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Available in 6 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-6" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">6 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymel" title="Gymel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gymel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymel" title="Gymel – German" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the musical technique. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gimel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gimel (disambiguation)">Gimel (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gemmel" redirects here. For the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Gemmell" title="Gemmell">Gemmell</a>.</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">medieval</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a> <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphonic</a> music, <b>gymel</b> (also <b>gimel</b> or <b>gemell</b>) is the technique of temporarily dividing up one voice part, usually an upper one, into two parts of equal range, but singing different music. Often the two voices sing a passage of intricate polyphony, beginning and finally converging on a <a href="/wiki/Unison" title="Unison">unison</a>, and often, but not always, the other voices drop out for a time. </p><p>While the earliest use of gymel seems to have been around the mid-14th century, the earliest notated gymels survive from approximately 1430. It is probable that some earlier notated examples have been lost, since the vast majority of English manuscript sources from before the 1530s were destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>. Indeed, the earliest surviving notated examples are from continental sources. </p><p>The significance of the development of gymel is three-fold. First, that a single voice part could be split into two indicates that the music of the time was being sung with multiple voices on a part, as opposed to the practice of secular polyphony at the time, in which there was only one voice on a part. Second, considerable virtuosity is required for many of the surviving examples of gymel, indicating a rise in the singing standards in England in the 14th and 15th centuries. Third, the use of gymel shows that composers were becoming aware of the importance of <a href="/wiki/Texture_(music)" title="Texture (music)">textural</a> contrast as a structural device; this is one of the critical distinctions between medieval and Renaissance music, a distinction which would carry forward to the present day. </p><p>It also seems that many times gymel was <a href="/wiki/Improvisation" title="Improvisation">improvised</a> by skilled singers. An anonymous treatise of around 1450, known as the <i>Pseudo-Chilston</i>, includes the instruction: "And alwey beginne and ende thi Countertenor in a 5 [the interval of a fifth]. And thi Countergemel begynne and ende in unisoun." (1) That the singers would be given instruction on which <i>intervals</i> to use to begin and end indicates that they were not reading from written music, but improvising. </p><p>Composers of gymel include <a href="/wiki/John_Dunstaple" title="John Dunstaple">John Dunstaple</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Cornysh" title="William Cornysh">William Cornysh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Davy" title="Richard Davy">Richard Davy</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Browne_(composer)" title="John Browne (composer)">John Browne</a>, and (much later) both <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tallis" title="Thomas Tallis">Thomas Tallis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Parsons_(composer)" title="Robert Parsons (composer)">Robert Parsons</a>, as well as the numerous named and anonymous composers in sources such as the <a href="/wiki/Eton_Choirbook" title="Eton Choirbook">Eton Choirbook</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caius_Choirbook" title="Caius Choirbook">Caius Choirbook</a>, among the few collections of English music to survive from the 15th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauxbourdon" title="Fauxbourdon">Fauxbourdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimell_Records" title="Gimell Records">Gimell Records</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_further_reading">References and further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References and further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_H._Sanders" title="Ernest H. Sanders">Ernest H. Sanders</a>: "Gymel", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed January 16, 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grovemusic.com">Grove Music Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516041031/http://www.grovemusic.com/">Archived</a> 2008-05-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Richard H. Hoppin, <i>Medieval Music</i>. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1978. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-09090-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-09090-6">0-393-09090-6</a></li> <li><i>The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i>, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56159-174-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56159-174-2">1-56159-174-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Reese" title="Gustave Reese">Gustave Reese</a>, <i>Music in the Renaissance</i>. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-09530-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-09530-4">0-393-09530-4</a></li> <li>(1) <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Bukofzer" title="Manfred Bukofzer">Manfred Bukofzer</a>, <i>Geschichte des englischen Diskants und des Fauxbourdons nach den theoretischen Quellen</i>. Strasbourg, 1936. (While the book is in German, the quotations are in late middle to early modern English.)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gymel&oldid=1248732990">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gymel&oldid=1248732990</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Musical_techniques" title="Category:Musical techniques">Musical techniques</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Renaissance_music" title="Category:Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_music_theory" title="Category:Medieval music theory">Medieval music theory</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 October 2024, at 05:00<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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