "Frogman" Suits"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Historical Diving Suits</i>. Hydroglove. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406093354/http://www.hydroglove.net/media/729422104a3ac4baffff81c8ffffe907.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Diving+Suits&rft.atitle=Section+16%3A+Siebe-Heinke+%22Frogman%22+Suits&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=David+Richie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydroglove.net%2Fmedia%2F729422104a3ac4baffff81c8ffffe907.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Insulan-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Insulan_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sitech.se/articles/cold-water-diving-pioneers.aspx">"Cold water diving pioneers"</a>. <i>Corporate articles</i>. SI Tech. 1 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170422174319/http://sitech.se/articles/cold-water-diving-pioneers.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Corporate+articles&rft.atitle=Cold+water+diving+pioneers&rft.date=2013-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sitech.se%2Farticles%2Fcold-water-diving-pioneers.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SI_Tech_valve_manual-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SI_Tech_valve_manual_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sitech.se/media/72746/valve_manual_2014_web.pdf">"Dry suit valves - User manual Version: 5.0"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.sitech.se</i>. SI Tech AB. 17 April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406093449/http://www.sitech.se/media/72746/valve_manual_2014_web.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sitech.se&rft.atitle=Dry+suit+valves+-+User+manual+Version%3A+5.0&rft.date=2014-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sitech.se%2Fmedia%2F72746%2Fvalve_manual_2014_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SDI_Dry_suit_diver-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SDI_Dry_suit_diver_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SDI_Dry_suit_diver_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdisdi.com/sdi/get-certified/dry-suit-diver/">"SDI Dry Suit Diver"</a>. <i>www.tdisdi.com</i>. 3 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008164505/https://www.tdisdi.com/sdi/get-certified/dry-suit-diver/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tdisdi.com&rft.atitle=SDI+Dry+Suit+Diver&rft.date=2016-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdisdi.com%2Fsdi%2Fget-certified%2Fdry-suit-diver%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PADI_Dry_suit_diver-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PADI_Dry_suit_diver_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PADI_Dry_suit_diver_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.padi.com/courses/dry-suit-diver">"How to Start Drysuit Diving"</a>. <i>www.padi.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008155956/https://www.padi.com/courses/dry-suit-diver">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.padi.com&rft.atitle=How+to+Start+Drysuit+Diving&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.padi.com%2Fcourses%2Fdry-suit-diver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RAID-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RAID_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAID_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diveraid.com/content.asp?LJCfzJvmBz2UN3Bd4A">"Drysuit"</a>. <i>www.diveraid.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008155956/https://www.diveraid.com/content.asp?LJCfzJvmBz2UN3Bd4A">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.diveraid.com&rft.atitle=Drysuit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diveraid.com%2Fcontent.asp%3FLJCfzJvmBz2UN3Bd4A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Class_IV_DTS-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Class_IV_DTS_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiving_Advisory_Board2007" class="citation book cs1">Diving Advisory Board (2007). <i>Class IV Training Standard</i> (Revision 5.03 October 2007 ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blog.padi.com&rft.atitle=7+Reasons+You+Need+a+Dry+Suit+Certification&rft.date=2020-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.padi.com%2F7-reasons-you-need-a-dry-suit-certification%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I30nV0_mt_o&ab_channel=Tim%27sGearTips">"Exploring Dry Suit Neck Seal & Neck Seal Systems"</a>. Tim's Gear Tips. 2 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2024</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exploring+Dry+Suit+Neck+Seal+%26+Neck+Seal+Systems&rft.pub=Tim%27s+Gear+Tips&rft.date=2024-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DI30nV0_mt_o%26ab_channel%3DTim%2527sGearTips&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DYMQynzl_-w&ab_channel=Tim%27sGearTips">"Exploring Dry Suit Dry Glove & Wrist Seal Systems - The Comprehensive Comparison"</a>. Tim's Gear Tips. February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2024</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exploring+Dry+Suit+Dry+Glove+%26+Wrist+Seal+Systems+-+The+Comprehensive+Comparison&rft.pub=Tim%27s+Gear+Tips&rft.date=2024-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DDYMQynzl_-w%26ab_channel%3DTim%2527sGearTips&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scubadelphia.com/products/ykk-metal-zipper">"YKK Proseal Metal Drysuit zipper"</a>. <i>scubadelphia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scubadelphia.com&rft.atitle=YKK+Proseal+Metal+Drysuit+zipper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscubadelphia.com%2Fproducts%2Fykk-metal-zipper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unitedsterling.com.hk/en/diving-equipment/viking-(swe)/">"Diving Equipment: Viking (SWE)"</a>. <i>www.unitedsterling.com.hk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="Snorkeling">Snorkeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_oriented_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface oriented diving">Surface oriented diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving" title="Surface-supplied diving">Surface-supplied diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned diving">Unmanned diving</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_equipment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_equipment" title="Diving equipment">Diving equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleaning_and_disinfection_of_personal_diving_equipment" title="Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment">Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" title="Human factors in diving equipment design">Human factors in diving equipment design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_equipment_manufacturers" title="List of diving equipment manufacturers">List of diving equipment manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">Snorkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">Breathing gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout gas">Bailout gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom gas">Bottom gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_air" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing air">Breathing air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression gas">Decompression gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">Emergency gas supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliox" title="Heliox">Heliox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydreliox" title="Hydreliox">Hydreliox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrox_(breathing_gas)" title="Hydrox (breathing gas)">Hydrox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrox" title="Nitrox">Nitrox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel gas">Travel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimix_(breathing_gas)" title="Trimix (breathing gas)">Trimix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buoyancy and<br />trim equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avelo_diving_system" title="Avelo diving system">Avelo diving system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buoyancy_compensator_(diving)" title="Buoyancy compensator (diving)">Buoyancy compensator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_inflator" class="mw-redirect" title="Power inflator">Power inflator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dump_valve_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dump valve (diving)">Dump valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_buoyancy_pressure_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable buoyancy pressure vessel">Variable buoyancy pressure vessel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_weighting_system" title="Diving weighting system">Diving weighting system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankle_weights_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankle weights (diving)">Ankle weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_weights" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated weights">Integrated weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_weights_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trim weights (diving)">Trim weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Weight belt">Weight belt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompression_equipment" title="Decompression equipment">Decompression<br />equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_buoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression buoy">Decompression buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression chamber">Decompression chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression cylinder">Decompression cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_trapeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression trapeze">Decompression trapeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_computer" title="Dive computer">Dive computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_shot" title="Diving shot">Diving shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_upline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey upline">Jersey upline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonline">Jonline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">Diving suit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JIM_suit" title="JIM suit">JIM suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtsuit" title="Newtsuit">Newtsuit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dry suit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sladen_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sladen suit">Sladen suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard diving suit">Standard diving suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_vest" class="mw-redirect" title="Rash vest">Rash vest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">Wetsuit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_skins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive skins">Dive skins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot-water_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-water suit">Hot-water suit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Helmets<br />and masks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fog" title="Anti-fog">Anti-fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving helmet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free-flow_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-flow helmet">Free-flow helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_demand_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightweight demand helmet">Lightweight demand helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orinasal_mask" title="Orinasal mask">Orinasal mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Reclaim helmet">Reclaim helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_water_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shallow water helmet">Shallow water helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard diving helmet">Standard diving helmet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Band mask">Band mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-face_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-face mask">Full-face mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Half mask">Half mask</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_timer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom timer">Bottom timer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_gauge" title="Depth gauge">Depth gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_computer" title="Dive computer">Dive computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_timer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive timer">Dive timer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_watch" title="Diving watch">Diving watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helium_release_valve" title="Helium release valve">Helium release valve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-galvanic_oxygen_sensor" title="Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor">Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumofathometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumofathometer">Pneumofathometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersible_pressure_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Submersible pressure gauge">Submersible pressure gauge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobility<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver_propulsion_vehicle" title="Diver propulsion vehicle">Diver propulsion vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed bell">Closed bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet bell">Wet bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monofin" title="Monofin">Monofin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerSwim" title="PowerSwim">PowerSwim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towboard" title="Towboard">Towboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_sub" title="Wet sub">Wet sub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Safety<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_air_source" title="Alternative air source">Alternative air source</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Octopus regulator">Octopus regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_bottle" title="Pony bottle">Pony bottle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_snap" title="Bolt snap">Bolt snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddy line">Buddy line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_light" title="Dive light">Dive light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_cutting_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's cutting tool">Diver's cutting tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_knife" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's knife">Diver's knife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's telephone">Diver's telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Through-water_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Through-water communications">Through-water communications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_communication" title="Underwater acoustic communication">Underwater acoustic communication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_harness" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving safety harness">Diving safety harness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">Emergency gas supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout block">Bailout block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_bottle" title="Bailout bottle">Bailout bottle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeline_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifeline (diving)">Lifeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Screw_gate_carabiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Screw gate carabiner">Screw gate carabiner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_locator_beacon" title="Emergency locator beacon">Emergency locator beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_tether" class="mw-redirect" title="Rescue tether">Rescue tether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety helmet">Safety helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark-proof_cage" class="mw-redirect" title="Shark-proof cage">Shark-proof cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoopy_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Snoopy loop">Snoopy loop</a></li> <li>Navigation equipment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distance_line" title="Distance line">Distance line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_compass" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving compass">Diving compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_reel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive reel">Dive reel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_marker" title="Line marker">Line marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_marker_buoy" title="Surface marker buoy">Surface marker buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt_screw" class="mw-redirect" title="Silt screw">Silt screw</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_breathing_apparatus" title="Underwater breathing apparatus">Underwater<br />breathing<br />apparatus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_cylinder" title="Diving cylinder">Diving cylinder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burst_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Burst disc">Burst disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_cylinder_valve" title="Scuba cylinder valve">Scuba cylinder valve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving helmet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Reclaim helmet">Reclaim helmet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulator" title="Diving regulator">Diving regulator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_diving_regulators" title="Mechanism of diving regulators">Mechanism of diving regulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_malfunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulator malfunction">Regulator malfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_freeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulator freeze">Regulator freeze</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-hose_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-hose regulator">Single-hose regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-hose_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin-hose regulator">Twin-hose regulator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-face_diving_mask" title="Full-face diving mask">Full-face diving mask</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-circuit_scuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-circuit scuba">Open-circuit<br />scuba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">Scuba set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_bottle" title="Bailout bottle">Bailout bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression cylinder">Decompression cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_doubles" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent doubles">Independent doubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifolded_twin_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifolded twin set">Manifolded twin set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_manifold" title="Scuba manifold">Scuba manifold</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_bottle" title="Pony bottle">Pony bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_configuration" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba configuration">Scuba configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidemount" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidemount">Sidemount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sling_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Sling cylinder">Sling cylinder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_rebreather" title="Diving rebreather">Diving rebreathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton_CDBA" class="mw-redirect" title="Carleton CDBA">Carleton CDBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_Divers_Life_Support_Equipment" title="Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment">Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_rebreather" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic rebreather">Cryogenic rebreather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUMA" title="CUMA">CUMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSEA" class="mw-redirect" title="DSEA">DSEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4ger_Dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dräger Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_PVR-BASC" title="Halcyon PVR-BASC">Halcyon PVR-BASC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_RB80" title="Halcyon RB80">Halcyon RB80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDA71" title="IDA71">IDA71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interspiro_DCSC" title="Interspiro DCSC">Interspiro DCSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAR-5" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-5">LAR-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAR-6" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-6">LAR-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAR-V" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-V">LAR-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambertsen_Amphibious_Respiratory_Unit" title="Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit">LARU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_IV_Amphibian" title="Mark IV Amphibian">Mark IV Amphibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4ger_Ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Dräger Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman_CDBA" title="Siebe Gorman CDBA">Siebe Gorman CDBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman_Salvus" title="Siebe Gorman Salvus">Salvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siva_(rebreather)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siva (rebreather)">Siva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_equipment" title="Surface-supplied diving equipment">Surface-supplied<br />diving equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_line" title="Air line">Air line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_umbilical" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's umbilical">Diver's umbilical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor" title="Diving air compressor">Diving air compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas panel">Gas panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hookah_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hookah (diving)">Hookah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba replacement">Scuba replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuba" title="Snuba">Snuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">Standard diving dress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_equipment_manufacturers" title="List of diving equipment manufacturers"> Diving<br />equipment<br />manufacturers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AP_Diving" title="AP Diving">AP Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apeks" title="Apeks">Apeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Lung_America" title="Aqua Lung America">Aqua Lung America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Lung/La_Spirotechnique" title="Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique">Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beuchat" title="Beuchat">Beuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cavalero" title="René Cavalero">René Cavalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cis-Lunar" title="Cis-Lunar">Cis-Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cressi-Sub" title="Cressi-Sub">Cressi-Sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacor_(scuba_diving)" title="Dacor (scuba diving)">Dacor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DESCO" title="DESCO">DESCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_Xtras" title="Dive Xtras">Dive Xtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divex" title="Divex">Divex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Unlimited_International" title="Diving Unlimited International">Diving Unlimited International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4gerwerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Drägerwerk">Drägerwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faber_Industrie_S.p.A." title="Faber Industrie S.p.A.">Faber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenzy" title="Fenzy">Fenzy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Fernez" title="Maurice Fernez">Maurice Fernez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Ferraro_(naval_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luigi Ferraro (naval officer)">Technisub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Gugen" title="Oscar Gugen">Oscar Gugen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinke_(diving_equipment_manufacturer)" title="Heinke (diving equipment manufacturer)">Heinke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HeinrichsWeikamp" title="HeinrichsWeikamp">HeinrichsWeikamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Outdoors" title="Johnson Outdoors">Johnson Outdoors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mares_(scuba_equipment)" title="Mares (scuba equipment)">Mares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_Diving" title="Morse Diving">Morse Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemrod" title="Nemrod">Nemrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_Worldwide" title="Oceanic Worldwide">Oceanic Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearwater_Research" title="Shearwater Research">Shearwater Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman" title="Siebe Gorman">Siebe Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Products" title="Submarine Products">Submarine Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suunto" title="Suunto">Suunto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_support_equipment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_support_equipment" title="Diving support equipment">Diving support equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Access equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_stirrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Boarding stirrup">Boarding stirrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver lift">Diver lift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving ladder">Diving ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_platform_(scuba)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving platform (scuba)">Diving platform (scuba)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downline_(diving)" title="Downline (diving)">Downline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackstay" title="Jackstay">Jackstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch and recovery system (diving)">Launch and recovery system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messenger_line" title="Messenger line">Messenger line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_pool" title="Moon pool">Moon pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breathing gas<br />handling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor#Filtration" title="Diving air compressor">Air filtration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">Activated carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopcalite" title="Hopcalite">Hopcalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_sieve" title="Molecular sieve">Molecular sieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silica_gel" title="Silica gel">Silica gel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_pump" title="Booster pump">Booster pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_filling_system" title="Cascade filling system">Cascade filling system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_pump" title="Diver's pump">Diver's pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor" title="Diving air compressor">Diving air compressor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving air filter">Diving air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Water separator">Water separator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_pressure_breathing_air_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="High pressure breathing air compressor">High pressure breathing air compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_pressure_breathing_air_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Low pressure breathing air compressor">Low pressure breathing air compressor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending" title="Gas blending">Gas blending</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending_for_scuba_diving" title="Gas blending for scuba diving">Gas blending for scuba diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas panel">Gas panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_reclaim_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas reclaim system">Gas reclaim system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage bank">Gas storage bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_quad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage quad">Gas storage quad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage tube">Gas storage tube</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_analyzer" title="Helium analyzer">Helium analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrox_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrox production">Nitrox production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Membrane_gas_separation" title="Membrane gas separation">Membrane gas separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_swing_adsorption" title="Pressure swing adsorption">Pressure swing adsorption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_analyser" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen analyser">Oxygen analyser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electro-galvanic_oxygen_sensor" title="Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor">Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_compatibility" title="Oxygen compatibility">Oxygen compatibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompression_equipment" title="Decompression equipment">Decompression<br />equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-lock">Air-lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Built-in_breathing_system" title="Built-in breathing system">Built-in breathing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_tables" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression tables">Decompression tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_cursor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell cursor">Bell cursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed bell">Closed bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clump_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Clump weight">Clump weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch and recovery system (diving)">Launch and recovery system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet bell">Wet bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_chamber" title="Diving chamber">Diving chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_Dive_Planner" title="Recreational Dive Planner">Recreational Dive Planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation system">Saturation system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_boat" title="Dive boat">Dive boat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_and_kayak_diving" title="Canoe and kayak diving">Canoe and kayak diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_rubber_raiding_craft" title="Combat rubber raiding craft">Combat rubber raiding craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liveaboard" title="Liveaboard">Liveaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subskimmer" title="Subskimmer">Subskimmer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_support_vessel" title="Diving support vessel">Diving support vessel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(K07)" title="HMS Challenger (K07)">HMS Challenger (K07)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Underwaterhabitat" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_habitat" title="Underwater habitat">Underwater<br />habitat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_Reef_Base" title="Aquarius Reef Base">Aquarius Reef Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Shelf_Station_Two" title="Continental Shelf Station Two">Continental Shelf Station Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helgoland_Habitat" title="Helgoland Habitat">Helgoland Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter_Space_Analog_Station" title="Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station">Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEALAB" title="SEALAB">SEALAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tektite_habitat" title="Tektite habitat">Tektite habitat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">Remotely operated<br />underwater vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8A4-class_ROUV" title="8A4-class ROUV">8A4-class ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABISMO" title="ABISMO">ABISMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_ROV_Team" title="Atlantis ROV Team">Atlantis ROV Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COTSBot" title="COTSBot">COTSBot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CURV" title="CURV">CURV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Drone" title="Deep Drone">Deep Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89paulard" title="Épaulard">Épaulard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Explorer_ROV" title="Global Explorer ROV">Global Explorer ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldfish-class_ROUV" title="Goldfish-class ROUV">Goldfish-class ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaik%C5%8D_ROV" title="Kaikō ROV">Kaikō ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C5%9Fif_ROUV" title="Kaşif ROUV">Kaşif ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-Term_Mine_Reconnaissance_System" title="Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System">Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_Rover_ROV" title="Mini Rover ROV">Mini Rover ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenROV" title="OpenROV">OpenROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROV_KIEL_6000" title="ROV KIEL 6000">ROV KIEL 6000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROV_PHOCA" title="ROV PHOCA">ROV PHOCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpio_ROV" title="Scorpio ROV">Scorpio ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Dragon-class_ROV" title="Sea Dragon-class ROV">Sea Dragon-class ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_tractor" title="Seabed tractor">Seabed tractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafox_drone" title="Seafox drone">Seafox drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaPerch" title="SeaPerch">SeaPerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SJT-class_ROUV" title="SJT-class ROUV">SJT-class ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T1200_Trenching_Unit" title="T1200 Trenching Unit">T1200 Trenching Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoRay_UROVs" title="VideoRay UROVs">VideoRay UROVs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Safety equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver_down_flag" title="Diver down flag">Diver down flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_shot" title="Diving shot">Diving shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENOS_Rescue-System" title="ENOS Rescue-System">ENOS Rescue-System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_lifeboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbaric lifeboat">Hyperbaric lifeboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_stretcher" title="Hyperbaric stretcher">Hyperbaric stretcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackstay_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackstay (diving)">Jackstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonline">Jonline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_gas_supply_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve gas supply (diving)">Reserve gas supply</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving spread">Diving spread</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Air spread">Air spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation spread">Saturation spread</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_water_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot water system (diving)">Hot water system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_positioning_system" title="Underwater acoustic positioning system">Underwater acoustic positioning system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_communication" title="Underwater acoustic communication">Underwater acoustic communication</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freediving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquathlon_(underwater_wrestling)" title="Aquathlon (underwater wrestling)">Aquathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apnoea_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Apnoea finswimming">Apnoea finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haenyeo" title="Haenyeo">Haenyeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">Snorkeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_football" title="Underwater football">Underwater football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey" title="Underwater hockey">Underwater hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby" title="Underwater rugby">Underwater rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_target_shooting" title="Underwater target shooting">Underwater target shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Deep" title="Nordic Deep">Nordic Deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_Blue" title="Vertical Blue">Vertical Blue</a></li> <li>Disciplines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constant_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant weight">Constant weight</a> (CWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_weight_bi-fins" title="Constant weight bi-fins">Constant weight bi-fins</a> (CWTB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_weight_without_fins" title="Constant weight without fins">Constant weight without fins</a> (CNF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_apnea" title="Dynamic apnea">Dynamic apnea</a> (DYN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_apnea_without_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic apnea without fins">Dynamic apnea without fins</a> (DNF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_immersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Free immersion">Free immersion</a> (FIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-limits_apnea" title="No-limits apnea">No-limits apnea</a> (NLT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_apnea" title="Static apnea">Static apnea</a> (STA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandalopetra_diving" title="Skandalopetra diving">Skandalopetra diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_weight_apnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable weight apnea">Variable weight apnea</a> (VWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_weight_apnea_without_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable weight apnea without fins">Variable weight apnea without fins</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">Diving suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sling" title="Hawaiian sling">Hawaiian sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polespear" title="Polespear">Polespear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">Snorkel (swimming)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speargun" title="Speargun">Speargun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monofin" title="Monofin">Monofin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo_cap" title="Water polo cap">Water polo cap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freedivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Andollo" title="Deborah Andollo">Deborah Andollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Arrigoni" title="Simone Arrigoni">Simone Arrigoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppo_Biscarini" title="Peppo Biscarini">Peppo Biscarini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Board" title="Michael Board">Michael Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Campbell" title="Sara Campbell">Sara Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derya_Can_G%C3%B6%C3%A7en" class="mw-redirect" title="Derya Can Göçen">Derya Can Göçen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goran_%C4%8Colak" title="Goran Čolak">Goran Čolak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Coste" title="Carlos Coste">Carlos Coste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Croft_(diver)" title="Robert Croft (diver)">Robert Croft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandy-Rae_Cruickshank" title="Mandy-Rae Cruickshank">Mandy-Rae Cruickshank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasemin_Dalk%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7" title="Yasemin Dalkılıç">Yasemin Dalkılıç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_D%27Imporzano" title="Leonardo D'Imporzano">Leonardo D'Imporzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Eberhard" title="Flavia Eberhard">Flavia Eberhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eahika_Erc%C3%BCmen" title="Şahika Ercümen">Şahika Ercümen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Farrell_(freediver)" title="Emma Farrell (freediver)">Emma Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferreras" title="Francisco Ferreras">Francisco Ferreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Frolla" title="Pierre Frolla">Pierre Frolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Eberhard" title="Flavia Eberhard">Flavia Eberhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehgan_Heaney-Grier" title="Mehgan Heaney-Grier">Mehgan Heaney-Grier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Kristoffersen" title="Elisabeth Kristoffersen">Elisabeth Kristoffersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Yevhenovych_Khvetkevych" class="mw-redirect" title="Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych">Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Leferme" title="Loïc Leferme">Loïc Leferme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzo_Maiorca" title="Enzo Maiorca">Enzo Maiorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Mayol" title="Jacques Mayol">Jacques Mayol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Mestre" title="Audrey Mestre">Audrey Mestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Meyer" title="Karol Meyer">Karol Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Middleton_(free-diver)" title="Kate Middleton (free-diver)">Kate Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mifsud" title="Stéphane Mifsud">Stéphane Mifsud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Molchanov" title="Alexey Molchanov">Alexey Molchanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Molchanova" title="Natalia Molchanova">Natalia Molchanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Mullins_(freediver)" title="Dave Mullins (freediver)">Dave Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Musimu" title="Patrick Musimu">Patrick Musimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_N%C3%A9ry" title="Guillaume Néry">Guillaume Néry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Nitsch" title="Herbert Nitsch">Herbert Nitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Pelizzari" title="Umberto Pelizzari">Umberto Pelizzari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liv_Philip" title="Liv Philip">Liv Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelie_Pompe" title="Annelie Pompe">Annelie Pompe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stig_Severinsen" title="Stig Severinsen">Stig Severinsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Sietas" title="Tom Sietas">Tom Sietas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aharon_Solomons" title="Aharon Solomons">Aharon Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_%C5%A0t%C4%9Bp%C3%A1nek_(free-diver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Štěpánek (free-diver)">Martin Štěpánek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Steyn" title="Walter Steyn">Walter Steyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanya_Streeter" title="Tanya Streeter">Tanya Streeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Trubridge" title="William Trubridge">William Trubridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devrim_Cenk_Ulusoy" title="Devrim Cenk Ulusoy">Devrim Cenk Ulusoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatma_Uruk" title="Fatma Uruk">Fatma Uruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danai_Varveri" title="Danai Varveri">Danai Varveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessia_Zecchini" title="Alessia Zecchini">Alessia Zecchini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataliia_Zharkova" title="Nataliia Zharkova">Nataliia Zharkova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout" title="Freediving blackout">Freediving blackout</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-water_blackout" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep-water blackout">Deep-water blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout#Terminology" title="Freediving blackout">Shallow-water blackout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_wrestling" title="Octopus wrestling">Octopus wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_underwater_swimming" title="Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming">Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Underwater_Federation" title="Australian Underwater Federation">Australian Underwater Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Freediving_Association" title="British Freediving Association">British Freediving Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Freediving_International" title="Performance Freediving International">Performance Freediving International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Professional_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">Professional diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial diver">Commercial diver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_offshore_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial offshore diver">Commercial offshore diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazmat diver">Hazmat diver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divemaster" title="Divemaster">Divemaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_officer" title="Diving safety officer">Diving safety officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_superintendent" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving superintendent">Diving superintendent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haenyeo" title="Haenyeo">Haenyeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Media diver">Media diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Police diver">Police diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety diver">Public safety diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific diver">Scientific diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater archaeologist">Underwater archaeologist</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Militarydiving" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Military<br />diving</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_engineer_diver" title="Army engineer diver">Army engineer diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces_Divers" title="Canadian Armed Forces Divers">Canadian Armed Forces Divers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_diver" title="Clearance diver">Clearance diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minentaucher" title="Minentaucher">Minentaucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy_ships_diver" title="Royal Navy ships diver">Royal Navy ships diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_divers" title="United States military divers">United States military divers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navy_diver_(United_States_Navy)" title="Navy diver (United States Navy)">U.S. Navy diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_diver_(United_States_Navy)" title="Master diver (United States Navy)">U.S.Navy master diver</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Militarydivingunits" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_diving_units" title="List of military diving units">Military<br />diving<br />units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_Diving_Branch_(RAN)" title="Clearance Diving Branch (RAN)">Clearance Diving Branch (RAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commando_Hubert" class="mw-redirect" title="Commando Hubert">Commando Hubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Special_Operations_Force" title="Lithuanian Special Operations Force">Combat Divers Service (Lithuania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comando_Raggruppamento_Subacquei_e_Incursori_Teseo_Tesei" title="Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei">Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decima_Flottiglia_MAS" title="Decima Flottiglia MAS">Decima Flottiglia MAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman_Corps_(Denmark)" title="Frogman Corps (Denmark)">Frogman Corps (Denmark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuerzas_Especiales" title="Fuerzas Especiales">Fuerzas Especiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukuryu" title="Fukuryu">Fukuryu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRUMEC" title="GRUMEC">GRUMEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grup_Gerak_Khas" class="mw-redirect" title="Grup Gerak Khas">Grup Gerak Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdkommando" title="Jagdkommando">Jagdkommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_Formoza" class="mw-redirect" title="JW Formoza">JW Formoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_GROM" class="mw-redirect" title="JW GROM">JW GROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_Komandos%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="JW Komandosów">JW Komandosów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommando_Spezialkr%C3%A4fte_Marine" title="Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine">Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOPASKA" title="KOPASKA">KOPASKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARCOS" title="MARCOS">MARCOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Commandos" title="Marine Commandos">Marine Commandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinejegerkommandoen" title="Marinejegerkommandoen">Marinejegerkommandoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Raider_Regiment" title="Marine Raider Regiment">Marine Raider Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minedykkerkommandoen" title="Minedykkerkommandoen">Minedykkerkommandoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Marine_Corps#Operational_Diving_Unit" title="Namibian Marine Corps">Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Diving_Unit_(Singapore)" title="Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)">Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Service_Diving_Section" title="Naval Service Diving Section">Naval Service Diving Section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Special_Operations_Command" title="Naval Special Operations Command">Naval Special Operations Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Diving_Division_(SA_Navy)" title="Operational Diving Division (SA Navy)">Operational Diving Division (SA Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_commando_frogmen" title="Russian commando frogmen">Russian commando frogmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappers_Divers_Group" title="Sappers Divers Group">Sappers Divers Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayetet_13" title="Shayetet 13">Shayetet 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service_Regiment" title="Special Air Service Regiment">Special Air Service Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Actions_Detachment" title="Special Actions Detachment">Special Actions Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Boat_Service" title="Special Boat Service">Special Boat Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Boat_Squadron_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka)">Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Command_(Turkey)" title="Special Forces Command (Turkey)">Special Forces Command (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Group_(Belgium)" title="Special Forces Group (Belgium)">Special Forces Group (Belgium)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Battalion_(Croatia)" title="Special Operations Battalion (Croatia)">Special Operations Battalion (Croatia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Service_Group_(Navy)" title="Special Service Group (Navy)">Special Service Group (Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Warfare_Diving_and_Salvage" title="Special Warfare Diving and Salvage">Special Warfare Diving and Salvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_Divers_Group" title="Tactical Divers Group">Tactical Divers Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Force_Reconnaissance" title="United States Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance">US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Reconnaissance_Battalions" title="United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions">US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">US Navy SEALs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Construction_Teams" title="Underwater Construction Teams">Underwater Construction Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Command" title="Underwater Demolition Command">Underwater Demolition Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Team" title="Underwater Demolition Team">Underwater Demolition Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Offence_(Turkish_Armed_Forces)" title="Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces)">Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNGERIN" title="UNGERIN">UNGERIN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_work" title="Underwater work">Underwater<br />work</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_offshore_diving" title="Commercial offshore diving">Commercial offshore diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_leader" title="Dive leader">Dive leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_training" title="Recreational diver training">Recreational diver training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_diving" title="Hazmat diving">Hazmat diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_welding" title="Hyperbaric welding">Hyperbaric welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_construction" title="Marine construction">Marine construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_construction" title="Offshore construction">Offshore construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_construction" title="Underwater construction">Underwater construction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_diving" title="Media diving">Media diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_diving" title="Police diving">Police diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potable_water_diving" title="Potable water diving">Potable water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diving" title="Public safety diving">Public safety diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_diving" title="Scientific diving">Scientific diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_husbandry" title="Ships husbandry">Ships husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_diving" title="Sponge diving">Sponge diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pipeline" title="Submarine pipeline">Submarine pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Archaeology of shipwrecks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_cutting_and_welding" title="Underwater cutting and welding">Underwater cutting and welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_demolition" title="Underwater demolition">Underwater demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_inspection" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater inspection">Underwater inspection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nondestructive_testing" title="Nondestructive testing">Nondestructive testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_logging" title="Underwater logging">Underwater logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_search_and_recovery" title="Underwater search and recovery">Underwater search and recovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_searches" title="Underwater searches">Underwater searches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_videography" title="Underwater videography">Underwater videography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_survey" title="Underwater survey">Underwater survey</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Salvage_diving" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salvage_diving" title="Salvage diving">Salvage diving</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Egypt" title="SS Egypt">SS <i>Egypt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronan_(ship)" title="Kronan (ship)"><i>Kronan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Belle_(ship)" title="La Belle (ship)"><i>La Belle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Laurentic_(1908)" title="SS Laurentic (1908)">SS <i>Laurentic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_warship_Mars" title="Swedish warship Mars"><i>Mars</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Rose" title="Mary Rose"><i>Mary Rose</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS <i>Monitor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Royal_George_(1756)" title="HMS Royal George (1756)">HMS <i>Royal George</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasa_(ship)" title="Vasa (ship)"><i>Vasa</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_contractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving contractor">Diving<br />contractors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_maritime_d%27expertises" title="Compagnie maritime d'expertises">COMEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helix_Energy_Solutions_Group" title="Helix Energy Solutions Group">Helix Energy Solutions Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools and<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive_waterjet" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrasive waterjet">Abrasive waterjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift_(dredging_device)" title="Airlift (dredging device)">Airlift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baited_remote_underwater_video" title="Baited remote underwater video">Baited remote underwater video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-water_surface_cleaning" title="In-water surface cleaning">In-water surface cleaning</a> <ul><li>Brush cart</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavitation_cleaning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cavitation cleaning (page does not exist)">Cavitation cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_washing" title="Pressure washing">Pressure washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigging" title="Pigging">Pigging</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_stab" title="Hot stab">Hot stab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifting_bag" title="Lifting bag">Lifting bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">Remotely operated underwater vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_lance" title="Thermal lance">Thermal lance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremie" title="Tremie">Tremie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_jetting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water jetting (page does not exist)">Water jetting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limpet_mine" title="Limpet mine">Limpet mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speargun" title="Speargun">Speargun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sling" title="Hawaiian sling">Hawaiian sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polespear" title="Polespear">Polespear</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Underwaterfirearm" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_firearm" title="Underwater firearm">Underwater<br />firearm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyrojet" title="Gyrojet">Gyrojet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mk_1_Underwater_Defense_Gun" title="Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun">Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerhead_(firearm)" title="Powerhead (firearm)">Powerhead</a></li> <li>Underwater pistols <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_P11" title="Heckler & Koch P11">Heckler & Koch P11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPP-1_underwater_pistol" title="SPP-1 underwater pistol">SPP-1 underwater pistol</a></li></ul></li> <li>Underwater revolvers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AAI_underwater_revolver" title="AAI underwater revolver">AAI underwater revolver</a></li></ul></li> <li>Underwater rifles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADS_amphibious_rifle" title="ADS amphibious rifle">ADS amphibious rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APS_underwater_rifle" title="APS underwater rifle">APS underwater rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASM-DT_amphibious_rifle" title="ASM-DT amphibious rifle">ASM-DT amphibious rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QBS-06" title="QBS-06">QBS-06</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Recreational_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diving" title="Recreational diving">Recreational diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_dive_sites" title="Recreational dive sites">Recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Index of recreational dive sites">Index of recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wreck_diving_sites" title="List of wreck diving sites">List of wreck diving sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Outline of recreational dive sites">Outline of recreational dive sites</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitude_diving" title="Altitude diving">Altitude diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_diving" title="Deep diving">Deep diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_diving" title="Ice diving">Ice diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muck_diving" title="Muck diving">Muck diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-water_diving" title="Open-water diving">Open-water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_diving" title="Rebreather diving">Rebreather diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidemount_diving" title="Sidemount diving">Sidemount diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_diving" title="Solo diving">Solo diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">Technical diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">Wreck diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_organisations" title="Diver organisations">Diver<br />organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Divers_Association_of_Australia" title="Cave Divers Association of Australia">Cave Divers Association of Australia</a> (CDAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Diving_Group" title="Cave Diving Group">Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a> (CFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a> (FEDAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a> (FFESSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Handicapped_Divers" title="International Association for Handicapped Divers">International Association for Handicapped Divers</a> (IAHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo_Speleological_Survey" title="Quintana Roo Speleological Survey">Quintana Roo Speleological Survey</a> (QRSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodville_Karst_Plain_Project" title="Woodville Karst Plain Project">Woodville Karst Plain Project</a> (WKPP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving tourism<br />industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_center" title="Dive center">Dive center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_in_East_Timor" title="Diving in East Timor">Diving in East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_in_the_Maldives" title="Diving in the Maldives">Diving in the Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_recreational_diving" title="Environmental impact of recreational diving">Environmental impact of recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_tourism" title="Scuba diving tourism">Scuba diving tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands">Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_tourism" title="Shark tourism">Shark tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_ships_for_wreck_diving_sites" title="Sinking ships for wreck diving sites">Sinking ships for wreck diving sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_on_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater diving on Guam">Underwater diving on Guam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving events<br />and festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversnight" title="Diversnight">Diversnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Bike_Race" title="Underwater Bike Race">Underwater Bike Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_safety" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety" title="Diving safety">Diving safety</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" title="Human factors in diving equipment design">Human factors in diving equipment design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_safety" title="Human factors in diving safety">Human factors in diving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety-critical_system" title="Safety-critical system">Safety-critical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_fatalities" title="Scuba diving fatalities">Scuba diving fatalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_emergency" title="Underwater diving emergency">Underwater diving emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_safety" title="Water safety">Water safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_surface_searches" title="Water surface searches">Water surface searches</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_hazards" title="Diving hazards">Diving<br />hazards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">List of diving hazards and precautions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazards_of_the_diving_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazards of the diving environment">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-P_(hazard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta-P (hazard)">Delta-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entanglement_(hazard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Entanglement (hazard)">Entanglement hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_diving" title="Penetration diving">Overhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt_out" title="Silt out">Silt out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave action">Wave action</a></li></ul></li> <li>Equipment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freeflow" title="Freeflow">Freeflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Use_of_breathing_equipment_in_an_underwater_environment" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Failure_of_diving_equipment_other_than_breathing_apparatus" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">Single point of failure</a></li></ul></li> <li>Physiological <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_shock_response" title="Cold shock response">Cold shock response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">Decompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">Nitrogen narcosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasickness">Seasickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncontrolled_decompression" title="Uncontrolled decompression">Uncontrolled decompression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Diver_behaviour_and_competence" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Diver behaviour and competence</a> <ul><li>Lack of <a href="/wiki/Competence_(human_resources)" title="Competence (human resources)">competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconfidence_effect" title="Overconfidence effect">Overconfidence effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_loading" title="Task loading">Task loading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety#Trait" title="Anxiety">Trait anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willful_violation" title="Willful violation">Willful violation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Consequences" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">Hyperthermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-freezing_cold_injury" title="Non-freezing cold injury">Non-freezing cold injury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_procedures" title="Diving procedures">Diving<br />procedures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascending_and_descending_(diving)" title="Ascending and descending (diving)">Ascending and descending</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_ascent" title="Emergency ascent">Emergency ascent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boat_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Boat diving">Boat diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_and_kayak_diving" title="Canoe and kayak diving">Canoe and kayak diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_diving" title="Buddy diving">Buddy diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_check" title="Buddy check">buddy check</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">Decompression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_practice" title="Decompression practice">Decompression practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyle_stop" title="Pyle stop">Pyle stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratio_decompression" title="Ratio decompression">Ratio decompression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_briefing" title="Dive briefing">Dive briefing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_log" title="Dive log">Dive log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_planning" title="Dive planning">Dive planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds_(diving)" title="Rule of thirds (diving)">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_gas_planning" title="Scuba gas planning">Scuba gas planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_communications" title="Diver communications">Diver communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_rescue" title="Diver rescue">Diver rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doing_It_Right_(scuba_diving)" title="Doing It Right (scuba diving)">Doing It Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drift_diving" title="Drift diving">Drift diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending_for_scuba_diving" title="Gas blending for scuba diving">Gas blending for scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_diving" title="Night diving">Night diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_diving" title="Rebreather diving">Rebreather diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_gas_management" title="Scuba gas management">Scuba gas management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_diving" title="Solo diving">Solo diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_diving" title="Wall diving">Wall diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk<br />management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Checklist" title="Checklist">Checklist</a></li> <li>Hazard identification and risk assessment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_analysis" title="Hazard analysis">Hazard analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_safety_analysis" title="Job safety analysis">Job safety analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_evacuation_and_rescue" title="Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue">Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_control" title="Risk control">Risk control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">Hierarchy of hazard controls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_pit" title="Incident pit">Incident pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockout%E2%80%93tagout" title="Lockout–tagout">Lockout–tagout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permit_To_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Permit To Work">Permit To Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)" title="Redundancy (engineering)">Redundancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_awareness" title="Situation awareness">Situation awareness</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_team" title="Diving team">Diving team</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellman_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellman (diving)">Bellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber operator">Chamber operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_medical_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver medical technician">Diver medical technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_attendant" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's attendant">Diver's attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_systems_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving systems technician">Diving systems technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas man">Gas man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_support_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Life support technician">Life support technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-by_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Stand-by diver">Stand-by diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment<br />safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing gas quality">Breathing gas quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testing_and_inspection_of_diving_cylinders" title="Testing and inspection of diving cylinders">Testing and inspection of diving cylinders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_test" title="Hydrostatic test">Hydrostatic test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustained_load_cracking" title="Sustained load cracking">Sustained load cracking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulator" title="Diving regulator">Diving regulator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_performance_of_regulators" title="Breathing performance of regulators">Breathing performance of regulators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational<br />safety and<br />health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Diving_Contractors_International" title="Association of Diving Contractors International">Association of Diving Contractors International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_practice" title="Code of practice">Code of practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_plan" title="Contingency plan">Contingency plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulations" title="Diving regulations">Diving regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_response_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency response plan">Emergency response plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_officer" title="Diving safety officer">Diving safety officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_superintendent" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving superintendent">Diving superintendent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_manual" title="Operations manual">Operations manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_operating_procedure" title="Standard operating procedure">Standard operating procedure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_disorders" title="Diving disorders">Diving<br />disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_signs_and_symptoms_of_diving_disorders" title="List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders">List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramp" title="Cramp">Cramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">Motion sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfer%27s_ear" title="Surfer's ear">Surfer's ear</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pressure<br />related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternobaric_vertigo" title="Alternobaric vertigo">Alternobaric vertigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barostriction" class="mw-redirect" title="Barostriction">Barostriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_embolism" title="Air embolism">Air embolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerosinusitis" title="Aerosinusitis">Aerosinusitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barodontalgia" title="Barodontalgia">Barodontalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_barotrauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental barotrauma">Dental barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_ear_barotrauma" title="Middle ear barotrauma">Middle ear barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_barotrauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary barotrauma">Pulmonary barotrauma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_arthralgia" title="Compression arthralgia">Compression arthralgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_illness" title="Decompression illness">Decompression illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysbarism" title="Dysbarism">Dysbarism</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxygen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout" title="Freediving blackout">Freediving blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoxia" title="Hyperoxia">Hyperoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inert gases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">Avascular necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysbaric_osteonecrosis" title="Dysbaric osteonecrosis">Dysbaric osteonecrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear_decompression_sickness" title="Inner ear decompression sickness">Inner ear decompression sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isobaric_counterdiffusion" title="Isobaric counterdiffusion">Isobaric counterdiffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taravana" title="Taravana">Taravana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_nervous_syndrome" title="High-pressure nervous syndrome">High-pressure nervous syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_narcosis" title="Hydrogen narcosis">Hydrogen narcosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">Nitrogen narcosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carbon dioxide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocapnia" title="Hypocapnia">Hypocapnia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breathing gas<br />contaminants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">Carbon monoxide poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immersion<br />related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">Asphyxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_diuresis" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersion diuresis">Immersion diuresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instinctive_drowning_response" title="Instinctive drowning response">Instinctive drowning response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngospasm" title="Laryngospasm">Laryngospasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_water_aspiration_syndrome" title="Salt water aspiration syndrome">Salt water aspiration syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming-induced_pulmonary_edema" title="Swimming-induced pulmonary edema">Swimming-induced pulmonary edema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_valve_oxygen_therapy" title="Demand valve oxygen therapy">Demand valve oxygen therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">First aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine" title="Hyperbaric medicine">Hyperbaric medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_treatment_schedules" title="Hyperbaric treatment schedules">Hyperbaric treatment schedules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-water_recompression" title="In-water recompression">In-water recompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">Oxygen therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_recompression" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic recompression">Therapeutic recompression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Examiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Examiner">Diving Medical Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Practitioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Practitioner">Diving Medical Practitioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Technician">Diving Medical Technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_nursing" title="Hyperbaric nursing">Hyperbaric nursing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screening</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_septal_defect" title="Atrial septal defect">Atrial septal defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_drugs_on_fitness_to_dive" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of drugs on fitness to dive">Effects of drugs on fitness to dive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_to_dive" title="Fitness to dive">Fitness to dive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_fitness_to_dive" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological fitness to dive">Psychological fitness to dive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_diving_physiology_and_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of researchers in diving physiology and medicine">Researchers in<br />diving physiology<br />and medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Bachrach" title="Arthur J. Bachrach">Arthur J. Bachrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_R._Behnke" title="Albert R. Behnke">Albert R. Behnke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Bennett" title="Peter B. Bennett">Peter B. Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bert" title="Paul Bert">Paul Bert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Bond" title="George F. Bond">George F. Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_O._Brubakk" title="Alf O. Brubakk">Alf O. Brubakk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._B%C3%BChlmann" title="Albert A. Bühlmann">Albert A. Bühlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Clarke_(scientist)" title="John R. Clarke (scientist)">John R. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guybon_Chesney_Castell_Damant" title="Guybon Chesney Castell Damant">Guybon Chesney Castell Damant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_William_Donald" title="Kenneth William Donald">Kenneth William Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paul_Fife" title="William Paul Fife">William Paul Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Haldane" title="John Scott Haldane">John Scott Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Hamilton_Jr." title="Robert William Hamilton Jr.">Robert William Hamilton Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Valence_Hempleman" title="Henry Valence Hempleman">Henry Valence Hempleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Erskine_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Erskine Hill">Leonard Erskine Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Andrew_Hills" title="Brian Andrew Hills">Brian Andrew Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Hoppe-Seyler" title="Felix Hoppe-Seyler">Felix Hoppe-Seyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_J._Lambertsen" title="Christian J. Lambertsen">Christian J. Lambertsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mitchell" title="Simon Mitchell">Simon Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Momsen" title="Charles Momsen">Charles Momsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_W._Pollock" title="Neal W. Pollock">Neal W. Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawlins_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Rawlins (Royal Navy officer)">John Rawlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley_Shilling" title="Charles Wesley Shilling">Charles Wesley Shilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Thalmann" title="Edward D. Thalmann">Edward D. Thalmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Triger" title="Jacques Triger">Jacques Triger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving medical<br />research<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_Medical_Association" title="Aerospace Medical Association">Aerospace Medical Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Alert_Network" title="Divers Alert Network">Divers Alert Network</a> (DAN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Diseases_Research_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Diseases Research Centre">Diving Diseases Research Centre</a> (DDRC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Advisory_Council" title="Diving Medical Advisory Council">Diving Medical Advisory Council</a> (DMAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Diving_Technology_Committee" title="European Diving Technology Committee">European Diving Technology Committee</a> (EDTC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Underwater_and_Baromedical_Society" title="European Underwater and Baromedical Society">European Underwater and Baromedical Society</a> (EUBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Board_of_Diving_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Technology" title="National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology">National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Submarine_Medical_Research_Laboratory" title="Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory">Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy_School_of_Underwater_Medicine" title="Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine">Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_Foundation" title="Rubicon Foundation">Rubicon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Underwater_Medicine_Society" title="South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society">South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society</a> (SPUMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Underwater_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Association" title="Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association">Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association</a> (SAUHMA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undersea_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Society" title="Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society">Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society</a> (UHMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Experimental_Diving_Unit" title="United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit">United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit</a> (NEDU)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liability_in_recreational_diving" title="Civil liability in recreational diving">Civil liability in recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulations" title="Diving regulations">Diving regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty_of_care" title="Duty of care">Duty of care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislation_regulating_underwater_diving" title="List of legislation regulating underwater diving">List of legislation regulating underwater diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigation_of_diving_accidents" title="Investigation of diving accidents">Investigation of diving accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Protection_of_the_Underwater_Cultural_Heritage" title="Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage">Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_of_underwater_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_underwater_diving" title="History of underwater diving">History of underwater diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_decompression_research_and_development" title="History of decompression research and development">History of decompression research and development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Diving_Museum" title="History of Diving Museum">History of Diving Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_scuba_diving" title="History of scuba diving">History of scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_underwater_diving" title="List of researchers in underwater diving">List of researchers in underwater diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyons_Maritime_Museum" title="Lyons Maritime Museum">Lyons Maritime Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Sea_Museum" title="Man in the Sea Museum">Man in the Sea Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_diving_technology" title="Timeline of diving technology">Timeline of diving technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearling_in_Western_Australia" title="Pearling in Western Australia">Pearling in Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Navy_decompression_models_and_tables" title="US Navy decompression models and tables">US Navy decompression models and tables</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Commodore" title="SS Commodore">SS <i>Commodore</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS <i>Monitor</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whydah_Gally" title="Whydah Gally">Whydah Gally</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater art<br />and artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Diver" title="The Diver">The Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_deCaires_Taylor" title="Jason deCaires Taylor">Jason deCaires Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineers<br />and inventors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_de_Ayanz_y_Beaumont" title="Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont">Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beebe" title="William Beebe">William Beebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Beuchat" title="Georges Beuchat">Georges Beuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Alfonso_Borelli" title="Giovanni Alfonso Borelli">Giovanni Alfonso Borelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Martin_Cabirol" title="Joseph-Martin Cabirol">Joseph-Martin Cabirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Clarke_(scientist)" title="John R. Clarke (scientist)">John R. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Anthony_Deane" title="Charles Anthony Deane">Charles Anthony Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Deane_(inventor)" title="John Deane (inventor)">John Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Corlieu" title="Louis de Corlieu">Louis de Corlieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Denayrouze" title="Auguste Denayrouze">Auguste Denayrouze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Eldred" title="Ted Eldred">Ted Eldred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fleuss" title="Henry Fleuss">Henry Fleuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Gagnan" title="Émile Gagnan">Émile Gagnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Klingert" title="Karl Heinrich Klingert">Karl Heinrich Klingert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft_(diver)" title="Peter Kreeft (diver)">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_J._Lambertsen" title="Christian J. Lambertsen">Christian J. Lambertsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Le_Prieur" title="Yves Le Prieur">Yves Le Prieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lethbridge" title="John Lethbridge">John Lethbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_William_Moir" title="Ernest William Moir">Ernest William Moir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Salim_Peress" title="Joseph Salim Peress">Joseph Salim Peress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Piccard" title="Auguste Piccard">Auguste Piccard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Savoie" title="Joe Savoie">Joe Savoie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Franklyn_Searle" title="Willard Franklyn Searle">Willard Franklyn Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Smith_(inventor)" title="Gordon Smith (inventor)">Gordon Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Siebe" title="Augustus Siebe">Augustus Siebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Marie_Touboulic" title="Pierre-Marie Touboulic">Pierre-Marie Touboulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Triger" title="Jacques Triger">Jacques Triger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua-Lung" title="Aqua-Lung">Aqua-Lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RV_Calypso" title="RV Calypso">RV <i>Calypso</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SP-350_Denise" title="SP-350 Denise">SP-350 <i>Denise</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_torch" title="Magnesium torch">Magnesium torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonos" title="Nikonos">Nikonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">Standard diving dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub_Marine_Explorer" title="Sub Marine Explorer">Sub Marine Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_scuba" title="Vintage scuba">Vintage scuba</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diverpropulsionvehicles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_propulsion_vehicle" title="Diver propulsion vehicle">Diver<br />propulsion<br />vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_SEAL_Delivery_System" title="Advanced SEAL Delivery System">Advanced SEAL Delivery System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_CE2F_series" title="Cosmos CE2F series">Cosmos CE2F series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_Combat_Submersible" title="Dry Combat Submersible">Dry Combat Submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_torpedo" title="Human torpedo">Human torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorised_Submersible_Canoe" title="Motorised Submersible Canoe">Motorised Submersible Canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necker_Nymph" title="Necker Nymph">Necker Nymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-2_Mala-class_swimmer_delivery_vehicle" title="R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle">R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEAL_Delivery_Vehicle" title="SEAL Delivery Vehicle">SEAL Delivery Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_Water_Combat_Submersible" title="Shallow Water Combat Submersible">Shallow Water Combat Submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siluro_San_Bartolomeo" title="Siluro San Bartolomeo">Siluro San Bartolomeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfreighter" title="Welfreighter">Welfreighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_Nellie" title="Wet Nellie">Wet Nellie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military and<br />covert operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(1941)" title="Raid on Alexandria (1941)">Raid on Alexandria (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">Sinking of the <i>Rainbow Warrior</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_cageless_shark-diving_expedition" title="1992 cageless shark-diving expedition">1992 cageless shark-diving expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_31" title="Mission 31">Mission 31</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass_Award" title="Hans Hass Award">Hans Hass Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Scuba_Diving_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame">International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Diving_Chamber_Dive_Lectures" title="London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures">London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOGI_Awards" title="NOGI Awards">NOGI Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Divers_Hall_of_Fame" title="Women Divers Hall of Fame">Women Divers Hall of Fame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dive_boat" title="Dive boat">Dive boat</a> incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_MV_Conception" title="Sinking of MV Conception">Sinking of MV <i>Conception</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diver rescues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpazat_cave_rescue" title="Alpazat cave rescue">Alpazat cave rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tham_Luang_cave_rescue" title="Tham Luang cave rescue">Tham Luang cave rescue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Day_(carpenter)" title="John Day (carpenter)">John Day (carpenter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spalding" title="Charles Spalding">Charles Spalding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebenezer Watson">Ebenezer Watson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a> fatalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Keenan" title="Stephen Keenan">Stephen Keenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Leferme" title="Loïc Leferme">Loïc Leferme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Mestre" title="Audrey Mestre">Audrey Mestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mevoli" title="Nicholas Mevoli">Nicholas Mevoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Molchanova" title="Natalia Molchanova">Natalia Molchanova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Offshore_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore diving">Offshore<br />diving</a> incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byford_Dolphin#Diving_bell_accident" title="Byford Dolphin"><i>Byford Dolphin</i> diving bell accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_Master_diving_accident" title="Drill Master diving accident"><i>Drill Master</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Canopus_diving_accident" title="Star Canopus diving accident"><i>Star Canopus</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stena_Seaspread_diving_accident" title="Stena Seaspread diving accident"><i>Stena Seaspread</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_One_diving_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture One diving accident"><i>Venture One</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waage_Drill_II_diving_accident" title="Waage Drill II diving accident"><i>Waage Drill II</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildrake_diving_accident" title="Wildrake diving accident"><i>Wildrake</i> diving accident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">Professional<br />diving</a> fatalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Baldwin_(diver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Baldwin (diver)">Roger Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bennett_(diver)" title="John Bennett (diver)">John Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_F._Guiel_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Victor F. Guiel Jr.">Victor F. Guiel Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_P._Hammerberg" title="Francis P. Hammerberg">Francis P. Hammerberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_M._Hoffman" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig M. Hoffman">Craig M. Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Henry_Michael_Holmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Henry Michael Holmes">Peter Henry Michael Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Sea_Link_accident" title="Johnson Sea Link accident">Johnson Sea Link accident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Clayton_Link" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Clayton Link">Edwin Clayton Link</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Anthony_Prangley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard Anthony Prangley">Gerard Anthony Prangley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Skipnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Per Skipnes">Per Skipnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_John_Smyth" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert John Smyth">Robert John Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_D._Stover" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert D. Stover">Albert D. Stover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard A. Walker">Richard A. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Michael_Ward" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothar Michael Ward">Lothar Michael Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Wendler" title="Joachim Wendler">Joachim Wendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Bradley_Westell" title="Death of Bradley Westell">Bradley Westell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Zetterstr%C3%B6m" title="Arne Zetterström">Arne Zetterström</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_fatalities" title="Scuba diving fatalities">Scuba diving<br />fatalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1973_Mount_Gambier_cave_diving_accident" title="1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident">1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Armbruster" title="Ricardo Armbruster">Ricardo Armbruster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bridge" title="Allan Bridge">Allan Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bright_(diver)" title="David Bright (diver)">David Bright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_L._Cannon" title="Berry L. Cannon">Berry L. Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Coulson" title="Cotton Coulson">Cotton Coulson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A1udio_Coutinho" title="Cláudio Coutinho">Cláudio Coutinho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Yale_Dawson" title="E. Yale Dawson">E. Yale Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deon_Dreyer" title="Deon Dreyer">Deon Dreyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Dufek" title="Milan Dufek">Milan Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Fargues" title="Maurice Fargues">Maurice Fargues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Garfella_Palmer" title="Fernando Garfella Palmer">Fernando Garfella Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Garman" title="Guy Garman">Guy Garman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Irwin" title="Steve Irwin">Steve Irwin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Steve_Irwin" title="Death of Steve Irwin">death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jones_(American_football,_born_1935)" title="Jim Jones (American football, born 1935)">Jim Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Koz%C5%82owski_(speleologist)" title="Artur Kozłowski (speleologist)">Artur Kozłowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Lipski" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri Lipski">Yuri Lipski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirsty_MacColl" title="Kirsty MacColl">Kirsty MacColl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Linnea_Mills" title="Death of Linnea Mills">Linnea Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Milowka" title="Agnes Milowka">Agnes Milowka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Roubaix" title="François de Roubaix">François de Roubaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Dive" title="The Last Dive">Chris and Chrissy Rouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Shaw" title="Dave Shaw">Dave Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_C._Skiles" title="Wesley C. Skiles">Wesley C. Skiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Smith" title="Dewey Smith">Dewey Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Stewart_(filmmaker)" title="Rob Stewart (filmmaker)">Rob Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esbj%C3%B6rn_Svensson" title="Esbjörn Svensson">Esbjörn Svensson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Velek" title="Josef Velek">Josef Velek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Publications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Publications</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Diving_Manual" title="NOAA Diving Manual">NOAA Diving Manual</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy_Diving_Manual" title="U.S. Navy Diving Manual">U.S. Navy Diving Manual</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basic_Cave_Diving:_A_Blueprint_for_Survival" title="Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival">Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_Handbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Underwater Handbook (page does not exist)">Underwater Handbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bennett_and_Elliott%27s_physiology_and_medicine_of_diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving (page does not exist)">Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_Recreational_Diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving (page does not exist)">Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_new_science_of_skin_and_scuba_diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The new science of skin and scuba diving (page does not exist)">The new science of skin and scuba diving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Professional_Diver%27s_Handbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Professional Diver's Handbook (page does not exist)">Professional Diver's Handbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_Scuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basic Scuba (page does not exist)">Basic Scuba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards and<br />Codes of Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Practice_for_Scientific_Diving_(UNESCO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO)">Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_7876" title="DIN 7876">DIN 7876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMCA_Code_of_Practice_for_Offshore_Diving" class="mw-redirect" title="IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving">IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_24801_Recreational_diving_services_%E2%80%94_Requirements_for_the_training_of_recreational_scuba_divers" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers">ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Darkness_Beckons" title="The Darkness Beckons">The Darkness Beckons</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldfinder" title="Goldfinder">Goldfinder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Dive" title="The Last Dive">The Last Dive</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Divers" title="Shadow Divers">Shadow Divers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silent_World:_A_Story_of_Undersea_Discovery_and_Adventure" title="The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure">The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Divers_Alert_Network_publications" title="List of Divers Alert Network publications">List of Divers Alert Network publications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dive_guide_(publication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive guide (publication)">Dive guides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Training_and_registration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Training and registration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver<br />training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Competence and assessment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competency-based_learning" title="Competency-based learning">Competency-based learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refresher_training_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Refresher training (diving)">Refresher training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skill_assessment" title="Skill assessment">Skill assessment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training_standard" title="Diver training standard">Diver training standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving school">Diving school</a></li> <li>Occupational diver training <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial diver training">Commercial diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Military diver training">Military diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety diver training">Public safety diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific diver training">Scientific diver training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_training" title="Recreational diver training">Recreational diver training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introductory_diving" title="Introductory diving">Introductory diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_recreational_diving_training_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO recreational diving training standards">ISO training standards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_method" title="Teaching method">Teaching method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_memory" title="Muscle memory">Muscle memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overlearning" title="Overlearning">Overlearning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_exposure_training" title="Stress exposure training">Stress exposure training</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Skills" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combat_sidestroke" title="Combat sidestroke">Combat sidestroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_navigation" title="Diver navigation">Diver navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_trim" title="Diver trim">Diver trim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_clearing" title="Ear clearing">Ear clearing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frenzel_maneuver" title="Frenzel maneuver">Frenzel maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valsalva_maneuver" title="Valsalva maneuver">Valsalva maneuver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finning_techniques" title="Finning techniques">Finning techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_skills" title="Scuba skills">Scuba skills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_breathing" title="Buddy breathing">Buddy breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_impact_diving" title="Low impact diving">Low impact diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Reef_System" title="Diamond Reef System">Diamond Reef System</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_skills" title="Surface-supplied diving skills">Surface-supplied diving skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_searches" title="Underwater searches">Underwater searches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_scuba_certification_levels" title="Recreational scuba certification levels">Recreational<br />scuba<br />certification<br />levels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core diving skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Open_Water_Diver" title="Advanced Open Water Diver">Advanced Open Water Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_diver" title="Autonomous diver">Autonomous diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMAS*_scuba_diver" title="CMAS* scuba diver">CMAS* scuba diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMAS**_scuba_diver" title="CMAS** scuba diver">CMAS** scuba diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introductory_diving" title="Introductory diving">Introductory diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Impact_Diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Impact Diver">Low Impact Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Scuba_Diver" title="Master Scuba Diver">Master Scuba Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Water_Diver" title="Open Water Diver">Open Water Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_diver" title="Supervised diver">Supervised diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_leader" title="Dive leader">Dive leader</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divemaster" title="Divemaster">Divemaster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_Instructor" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Instructor">Master Instructor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialist skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Diver" title="Rescue Diver">Rescue Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Solo diver">Solo diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_training_organization" title="Diver training organization">Diver training<br />certification<br />and registration<br />organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Underwater_Federation" title="European Underwater Federation">European Underwater Federation</a> (EUF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Diving_Regulators_and_Certifiers_Forum" title="International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum">International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum</a> (IDRCF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Diving_Schools_Association" title="International Diving Schools Association">International Diving Schools Association</a> (IDSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a> (IMCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diver_certification_organizations" title="List of diver certification organizations">List of diver certification organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_course_referral" title="Recreational diver course referral">Recreational diver course referral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Recreational_Scuba_Training_Council" title="World Recreational Scuba Training Council">World Recreational Scuba Training Council</a> (WRSTC)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial diver<br />certification<br />authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Diver_Accreditation_Scheme" title="Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme">Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme</a> (ADAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diver_registration_in_South_Africa" title="Commercial diver registration in South Africa">Commercial diver registration in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Institute_of_Technology" title="Divers Institute of Technology">Divers Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">Health and Safety Executive</a> (HSE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Employment_and_Labour" title="Department of Employment and Labour">Department of Employment and Labour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial diving<br />schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Academy_International" title="Divers Academy International">Divers Academy International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Norway_University_of_Applied_Sciences#Norwegian_diver_school" title="Western Norway University of Applied Sciences">Norwegian diver school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free-diving<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a> (AIDA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Freediving_International" title="Performance Freediving International">Performance Freediving International</a> (PI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a> (SSI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreational<br />scuba<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Canadian_Underwater_Certifications" title="American Canadian Underwater Certifications">American Canadian Underwater Certifications</a> (ACUC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nitrox_Divers_International" title="American Nitrox Divers International">American Nitrox Divers International</a> (ANDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_nationale_des_moniteurs_de_plong%C3%A9e" title="Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée">Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée</a> (ANMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a> (CFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a> (FEDAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a> (FFESSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Italiana_Attivit%C3%A0_Subacquee" title="Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee">Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee</a> (FIAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Underwater_Explorers" title="Global Underwater Explorers">Global Underwater Explorers</a> (GUE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Handicapped_Divers" title="International Association for Handicapped Divers">International Association for Handicapped Divers</a> (IAHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Nitrox_and_Technical_Divers" title="International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers">International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers</a> (IANTD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Life_Saving_Federation" title="International Life Saving Federation">International Life Saving Federation</a> (ILS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Diving_Federation" title="Israeli Diving Federation">Israeli Diving Federation</a> (TIDF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Scuba_Educators" title="National Academy of Scuba Educators">National Academy of Scuba Educators</a> (NASE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Underwater_Instructors" title="National Association of Underwater Instructors">National Association of Underwater Instructors</a> (NAUI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Onderwatersport_Bond" title="Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond">Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond</a> (NOB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors" title="Professional Association of Diving Instructors">Professional Association of Diving Instructors</a> (PADI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Diving_Instructors_Corporation" title="Professional Diving Instructors Corporation">Professional Diving Instructors Corporation</a> (PDIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Technical_and_Recreational_Diving" title="Professional Technical and Recreational Diving">Professional Technical and Recreational Diving</a> (ProTec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_Association_of_International_Divers" title="Rebreather Association of International Divers">Rebreather Association of International Divers</a> (RAID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Aqua_Association" title="Sub-Aqua Association">Sub-Aqua Association</a> (SAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Diving_International" title="Scuba Diving International">Scuba Diving International</a> (SDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Educators_International" title="Scuba Educators International">Scuba Educators International</a> (SEI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Sub_Aqua_Club" title="Scottish Sub Aqua Club">Scottish Sub Aqua Club</a> (ScotSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a> (SSI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="Turkish Underwater Sports Federation">Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu</a> (TSSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Diving_Instructors" title="United Diving Instructors">United Diving Instructors</a> (UDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YMCA_SCUBA_Program" title="YMCA SCUBA Program">YMCA SCUBA Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific diver<br />certification<br />authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Underwater_Sciences" title="American Academy of Underwater Sciences">American Academy of Underwater Sciences</a> (AAUS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques#Scientific_committee" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">CMAS Scientific Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical diver<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Nitrox_Divers_International" title="American Nitrox Divers International">American Nitrox Divers International</a> (ANDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Science_and_Technology" title="Diving Science and Technology">Diving Science and Technology</a> (DSAT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Italiana_Attivit%C3%A0_Subacquee" title="Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee">Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee</a> (FIAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Nitrox_and_Technical_Divers" title="International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers">International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers</a> (IANTD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors" title="Professional Association of Diving Instructors">Professional Association of Diving Instructors</a> (PADI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Diving_Instructors_Corporation" title="Professional Diving Instructors Corporation">Professional Diving Instructors Corporation</a> (PDIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Technical_and_Recreational_Diving" title="Professional Technical and Recreational Diving">Professional Technical and Recreational Diving</a> (ProTec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_Association_of_International_Divers" title="Rebreather Association of International Divers">Rebreather Association of International Divers</a> (RAID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimix_Scuba_Association" title="Trimix Scuba Association">Trimix Scuba Association</a> (TSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Technical Extended Range</a> (TXR)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cavediving" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cave<br />diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Divers_Association_of_Australia" title="Cave Divers Association of Australia">Cave Divers Association of Australia</a> (CDAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Diving_Group" title="Cave Diving Group">Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Underwater_Explorers" title="Global Underwater Explorers">Global Underwater Explorers</a> (GUE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Speleological_Society#Cave_Diving_Group" title="National Speleological Society">National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Underwater_Instructors" title="National Association of Underwater Instructors">National Association of Underwater Instructors</a> (NAUI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Diving_International" title="Technical Diving International">Technical Diving International</a> (TDI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military diver<br />training centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Diving_School" title="Defence Diving School">Defence Diving School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Support_Activity_Panama_City#Tenant_commands" title="Naval Support Activity Panama City">Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Escape_Training_Unit" title="Underwater Escape Training Unit">Underwater Escape Training Unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military diver<br />training courses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Combatant_Diver_Course" title="United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course">United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Underwater_sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_sports" title="Underwater sports">Underwater sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface snorkeling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finswimming" title="Finswimming">Finswimming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Snorkeling/breath-hold</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_football" title="Underwater football">Underwater football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey" title="Underwater hockey">Underwater hockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey_in_Australia" title="Underwater hockey in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey_in_Turkey" title="Underwater hockey in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby" title="Underwater rugby">Underwater rugby</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater rugby in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby_in_the_United_States" title="Underwater rugby in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_target_shooting" title="Underwater target shooting">Underwater target shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breath-hold</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquathlon_(underwater_wrestling)" title="Aquathlon (underwater wrestling)">Aquathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apnoea_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Apnoea finswimming">Apnoea finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Open Circuit Scuba</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersion finswimming">Immersion finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_diving_(sport)" title="Sport diving (sport)">Sport diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_cycling" title="Underwater cycling">Underwater cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_orienteering" title="Underwater orienteering">Underwater orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography_(sport)" title="Underwater photography (sport)">Underwater photography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rebreather</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography_(sport)" title="Underwater photography (sport)">Underwater photography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports governing<br />organisations<br /> and federations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>International <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>National <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_Hellas" title="AIDA Hellas">AIDA Hellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Underwater_Federation" title="Australian Underwater Federation">Australian Underwater Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Freediving_Association" title="British Freediving Association">British Freediving Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Octopush_Association" title="British Octopush Association">British Octopush Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Underwater_Sports_Association" title="British Underwater Sports Association">British Underwater Sports Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_federation_of_underwater_studies_and_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="French federation of underwater studies and sports">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="South African Underwater Sports Federation">South African Underwater Sports Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="Turkish Underwater Sports Federation">Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Society_of_America" title="Underwater Society of America">Underwater Society of America</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_CMAS_Underwater_Photography_World_Championship" title="14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship">14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Hockey_World_Championships" title="Underwater Hockey World Championships">Underwater Hockey World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Orienteering_World_Championships" title="Underwater Orienteering World Championships">Underwater Orienteering World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Rugby_World_Championships" title="Underwater Rugby World Championships">Underwater Rugby World Championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Underwater_divers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_underwater_divers" title="Outline of underwater divers">Underwater divers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers<br />of diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Admetlla_i_L%C3%A1zaro" title="Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro">Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquanaut" title="Aquanaut">Aquanaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bonnin" title="Mary Bonnin">Mary Bonnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Behrens-Furniss" title="Amelia Behrens-Furniss">Amelia Behrens-Furniss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Cahill" title="James F. Cahill">James F. Cahill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Deans_(diver)" title="Billy Deans (diver)">Billy Deans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dottie_Frazier" title="Dottie Frazier">Dottie Frazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Hampton" title="Trevor Hampton">Trevor Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass" title="Hans Hass">Hans Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Rutkowski" title="Dick Rutkowski">Dick Rutkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teseo_Tesei" title="Teseo Tesei">Teseo Tesei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Zetterstr%C3%B6m" title="Arne Zetterström">Arne Zetterström</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />scientists<br />archaeologists and<br />environmentalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Arbuthnot" title="Michael Arbuthnot">Michael Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ballard" title="Robert Ballard">Robert Ballard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensun_Bound" title="Mensun Bound">Mensun Bound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Boutan" title="Louis Boutan">Louis Boutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Bozanic" title="Jeffrey Bozanic">Jeffrey Bozanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Bradner" title="Hugh Bradner">Hugh Bradner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Church" title="Cathy Church">Cathy Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Clark" title="Eugenie Clark">Eugenie Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Delgado" title="James P. Delgado">James P. Delgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christopher_Fine" title="John Christopher Fine">John Christopher Fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Fischer" title="George R. Fischer">George R. Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Franz%C3%A9n" title="Anders Franzén">Anders Franzén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_Frost" title="Honor Frost">Honor Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Garfella_Palmer" title="Fernando Garfella Palmer">Fernando Garfella Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gibbins" title="David Gibbins">David Gibbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Jessop" title="Graham Jessop">Graham Jessop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_Puspa_Lestari" title="Swietenia Puspa Lestari">Swietenia Puspa Lestari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilar_Luna" title="Pilar Luna">Pilar Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Marx" title="Robert F. Marx">Robert F. Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Marguerite_McCann" title="Anna Marguerite McCann">Anna Marguerite McCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innes_McCartney" title="Innes McCartney">Innes McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_T._Meide" title="Charles T. Meide">Charles T. Meide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_M._Newell" title="Mark M. Newell">Mark M. Newell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuba_Ognenova-Marinova" title="Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova">Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Oleson" title="John Peter Oleson">John Peter Oleson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendel_L._Peterson" title="Mendel L. Peterson">Mendel L. Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pyle" title="Richard Pyle">Richard Pyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Rechnitzer" title="Andreas Rechnitzer">Andreas Rechnitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Royal" title="William R. Royal">William R. Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Rule" title="Margaret Rule">Margaret Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunter_Sch%C3%B6bel" title="Gunter Schöbel">Gunter Schöbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Schwabe" title="Stephanie Schwabe">Stephanie Schwabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriam_Seco" title="Myriam Seco">Myriam Seco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Lee_Spence" title="E. Lee Spence">E. Lee Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_St%C3%A9nuit" title="Robert Sténuit">Robert Sténuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristina_Zenato" title="Cristina Zenato">Cristina Zenato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scuba record<br />holders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Bernab%C3%A9" title="Pascal Bernabé">Pascal Bernabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bowden_(diver)" title="Jim Bowden (diver)">Jim Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ellyatt" title="Mark Ellyatt">Mark Ellyatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuno_Gomes_(diver)" title="Nuno Gomes (diver)">Nuno Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Serpieri" title="Claudia Serpieri">Claudia Serpieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Starnawski" title="Krzysztof Starnawski">Krzysztof Starnawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />filmmakers<br />and presenters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Alhafith" title="Samir Alhafith">Samir Alhafith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Bravo" title="Ramón Bravo">Ramón Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Cousteau" title="Jean-Michel Cousteau">Jean-Michel Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_Kohler" title="Richie Kohler">Richie Kohler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rose_(TV_presenter)" title="Paul Rose (TV presenter)">Paul Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Torbet" title="Andy Torbet">Andy Torbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Tors" title="Ivan Tors">Ivan Tors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wight" title="Andrew Wight">Andrew Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />photographers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Allan" title="Doug Allan">Doug Allan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Benitez" title="Tamara Benitez">Tamara Benitez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Beuchat" title="Georges Beuchat">Georges Beuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Biddle" title="Adrian Biddle">Adrian Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bird" title="Jonathan Bird">Jonathan Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cheng" title="Eric Cheng">Eric Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Coleman" title="Neville Coleman">Neville Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Craig" title="John D. Craig">John D. Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Cropp" title="Ben Cropp">Ben Cropp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Delemotte" title="Bernard Delemotte">Bernard Delemotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Doubilet" title="David Doubilet">David Doubilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candice_Farmer" title="Candice Farmer">Candice Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christopher_Fine" title="John Christopher Fine">John Christopher Fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Fox" title="Rodney Fox">Rodney Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ric_Frazier" title="Ric Frazier">Ric Frazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Frink" title="Stephen Frink">Stephen Frink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gimbel" title="Peter Gimbel">Peter Gimbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Halls" title="Monty Halls">Monty Halls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass" title="Hans Hass">Hans Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudie_Kuiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudie Kuiter">Rudie Kuiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._MacInnis" title="Joseph B. MacInnis">Joseph B. MacInnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Marden" title="Luis Marden">Luis Marden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Milowka" title="Agnes Milowka">Agnes Milowka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Monkman" title="Noel Monkman">Noel Monkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Oxford" title="Pete Oxford">Pete Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Parish" title="Steve Parish">Steve Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zale_Parry" title="Zale Parry">Zale Parry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Petit_(photographer)" title="Pierre Petit (photographer)">Pierre Petit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Scoones" title="Peter Scoones">Peter Scoones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Skerry" title="Brian Skerry">Brian Skerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_C._Skiles" title="Wesley C. Skiles">Wesley C. Skiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Lee_Spence" title="E. Lee Spence">E. Lee Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Tailliez" title="Philippe Tailliez">Philippe Tailliez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Taylor_(diver)" title="Ron Taylor (diver)">Ron Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Taylor_(diver)" title="Valerie Taylor (diver)">Valerie Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Tillman" title="Albert Tillman">Albert Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Veltri" title="John Veltri">John Veltri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Waterman" title="Stan Waterman">Stan Waterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Westmorland" title="Michele Westmorland">Michele Westmorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ernest_Williamson" title="John Ernest Williamson">John Ernest Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lamar_Worzel" title="J. Lamar Worzel">J. Lamar Worzel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Caves <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Balcombe" title="Graham Balcombe">Graham Balcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyn_Farr" title="Martyn Farr">Martyn Farr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochen_Hasenmayer" title="Jochen Hasenmayer">Jochen Hasenmayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Heinerth" title="Jill Heinerth">Jill Heinerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrod_Jablonski" title="Jarrod Jablonski">Jarrod Jablonski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth_Main" title="William Hogarth Main">William Hogarth Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mount" title="Tom Mount">Tom Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Sheppard_(cave_diver)" title="Jack Sheppard (cave diver)">Jack Sheppard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stone_(caver)" title="William Stone (caver)">Bill Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li>Reefs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wrecks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_Bishop" title="Leigh Bishop">Leigh Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chatterton" title="John Chatterton">John Chatterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Cussler" title="Clive Cussler">Clive Cussler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Nagle" title="Bill Nagle">Bill Nagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_van_Heest" title="Valerie van Heest">Valerie van Heest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelis_Zervoudis" title="Aristotelis Zervoudis">Aristotelis Zervoudis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquanaut" title="Aquanaut">Aquanauts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Abercromby" title="Andrew Abercromby">Andrew Abercromby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Acaba" title="Joseph M. Acaba">Joseph M. Acaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Anderson" title="Clayton Anderson">Clayton Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Arnold" title="Richard R. Arnold">Richard R. Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Au%C3%B1%C3%B3n-Chancellor" title="Serena Auñón-Chancellor">Serena Auñón-Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barratt_(astronaut)" title="Michael Barratt (astronaut)">Michael Barratt (astronaut)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Barth" title="Robert A. Barth">Robert A. Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Behnken" title="Bob Behnken">Robert L. Behnken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Bresnik" title="Randolph Bresnik">Randolph Bresnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_J._Broderick" title="Timothy J. Broderick">Timothy J. Broderick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Brown_(aquanaut)" title="Justin Brown (aquanaut)">Justin Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_L._Cannon" title="Berry L. Cannon">Berry L. Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Scott Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Chamitoff" title="Gregory Chamitoff">Gregory Chamitoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Chappell" title="Steve Chappell">Steve Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Coleman" title="Catherine Coleman">Catherine Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook_(American_novelist)" title="Robin Cook (American novelist)">Robin Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_B._Cooper" title="Craig B. Cooper">Craig B. Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabien_Cousteau" title="Fabien Cousteau">Fabien Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Cousteau" title="Philippe Cousteau">Philippe Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Creamer" title="Timothy Creamer">Timothy Creamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dory" title="Jonathan Dory">Jonathan Dory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Duque" title="Pedro Duque">Pedro Duque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Epps" title="Jeanette Epps">Jeanette Epps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Falco" title="Albert Falco">Albert Falco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Feustel" title="Andrew J. Feustel">Andrew J. Feustel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fincke" title="Michael Fincke">Michael Fincke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satoshi_Furukawa" title="Satoshi Furukawa">Satoshi Furukawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_J._Garan_Jr." title="Ronald J. Garan Jr.">Ronald J. Garan Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L._Gernhardt" title="Michael L. Gernhardt">Michael L. Gernhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_E._Gerty" title="Christopher E. Gerty">Christopher E. Gerty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gruber" title="David Gruber">David Gruber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hadfield" title="Chris Hadfield">Chris Hadfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hansen" title="Jeremy Hansen">Jeremy Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_M._Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="José M. Hernández">José M. Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Herrington" title="John Herrington">John Herrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hill_(flight_director)" title="Paul Hill (flight director)">Paul Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akihiko_Hoshide" title="Akihiko Hoshide">Akihiko Hoshide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hulsbeck" title="Mark Hulsbeck">Mark Hulsbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Hwang" title="Emma Hwang">Emma Hwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norishige_Kanai" title="Norishige Kanai">Norishige Kanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Kaufman" title="Les Kaufman">Les Kaufman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Kelly_(astronaut)" title="Scott Kelly (astronaut)">Scott Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Kohanowich" title="Karen Kohanowich">Karen Kohanowich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Kopra" title="Timothy Kopra">Timothy Kopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Landucci" title="Dominic Landucci">Dominic Landucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Lindbergh" title="Jon Lindbergh">Jon Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kjell_N._Lindgren" title="Kjell N. Lindgren">Kjell N. Lindgren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B3pez-Alegr%C3%ADa" title="Michael López-Alegría">Michael López-Alegría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._MacInnis" title="Joseph B. MacInnis">Joseph B. MacInnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Magnus" title="Sandra Magnus">Sandra Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marshburn" title="Thomas Marshburn">Thomas Marshburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Maurer" title="Matthias Maurer">Matthias Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Megan_McArthur" title="K. Megan McArthur">K. Megan McArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_McKinley_(physician)" title="Craig McKinley (physician)">Craig McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Meir" title="Jessica Meir">Jessica Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Melchior" title="Simone Melchior">Simone Melchior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Metcalf-Lindenburger" title="Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger">Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Mogensen" title="Andreas Mogensen">Andreas Mogensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Nyberg" title="Karen Nyberg">Karen Nyberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Olivas" title="John D. Olivas">John D. Olivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuya_Onishi" title="Takuya Onishi">Takuya Onishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Parmitano" title="Luca Parmitano">Luca Parmitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Patrick" title="Nicholas Patrick">Nicholas Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Peake" title="Tim Peake">Tim Peake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pesquet" title="Thomas Pesquet">Thomas Pesquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Reagan" title="Marc Reagan">Marc Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Reisman" title="Garrett Reisman">Garrett Reisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Rubins" title="Kathleen Rubins">Kathleen Rubins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Rutkowski" title="Dick Rutkowski">Dick Rutkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Ruttley" title="Tara Ruttley">Tara Ruttley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Saint-Jacques" title="David Saint-Jacques">David Saint-Jacques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Schmid_(flight_surgeon)" title="Josef Schmid (flight surgeon)">Josef Schmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sheats" title="Robert Sheats">Robert Sheats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Smith" title="Dewey Smith">Dewey Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Squyres" title="Steve Squyres">Steve Squyres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidemarie_Stefanyshyn-Piper" title="Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper">Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_St%C3%A9nuit" title="Robert Sténuit">Robert Sténuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Stevenin" title="Hervé Stevenin">Hervé Stevenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Stott" title="Nicole Stott">Nicole Stott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Talacek" title="James Talacek">James Talacek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_M._Tani" title="Daniel M. Tani">Daniel M. Tani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Thirsk" title="Robert Thirsk">Robert Thirsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Todd" title="Bill Todd">Bill Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_T._Vande_Hei" title="Mark T. Vande Hei">Mark T. Vande Hei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koichi_Wakata" title="Koichi Wakata">Koichi Wakata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_J._Walheim" title="Rex J. Walheim">Rex J. Walheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Walker" title="Shannon Walker">Shannon Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morgan_Wells" title="John Morgan Wells">John Morgan Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Wendler" title="Joachim Wendler">Joachim Wendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_H._Wheelock" title="Douglas H. Wheelock">Douglas H. Wheelock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Whitson" title="Peggy Whitson">Peggy Whitson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafydd_Williams" title="Dafydd Williams">Dafydd Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Williams_(astronaut)" title="Jeffrey Williams (astronaut)">Jeffrey Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunita_Williams" title="Sunita Williams">Sunita Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reid_Wiseman" title="Reid Wiseman">Reid Wiseman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimiya_Yui" title="Kimiya Yui">Kimiya Yui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers and journalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Barnette" title="Michael C. Barnette">Michael C. Barnette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Berge" title="Victor Berge">Victor Berge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Diol%C3%A9" title="Philippe Diolé">Philippe Diolé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gentile" title="Gary Gentile">Gary Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bret_Gilliam" title="Bret Gilliam">Bret Gilliam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Halstead" title="Bob Halstead">Bob Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Hauser" title="Hillary Hauser">Hillary Hauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Jackson_(diver)" title="Trevor Jackson (diver)">Trevor Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Lewis_(diver)" title="Steve Lewis (diver)">Steve Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mattera" title="John Mattera">John Mattera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rescuers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Challen" title="Craig Challen">Craig Challen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Harris_(anaesthetist)" title="Richard Harris (anaesthetist)">Richard Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Stanton" title="Rick Stanton">Rick Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Volanthen" title="John Volanthen">John Volanthen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frogmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Crabb" title="Lionel Crabb">Lionel Crabb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Edward_Fraser" title="Ian Edward Fraser">Ian Edward Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Knowles" title="Sydney Knowles">Sydney Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Magennis" title="James Joseph Magennis">James Joseph Magennis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial salvors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Jessop" title="Keith Jessop">Keith Jessop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Science_of_underwater_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_of_underwater_diving" title="Science of underwater diving">Science of underwater diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_underwater_diving" title="List of researchers in underwater diving">List of researchers in underwater diving</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_physics" title="Diving physics">Diving<br />physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metre_sea_water" title="Metre sea water">Metre sea water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy" title="Neutral buoyancy">Neutral buoyancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">Underwater acoustics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modulated_ultrasound" title="Modulated ultrasound">Modulated ultrasound</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">Underwater vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_computer_vision" title="Underwater computer vision">Underwater computer vision</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving physiology">Diving<br />physiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_reflex#Blood_shift" title="Diving reflex">Blood shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_shock_response" title="Cold shock response">Cold shock response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_reflex" title="Diving reflex">Diving reflex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_narcotic_depth" title="Equivalent narcotic depth">Equivalent narcotic depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_operating_depth" title="Maximum operating depth">Maximum operating depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_response_to_water_immersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological response to water immersion">Physiological response to water immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_balance_of_the_underwater_diver" title="Thermal balance of the underwater diver">Thermal balance of the underwater diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">Underwater vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_breathing" title="Work of breathing">Work of breathing</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Decompressiontheory" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompression_theory" title="Decompression theory">Decompression<br />theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Decompression models: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BChlmann_decompression_algorithm" title="Bühlmann decompression algorithm">Bühlmann decompression algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldane%27s_decompression_model" title="Haldane's decompression model">Haldane's decompression model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_gradient_bubble_model" title="Reduced gradient bubble model">Reduced gradient bubble model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalmann_algorithm" title="Thalmann algorithm">Thalmann algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_model_of_decompression" title="Thermodynamic model of decompression">Thermodynamic model of decompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varying_Permeability_Model" title="Varying Permeability Model">Varying Permeability Model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_air_depth" title="Equivalent air depth">Equivalent air depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_window" title="Oxygen window">Oxygen window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology_of_decompression" title="Physiology of decompression">Physiology of decompression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_environment" title="Underwater diving environment">Diving<br />environments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_exploration" title="Underwater exploration">Underwater exploration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_exploration" title="Deep-sea exploration">Deep-sea exploration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_environments_by_type" title="List of diving environments by type">List of diving environments by type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altitude_diving" title="Altitude diving">Altitude diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign water diving">Benign water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confined_water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Confined water diving">Confined water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_diving" title="Deep diving">Deep diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland diving">Inland diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inshore_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Inshore diving">Inshore diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muck_diving" title="Muck diving">Muck diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_diving" title="Night diving">Night diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-water_diving" title="Open-water diving">Open-water diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-water diving">Black-water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-water diving">Blue-water diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_diving" title="Penetration diving">Penetration diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torricellian_chamber" title="Torricellian chamber">Torricellian chamber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_diving" title="Ice diving">Ice diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">Wreck diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_dive_sites" title="Recreational dive sites">Recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_environment" title="Underwater environment">Underwater environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_environment" title="Underwater diving environment">Underwater diving environment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_recreational_diving" title="Environmental impact of recreational diving">Environmental impact of recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_impact_diving" title="Low impact diving">Low impact diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathysphere" title="Bathysphere">Bathysphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_against_swimmer_incursions" title="Defense against swimmer incursions">Defense against swimmer incursions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver_detection_sonar" title="Diver detection sonar">Diver detection sonar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore survey">Offshore survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_compact_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugged compact camera">Rugged compact camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_domain_awareness" title="Underwater domain awareness">Underwater domain awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vehicle" title="Underwater vehicle">Underwater vehicle</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence vehicle">Deep-submergence<br />vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminaut" title="Aluminaut"><i>Aluminaut</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Alvin" title="DSV Alvin">DSV <i>Alvin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_submarine_NR-1" title="American submarine NR-1">American submarine NR-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe" title="Bathyscaphe">Bathyscaphe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archim%C3%A8de" title="Archimède"><i>Archimède</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FNRS-2" title="FNRS-2">FNRS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FNRS-3" title="FNRS-3">FNRS-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Pole-class_bathyscaphe#Harmony_class_bathyscaphe" title="Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe"><i>Harmony</i> class bathyscaphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Pole-class_bathyscaphe" title="Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe"><i>Sea Pole</i>-class bathyscaphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe_Trieste_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathyscaphe Trieste II"><i>Trieste II</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepsea_Challenger" title="Deepsea Challenger"><i>Deepsea Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictineu_3" title="Ictineu 3"><i>Ictineu 3</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAGO_(German_research_submersible)" title="JAGO (German research submersible)"><i>JAGO</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaolong_(submersible)" title="Jiaolong (submersible)"><i>Jiaolong</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konsul-class_submersible" title="Konsul-class submersible"><i>Konsul</i>-class submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Limiting_Factor" title="DSV Limiting Factor"><i>Limiting Factor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_submarine_Losharik" title="Russian submarine Losharik">Russian submarine <i>Losharik</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)"><i>Mir</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautile" title="Nautile"><i>Nautile</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisces-class_deep_submergence_vehicle" title="Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle"><i>Pisces</i>-class deep submergence vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Sea_Cliff" title="DSV Sea Cliff">DSV <i>Sea Cliff</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Shinkai" title="DSV Shinkai">DSV <i>Shinkai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Shinkai_2000" title="DSV Shinkai 2000">DSV <i>Shinkai 2000</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Shinkai_6500" title="DSV Shinkai 6500">DSV <i>Shinkai 6500</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Turtle" title="DSV Turtle">DSV <i>Turtle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV-5_Nemo" title="DSV-5 Nemo">DSV-5 <i>Nemo</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Submarine_rescue" title="Submarine rescue">Submarine rescue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Submarine_Escape_and_Rescue_Liaison_Office" title="International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office">International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_and_Rescue_system_(Royal_Swedish_Navy)" title="Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)">Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCann_Rescue_Chamber" title="McCann Rescue Chamber">McCann Rescue Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_rescue_ship" title="Submarine rescue ship">Submarine rescue ship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Deep-submergencerescue_vehicle" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence rescue vehicle">Deep-submergence<br />rescue vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LR5" title="LR5">LR5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LR7" title="LR7">LR7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSM-1" title="MSM-1">MSM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystic-class_deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle"><i>Mystic</i>-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DSRV-1_Mystic" title="DSRV-1 Mystic">DSRV-1 <i>Mystic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSRV-2_Avalon" title="DSRV-2 Avalon">DSRV-2 <i>Avalon</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_Submarine_Rescue_System" title="NATO Submarine Rescue System">NATO Submarine Rescue System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priz-class_deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Priz-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle"><i>Priz</i>-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_deep_submergence_rescue_vehicle_AS-28" title="Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28">Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_submarine_AS-34" title="Russian submarine AS-34">Russian submarine AS-34</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASRV_Remora" class="mw-redirect" title="ASRV Remora">ASRV <i>Remora</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRV-300" title="SRV-300">SRV-300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Rescue_Diving_Recompression_System" title="Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System">Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_7103_DSRV" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 7103 DSRV">Type 7103 DSRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/URF_(Swedish_Navy)" title="URF (Swedish Navy)">URF (Swedish Navy)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submarine_escape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Submarine escape (page does not exist)">Submarine escape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escape_trunk" title="Escape trunk">Escape trunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_escape_training_facility" title="Submarine escape training facility">Submarine escape training facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_Training_Facility_(Australia)" title="Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia)">Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Escape_set" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Escape_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Escape set">Escape set</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Submerged_Escape_Apparatus" title="Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus">Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momsen_lung" title="Momsen lung">Momsen lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinke_hood" title="Steinke hood">Steinke hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_Immersion_Equipment" title="Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment">Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special<br />interest<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_Reef_Society_of_British_Columbia" title="Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia">Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMAS_Europe" title="CMAS Europe">CMAS Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Reef_Alliance" title="Coral Reef Alliance">Coral Reef Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Alert_Network" title="Divers Alert Network">Divers Alert Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Fins" title="Green Fins">Green Fins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_Lakes_Underwater_Preserve_Association" title="Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association">Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_Underwater_Research" title="Karst Underwater Research">Karst Underwater Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Program" title="Nautical Archaeology Program">Nautical Archaeology Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Command_Sub_Aqua_Club" title="Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club">Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PADI_AWARE" title="PADI AWARE">PADI AWARE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef_Check" title="Reef Check">Reef Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef_Life_Survey" title="Reef Life Survey">Reef Life Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_Foundation" title="Rubicon Foundation">Rubicon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Ontario_Shipwrecks" title="Save Ontario Shipwrecks">Save Ontario Shipwrecks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaKeys" title="SeaKeys">SeaKeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Underwater_Historical_Research" title="Society for Underwater Historical Research">Society for Underwater Historical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Underwater_Technology" title="Society for Underwater Technology">Society for Underwater Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Archaeology_Branch,_Naval_History_%26_Heritage_Command" title="Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command">Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neutral buoyancy<br />facilities for<br />Astronaut training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory" title="Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory">Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy_pool" title="Neutral buoyancy pool">Neutral buoyancy pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy_simulation_as_a_training_aid" title="Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid">Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Buoyancy_Simulator" title="Neutral Buoyancy Simulator">Neutral Buoyancy Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Systems_Laboratory_(Maryland)" title="Space Systems Laboratory (Maryland)">Space Systems Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin_Cosmonaut_Training_Center" title="Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center">Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Productions" title="Nautilus Productions">Nautilus Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_Aircrew_Breathing_Device" title="Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device">Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_therapy" title="Scuba diving therapy">Scuba diving therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_mining" title="Seabed mining">Seabed mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Underwater_diving" title="Category:Underwater diving">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Underwater_diving" class="extiw" 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