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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montana_territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Montana territory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montana_territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Conflicts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cattle_ranching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cattle_ranching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Cattle ranching </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cattle_ranching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railroads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railroads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Railroads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railroads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statehood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statehood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Statehood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statehood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homesteading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homesteading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Homesteading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homesteading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Montana_and_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montana_and_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Montana and World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montana_and_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depression_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depression_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Depression era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depression_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Montana_and_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montana_and_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Montana and World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montana_and_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Other military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War_Montana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War_Montana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Cold War Montana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War_Montana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Topography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rivers,_lakes_and_reservoirs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivers,_lakes_and_reservoirs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Rivers, lakes and reservoirs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivers,_lakes_and_reservoirs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pacific_Ocean_drainage_basin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacific_Ocean_drainage_basin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1.1 Pacific Ocean drainage basin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacific_Ocean_drainage_basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gulf_of_Mexico_drainage_basin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gulf_of_Mexico_drainage_basin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1.2 Gulf of Mexico drainage basin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gulf_of_Mexico_drainage_basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hudson_Bay_drainage_basin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hudson_Bay_drainage_basin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1.3 Hudson Bay drainage basin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hudson_Bay_drainage_basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lakes_and_reservoirs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lakes_and_reservoirs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1.4 Lakes and reservoirs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lakes_and_reservoirs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protected_lands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protected_lands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Protected lands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protected_lands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antipodes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antipodes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Antipodes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antipodes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities_and_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_and_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Cities and towns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_and_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intrastate_demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intrastate_demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Intrastate demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intrastate_demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Native Americans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Birth data </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colleges_and_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges_and_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Colleges and universities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleges_and_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_cultural_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_cultural_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Major cultural events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_cultural_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Professional_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Professional sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-College_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#College_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 College sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-College_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.3 Other sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olympic_competitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olympic_competitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.4 Olympic competitors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olympic_competitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sporting_achievements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sporting_achievements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.5 Sporting achievements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sporting_achievements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outdoor_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outdoor_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Outdoor recreation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outdoor_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fishing_and_hunting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fishing_and_hunting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Fishing and hunting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fishing_and_hunting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winter_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winter_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.2 Winter sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winter_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Law and government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Law_and_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Law and government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Law_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Constitution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Executive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Executive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Legislative </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Judicial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_offices_and_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_offices_and_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Federal offices and courts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_offices_and_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Montana</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 189 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-189" aria-hidden="true" > 189 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%93" title="ሞንታና – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሞንታና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munt%C7%A3na" title="Muntǣna – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Muntǣna" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="مونتانا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مونتانا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%AC%DC%90%DC%A2%DC%90" title="ܡܘܢܬܐܢܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܘܢܬܐܢܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont%C3%A1na" title="Montána – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Montána" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_suyu" title="Montana suyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Montana suyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="مونتانا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مونتانا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="মন্টানা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মন্টানা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мантана – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мантана" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мантана – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мантана" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="मोंटाना – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मोंटाना" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Монтана (щат) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Монтана (щат)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="མོན་ཏཱ་ན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མོན་ཏཱ་ན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Монтана – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Монтана" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Монтана – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Монтана" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_(estado)" title="Montana (estado) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Montana (estado)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="مونطانا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مونطانا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay%C3%A1n%C3%AD_Naakaii_Hahoodzo" title="Ayání Naakaii Hahoodzo – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ayání Naakaii Hahoodzo" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Μοντάνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μοντάνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munt%C3%A0na" title="Muntàna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Muntàna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montano" title="Montano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Montano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="مونتانا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مونتانا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌼𐌰𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌼𐌰𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%AC%ED%83%9C%EB%82%98%EC%A3%BC" title="몬태나주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="몬태나주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monekana" title="Monekana – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Monekana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Մոնտանա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոնտանա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="मोन्टाना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मोन्टाना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="মন্টানা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মন্টানা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C4%A1%C4%A1i_(nuna)" title="Iġġi (nuna) – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Iġġi (nuna)" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%C3%A6" title="Монтанæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Монтанæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMontana" title="IMontana – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IMontana" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מונטנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מונטנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%94ntanaa" title="Mɔntanaa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Mɔntanaa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Монтана – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Монтана" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მონტანა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მონტანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8D%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="مان‍ٹانا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مان‍ٹانا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Монтана – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Монтана" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Монтана (штат) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Монтана (штат)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Монтана – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Монтана" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont%C4%81na" title="Montāna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Montāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montann-a" title="Montann-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Montann-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_(%C3%A1llam)" title="Montana (állam) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Montana (állam)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="मोन्टाना – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मोन्टाना" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Монтана – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Монтана" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8" title="മൊണ്ടാന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൊണ്ടാന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotana" title="Monotana – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Monotana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="माँटाना – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="माँटाना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მონტანა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მონტანა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="مونتانا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مونتانا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="مونتانا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مونتانا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯥꯅꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯣꯟꯇꯥꯅꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Монтана – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Монтана" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="မွန်တားနားပြည်နယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မွန်တားနားပြည်နယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_(staat)" title="Montana (staat) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Montana (staat)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="मोन्टाना – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मोन्टाना" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="मोन्ताना – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मोन्ताना" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8A%E5%B7%9E" title="モンタナ州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モンタナ州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Монтана – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Монтана" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Монтана – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Монтана" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮੋਂਟਾਨਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੋਂਟਾਨਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="मोन्टाना – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="मोन्टाना" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="مونٹانا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مونٹانا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="مونتانا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مونتانا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montan-a" title="Montan-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Montan-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_(stadi)" title="Montana (stadi) – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Montana (stadi)" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_suyu" title="Montana suyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Montana suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Монтана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Монтана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Монтана – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Монтана" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="मान्‍टाना – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मान्‍टाना" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B" title="ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F" title="මොන්ටානා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මොන්ටානා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%BD%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="مونٽانا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مونٽانا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_(USA)" title="Montana (USA) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Montana (USA)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%AFntana" title="Můntana – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Můntana" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="مۆنتانا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆنتانا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Монтана – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Монтана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE" title="மொன்ட்டானா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மொன்ட்டானா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Монтана – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Монтана" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="รัฐมอนแทนา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐมอนแทนา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Монтана – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Монтана" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%27hon%C3%A1%C3%A9%C5%A1%C3%A9%27e" title="Ho'honáéšé'e – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ho'honáéšé'e" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Монтана – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Монтана" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="مونٹانا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مونٹانا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_Shitati" title="Montana Shitati – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Montana Shitati" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%A4%A7%E6%8B%BF%E5%B7%9E" title="蒙大拿州 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="蒙大拿州" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%A4%A7%E6%8B%BF%E5%B7%9E" title="蒙大拿州 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蒙大拿州" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A2" title="מאנטענע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאנטענע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%A4%A7%E6%8B%BF%E5%B7%9E" title="蒙大拿州 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蒙大拿州" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Montana" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%A4%A7%E6%8B%BF%E5%B7%9E" title="蒙大拿州 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蒙大拿州" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Montana&params=47_N_110_W_dim:500000_region:US-MT_type:adm1st&title=State+of+Montana">47°N 110°W / 47°N 110°W / 47; -110 (State of Montana)</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">U.S. state</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Big_Sky_Country_(song)" title="Big Sky Country (song)">Big Sky Country (song)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montanan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Montanan (disambiguation)">Montanan (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treasure_State_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Treasure State (disambiguation)">Treasure State (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montana_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Montana (disambiguation)">Montana (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in the United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Montana</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Montana.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Montana"><img alt="Flag of Montana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/125px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/188px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/250px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Montana" title="Flag of Montana">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_Montana.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Montana"><img alt="Official seal of Montana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Great_Seal_of_Montana.svg/99px-Great_Seal_of_Montana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="99" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Great_Seal_of_Montana.svg/149px-Great_Seal_of_Montana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Great_Seal_of_Montana.svg/199px-Great_Seal_of_Montana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="717" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Montana" title="Seal of Montana">Seal</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_nicknames" title="List of U.S. state and territory nicknames">Nicknames</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Big Sky Country, The Treasure State</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_mottos" title="List of U.S. state and territory mottos">Motto(s)</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"Oro y Plata" (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>) "Gold and Silver"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_songs" title="List of U.S. state songs">Anthem:</a> "<a href="/wiki/Montana_(state_song)" title="Montana (state song)">Montana</a>" <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="150" data-mwtitle="State_Song_of_Montana.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/State_Song_of_Montana.ogg/State_Song_of_Montana.ogg.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/State_Song_of_Montana.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="opus"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/State_Song_of_Montana.ogg/State_Song_of_Montana.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Montana_in_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Montana within the United States"><img alt="Location of Montana within the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Montana_in_United_States.svg/300px-Montana_in_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Montana_in_United_States.svg/450px-Montana_in_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Montana_in_United_States.svg/600px-Montana_in_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Montana within the United States</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Before statehood</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Montana_Territory" title="Montana Territory">Montana Territory</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admitted to the Union</a></th><td class="infobox-data">November 8, 1889 (41st)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">Capital</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of largest cities of U.S. states and territories by population">Largest city</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Billings,_Montana" title="Billings, Montana">Billings</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_populous_counties_by_U.S._state" title="List of the most populous counties by U.S. state">Largest county or equivalent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_County,_Montana" title="Yellowstone County, Montana">Yellowstone</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_area_(United_States)" title="Statistical area (United States)">Largest metro</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">urban</a> areas</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Billings_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Billings metropolitan area">Billings</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Montana">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greg_Gianforte" title="Greg Gianforte">Greg Gianforte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor of Montana">Lieutenant Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kristen_Juras" title="Kristen Juras">Kristen Juras</a> (R)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Montana_Legislature" title="Montana Legislature">Legislature</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Montana_Senate" title="Montana Senate">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Montana_House_of_Representatives" title="Montana House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Montana_Supreme_Court" title="Montana Supreme Court">Montana Supreme Court</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Montana" title="List of United States senators from Montana">U.S. senators</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Daines" title="Steve Daines">Steve Daines</a> (R) <a href="/wiki/Tim_Sheehy" title="Tim Sheehy">Tim Sheehy</a> (R)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Montana" title="List of United States representatives from Montana">U.S. House delegation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montana%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Montana's 1st congressional district">1</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Zinke" title="Ryan Zinke">Ryan Zinke</a> (R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Montana's 2nd congressional district">2</a>: <a href="/wiki/Troy_Downing" title="Troy Downing">Troy Downing</a> (R)</li></ul> </div> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Montana" title="United States congressional delegations from Montana">list</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">147,040<a href="#cite_note-census-1">[1]</a> sq mi (380,800 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">145,552<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> sq mi (376,980 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">1,491 sq mi (3,862 km2)  1%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area" title="List of U.S. states and territories by area">4th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Dimensions<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Length</th><td class="infobox-data">255 mi (410 km)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Width</th><td class="infobox-data">630 mi (1,015 km)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,400 ft (1,040 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Granite_Peak_(Montana)" title="Granite Peak (Montana)">Granite Peak</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Geodetic_Survey2008-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeological_Survey2001-4">[4]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">12,807 ft (3,903.5 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Kootenai_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kootenai River">Kootenai River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> border<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Geodetic_Survey2008-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeological_Survey2001-4">[4]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,804 ft (557 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2024)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 1,137,233<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by population">43rd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">7.7/sq mi (3.0/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">  • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States_by_population_density" title="List of states and territories of the United States by population density">48th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Median household income</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">$70,800 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Income rank<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_income#States_and_territories_ranked_by_median_household_income" title="List of U.S. states and territories by income">34th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_demonyms_for_US_states_and_territories" title="List of demonyms for US states and territories">Montanan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Language<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Official language</a></th><td class="infobox-data">English<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9207:00" title="UTC−07:00">UTC−07:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mountain_Time_Zone" title="Mountain Time Zone">Mountain</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9206:00" title="UTC−06:00">UTC−06:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mountain_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Daylight Time">MDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_abbreviations" title="List of U.S. state and territory abbreviations">USPS abbreviation</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">MT</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:US" title="ISO 3166-2:US">US-MT</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_abbreviations" title="List of U.S. state and territory abbreviations">Traditional abbreviation</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Mont.</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Latitude</th><td class="infobox-data">44° 21′ N to 49° N</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Longitude</th><td class="infobox-data">104° 2′ W to 116° 3′ W</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mt.gov">mt.gov</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141396924">.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-none{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-center{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-title{font-size:120%}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-subheader{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cddeff}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-island{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cef2e0}</style><table class="infobox ib-region-symbols"><caption class="infobox-title">State symbols of Montana</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:85%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Montana_state_symbols" title="List of Montana state symbols">List of state symbols</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Montana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/250px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/375px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/500px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Montana" title="Flag of Montana">Flag of Montana</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_Montana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Great_Seal_of_Montana.svg/150px-Great_Seal_of_Montana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Great_Seal_of_Montana.svg/225px-Great_Seal_of_Montana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Great_Seal_of_Montana.svg/300px-Great_Seal_of_Montana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="717" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Montana" title="Seal of Montana">Seal of Montana</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_birds" title="List of U.S. state birds">Bird</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Western_meadowlark" title="Western meadowlark">Western meadowlark</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_insects" title="List of U.S. state insects">Butterfly</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mourning_cloak" class="mw-redirect" title="Mourning cloak">Mourning cloak</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_fish" title="List of U.S. state fish">Fish</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Westslope_cutthroat_trout" title="Westslope cutthroat trout">Westslope cutthroat trout</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_flowers" title="List of U.S. state and territory flowers">Flower</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bitterroot" title="Bitterroot">Bitterroot</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_mammals" title="List of U.S. state mammals">Mammal</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Grizzly_bear" title="Grizzly bear">Grizzly bear</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_trees" title="List of U.S. state and territory trees">Tree</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ponderosa_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponderosa pine">Ponderosa pine</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_fossils" title="List of U.S. state fossils">Fossil</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maiasaura_peeblesorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Maiasaura peeblesorum">Maiasaura peeblesorum</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_minerals,_rocks,_stones_and_gemstones" title="List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones">Gemstone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"><a href="/wiki/Numbered_highways_in_the_United_States#State_highways" title="Numbered highways in the United States">State route marker</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:MT-1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Route marker"><img alt="Route marker" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/MT-1.svg/85px-MT-1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/MT-1.svg/128px-MT-1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/MT-1.svg/170px-MT-1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_state_symbols" title="Lists of United States state symbols">Lists of United States state symbols</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Montana (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/mɒnˈtænə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/34\/En-us-Montana.ogg\/En-us-Montana.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Montana.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-us-Montana.ogg/En-us-Montana.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Montana.ogg" title="File:En-us-Montana.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">mon-TAN-ə</a>)<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> is a landlocked <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain West</a> subregion of the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a>. It borders <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> to the southeast, <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> to the south, and the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Canadian provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> to the north. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area" title="List of U.S. states and territories by area">fourth-largest state by area</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by population">eighth-least populous state</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states and territories by population density">third-least densely populated state</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">capital</a> is <a href="/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Montana" title="List of municipalities in Montana">most populous city</a> is <a href="/wiki/Billings,_Montana" title="Billings, Montana">Billings</a>. The western half of the state contains numerous mountain ranges, while the eastern half is characterized by western <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a> terrain and <a href="/wiki/Badlands" title="Badlands">badlands</a>, with smaller mountain ranges found throughout the state. Most of Montana first came under American <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> from France in 1803 and was explored by the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a> shortly thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> Fur trappers followed and were the main economic activity in the area until gold was discovered in 1852. The ensuing gold rush, along with the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a> in 1862, brought large numbers of American settlers to Montana.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> Rapid population growth and development culminated in statehood on November 8, 1889. Mining, particularly around <a href="/wiki/Butte,_Montana" title="Butte, Montana">Butte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena</a>, would remain the state's main economic engine through the mid-20th century. Montana has no official <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_nicknames" title="List of U.S. state and territory nicknames">nickname</a> but several unofficial ones, most notably "Big Sky Country", "The Treasure State", "Land of the Shining Mountains", and "<a href="/wiki/The_Last_Best_Place" title="The Last Best Place">The Last Best Place</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins,_J.2008-10">[10]</a> Its economy is primarily based on <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">ranching</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cereal_grain" class="mw-redirect" title="Cereal grain">cereal grain</a> farming. Other significant economic resources include <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a>. The health care, service, defense, and government sectors are also significant to the state's economy. Montana's fastest-growing sector is tourism, with 12.6 million tourists (as of 2019) visiting the state each year.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The name Montana comes from the Spanish word montaña, which in turn comes from the Latin word montanea, meaning "mountain" or more broadly "mountainous country".<a href="#cite_note-Society1910-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaloneRoederLang199195–96-13">[13]</a> Montaña del Norte ('Northern Mountain') was the name given by early Spanish explorers to the entire mountainous region of the west.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaloneRoederLang199195–96-13">[13]</a> The name Montana was added in 1863 to a bill by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Territories" title="United States House Committee on Territories">United States House Committee on Territories</a> (chaired at the time by <a href="/wiki/James_Mitchell_Ashley" title="James Mitchell Ashley">James Ashley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>) for the territory that would become <a href="/wiki/Idaho_Territory" title="Idaho Territory">Idaho Territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders191015–60-14">[14]</a> The name was changed by representatives <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a> (Massachusetts) and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Harding" title="Benjamin F. Harding">Benjamin F. Harding</a> (Oregon), who complained that "Montana" had "no meaning".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders191015–60-14">[14]</a> Alternative names included Jefferson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders191056-15">[15]</a> When Ashley presented a bill to establish a temporary government in 1864 for a new territory to be carved out of Idaho, he again chose <a href="/wiki/Montana_Territory" title="Montana Territory">Montana Territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress1864-16">[16]</a> This time, representative <a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Cox" title="Samuel S. Cox">Samuel Cox</a>, also of Ohio, objected to the name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress1864-16">[16]</a> Cox complained that the name was a <a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">misnomer</a> given that most of the territory was not mountainous, and thought a <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> name would be more appropriate than a Spanish one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress1864-16">[16]</a> Other names, such as <a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a>, were suggested, but the Committee on Territories decided that they had discretion to choose the name, so the original name of Montana was adopted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress1864-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">History of Montana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Indian_treaty_territories_in_Montana.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Early_Indian_treaty_territories_in_Montana.png/250px-Early_Indian_treaty_territories_in_Montana.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Early_Indian_treaty_territories_in_Montana.png/330px-Early_Indian_treaty_territories_in_Montana.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Early_Indian_treaty_territories_in_Montana.png/500px-Early_Indian_treaty_territories_in_Montana.png 2x" data-file-width="1990" data-file-height="2338" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Early_Indian_treaty_territories_in_Montana" title="Early Indian treaty territories in Montana">Early Indian treaty territories in Montana</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assinniboine2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Assinniboine2.jpg/170px-Assinniboine2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Assinniboine2.jpg/255px-Assinniboine2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Assinniboine2.jpg/340px-Assinniboine2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Assiniboine people">Assiniboine</a> family, Montana, 1890–91</figcaption></figure>For thousands of years, various <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> have inhabited the land that is now Montana. Historic tribes encountered by Europeans and settlers from the United States included the <a href="/wiki/Crow_people" title="Crow people">Crow</a> in the south-central area, the <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> in the southeast, the <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfeet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Assiniboine people">Assiniboine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gros_Ventres" class="mw-redirect" title="Gros Ventres">Gros Ventres</a> in the central and north-central area, and the <a href="/wiki/Ktunaxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ktunaxa">Kootenai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bitterroot_Salish" title="Bitterroot Salish">Salish</a> the (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thesalishinstitute.com/our-culture/salish-kalispel-pend-doreille-history">Séliš or "Flathead"</a>) in the west. The (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kalispeltribe.com/">Ql̓ispé</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pend_d%27Oreilles" title="Pend d'Oreilles">Pend d'Oreilles</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kalispel_Indian_Community_of_the_Kalispel_Reservation" title="Kalispel Indian Community of the Kalispel Reservation">Kalispel</a> tribes lived near <a href="/wiki/Flathead_Lake" title="Flathead Lake">Flathead Lake</a> and the western mountains, respectively. A part of southeastern Montana was used as a corridor between the Crows and the related <a href="/wiki/Hidatsa" title="Hidatsa">Hidatsas</a> in North Dakota.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodThiessen1987156–220-17">[17]</a> As part of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a> watershed, all of the land in Montana east of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Divide">Continental Divide</a> was part of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> in 1803, except for a tiny portion in the northeast that is part of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay_drainage_basin" title="Hudson Bay drainage basin">Hudson Bay drainage</a>. Subsequent to and particularly in the decades following the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a>, European, Canadian and American traders operated a <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade_in_Montana" title="Fur trade in Montana">fur trade</a>, trading with indigenous peoples in both western and eastern portions of the area. Though the increased interaction between fur traders and indigenous peoples frequently proved to be a profitable partnership, conflicts broke out when indigenous interests were threatened, such as the conflict between American trappers and the <a href="/wiki/Blackfeet_Nation" title="Blackfeet Nation">Blackfeet</a>. Indigenous peoples in the region were also decimated by diseases introduced by fur traders to which they had no immunity.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200992–93[httpswebarchiveorgweb20240117154332httpsmhsmtgoveducationTextbookChapter5chapter5pdf_Ch._5]-19">[19]</a> The trading post <a href="/wiki/Fort_Raymond" title="Fort Raymond">Fort Raymond</a> (1807–1811) was constructed in Crow Indian country in 1807.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoxie199554-20">[20]</a> Until the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</a> of 1846, land west of the continental divide was disputed between the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. governments</a> and was known as the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a>. The first permanent settlement by Euro-Americans in what today is Montana was <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Mission_(Montana)" title="St. Mary's Mission (Montana)">St. Mary's</a>, established in 1841 near present-day <a href="/wiki/Stevensville,_Montana" title="Stevensville, Montana">Stevensville</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Catholic2010-21">[21]</a> In 1847, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Benton,_Montana" title="Fort Benton, Montana">Fort Benton</a> was built as the uppermost fur-trading post on the Missouri River.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Historic_Landmark_Program2013-22">[22]</a> In the 1850s, settlers began moving into the <a href="/wiki/Beaverhead_River" title="Beaverhead River">Beaverhead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Big_Hole_River" title="Big Hole River">Big Hole</a> valleys from the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a> and into the Clark's Fork valley.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKittredgeKrauzer198614–23-23">[23]</a> The first gold discovered in Montana was at <a href="/wiki/Gold_Creek,_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Creek, Montana">Gold Creek</a> near present-day <a href="/wiki/Garrison,_Montana" title="Garrison, Montana">Garrison</a> in 1852. The Gold rush in the region commenced in earnest starting in 1862. A series of major mineral discoveries in the western part of the state found gold, silver, copper, lead, and coal (and later oil) which attracted tens of thousands of miners to the area. The richest of all gold placer diggings was discovered at Alder Gulch, where the town of <a href="/wiki/Virginia_City,_Montana" title="Virginia City, Montana">Virginia City</a> was established. Other rich placer deposits were found at Last Chance Gulch, where the city of Helena now stands, <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Gulch_and_Diamond_City" title="Confederate Gulch and Diamond City">Confederate Gulch</a>, Silver Bow, Emigrant Gulch, and <a href="/wiki/Cooke_City,_Montana" title="Cooke City, Montana">Cooke City</a>. Gold output between 1862 and 1876 reached $144 million, after which silver became even more important. The largest mining operations were at Butte, with important silver deposits and expansive copper deposits. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Montana_territory">Montana territory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Montana territory">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Organic_act#List_of_organic_acts" title="Organic act">Organic act § List of organic acts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montana_Territory" title="Montana Territory">Montana Territory</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montana_Territory_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Montana_Territory_1865.jpg/250px-Montana_Territory_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Montana_Territory_1865.jpg/330px-Montana_Territory_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Montana_Territory_1865.jpg/500px-Montana_Territory_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3026" /></a><figcaption>Montana Territory in 1865<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></figcaption></figure> Before the creation of Montana Territory (1864–1889), areas within present-day Montana were part of the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon Territory</a> (1848–1859), <a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington Territory</a> (1853–1863), Idaho Territory (1863–1864), and <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a> (1861–1864). Montana Territory became a <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">territory of the United States</a> on May 26, 1864. The first territorial capital was located at <a href="/wiki/Bannack,_Montana" title="Bannack, Montana">Bannack</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Edgerton" title="Sidney Edgerton">Sidney Edgerton</a> served as the first territorial governor. The capital moved to Virginia City in 1865 and to <a href="/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena</a> in 1875. In 1870, the non-Indian population of the Montana Territory was 20,595.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaloneRoederLang197692–113-25">[25]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Montana_Historical_Society" title="Montana Historical Society">Montana Historical Society</a>, founded on February 2, 1865, in <a href="/wiki/Virginia_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia City">Virginia City</a>, is the oldest such institution west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a> (excluding Louisiana).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana's_Museum2007-26">[26]</a> In 1869 and 1870 respectively, the <a href="/wiki/Cook%E2%80%93Folsom%E2%80%93Peterson_Expedition" title="Cook–Folsom–Peterson Expedition">Cook–Folsom–Peterson</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Washburn%E2%80%93Langford%E2%80%93Doane_Expedition" title="Washburn–Langford–Doane Expedition">Washburn–Langford–Doane Expeditions</a> were launched from Helena into the Upper Yellowstone region. The extraordinary discoveries and reports from these expeditions led to the creation of <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a> in 1872. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflicts">Conflicts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conflicts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_installations_in_Montana" title="List of military installations in Montana">List of military installations in Montana</a></div> As settlers began populating Montana from the 1850s through the 1870s, disputes with Native Americans ensued, primarily over land ownership and control. In 1855, Washington Territorial Governor <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Stevens" title="Isaac Stevens">Isaac Stevens</a> negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Hellgate_Treaty" title="Hellgate Treaty">Hellgate Treaty</a> between the United States government and the Salish, Pend d'Oreille, and Kootenai people of western Montana, which established boundaries for the tribal nations. The treaty was ratified in 1859.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellgate_Treaty1855-27">[27]</a> While the treaty established what later became the <a href="/wiki/Flathead_Indian_Reservation" title="Flathead Indian Reservation">Flathead Indian Reservation</a>, trouble with interpreters and confusion over the terms of the treaty led settlers to believe the <a href="/wiki/Bitterroot_Valley" title="Bitterroot Valley">Bitterroot Valley</a> was opened to settlement, but the tribal nations disputed those provisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Office_of_Public_Instruction2010-28">[28]</a> The Salish remained in the Bitterroot Valley until 1891.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2009123–146[httpswebarchiveorgweb20240117154347httpsmhsmtgoveducationTextbookChapter7chapter7pdf_Ch._7]-29">[29]</a> The first U.S. Army post established in Montana was <a href="/wiki/Camp_Cooke_(Montana)" title="Camp Cooke (Montana)">Camp Cooke</a> in 1866, on the Missouri River, to protect steamboat traffic to Fort Benton. More than a dozen additional military outposts were established in the state. Pressure over land ownership and control increased due to discoveries of gold in various parts of Montana and surrounding states. Major battles occurred in Montana during <a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud%27s_War" title="Red Cloud's War">Red Cloud's War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Great Sioux War of 1876</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_War" title="Nez Perce War">Nez Perce War</a> and in conflicts with <a href="/wiki/Piegan_Blackfeet" title="Piegan Blackfeet">Piegan Blackfeet</a>. The most notable were the <a href="/wiki/Marias_Massacre" title="Marias Massacre">Marias Massacre</a> (1870), <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a> (1876), <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Big_Hole" title="Battle of the Big Hole">Battle of the Big Hole</a> (1877), and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bear_Paw" title="Battle of Bear Paw">Battle of Bear Paw</a> (1877). The last recorded conflict in Montana between the U.S. Army and Native Americans occurred in 1887 during the <a href="/wiki/Crow_War#Battle_of_Crow_Agency" title="Crow War">Battle of Crow Agency</a> in the Big Horn country. Native survivors who had signed treaties were generally required to move onto <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">reservations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaloneRoederLang1976114–144-30">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chief_Joseph_and_Col._John_Gibbon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Chief_Joseph_and_Col._John_Gibbon.jpg/220px-Chief_Joseph_and_Col._John_Gibbon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Chief_Joseph_and_Col._John_Gibbon.jpg/330px-Chief_Joseph_and_Col._John_Gibbon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Chief_Joseph_and_Col._John_Gibbon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>Chief Joseph and Col. John Gibbon met again on the Big Hole Battlefield site in 1889.</figcaption></figure> Simultaneously with these conflicts, <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">bison</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Keystone_species" title="Keystone species">keystone species</a> and the primary protein source that Native people had survived on for many centuries, were being destroyed. Experts estimate that around 13 million bison roamed Montana in 1870.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaloneRoederLang1976145–171-31">[31]</a> In 1875, General <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a> pleaded to a joint session of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> to authorize the slaughtering of bison herds to deprive Native people of their source of food.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergman2004-32">[32]</a> By 1884, commercial hunting had brought bison to the verge of extinction; only about 325 bison remained in the entire United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFish_and_Wildlife_Service—Bison2013-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cattle_ranching">Cattle ranching</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cattle ranching">edit</a>]</div> Cattle ranching has been central to Montana's history and economy since <a href="/wiki/Grant-Kohrs_Ranch_National_Historic_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site">Johnny Grant</a> began wintering cattle in the Deer Lodge Valley in the 1850s and traded cattle fattened in fertile Montana valleys with emigrants on the Oregon Trail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Park_Service-Grant-Kohrs2013-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Story" title="Nelson Story">Nelson Story</a> brought the first <a href="/wiki/Texas_longhorn_(cattle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas longhorn (cattle)">Texas Longhorn cattle</a> into the territory in 1866.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchontzler2011-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUltimate_Montana2010-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Granville_Stuart" title="Granville Stuart">Granville Stuart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hauser" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Hauser">Samuel Hauser</a>, and Andrew J. Davis started a major <a href="/wiki/Open_range" title="Open range">open-range</a> cattle operation in Fergus County in 1879.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Historical_Society2013-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilner_IIO'Connor2009161–184-38">[38]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Grant-Kohrs_Ranch_National_Historic_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site">Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Deer_Lodge,_Montana" title="Deer Lodge, Montana">Deer Lodge</a> is maintained today as a link to the ranching style of the late 19th century. Operated by the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>, it is a 1,900-acre (7.7 km2) working ranch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant-Kohrs_Ranch2013-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railroads">Railroads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Railroads">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffalo_soldiers1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Buffalo_soldiers1.jpg/220px-Buffalo_soldiers1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Buffalo_soldiers1.jpg/330px-Buffalo_soldiers1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Buffalo_soldiers1.jpg/440px-Buffalo_soldiers1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3366" data-file-height="1737" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Soldier" title="Buffalo Soldier">Buffalo Soldiers</a>, Ft. Keogh, Montana, 1890. The nickname was given to the "Black Cavalry" by the Native American tribes they fought.</figcaption></figure> Tracks of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Pacific Railroad">Northern Pacific Railroad</a> (NPR) reached Montana from the west in 1882 and from the east in 1883. However, the railroad played a major role in sparking tensions with Native American tribes in the 1870s. <a href="/wiki/Jay_Cooke" title="Jay Cooke">Jay Cooke</a>, the NPR president, launched major surveys into the Yellowstone valley in 1871, 1872, and 1873, which were challenged forcefully by the <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> under chief <a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a>. These clashes, in part, contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a>, a financial crisis that delayed the construction of the railroad into Montana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubetkin2006xv–xviii-40">[40]</a> Surveys in 1874, 1875, and 1876 helped spark the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Great Sioux War of 1876</a>. The transcontinental NPR was completed on September 8, 1883, at <a href="/wiki/Gold_Creek,_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Creek, Montana">Gold Creek</a>. In 1881, the <a href="/wiki/Utah_and_Northern_Railway" title="Utah and Northern Railway">Utah and Northern Railway</a>, a branch line of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Pacific">Union Pacific</a>, completed a <a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow-gauge">narrow-gauge</a> line from northern <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> to Butte.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnion_Pacific_Railroad2013-41">[41]</a> A number of smaller spur lines operated in Montana from 1881 into the 20th century, including the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Short_Line_Railroad" title="Oregon Short Line Railroad">Oregon Short Line</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana_Railroad" title="Montana Railroad">Montana Railroad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Milwaukee,_St._Paul,_and_Pacific_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul, and Pacific Railroad">Milwaukee Road</a>. Tracks of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(U.S.)" title="Great Northern Railway (U.S.)">Great Northern Railroad</a> (GNR) reached eastern Montana in 1887 and when they reached the northern Rocky Mountains in 1890, the GNR became a significant promoter of tourism to Glacier National Park region. The transcontinental GNR was completed on January 6, 1893, at <a href="/wiki/Scenic,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Scenic, Washington">Scenic, Washington</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreat_Northern_Railway2013-42">[42]</a> and is known as the <a href="/wiki/Hi_Line_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Hi Line Subdivision">Hi Line</a>, being the northernmost transcontinental rail line in the United States. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statehood">Statehood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Statehood">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:398px;max-width:398px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:18891109_Montana_statehood_granted_-_The_Helena_Independent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/18891109_Montana_statehood_granted_-_The_Helena_Independent.png/200px-18891109_Montana_statehood_granted_-_The_Helena_Independent.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/18891109_Montana_statehood_granted_-_The_Helena_Independent.png/300px-18891109_Montana_statehood_granted_-_The_Helena_Independent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/18891109_Montana_statehood_granted_-_The_Helena_Independent.png/400px-18891109_Montana_statehood_granted_-_The_Helena_Independent.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Reporting statehood from Helena: Full article text is <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:18891109_Montana_statehood_granted_-_The_Helena_Independent.png&oldid=349993158">here</a>. <ul><li>The official telegram:</li></ul> EXECUTIVE MANSION, WASHINGTON, D.C. November 7, 1889 To Hon. Joseph K. Toole, Governor of the State of Montana: The president signed and issued the proclamation declaring Montana a state of the union at 10:40 o'clock this morning. JAMES G. BLAINE Secretary of State<a href="#cite_note-HelenaIndependent_18891109-43">[43]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:18891109_We_Crow_for_Montana_-_The_Butte_Daily_Miner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/18891109_We_Crow_for_Montana_-_The_Butte_Daily_Miner.jpg/250px-18891109_We_Crow_for_Montana_-_The_Butte_Daily_Miner.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/18891109_We_Crow_for_Montana_-_The_Butte_Daily_Miner.jpg/330px-18891109_We_Crow_for_Montana_-_The_Butte_Daily_Miner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/18891109_We_Crow_for_Montana_-_The_Butte_Daily_Miner.jpg/500px-18891109_We_Crow_for_Montana_-_The_Butte_Daily_Miner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="2656" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">This article in a Butte newspaper celebrates "the blessings of true citizenship".<a href="#cite_note-18891109_ButteDailyMiner-44">[44]</a></div></div></div></div></div> Under Territorial Governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Meagher" title="Thomas Francis Meagher">Thomas Meagher</a>, Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood. A second <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_meeting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political meeting)">constitutional convention</a> held in Helena in 1884 produced a constitution ratified 3:1 by Montana citizens in November 1884. For political reasons, Congress did not approve Montana statehood until February 1889 and President <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> signed an <a href="/wiki/Omnibus_bill" title="Omnibus bill">omnibus bill</a> granting statehood to Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted. In July 1889, Montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution accepted by the people and the federal government. On November 8, 1889, President <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> proclaimed Montana the union's 41st state. The first state governor was <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Toole" title="Joseph Toole">Joseph K. Toole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaloneRoederLang1976172–200-45">[45]</a> In the 1880s, Helena (the state capital) had more millionaires per capita than any other United States city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFanselow2007170–171-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homesteading">Homesteading</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Homesteading">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts#Homestead_Act_of_1862" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Act of 1862</a> provided free land to settlers who could claim and "prove-up" 160 acres (0.65 km2) of federal land in the Midwest and western United States. Montana did not see a large influx of immigrants from this act because 160 acres were usually insufficient to support a family in the arid territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2009253[httpswebarchiveorgweb20240117154307httpsmhsmtgoveducationTextbookChapter13chapter13pdf_Ch.13]-47">[47]</a> The first homestead claim under the act in Montana was made by David Carpenter near Helena in 1868. The first claim by a woman was made near Warm Springs Creek by Gwenllian Evans, the daughter of Deer Lodge Montana pioneer, Morgan Evans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELux1964333–348-48">[48]</a> By 1880, farms were in the more verdant valleys of central and western Montana, but few were on the eastern plains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2009253[httpswebarchiveorgweb20240117154307httpsmhsmtgoveducationTextbookChapter13chapter13pdf_Ch._13]-49">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Desert_Land_Act" title="Desert Land Act">Desert Land Act of 1877</a> was passed to allow settlement of arid lands in the west and allotted 640 acres (2.6 km2) to settlers for a fee of $.25 per acre and a promise to irrigate the land. After three years, a fee of one dollar per acre would be paid and the settler would own the land. This act brought mostly cattle and sheep ranchers into Montana, many of whom grazed their herds on the Montana prairie for three years, did little to irrigate the land and then abandoned it without paying the final fees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELux1964333–348-48">[48]</a> Some farmers came with the arrival of the Great Northern and Northern Pacific Railroads throughout the 1880s and 1890s, though in relatively small numbers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole11959228-50">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mennonite_family_in_Montana_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mennonite_family_in_Montana_1937.jpg/220px-Mennonite_family_in_Montana_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mennonite_family_in_Montana_1937.jpg/330px-Mennonite_family_in_Montana_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mennonite_family_in_Montana_1937.jpg/440px-Mennonite_family_in_Montana_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonite</a> family in Montana, c. 1937</figcaption></figure> In the early 1900s, <a href="/wiki/James_J._Hill" title="James J. Hill">James J. Hill</a> of the Great Northern began to promote settlement in the Montana prairie to fill his trains with settlers and goods. Other railroads followed suit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole11959223–224-51">[51]</a> In 1902, the <a href="/wiki/Reclamation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Reclamation Act">Reclamation Act</a> was passed, allowing irrigation projects to be built in Montana's eastern river valleys. In 1909, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Enlarged_Homestead_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlarged Homestead Act">Enlarged Homestead Act</a> that expanded the amount of free land from 160 to 320 acres (0.6 to 1.3 km2) per family and in 1912 reduced the time to "prove up" on a claim to three years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2009254[httpswebarchiveorgweb20240117154307httpsmhsmtgoveducationTextbookChapter13chapter13pdf_Ch._13]-52">[52]</a> In 1916, the <a href="/wiki/Stock-Raising_Homestead_Act" title="Stock-Raising Homestead Act">Stock-Raising Homestead Act</a> allowed homesteads of 640 acres in areas unsuitable for irrigation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2009255[httpswebarchiveorgweb20240117154307httpsmhsmtgoveducationTextbookChapter13chapter13pdf_Ch._13]-53">[53]</a> This combination of advertising and changes in the Homestead Act drew tens of thousands of homesteaders, lured by free land, with World War I bringing particularly high wheat prices. In addition, Montana was going through a temporary period of higher-than-average precipitation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2009256–258[httpswebarchiveorgweb20240117154307httpsmhsmtgoveducationTextbookChapter13chapter13pdf_Ch._13]-54">[54]</a> Homesteaders arriving in this period were known as "honyockers", or "scissorbills".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole11959228-50">[50]</a> The word honyocker possibly derived from the ethnic slur hunyak<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1959181-55">[55]</a> and was applied in a derisive manner at homesteaders, who were perceived as being "greenhorns", "new at his business", or "unprepared".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart1913133–137-56">[56]</a> However, most of these new settlers had farming experience, though many did not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole11959229-57">[57]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Honyocker, scissorbill, nester ... He was the Joad of a [half] century ago, swarming into a hostile land: duped when he started, robbed when he arrived; hopeful, courageous, ambitious: he sought independence or adventure, comfort and security ... The honyocker was farmer, spinster, deep-sea diver; fiddler, physician, bartender, cook. He lived in Minnesota or Wisconsin, Massachusetts or Maine. There the news sought him out—Jim Hill's news of free land in the Treasure State ... <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kinsey_Howard" title="Joseph Kinsey Howard">Joseph Kinsey Howard</a>, Montana, High, Wide, and Handsome (1964)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELux1964333–348-48">[48]</a></cite></div></blockquote> However, farmers faced a number of problems. Massive debt was one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2009261[httpswebarchiveorgweb20240117154307httpsmhsmtgoveducationTextbookChapter13chapter13pdf_Ch._13]-58">[58]</a> Also, most settlers were from wetter regions, unprepared for the dry climate, lack of trees, and scarce water resources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole11959229–230-59">[59]</a> In addition, small homesteads of fewer than 320 acres (130 ha) were unsuited to the environment. Weather and agricultural conditions are much harsher and drier west of the 100th meridian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibecapHansen200286–120-60">[60]</a> Then, the droughts of 1917–1921 proved devastating. Many people left, and half the banks in the state went bankrupt as a result of providing mortgages that could not be repaid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEExtension_Service2013-61">[61]</a> As a result, farm sizes increased while the number of farms decreased.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibecapHansen200286–120-60">[60]</a> By 1910, homesteaders filed claims on over five million acres, and by 1923, over 93 million acres were farmed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole11959230-62">[62]</a> In 1910, the Great Falls land office alone had more than a thousand homestead filings per month,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2009259[httpswebarchiveorgweb20240117154307httpsmhsmtgoveducationTextbookChapter13chapter13pdf_Ch._13]-63">[63]</a> and at the peak of 1917–1918 it had 14,000 new homesteads each year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2009261[httpswebarchiveorgweb20240117154307httpsmhsmtgoveducationTextbookChapter13chapter13pdf_Ch._13]-58">[58]</a> Significant drops occurred following the drought in 1919.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibecapHansen200286–120-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Montana_and_World_War_I">Montana and World War I</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Montana and World War I">edit</a>]</div> As <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> broke out, <a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Rankin" title="Jeannette Rankin">Jeannette Rankin</a>, representative of Montana and the first woman in the United States to be a member of Congress, voted against the United States' declaration of war. Her actions were widely criticized in Montana, where support for the war and <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a> was strong.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Historical_Society—WWI2013-64">[64]</a> In 1917–1918, due to a miscalculation of Montana's population, about 40,000 Montanans, 10% of the state's population,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Historical_Society—WWI2013-64">[64]</a> volunteered or were <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">drafted</a> into the armed forces. This represented a manpower contribution to the war that was 25% higher than any other state on a <a href="/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">per capita</a> basis. Around 1,500 Montanans died as a result of the war and 2,437 were wounded, also higher than any other state on a per capita basis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1959202–203-65">[65]</a> Montana's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Remount_Service" title="United States Army Remount Service">Remount station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Miles_City,_Montana" title="Miles City, Montana">Miles City</a> provided 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">cavalry horses</a> for the war, more than any other Army post in the country. The war created a boom for Montana mining, lumber, and farming interests, as demand for war materials and food increased.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Historical_Society—WWI2013-64">[64]</a> In June 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a>, which was extended by the <a href="/wiki/Sedition_Act_of_1918" title="Sedition Act of 1918">Sedition Act of 1918</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_Channel2013-66">[66]</a> In February 1918, the Montana legislature had passed the Montana Sedition Act, which was a model for the federal version.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Montana2005-67">[67]</a> In combination, these laws criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means. The Montana Act led to the arrest of more than 200 individuals and the conviction of 78, mostly of German or Austrian descent. More than 40 spent time in prison. In May 2006, then-Governor <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schweitzer" title="Brian Schweitzer">Brian Schweitzer</a> posthumously issued full pardons for all those convicted of violating the Montana Sedition Act.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Sedition_Project2013-68">[68]</a> The Montanans who opposed U.S. entry into the war included immigrant groups of German and Irish heritage, as well as pacifist <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a> people such as the <a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a>, many of whom were also of Germanic heritage. In turn, pro-War groups formed, such as the Montana Council of Defense, created by Governor <a href="/wiki/Samuel_V._Stewart" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel V. Stewart">Samuel V. Stewart</a> and local "loyalty committees".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Historical_Society—WWI2013-64">[64]</a> War sentiment was complicated by labor issues. The <a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Copper_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaconda Copper Company">Anaconda Copper Company</a>, which was at its historic peak of copper production,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButte-Anaconda_Historic_District200618-69">[69]</a> was an extremely powerful force in Montana, but it also faced criticism and opposition from <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> newspapers and unions struggling to make gains for their members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy1980-70">[70]</a> In Butte, a multiethnic community with a significant European immigrant population, labor unions, particularly the newly formed Metal Mine Workers' Union, opposed the war on grounds it mostly profited large lumber and mining interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Historical_Society—WWI2013-64">[64]</a> In the wake of ramped-up mine production and the <a href="/wiki/Speculator_Mine_disaster" title="Speculator Mine disaster">Speculator Mine disaster</a> in June 1917,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Historical_Society—WWI2013-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> organizer <a href="/wiki/Frank_Little_(unionist)" title="Frank Little (unionist)">Frank Little</a> arrived in Butte to organize miners. He gave some speeches with inflammatory antiwar rhetoric. On August 1, 1917, he was dragged from his boarding house by masked <a href="/wiki/Vigilantism" title="Vigilantism">vigilantes</a>, and hanged from a railroad trestle, considered a <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynching</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times1917-71">[71]</a> Little's murder and the strikes that followed resulted in the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard</a> being sent to Butte to restore order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Historical_Society—WWI2013-64">[64]</a> Overall, anti-German and antilabor sentiment increased and created a movement that led to the passage of the Montana Sedition Act the following February.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner1987289-72">[72]</a> In addition, the Council of Defense was made a state agency with the power to prosecute and punish individuals deemed in violation of the Act. The council also passed rules limiting public gatherings and prohibiting the speaking of German in public.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Historical_Society—WWI2013-64">[64]</a> In the wake of the legislative action in 1918, emotions rose. U.S. Attorney <a href="/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler" title="Burton K. Wheeler">Burton K. Wheeler</a> and several district court judges who hesitated to prosecute or convict people brought up on charges were strongly criticized. Wheeler was brought before the Council of Defense, though he avoided formal proceedings, and a district court judge from <a href="/wiki/Forsyth,_Montana" title="Forsyth, Montana">Forsyth</a> was <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Impeachment in the United States">impeached</a>. Burnings of German-language books and several near-hangings occurred. The prohibition on speaking German remained in effect into the early 1920s. Complicating the wartime struggles, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">1918 influenza epidemic</a> claimed the lives of more than 5,000 Montanans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Historical_Society—WWI2013-64">[64]</a> The suppression of <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> that occurred led some historians to dub this period "Montana's Agony".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy1980-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depression_era">Depression era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Depression era">edit</a>]</div> An economic depression began in Montana after World War I and lasted through the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a> until the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. This caused great hardship for farmers, ranchers, and miners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrief_History_of_Montana2013-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDean1986117–126-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Montana_and_World_War_II">Montana and World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Montana and World War II">edit</a>]</div> By the time the U.S. entered World War II on December 8, 1941, many Montanans had enlisted in the military to escape the poor national economy of the previous decade. Another 40,000-plus Montanans entered the armed forces in the first year following the declaration of war, and more than 57,000 joined up before the war ended. These numbers constituted about ten percent of the state's population, and Montana again contributed one of the highest numbers of soldiers per capita of any state. Many Native Americans were among those who served, including soldiers from the Crow Nation who became <a href="/wiki/Code_Talkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Code Talkers">Code Talkers</a>. At least 1,500 Montanans died in the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Historical_Society-WWII2013-75">[75]</a> Montana also was the training ground for the <a href="/wiki/First_Special_Service_Force" title="First Special Service Force">First Special Service Force</a> or "Devil's Brigade", a joint U.S.-Canadian commando-style force that trained at <a href="/wiki/Fort_William_Henry_Harrison" title="Fort William Henry Harrison">Fort William Henry Harrison</a> for experience in mountainous and winter conditions before deployment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Historical_Society-WWII2013-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWernerWelply20065,_10,_66-76">[76]</a> Air bases were built in Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank, and <a href="/wiki/Glasgow,_Montana" title="Glasgow, Montana">Glasgow</a>, some of which were used as staging areas to prepare planes to be sent to allied forces in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. During the war, about 30 Japanese <a href="/wiki/Fu-Go_balloon_bomb" title="Fu-Go balloon bomb">Fu-Go balloon bombs</a> were documented to have landed in Montana, though no casualties nor major forest fires were attributed to them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Historical_Society-WWII2013-75">[75]</a> In 1940, <a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Rankin" title="Jeannette Rankin">Jeannette Rankin</a> was again elected to Congress. In 1941, as she had in 1917, she voted against the United States' declaration of war after the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor">Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor</a>. Hers was the only vote against the war, and in the wake of public outcry over her vote, Rankin required police protection for a time. Other pacifists tended to be those from "peace churches" who generally opposed war. Many individuals claiming <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objector</a> status from throughout the U.S. were sent to Montana during the war as <a href="/wiki/Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">smokejumpers</a> and for other forest fire-fighting duties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Historical_Society-WWII2013-75">[75]</a> In 1942, the U.S. Army established <a href="/wiki/Rimini,_Montana" title="Rimini, Montana">Camp Rimini</a> near Helena for the purpose of training sled dogs in winter weather. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_military">Other military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other military">edit</a>]</div> During World War II, the planned <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Montana" title="USS Montana">USS Montana</a> was named in honor of the state but it was never completed. Montana is the only one of the first 48 states lacking a completed battleship being named for it. <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and Hawaii have both had nuclear submarines named after them. Montana is the only state in the union without a modern naval ship named in its honor. However, in August 2007, Senator <a href="/wiki/Jon_Tester" title="Jon Tester">Jon Tester</a> asked that a <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> be christened USS Montana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETester2007-77">[77]</a> Secretary of the Navy <a href="/wiki/Ray_Mabus" title="Ray Mabus">Ray Mabus</a> announced on September 3, 2015, that Virginia Class attack submarine <a href="/wiki/USS_Montana_(SSN-794)" title="USS Montana (SSN-794)">SSN-794</a> will become the second commissioned warship to bear the name.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War_Montana">Cold War Montana</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cold War Montana">edit</a>]</div> In the post-World War II <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> era, Montana became host to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_Air_Transport_Service" title="Military Air Transport Service">Military Air Transport Service</a> (1947) for airlift training in <a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-54_Skymaster" title="Douglas C-54 Skymaster">C-54 Skymasters</a> and eventually, in 1953 <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">Strategic Air Command</a> air and missile forces were based at <a href="/wiki/Malmstrom_Air_Force_Base" title="Malmstrom Air Force Base">Malmstrom Air Force Base</a> in Great Falls. The base also hosted the <a href="/wiki/29th_Training_Systems_Squadron#Air_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="29th Training Systems Squadron">29th Fighter Interceptor Squadron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_Defense_Command" title="Aerospace Defense Command">Air Defense Command</a> from 1953 to 1968. In December 1959, Malmstrom AFB was selected as the home of the new <a href="/wiki/LGM-30_Minuteman" title="LGM-30 Minuteman">Minuteman I</a> <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">intercontinental ballistic missile</a>. The first operational missiles were in place and ready in early 1962. In late 1962, missiles assigned to the <a href="/wiki/341st_Missile_Wing" title="341st Missile Wing">341st Strategic Missile Wing</a> played a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>. When the Soviets removed their missiles from Cuba, President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> said the Soviets backed down because they knew he had an "ace in the hole", referring directly to the Minuteman missiles in Montana. Montana eventually became home to the largest ICBM field in the U.S. covering 23,500 square miles (61,000 km2).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalmstrom2013-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Montana" title="Geography of Montana">Geography of Montana</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Regional_designations_of_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional designations of Montana">Regional designations of Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecological_systems_of_Montana" title="Ecological systems of Montana">Ecological systems of Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges_in_Montana" title="List of mountain ranges in Montana">List of mountain ranges in Montana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_Montana" title="List of forests in Montana">List of forests in Montana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montana_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Montana_Map.jpg/220px-Montana_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Montana_Map.jpg/330px-Montana_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Montana_Map.jpg/440px-Montana_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1526" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>Map of Montana</figcaption></figure> Montana is one of the eight <a href="/wiki/Mountain_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain States">Mountain States</a>, located in the north of the region known as the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a>. It borders <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> to the east. <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> is to the south, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> is to the west and southwest, and the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Canadian provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> are to the north, making it the only state to border three Canadian provinces. With an area of 147,040 square miles (380,800 km2),<a href="#cite_note-census-1">[1]</a> Montana is slightly larger than <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. It is the fourth-largest state in the United States after <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20124-80">[80]</a> and the largest landlocked state.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Topography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montana_Relief_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Montana_Relief_1.jpg/220px-Montana_Relief_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Montana_Relief_1.jpg/330px-Montana_Relief_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Montana_Relief_1.jpg/440px-Montana_Relief_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Relief map of Montana</figcaption></figure> The state's <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> is roughly defined by the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide_of_the_Americas" title="Continental Divide of the Americas">Continental Divide</a>, which splits much of the state into distinct eastern and western regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaloneRoederLang19916-82">[82]</a> Most of Montana's hundred or more named mountain ranges are in the state's western half, most of which is geologically and geographically part of the northern <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaloneRoederLang19916-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadejJones2007-83">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Absaroka_Range" title="Absaroka Range">Absaroka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beartooth_Mountains" title="Beartooth Mountains">Beartooth</a> ranges in the state's south-central part are technically part of the Central Rocky Mountains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElias200255-84">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Front" title="Rocky Mountain Front">Rocky Mountain Front</a> is a significant feature in the state's north-central portion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraetzClemenz198459-85">[85]</a> and isolated <a href="/wiki/Island_range" title="Island range">island ranges</a> that interrupt the <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a> landscape common in the central and eastern parts of the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAarstadArguimbauBaumlerPorsild200958-86">[86]</a> About 60 percent of the state is prairie, part of the northern <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaloneRoederLang19916–7-87">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bitterroot_Mountains" title="Bitterroot Mountains">Bitterroot Mountains</a>—one of the longest continuous ranges in the Rocky Mountain chain from Alaska to <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper200911-88">[88]</a>—along with smaller ranges, including the <a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_Mountains" title="Coeur d'Alene Mountains">Coeur d'Alene Mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Mountains" title="Cabinet Mountains">Cabinet Mountains</a>, divide the state from Idaho. The southern third of the Bitterroot range blends into the Continental Divide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper200945-89">[89]</a> Other major mountain ranges west of the divide include the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Mountains" title="Cabinet Mountains">Cabinet Mountains</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Range" title="Anaconda Range">Anaconda Range</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mission_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Range">Missions</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Garnet_Range" title="Garnet Range">Garnet Range</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sapphire_Mountains" title="Sapphire Mountains">Sapphire Mountains</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Flint_Creek_Range" title="Flint Creek Range">Flint Creek Range</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrill-Maker200657–63-90">[90]</a> The divide's northern section, where the mountains rapidly give way to prairie, is part of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Front" title="Rocky Mountain Front">Rocky Mountain Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKudrayCooper20061-91">[91]</a> The front is most pronounced in the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Range" title="Lewis Range">Lewis Range</a>, located primarily in <a href="/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_(U.S.)" title="Glacier National Park (U.S.)">Glacier National Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss195910-92">[92]</a> Due to the configuration of mountain ranges in Glacier National Park, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Divide" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Divide">Northern Divide</a> (which begins in Alaska's <a href="/wiki/Seward_Peninsula" title="Seward Peninsula">Seward Peninsula</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnright2010xxiii-93">[93]</a> crosses this region and turns east in Montana at <a href="/wiki/Triple_Divide_Peak_(Montana)" title="Triple Divide Peak (Montana)">Triple Divide Peak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETemple2008493-94">[94]</a> It causes the <a href="/wiki/Waterton_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterton River">Waterton River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belly_River" title="Belly River">Belly</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Mary_River_(Montana-Alberta)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary River (Montana-Alberta)">Saint Mary</a> rivers to flow north into <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, Canada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss19598-95">[95]</a> There they join the <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_River" title="Saskatchewan River">Saskatchewan River</a>, which ultimately empties into <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Council_for_Geographic_Education2013-96">[96]</a> East of the divide, several roughly parallel ranges cover the state's southern part, including the <a href="/wiki/Gravelly_Range" title="Gravelly Range">Gravelly Range</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madison_Range" title="Madison Range">Madison Range</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallatin_Range" title="Gallatin Range">Gallatin Range</a>, <a href="/wiki/Absaroka_Range" title="Absaroka Range">Absaroka Range</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beartooth_Mountains" title="Beartooth Mountains">Beartooth Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurger200410–11-97">[97]</a> The Beartooth Plateau is the largest continuous land mass over 10,000 feet (3,000 m) high in the continental United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham199077-98">[98]</a> It contains the state's highest point, <a href="/wiki/Granite_Peak_(Montana)" title="Granite Peak (Montana)">Granite Peak</a>, 12,799 feet (3,901 m) high.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham199077-98">[98]</a> North of these ranges are the <a href="/wiki/Big_Belt_Mountains" title="Big Belt Mountains">Big Belt Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridger_Mountains_(Montana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridger Mountains (Montana)">Bridger Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Root_Mountains" title="Tobacco Root Mountains">Tobacco Roots</a>, and several island ranges, including the <a href="/wiki/Crazy_Mountains" title="Crazy Mountains">Crazy Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Little_Belt_Mountains" title="Little Belt Mountains">Little Belt Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_State_Library2013-99">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Mary_Lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/St_Mary_Lake.jpg/280px-St_Mary_Lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/St_Mary_Lake.jpg/420px-St_Mary_Lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/St_Mary_Lake.jpg/560px-St_Mary_Lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary_Lake" title="Saint Mary Lake">Saint Mary Lake</a> in Glacier National Park</figcaption></figure> Between many mountain ranges are several rich river valleys. The <a href="/wiki/Big_Hole_River" title="Big Hole River">Big Hole</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorenceNystromGierlich2001506–507-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bitterroot_Valley" title="Bitterroot Valley">Bitterroot</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorenceNystromGierlich2001501–502-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gallatin_County,_Montana" title="Gallatin County, Montana">Gallatin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorenceNystromGierlich2001575–577-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Flathead_Valley" title="Flathead Valley">Flathead</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaloneRoederLang1991357-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson201224-104">[104]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Valley_(Montana)" title="Paradise Valley (Montana)">Paradise Valleys</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorenceNystromGierlich2001579–580-105">[105]</a> have extensive agricultural resources and multiple opportunities for tourism and recreation. East and north of this transition zone are the expansive and sparsely populated <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Northern Plains</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Plateaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Plateaus">tableland</a> prairies, smaller island mountain ranges, and <a href="/wiki/Badlands" title="Badlands">badlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrill-Maker200650-106">[106]</a> The isolated island ranges east of the Divide include the Bear Paw Mountains,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcherBradshawAxlineShope200893-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bull_Mountains" title="Bull Mountains">Bull Mountains</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasapolli200316-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Castle_Mountains_(Montana)" title="Castle Mountains (Montana)">Castle Mountains</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Forest_Service2007207-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Crazy_Mountains" title="Crazy Mountains">Crazy Mountains</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrill-Maker200658-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Highwood_Mountains" title="Highwood Mountains">Highwood Mountains</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMining_and_Scientific_Press1899408-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Judith_Mountains" title="Judith Mountains">Judith Mountains</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMining_and_Scientific_Press1899408-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Little_Belt_Mountains" title="Little Belt Mountains">Little Belt Mountains</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Forest_Service2007207-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Little_Rocky_Mountains" title="Little Rocky Mountains">Little Rocky Mountains</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMining_and_Scientific_Press1899408-111">[111]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pryor_Mountains" title="Pryor Mountains">Pryor Mountains</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrill-Maker200658-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Little_Snowy_Mountains" title="Little Snowy Mountains">Little Snowy Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Snowy_Mountains" title="Big Snowy Mountains">Big Snowy Mountains</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasapolli200316-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sweet_Grass_Hills" title="Sweet Grass Hills">Sweet Grass Hills</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasapolli200316-108">[108]</a> and—in the state's southeastern corner near <a href="/wiki/Ekalaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekalaka">Ekalaka</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Long_Pines" title="Long Pines">Long Pines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadejJones2007-83">[83]</a> Many of these isolated eastern ranges were created about 120 to 66 million years ago when <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> welling up from the interior cracked and bowed the earth's surface here.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJewellMcRae2012439-112">[112]</a> The area east of the divide in the state's north-central portion is known for the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Missouri_River_Breaks_National_Monument" title="Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument">Missouri Breaks</a> and other significant <a href="/wiki/Rock_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock formation">rock formations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard200892–94-113">[113]</a> Three <a href="/wiki/Butte" title="Butte">buttes</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Great_Falls,_Montana" title="Great Falls, Montana">Great Falls</a> are major landmarks: Cascade, Crown, Square, Shaw, and Buttes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrill-Maker200649-114">[114]</a> Known as <a href="/wiki/Laccolith" title="Laccolith">laccoliths</a>, they formed when <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rock</a> protruded through cracks in the sedimentary rock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrill-Maker200649-114">[114]</a> The underlying surface consists of <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher190823–24-115">[115]</a> Surface soils in the area are highly diverse, and greatly affected by the local geology, whether glaciated plain, intermountain basin, mountain foothills, or tableland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoil_Conservation_Service19534-116">[116]</a> Foothill regions are often covered in weathered stone or broken <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a>, or consist of uncovered bare rock (usually igneous, <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a>, sandstone, or shale).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoil_Conservation_Service19537–8-117">[117]</a> The soil of intermountain basins usually consists of <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a>, much of it laid down by lakes which covered the region during the <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> 33 to 23 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoil_Conservation_Service19538-118">[118]</a> Tablelands are often topped with <a href="/wiki/Argillite" title="Argillite">argillite</a> gravel and weathered quartzite, occasionally underlain by shale.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoil_Conservation_Service195310–11-119">[119]</a> The glaciated plains are generally covered in clay, gravel, sand, and silt left by the <a href="/wiki/Proglacial_lake" title="Proglacial lake">proglacial</a> <a href="/wiki/Lake_Great_Falls" title="Lake Great Falls">Lake Great Falls</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">moraines</a> or gravel-covered former lake basins left by the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation" title="Wisconsin glaciation">Wisconsin glaciation</a> 85,000 to 11,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoil_Conservation_Service195311-120">[120]</a> Farther east, areas such as <a href="/wiki/Makoshika_State_Park" title="Makoshika State Park">Makoshika State Park</a> near <a href="/wiki/Glendive" class="mw-redirect" title="Glendive">Glendive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicine_Rocks_State_Park" title="Medicine Rocks State Park">Medicine Rocks State Park</a> near Ekalaka contain some of the most scenic <a href="/wiki/Badlands" title="Badlands">badlands</a> regions in the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Outdoors2002-121">[121]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hell_Creek_Formation" title="Hell Creek Formation">Hell Creek Formation</a> in Northeast Montana is a major source of <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaur</a> <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald1997223-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paleontologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleontologist">Paleontologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Horner_(paleontologist)" title="Jack Horner (paleontologist)">Jack Horner</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Rockies" title="Museum of the Rockies">Museum of the Rockies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bozeman,_Montana" title="Bozeman, Montana">Bozeman</a> brought this formation to the world's attention with several major finds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsmakers-Jack_Horner2013-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rivers,_lakes_and_reservoirs">Rivers, lakes and reservoirs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rivers, lakes and reservoirs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Montana" title="List of rivers of Montana">List of rivers of Montana</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes in Montana">List of lakes in Montana</a></div> Montana has thousands of named rivers and creeks,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeological_Survey—search2013-124">[124]</a> 450 miles (720 km) of which are known for <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_fishery" title="Blue Ribbon fishery">"blue-ribbon"</a> <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a> fishing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETherriault201093-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischerFischer20082-126">[126]</a> Montana's water resources provide for recreation, <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>, crop and forage irrigation, mining, and water for human consumption. Montana is one of few geographic areas in the world whose rivers form parts of three major <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watersheds</a> (i.e. where two <a href="/wiki/Continental_divide" title="Continental divide">continental divides</a> intersect). Its rivers feed the Pacific Ocean, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a>. The watersheds divide at <a href="/wiki/Triple_Divide_Peak_(Montana)" title="Triple Divide Peak (Montana)">Triple Divide Peak</a> in Glacier National Park.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimanDécampsMcClain20054-127">[127]</a> If Hudson Bay is considered part of the Arctic Ocean, Triple Divide Peak is the only place on Earth with drainage to three different oceans. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pacific_Ocean_drainage_basin">Pacific Ocean drainage basin</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pacific Ocean drainage basin">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Missouri_River_breaks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Missouri_River_breaks.jpg/220px-Missouri_River_breaks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Missouri_River_breaks.jpg/330px-Missouri_River_breaks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Missouri_River_breaks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Upper_Missouri_River_Breaks_National_Monument" title="Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument">Missouri Breaks</a> region in central Montana</figcaption></figure> All waters in Montana west of the divide flow into the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Clark_Fork_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clark Fork (river)">Clark Fork</a> of the Columbia (not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Clarks_Fork_Yellowstone_River" title="Clarks Fork Yellowstone River">Clarks Fork</a> of the Yellowstone River) rises near <a href="/wiki/Butte,_Montana" title="Butte, Montana">Butte</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiamond200638-128">[128]</a> and flows northwest to <a href="/wiki/Missoula,_Montana" title="Missoula, Montana">Missoula</a>, where it is joined by the <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_River_(Montana)" title="Blackfoot River (Montana)">Blackfoot River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bitterroot_River" title="Bitterroot River">Bitterroot River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeographical_Dictionary_Of_The_World1900423-129">[129]</a> Farther downstream, it is joined by the <a href="/wiki/Flathead_River" title="Flathead River">Flathead River</a> before entering Idaho near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pend_Oreille" title="Lake Pend Oreille">Lake Pend Oreille</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss19598-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1998168-130">[130]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pend_Oreille_River" title="Pend Oreille River">Pend Oreille River</a> forms the outflow of Lake Pend Oreille. The Pend Oreille River joined the Columbia River, which flows to the Pacific Ocean—making the 579-mile (932 km) long Clark Fork/Pend Oreille (considered a single river system) the longest river in the Rocky Mountains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1998168–169-131">[131]</a> The Clark Fork discharges the greatest volume of water of any river exiting the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaterbody_Report-Clark_Fork_River2013-132">[132]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kootenai_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kootenai River">Kootenai River</a> in northwest Montana is another major tributary of the Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaterbody_Report-Kootenai_River2013-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Gulf_of_Mexico_drainage_basin">Gulf of Mexico drainage basin</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Gulf of Mexico drainage basin">edit</a>]</div> East of the divide the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a>, which is formed by the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_River" title="Jefferson River">Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madison_River" title="Madison River">Madison</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gallatin_River" title="Gallatin River">Gallatin</a> Rivers near <a href="/wiki/Three_Forks,_Montana" title="Three Forks, Montana">Three Forks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuser200485-134">[134]</a> flows due north through the west-central part of the state to <a href="/wiki/Great_Falls,_Montana" title="Great Falls, Montana">Great Falls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoodyChaseAronson1986310-135">[135]</a> From this point, it then flows generally east through fairly flat agricultural land and the Missouri Breaks to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Peck_Lake" title="Fort Peck Lake">Fort Peck reservoir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorenceNystromGierlich2001597-136">[136]</a> The stretch of river between Fort Benton and the <a href="/wiki/Fred_Robinson_Bridge" title="Fred Robinson Bridge">Fred Robinson Bridge</a> at the western boundary of Fort Peck Reservoir was designated a <a href="/wiki/National_Wild_and_Scenic_Rivers_System" title="National Wild and Scenic Rivers System">National Wild and Scenic River</a> in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorenceNystromGierlich2001597-136">[136]</a> The Missouri enters <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> near <a href="/wiki/Fort_Union_Trading_Post_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site">Fort Union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzko200127-137">[137]</a> having drained more than half the land area of Montana (82,000 square miles (210,000 km2)).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoodyChaseAronson1986310-135">[135]</a> Nearly one-third of the Missouri River in Montana lies behind 10 dams: <a href="/wiki/Toston_Dam" title="Toston Dam">Toston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canyon_Ferry_Dam" title="Canyon Ferry Dam">Canyon Ferry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hauser_Dam" title="Hauser Dam">Hauser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holter_Dam" title="Holter Dam">Holter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Eagle_Dam" title="Black Eagle Dam">Black Eagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Dam" title="Rainbow Dam">Rainbow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_Dam" title="Cochrane Dam">Cochrane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Dam" title="Ryan Dam">Ryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morony_Dam" title="Morony Dam">Morony</a>, and Fort Peck.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuser200484–85-138">[138]</a> Other major Montana tributaries of the Missouri include the <a href="/wiki/Smith_River_(Montana)" title="Smith River (Montana)">Smith</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaterbody_Report-Smith_River2013-139">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Milk_River_(Alberta%E2%80%93Montana)" title="Milk River (Alberta–Montana)">Milk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaterbody_Report-Milk_River2013-140">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marias_River" title="Marias River">Marias</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaterbody_Report-Marias_River2013-141">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Judith_River" title="Judith River">Judith</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaterbody_Report-Judith_River2013-142">[142]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musselshell_River" title="Musselshell River">Musselshell Rivers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaterbody_Report-Musselshell_River2013-143">[143]</a> Montana also claims the disputed title of possessing the world's shortest river, the <a href="/wiki/Roe_River" title="Roe River">Roe River</a>, just outside <a href="/wiki/Great_Falls,_Montana" title="Great Falls, Montana">Great Falls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinnerty201142–43-144">[144]</a> Through the Missouri, these rivers ultimately join the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> and flow into the Gulf of Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Atlas2013-145">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hell_Roaring_Creek" title="Hell Roaring Creek">Hell Roaring Creek</a> begins in southern Montana, and when combined with the <a href="/wiki/Red_Rock_River_(Montana)" title="Red Rock River (Montana)">Red Rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaverhead_River" title="Beaverhead River">Beaverhead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_River" title="Jefferson River">Jefferson</a>, Missouri, and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, is the longest river in North America and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_length" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rivers by length">fourth longest river in the world</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_River" title="Yellowstone River">Yellowstone River</a> rises on the Continental Divide near <a href="/wiki/Younts_Peak" title="Younts Peak">Younts Peak</a> in Wyoming's <a href="/wiki/Teton_Wilderness" title="Teton Wilderness">Teton Wilderness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaloneRoederLang199180-146">[146]</a> It flows north through <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a>, enters Montana near <a href="/wiki/Gardiner,_Montana" title="Gardiner, Montana">Gardiner</a>, and passes through the Paradise Valley to <a href="/wiki/Livingston,_Montana" title="Livingston, Montana">Livingston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins,_C.2008331-147">[147]</a> It then flows northeasterly<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins,_C.2008331-147">[147]</a> across the state through Billings, <a href="/wiki/Miles_City,_Montana" title="Miles City, Montana">Miles City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glendive,_Montana" title="Glendive, Montana">Glendive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sidney,_Montana" title="Sidney, Montana">Sidney</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellmann2013650,_653–654,_659-148">[148]</a> The Yellowstone joins the Missouri in North Dakota just east of Fort Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry2001216-149">[149]</a> It is the longest undammed, free-flowing river in the contiguous United States,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFish_and_Wildlife_Service2001-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaddling_Montana2000-151">[151]</a> and drains about a quarter of Montana (36,000 square miles (93,000 km2)).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoodyChaseAronson1986310-135">[135]</a> Major tributaries of the Yellowstone include the <a href="/wiki/Boulder_River_(Sweet_Grass_County,_Montana)" title="Boulder River (Sweet Grass County, Montana)">Boulder</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaterbody_Report-Boulder_River2013-152">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stillwater_River_(Stillwater_County,_Montana)" title="Stillwater River (Stillwater County, Montana)">Stillwater</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaterbody_Report-Stillwater_River2013-153">[153]</a> Clarks Fork,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaterbody_Report-Clarks_Fork_Yellowstone_River2013-154">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bighorn_River" title="Bighorn River">Bighorn</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaterbody_Report-Bighorn_River2013-155">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tongue_River_(Montana)" title="Tongue River (Montana)">Tongue</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaterbody_Report-Tongue_River2013-156">[156]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Powder_River_(Montana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Powder River (Montana)">Powder Rivers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaterbody_Report-Powder_River2013-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Hudson_Bay_drainage_basin">Hudson Bay drainage basin</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hudson Bay drainage basin">edit</a>]</div> The Northern Divide turns east in Montana at Triple Divide Peak, causing the Waterton, <a href="/wiki/Belly_River" title="Belly River">Belly</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Mary_River_(Montana-Alberta)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary River (Montana-Alberta)">Saint Mary</a> Rivers to flow north into Alberta. There they join the <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_River" title="Saskatchewan River">Saskatchewan River</a>, which ultimately empties into <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanadian_Council_for_Geographic_Education2013-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Lakes_and_reservoirs">Lakes and reservoirs</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Lakes and reservoirs">edit</a>]</div> Montana has some 3,000 named lakes and reservoirs, including <a href="/wiki/Flathead_Lake" title="Flathead Lake">Flathead Lake</a>, the largest natural freshwater lake in the western United States. Other major lakes include <a href="/wiki/Whitefish_Lake_State_Park" title="Whitefish Lake State Park">Whitefish Lake</a> in the Flathead Valley and Lake McDonald and St. Mary Lake in Glacier National Park. The largest reservoir in the state is <a href="/wiki/Fort_Peck_Lake" title="Fort Peck Lake">Fort Peck Reservoir</a> on the Missouri river, which is contained by the second largest earthen dam and largest hydraulically filled dam in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFort_Peck_Dam2013-158">[158]</a> Other major reservoirs include <a href="/wiki/Hungry_Horse_Dam" title="Hungry Horse Dam">Hungry Horse</a> on the Flathead River; <a href="/wiki/Lake_Koocanusa" title="Lake Koocanusa">Lake Koocanusa</a> on the Kootenai River; <a href="/wiki/Lake_Elwell" title="Lake Elwell">Lake Elwell</a> on the Marias River; <a href="/wiki/Clark_Canyon_Dam" title="Clark Canyon Dam">Clark Canyon</a> on the Beaverhead River; <a href="/wiki/Yellowtail_Dam" title="Yellowtail Dam">Yellowtail</a> on the Bighorn River, <a href="/wiki/Canyon_Ferry_Lake" title="Canyon Ferry Lake">Canyon Ferry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hauser_Dam" title="Hauser Dam">Hauser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holter_Dam" title="Holter Dam">Holter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Dam" title="Rainbow Dam">Rainbow</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Black_Eagle_Dam" title="Black Eagle Dam">Black Eagle</a> on the Missouri River. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_monocotyledons_of_Montana" title="List of monocotyledons of Montana">List of monocotyledons of Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_coniferous_plants_of_Montana" title="List of coniferous plants of Montana">List of coniferous plants of Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_lichens_of_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lichens of Montana">List of lichens of Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_amphibians_and_reptiles_of_Montana" title="List of amphibians and reptiles of Montana">List of amphibians and reptiles of Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Montana" title="List of birds of Montana">List of birds of Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish_of_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish of Montana">Fish of Montana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mammals_of_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals of Montana">Mammals of Montana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montana_wolf_100_lbs_1928_Young_%26_Goldman_USFWS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Montana_wolf_100_lbs_1928_Young_%26_Goldman_USFWS.jpg/170px-Montana_wolf_100_lbs_1928_Young_%26_Goldman_USFWS.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Montana_wolf_100_lbs_1928_Young_%26_Goldman_USFWS.jpg/255px-Montana_wolf_100_lbs_1928_Young_%26_Goldman_USFWS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Montana_wolf_100_lbs_1928_Young_%26_Goldman_USFWS.jpg/340px-Montana_wolf_100_lbs_1928_Young_%26_Goldman_USFWS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption>100 pound native Montana wolf taken in 1928</figcaption></figure> Vegetation of the state includes <a href="/wiki/Lodgepole_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lodgepole pine">lodgepole pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponderosa_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponderosa pine">ponderosa pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_fir" title="Douglas fir">Douglas fir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">larch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">aspen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thuja_plicata" title="Thuja plicata">red cedar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsuga" title="Tsuga">hemlock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ash_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash tree">ash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">alder</a>, rocky mountain <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Populus_sect._Aegiros" class="mw-redirect" title="Populus sect. Aegiros">cottonwood</a> trees. Forests cover about 25% of the state. Flowers native to Montana include <a href="/wiki/Aster_(genus)" title="Aster (genus)">asters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bitterroot" title="Bitterroot">bitterroots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">daisies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lupin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lupin">lupins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papaveraceae" title="Papaveraceae">poppies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primula" title="Primula">primroses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquilegia" title="Aquilegia">columbine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lily" class="mw-redirect" title="Lily">lilies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">orchids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dryas_(plant)" title="Dryas (plant)">dryads</a>. Several species of <a href="/wiki/Sagebrush" title="Sagebrush">sagebrush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cacti" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacti">cactus</a> and many species of grasses are common. Many species of <a href="/wiki/Mushroom" title="Mushroom">mushrooms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Field_Guide-Lichens2013-159">[159]</a> are also found in the state. Montana is home to diverse fauna including 14 <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Field_Guide-Amphibians2013-160">[160]</a> 90 fish,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Field_Guide-Fish2013-161">[161]</a> 117 <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Field_Guide-Mammals2013-162">[162]</a> 20 <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptile</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Field_Guide-Reptiles2013-163">[163]</a> and 427 <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Audubon2008-164">[164]</a> species. Additionally, more than 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrate</a> species are present, including 180 <a href="/wiki/Mollusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusk">mollusks</a> and 30 <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>. Montana has the largest <a href="/wiki/Grizzly_bear" title="Grizzly bear">grizzly bear</a> population in the lower 48 states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaushThompson2012258-165">[165]</a> Montana hosts five federally <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a>–<a href="/wiki/Black-footed_ferret" title="Black-footed ferret">black-footed ferret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whooping_crane" title="Whooping crane">whooping crane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Least_tern" title="Least tern">least tern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pallid_sturgeon" title="Pallid sturgeon">pallid sturgeon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White_sturgeon" title="White sturgeon">white sturgeon</a> and seven <a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">threatened species</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Grizzly_bear" title="Grizzly bear">grizzly bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_lynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian lynx">Canadian lynx</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bull_trout" title="Bull trout">bull trout</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFish_and_Wildlife_Service2013-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[a]</a> Since re-introduction the <a href="/wiki/Gray_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray wolf">gray wolf</a> population has stabilized at about 900 animals, and they have been delisted as endangered.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Montana_Department_of_Fish,_Wildlife_and_Parks" title="Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks">Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks</a> manages fishing and hunting seasons for at least 17 species of <a href="/wiki/Game_fish" title="Game fish">game fish</a>, including seven species of trout, <a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">walleye</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smallmouth_bass" title="Smallmouth bass">smallmouth bass</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Fishing_Regulations2013-169">[168]</a> and at least 29 species of game birds and animals including <a href="/wiki/Common_pheasant" title="Common pheasant">ring-neck pheasant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grey_partridge" title="Grey partridge">grey partridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">pronghorn antelope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">mule deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitetail_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitetail deer">whitetail deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gray_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray wolf">gray wolf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">bighorn sheep</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Hunting_Season2013-170">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protected_lands">Protected lands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Protected lands">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Montana_state_parks" title="List of Montana state parks">List of Montana state parks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompeys_Pillar_NM_(9424545304).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pompeys_Pillar_NM_%289424545304%29.jpg/220px-Pompeys_Pillar_NM_%289424545304%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pompeys_Pillar_NM_%289424545304%29.jpg/330px-Pompeys_Pillar_NM_%289424545304%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pompeys_Pillar_NM_%289424545304%29.jpg/440px-Pompeys_Pillar_NM_%289424545304%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4168" data-file-height="2779" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pompeys_Pillar_National_Monument" title="Pompeys Pillar National Monument">Pompeys Pillar National Monument</a></figcaption></figure> Montana contains <a href="/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_(U.S.)" title="Glacier National Park (U.S.)">Glacier National Park</a>, "The Crown of the Continent", and parts of <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a>, including three of the park's five entrances. Other federally recognized sites include the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Little Bighorn National Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bighorn_Canyon_National_Recreation_Area" title="Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area">Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Big_Hole_National_Battlefield" title="Big Hole National Battlefield">Big Hole National Battlefield</a>. The <a href="/wiki/CSKT_Bison_Range" title="CSKT Bison Range">CSKT Bison Range</a> is managed by the <a href="/wiki/Confederated_Salish_and_Kootenai_Tribes" title="Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes">Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Prairie_(nature_reserve)" title="American Prairie (nature reserve)">American Prairie</a> is owned and operated by a nonprofit organization. Federal and state agencies administer approximately 31,300,000 acres (127,000 km2), or 35 percent of Montana's land. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">Forest Service</a> administers 16,800,000 acres (68,000 km2) of forest land in ten <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Forest">National Forests</a>. There are approximately 3,300,000 acres (13,000 km2) of <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness</a> in 12 separate <a href="/wiki/Wilderness_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilderness area">wilderness areas</a> that are part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Wilderness_Preservation_System" title="National Wilderness Preservation System">National Wilderness Preservation System</a> established by the <a href="/wiki/Wilderness_Act" title="Wilderness Act">Wilderness Act of 1964</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">U.S. Department of the Interior</a> <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management</a> controls 8,100,000 acres (33,000 km2) of federal land. The U.S. Department of the Interior <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">Fish and Wildlife Service</a> administers 110,000 acres (450 km2) of 1.1 million acres of <a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">National Wildlife Refuges</a> and waterfowl production areas in Montana. The U.S. Department of the Interior <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Reclamation" title="United States Bureau of Reclamation">Bureau of Reclamation</a> administers approximately 300,000 acres (1,200 km2) of land and water surface in the state. The <a href="/wiki/Montana_Department_of_Fish,_Wildlife_and_Parks" title="Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks">Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks</a> operate approximately 275,265 acres (1,113.96 km2) of state parks and access points on the state's rivers and lakes. The Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation manages 5,200,000 acres (21,000 km2) of <a href="/wiki/State_Trust_Lands" title="State Trust Lands">School Trust Land</a> ceded by the federal government under the <a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1785" title="Land Ordinance of 1785">Land Ordinance of 1785</a> to the state in 1889 when Montana was granted statehood. These lands are managed by the state for the benefit of public schools and institutions in the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Interagency_Access_Council2001-171">[170]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quakelakemontana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Quakelakemontana.jpg/220px-Quakelakemontana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Quakelakemontana.jpg/330px-Quakelakemontana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Quakelakemontana.jpg/440px-Quakelakemontana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Quake_Lake" title="Quake Lake">Quake Lake</a> was created by a landslide during the <a href="/wiki/1959_Hebgen_Lake_earthquake" title="1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake">1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake</a>.</figcaption></figure> Areas managed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> include:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Park_Service2013-172">[171]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Hole_National_Battlefield" title="Big Hole National Battlefield">Big Hole National Battlefield</a> near <a href="/wiki/Wisdom,_Montana" title="Wisdom, Montana">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bighorn_Canyon_National_Recreation_Area" title="Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area">Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area</a> near <a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith,_Montana" title="Fort Smith, Montana">Fort Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_(U.S.)" title="Glacier National Park (U.S.)">Glacier National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant-Kohrs_Ranch_National_Historic_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site">Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site</a> at <a href="/wiki/Deer_Lodge,_Montana" title="Deer Lodge, Montana">Deer Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_National_Historic_Trail" title="Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail">Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Bighorn_Battlefield_National_Monument" title="Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument">Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument</a> near <a href="/wiki/Crow_Agency,_Montana" title="Crow Agency, Montana">Crow Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_National_Historical_Park" title="Nez Perce National Historical Park">Nez Perce National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helena,_Montana_1961-1990_Climate_data.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Helena%2C_Montana_1961-1990_Climate_data.gif/220px-Helena%2C_Montana_1961-1990_Climate_data.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Helena%2C_Montana_1961-1990_Climate_data.gif/330px-Helena%2C_Montana_1961-1990_Climate_data.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Helena%2C_Montana_1961-1990_Climate_data.gif/440px-Helena%2C_Montana_1961-1990_Climate_data.gif 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption>Temperature and precipitation for <a href="/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Montana's capital city, Helena</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Montana.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Montana.png/220px-K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Montana.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Montana.png/330px-K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Montana.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Montana.png/440px-K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Montana.png 2x" data-file-width="1652" data-file-height="1622" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate types</a> of Montana, using 1991–2020 <a href="/wiki/Climatological_normal" title="Climatological normal">climate normals</a></figcaption></figure> Montana is a large state with considerable variation in geography, topography and elevation, and the climate is equally varied. The state spans from below the <a href="/wiki/45th_parallel_north" title="45th parallel north">45th parallel</a> (the line equidistant between the equator and <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a>) to the <a href="/wiki/49th_parallel_north" title="49th parallel north">49th parallel</a>, and elevations range from under 2,000 feet (610 m) to nearly 13,000 feet (4,000 m) above sea level. The western half is mountainous, interrupted by numerous large valleys. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Montana" title="Eastern Montana">Eastern Montana</a> comprises plains and badlands, broken by hills and isolated mountain ranges, and has a <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Continentality" class="mw-redirect" title="Continentality">continental</a> climate (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Cold_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold steppe">BSk</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Divide">Continental Divide</a> has a considerable effect on the climate, as it restricts the flow of warmer air from the Pacific from moving east, and drier continental air from moving west. The area west of the divide has a modified northern Pacific Coast climate, with milder winters, cooler summers, less wind, and a longer growing season.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestern_Regional_Climate_Center2013-173">[172]</a> Low clouds and fog often form in the valleys west of the divide in winter, but this is rarely seen in the east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnimal_Range_and_Sciences2013-174">[173]</a> Average daytime temperatures vary from 28 °F or −2.2 °C in January to 84.5 °F or 29.2 °C in July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Office_of_Tourism—FAQ2013-175">[174]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] The variation in geography leads to great variation in temperature. The highest observed summer temperature was 117 °F or 47.2 °C at <a href="/wiki/Glendive" class="mw-redirect" title="Glendive">Glendive</a> on July 20, 1893, and Medicine Lake on July 5, 1937. Throughout the state, summer nights are generally cool and pleasant. Extreme hot weather is less common above 4,000 feet or 1,200 meters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestern_Regional_Climate_Center2013-173">[172]</a> Snowfall has been recorded in all months of the year in the more mountainous areas of central and western Montana, though it is rare in July and August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestern_Regional_Climate_Center2013-173">[172]</a> The coldest temperature on record for Montana is also the coldest temperature for the contiguous United States. On January 20, 1954, −70 °F or −56.7 °C was recorded at a gold mining camp near <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Pass_(Montana)#Record_cold_temperature" title="Rogers Pass (Montana)">Rogers Pass</a>. Temperatures vary greatly on cold nights, and <a href="/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena</a>, 40 miles (64 km) to the southeast had a low of only −36 °F or −37.8 °C on the same date, and an all-time record low of −42 °F or −41.1 °C.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestern_Regional_Climate_Center2013-173">[172]</a> Winter cold spells are usually the result of <a href="/wiki/Cold_front" title="Cold front">cold continental air</a> coming south from Canada. The front is often well defined, causing a large temperature drop in a 24-hour period. Conversely, air flow from the southwest results in "<a href="/wiki/Chinook_wind" title="Chinook wind">chinooks</a>". These steady 25–50 mph (40–80 km/h) (or more) winds can suddenly warm parts of Montana, especially areas just to the east of the mountains, where temperatures sometimes rise up to 50–60 °F (10.0–15.6 °C) for 10 days or longer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestern_Regional_Climate_Center2013-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClimate_Information2007-176">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Loma,_Montana" title="Loma, Montana">Loma</a> is the site of the most extreme recorded temperature change in a 24-hour period in the United States. On January 15, 1972, a <a href="/wiki/Chinook_wind" title="Chinook wind">chinook wind</a> blew in and the temperature rose from −54 to 49 °F (−47.8 to 9.4 °C); a 103 °F (49.4 °C) degree difference.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorvitzStephensHelfertGoodge2002-177">[176]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fall_Clark_Fork.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Fall_Clark_Fork.jpg/220px-Fall_Clark_Fork.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Fall_Clark_Fork.jpg/330px-Fall_Clark_Fork.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Fall_Clark_Fork.jpg/440px-Fall_Clark_Fork.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Clark Fork River, Missoula, in autumn</figcaption></figure> Average annual precipitation is 15 inches (380 mm), but great variations are seen. The mountain ranges block the moist Pacific air, holding moisture in the western valleys, and creating <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadows</a> to the east. <a href="/wiki/Heron,_Montana" title="Heron, Montana">Heron</a>, in the west, receives the most <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a>, 34.70 inches (881 mm). On the eastern (leeward) side of a mountain range, the valleys are much drier; <a href="/wiki/Lonepine,_Montana" title="Lonepine, Montana">Lonepine</a> averages 11.45 inches (291 mm), and <a href="/wiki/Deer_Lodge,_Montana" title="Deer Lodge, Montana">Deer Lodge</a> 11.00 inches (279 mm) of precipitation. The mountains can receive over 100 inches (2,500 mm), for example the <a href="/wiki/Grinnell_Glacier" title="Grinnell Glacier">Grinnell Glacier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_(U.S.)" title="Glacier National Park (U.S.)">Glacier National Park</a> gets 105 inches (2,700 mm).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnimal_Range_and_Sciences2013-174">[173]</a> An area southwest of Belfry averaged only 6.59 inches (167 mm) over a 16-year period. Most of the larger cities get 30 to 50 inches or 0.76 to 1.27 meters of snow each year. Mountain ranges can accumulate 300 inches or 7.62 meters of snow during a winter. Heavy <a href="/wiki/Snowstorm" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowstorm">snowstorms</a> may occur from September through May, though most snow falls from November to March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestern_Regional_Climate_Center2013-173">[172]</a> The climate has become warmer in Montana, with the average temperature rising almost 2.5 °F (1.3 °C) since 1900 at a rate higher than the continental U.S. average, and continues to do so.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> The glaciers in Glacier National Park have receded and are predicted to melt away completely in a few decades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Geological_Survey2012-179">[178]</a> Many Montana cities set heat records during July 2007, the hottest month ever recorded in Montana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKee2007-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Climate_Data_Center2007-181">[180]</a> Winters are warmer, too, and have fewer cold spells. Previously, these cold spells had killed off <a href="/wiki/Bark_beetle" title="Bark beetle">bark beetles</a>, but these are now attacking the forests of western Montana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackus2005-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackus2007-183">[182]</a> The warmer winters in the region have allowed various species to expand their ranges and proliferate.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> The combination of warmer weather, attack by beetles, and mismanagement has led to a substantial increase in the severity of forest fires in Montana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKee2007-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackus2007-183">[182]</a> According to a study done for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> by the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Science, parts of Montana will experience a 200% increase in area burned by wildfires and an 80% increase in related air pollution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillings_Gazette—Forecast2009-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpracklenMickleyLoganHudman2009-186">[185]</a> The table below lists average temperatures for the warmest and coldest month for Montana's seven largest cities. The coldest month varies between December and January depending on location, although figures are similar throughout. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"> <caption>Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Montana<a href="#cite_note-North_Dakota_climate_averages-187">[186]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Location </th> <th>July (°F) </th> <th>Coldest month (°F) </th> <th>July (°C) </th> <th>Coldest month (°C) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Billings,_Montana" title="Billings, Montana">Billings</a></td> <td>90/59</td> <td>32/14</td> <td>32/15</td> <td>4/–9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Missoula,_Montana" title="Missoula, Montana">Missoula</a></td> <td>88/51</td> <td>30/11</td> <td>31/16</td> <td>−0/–8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Great_Falls,_Montana" title="Great Falls, Montana">Great Falls</a></td> <td>93/59</td> <td>28/11</td> <td>34/15</td> <td>1/–9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bozeman,_Montana" title="Bozeman, Montana">Bozeman</a></td> <td>81/51</td> <td>27/10</td> <td>31/12</td> <td>−0/–11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Butte,_Montana" title="Butte, Montana">Butte</a></td> <td>86/41</td> <td>27/7</td> <td>30/5</td> <td>−1/–15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena</a></td> <td>88/54</td> <td>30/12</td> <td>31/12</td> <td>−0/–11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalispell,_Montana" title="Kalispell, Montana">Kalispell</a></td> <td>84/57</td> <td>27/9</td> <td>29/14</td> <td>−1/–10 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antipodes">Antipodes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Antipodes">edit</a>]</div> Montana is one of only two <a href="/wiki/Geographic_contiguity" title="Geographic contiguity">contiguous</a> states (along with <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Colorado#Antipodes" title="Geography of Colorado">Colorado</a>) that are <a href="/wiki/Antipodes" title="Antipodes">antipodal</a> to land. The <a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a> are antipodal to the Montana–Saskatchewan–Alberta border. No towns are precisely antipodal to Kerguelen, though <a href="/wiki/Chester,_Montana" title="Chester, Montana">Chester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudyard,_Montana" title="Rudyard, Montana">Rudyard</a> are close.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeakbagger2012-188">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities_and_towns">Cities and towns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cities and towns">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and towns in Montana">List of cities and towns in Montana</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Montana" title="List of counties in Montana">List of counties in Montana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Missoula_Skyline.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Missoula_Skyline.png/250px-Missoula_Skyline.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Missoula_Skyline.png/330px-Missoula_Skyline.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Missoula_Skyline.png/500px-Missoula_Skyline.png 2x" data-file-width="2559" data-file-height="1692" /></a><figcaption>Missoula, the second-largest city in Montana</figcaption></figure> Montana has 56 <a href="/wiki/County#United_States" title="County">counties</a> and a total of 364 <a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">"places"</a> as defined by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>; the latter comprising 129 <a href="/wiki/Place_(United_States_Census_Bureau)#Incorporated_place" title="Place (United States Census Bureau)">incorporated places</a> and 235 <a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">census-designated places</a>. The incorporated places are made up of 52 cities, 75 towns, and two <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city%E2%80%93county" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidated city–county">consolidated city-counties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECensus_Bureau2012-189">[188]</a> Montana has one city, <a href="/wiki/Billings,_Montana" title="Billings, Montana">Billings</a>, with a population over 100,000; and three cities with populations over 50,000: <a href="/wiki/Missoula,_Montana" title="Missoula, Montana">Missoula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Falls,_Montana" title="Great Falls, Montana">Great Falls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bozeman,_Montana" title="Bozeman, Montana">Bozeman</a>. The state also has five <a href="/wiki/United_States_Micropolitan_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Micropolitan Statistical Area">Micropolitan Statistical Areas</a>, centered on <a href="/wiki/Bozeman,_Montana" title="Bozeman, Montana">Bozeman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butte-Silver_Bow,_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="Butte-Silver Bow, Montana">Butte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalispell,_Montana" title="Kalispell, Montana">Kalispell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Havre,_Montana" title="Havre, Montana">Havre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECore_Based_Statistical_Area2010-190">[189]</a> Collectively all of these areas (excluding Havre) are known informally as the "big seven", as they are consistently the seven largest communities in the state (their rank order in terms of population is Billings, Missoula, Great Falls, Bozeman, Butte, Helena and Kalispell, according to the 2010 U.S. census).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKRTV2010-191">[190]</a> Based on 2013 census numbers, they contain 35 percent of Montana's population,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Setting2013-192">[191]</a> and the counties in which they are located are home to 62 percent of the state's population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanson2004-193">[192]</a> The geographic <a href="/wiki/Center_of_population" title="Center of population">center of population</a> of Montana is in sparsely populated <a href="/wiki/Meagher_County,_Montana" title="Meagher County, Montana">Meagher County</a>, in the town of <a href="/wiki/White_Sulphur_Springs,_Montana" title="White Sulphur Springs, Montana">White Sulphur Springs</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montana_population_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Montana_population_map.png/220px-Montana_population_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Montana_population_map.png/330px-Montana_population_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Montana_population_map.png/440px-Montana_population_map.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Montana population density map</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style> <table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right"> <caption>Historical population</caption> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style>Note</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td>20,595</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td>39,159</td><td></td><td>90.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td>142,924</td><td></td><td>265.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>243,329</td><td></td><td>70.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>376,053</td><td></td><td>54.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>548,889</td><td></td><td>46.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>537,606</td><td></td><td>−2.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>559,456</td><td></td><td>4.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>591,024</td><td></td><td>5.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>674,767</td><td></td><td>14.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>694,409</td><td></td><td>2.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>786,690</td><td></td><td>13.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>799,065</td><td></td><td>1.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>902,195</td><td></td><td>12.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>989,415</td><td></td><td>9.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>1,084,225</td><td></td><td>9.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2024 (est.)</th><td class="us-census-pop-estimate">1,137,233</td><td></td><td>4.9%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote" style="text-align: center">Source: 1910–2020<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic_Origins_in_Montana.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ethnic_Origins_in_Montana.png/270px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Montana.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ethnic_Origins_in_Montana.png/405px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Montana.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ethnic_Origins_in_Montana.png/540px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Montana.png 2x" data-file-width="5086" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic origins in Montana</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_of_Montana_1870%E2%80%932018_(est.).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Population_of_Montana_1870%E2%80%932018_%28est.%29.svg/250px-Population_of_Montana_1870%E2%80%932018_%28est.%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Population_of_Montana_1870%E2%80%932018_%28est.%29.svg/330px-Population_of_Montana_1870%E2%80%932018_%28est.%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Population_of_Montana_1870%E2%80%932018_%28est.%29.svg/500px-Population_of_Montana_1870%E2%80%932018_%28est.%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption>Population of Montana 1870–2018</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> states that the population of Montana was 1,132,812 on July 1, 2023, a 4.5% increase since the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PopEstUS-195">[194]</a> The 2020 census put Montana's population at 1,084,225. During the first decade of the new century, growth was mainly concentrated in Montana's seven largest counties, with the highest percentage growth in <a href="/wiki/Gallatin_County,_Montana" title="Gallatin County, Montana">Gallatin County</a>, which had a 32.9% increase in its population from 2010 to 2020. The city having the largest percentage growth was <a href="/wiki/Kalispell,_Montana" title="Kalispell, Montana">Kalispell</a>, with 40.1%, and the city with the largest increase in actual residents was <a href="/wiki/Billings,_Montana" title="Billings, Montana">Billings</a>, with an increase in population of 12,946 from 2010 to 2020. On January 3, 2012, the Census and Economic Information Center (CEIC) at the Montana Department of Commerce estimated Montana had hit the one million population mark sometime between November and December 2011.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGravlee2012-196">[195]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">HUD</a>'s 2022 <a href="/wiki/Annual_Homeless_Assessment_Report_to_Congress" title="Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress">Annual Homeless Assessment Report</a>, there were an estimated 1,585 <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homeless</a> people in Montana.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> In 2018, the top countries of origin for Montana's immigrants were <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> According to the 2020 census, 88.9% of the population was White (87.8% non-Hispanic White), 6.7% American Indian and Alaska Native, 4.1% Hispanics and Latinos of any race, 0.9% Asian, 0.6% Black or African American, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, and 2.8% from two or more races.<a href="#cite_note-:0-200">[199]</a> The largest European ancestry groups in Montana as of 2010 were: German (27.0%), Irish (14.8%), English (12.6%), Norwegian (10.9%), French (4.7%), and Italian (3.4%).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrittinghamde_la_Cruz20046-201">[200]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible"> <caption>Montana racial breakdown of population </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Racial composition</th> <th>1990<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a></th> <th>2000<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a></th> <th>2010<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> </th> <th>2020<a href="#cite_note-:0-200">[199]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a></td> <td>92.7%</td> <td>90.6%</td> <td>89.4% </td> <td>88.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native</a></td> <td>6.0%</td> <td>6.2%</td> <td>6.3% </td> <td>6.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a></td> <td>0.5%</td> <td>0.5%</td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>0.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a></td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">other Pacific Islander</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States Census">Other race</a></td> <td>0.5%</td> <td>0.6%</td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Two or more races</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>1.7%</td> <td>2.5% </td> <td>2.8% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intrastate_demographics">Intrastate demographics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Intrastate demographics">edit</a>]</div> Montana has a larger Native American population, both numerically and as a percentage, than most U.S. states. Ranked 45th in population (by the 2010 census) it is 19th in native people,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECensus_Bureau-Annual_Estimates_of_Race2012-205">[204]</a> who are 6.5% of the state's population—the sixth-highest percentage of all fifty states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECensus_Bureau-Annual_Estimates_of_Race2012-205">[204]</a> Of Montana's 56 counties, Native Americans constitute a majority in three: <a href="/wiki/Big_Horn_County,_Montana" title="Big Horn County, Montana">Big Horn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glacier_County,_Montana" title="Glacier County, Montana">Glacier</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_County,_Montana" title="Roosevelt County, Montana">Roosevelt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERural_Policy_Research_Institute20064-206">[205]</a> Other counties with large Native American populations include <a href="/wiki/Blaine_County,_Montana" title="Blaine County, Montana">Blaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cascade_County,_Montana" title="Cascade County, Montana">Cascade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hill_County,_Montana" title="Hill County, Montana">Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missoula_County,_Montana" title="Missoula County, Montana">Missoula</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_County,_Montana" title="Yellowstone County, Montana">Yellowstone Counties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Office_of_Public_Instruction200964-207">[206]</a> The state's Native American population grew by 27.9% between 1980 and 1990 (at a time when Montana's entire population rose 1.6%),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Office_of_Public_Instruction200964-207">[206]</a> and by 18.5 percent between 2000 and 2010.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorrisVinesHoeffel2012-208">[207]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montana_counties_by_race.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Montana_counties_by_race.svg/220px-Montana_counties_by_race.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Montana_counties_by_race.svg/330px-Montana_counties_by_race.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Montana_counties_by_race.svg/440px-Montana_counties_by_race.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="184" /></a><figcaption>Map of counties in Montana by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Legend</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> Non-Hispanic White <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  50–60%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  60–70%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  70–80%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  80–90%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  90%+</div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> Native American <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  50–60%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  60–70%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  70–80%</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </li></ul> </div></figcaption></figure> As of 2009, almost two-thirds of Native Americans in the state live in urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Office_of_Public_Instruction200964-207">[206]</a> Of Montana's 20 largest cities, Polson (15.7%), Havre (13.0%), Great Falls (5.0%), Billings (4.4%), and Anaconda (3.1%) had the greatest percentages of Native American residents in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedistricting_Data_Summary2011-209">[208]</a> Billings (4,619), Great Falls (2,942), Missoula (1,838), Havre (1,210), and Polson (706) have the most Native Americans living there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedistricting_Data_Summary2011-209">[208]</a> The state's seven reservations include more than 12 distinct Native American <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnolinguistic">ethnolinguistic</a> groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECensus_Bureau2010a-210">[209]</a> While the largest European American population in Montana is German (which may also include Austrian and Swiss, among other groups), pockets of significant <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> ancestry are prevalent in some of the farming-dominated northern and eastern prairie regions, parallel to nearby regions of North Dakota and Minnesota. Farmers of Irish, Scots, and English roots also settled in Montana. The historically mining-oriented communities of western Montana such as Butte have a wider range of European American ethnicity; <a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europeans</a> and especially Irish settlers left an indelible mark on the area, as well as people originally from British mining regions such as <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. The nearby city of Helena, also founded as a mining camp, had a similar mix in addition to a small Chinatown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECensus_Bureau2010a-210">[209]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a> sect originally from Switzerland, settled in Montana, and today is second only to <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> in U.S. Hutterite population, with several colonies across the state. Beginning in the mid-1990s, the state also had an influx of <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a>, who moved to Montana from increasingly urbanized areas of Ohio and Pennsylvania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETode2004-211">[210]</a> Montana's <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a> population is concentrated in the Billings area in south-central Montana, where many of Montana's Mexican Americans have been in the state for generations. Great Falls has the highest percentage of African Americans in its population, although Billings has more African American residents than Great Falls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedistricting_Data_Summary2011-209">[208]</a> The Chinese in Montana, while a low percentage today, have been a historically important presence. About 2,000–3,000 Chinese miners were in the mining areas of Montana by 1870, and 2,500 in 1890. However, public opinion grew increasingly negative towards them in the 1890s, and nearly half of the state's Asian population left by 1900.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1997113–124-212">[211]</a> Today, the Missoula area has a large <a href="/wiki/Hmong_Americans" title="Hmong Americans">Hmong</a> population<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Arts_Council2013-213">[212]</a> and the nearly 3,000 Montanans who claim <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipino</a> ancestry are the largest Asian American group in the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECensus_Bureau2010a-210">[209]</a> In the 2015 United States census estimates, Montana had the second-highest percentage of U.S. military veterans living there. Only the state of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> had a higher percentage, with roughly 14 percent of Alaska's population over 18 being veterans, with Montana having roughly 12 percent of its population over 18 being veterans.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_Americans">Native Americans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Native Americans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montana_Indian_Reservations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Montana_Indian_Reservations.svg/220px-Montana_Indian_Reservations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Montana_Indian_Reservations.svg/330px-Montana_Indian_Reservations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Montana_Indian_Reservations.svg/440px-Montana_Indian_Reservations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>General locations of Indian reservations in Montana</figcaption></figure> In 2020, 67,612 people in Montana self-identified as Native American, while 100,578 did in combination with one or more other races.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> Many treaties and federal legislation, including the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Appropriations_Act" title="Indian Appropriations Act">Indian Appropriations Act</a> (1851), the <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Act" title="Dawes Act">Dawes Act</a> (1887), and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act" title="Indian Reorganization Act">Indian Reorganization Act</a> (1934), enabled the creation of seven Indian reservations, encompassing 11 federally recognized tribal nations, in Montana. A 12th nation, the <a href="/wiki/Little_Shell_Tribe_of_Chippewa_Indians_of_Montana" title="Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Montana">Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians</a> of <a href="/wiki/Great_Falls,_Montana" title="Great Falls, Montana">Great Falls</a>, was recognized by the federal government in December, 2019.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Piegan_Blackfeet" title="Piegan Blackfeet">Blackfeet</a> nation is headquartered on the <a href="/wiki/Blackfeet_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackfeet Indian Reservation">Blackfeet Indian Reservation</a> (1851) in <a href="/wiki/Browning,_Montana" title="Browning, Montana">Browning</a>, Crow on the <a href="/wiki/Crow_Indian_Reservation" title="Crow Indian Reservation">Crow Indian Reservation</a> (1868)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKappler19041008–1011-217">[216]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crow_Agency,_Montana" title="Crow Agency, Montana">Crow Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confederated_Salish_and_Kootenai_Tribes_of_the_Flathead_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation">Confederated Salish and Kootenai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pend_d%27Oreilles_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pend d'Oreilles tribe">Pend d'Oreille</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Flathead_Indian_Reservation" title="Flathead Indian Reservation">Flathead Indian Reservation</a> (1855) in <a href="/wiki/Pablo,_Montana" title="Pablo, Montana">Pablo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cheyenne">Northern Cheyenne</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne_Indian_Reservation" title="Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation">Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation</a> (1884) at <a href="/wiki/Lame_Deer,_Montana" title="Lame Deer, Montana">Lame Deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Assiniboine people">Assiniboine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gros_Ventre" title="Gros Ventre">Gros Ventre</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Belknap_Indian_Reservation" title="Fort Belknap Indian Reservation">Fort Belknap Indian Reservation</a> (1888) in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Belknap_Agency,_Montana" title="Fort Belknap Agency, Montana">Fort Belknap Agency</a>, Assiniboine and <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Peck_Indian_Reservation" title="Fort Peck Indian Reservation">Fort Peck Indian Reservation</a> (1888) at <a href="/wiki/Poplar,_Montana" title="Poplar, Montana">Poplar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chippewa-Cree" class="mw-redirect" title="Chippewa-Cree">Chippewa-Cree</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Boy_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocky Boy Indian Reservation">Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation</a> (1916) near <a href="/wiki/Box_Elder,_Montana" title="Box Elder, Montana">Box Elder</a>. Approximately 63% of all Native people live off the reservations, concentrated in the larger Montana cities, with the largest concentration of urban Indians in Great Falls. The state also has a small <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis people (United States)">Métis</a> population and 1990 census data indicated that people from as many as 275 different tribes lived in Montana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontana_Office_of_Public_Instruction2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Office_of_Public_Instruction2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-218">[217]</a> Montana's Constitution specifically reads, "the state recognizes the distinct and unique cultural heritage of the American Indians and is committed in its educational goals to the preservation of their cultural integrity."<a href="#cite_note-ArticleX-219">[218]</a> It is the only state in the U.S. with such a constitutional mandate. The Indian Education for All Act was passed in 1999 to provide funding for this mandate and ensure implementation.<a href="#cite_note-teach.indian-220">[219]</a> It mandates that all schools teach American Indian history, culture, and heritage from preschool through college.<a href="#cite_note-nativeamericancenter-221">[220]</a> For kindergarten through 12th-grade students, an "Indian Education for All" curriculum from the <a href="/wiki/Montana_Office_of_Public_Instruction" title="Montana Office of Public Instruction">Montana Office of Public Instruction</a> is available free to all schools.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> The state was sued in 2004 because of lack of funding, and the state has increased its support of the program.<a href="#cite_note-teach.indian-220">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> passed similar legislation in 2007, and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> was working to strengthen its own program based on this model—and the current practices of Montana's schools.<a href="#cite_note-teach.indian-220">[219]</a> Each Indian reservation in the state has a fully accredited <a href="/wiki/Tribal_colleges_and_universities" title="Tribal colleges and universities">tribal college</a>. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Montana" title="University of Montana">University of Montana</a> "was the first to establish dual admission agreements with all of the tribal colleges and as such it was the first institution in the nation to actively facilitate student transfer from the tribal colleges."<a href="#cite_note-nativeamericancenter-221">[220]</a> What is now Montana was at various times inhabited by tribes such as the <a href="/wiki/Crow_people" title="Crow people">Crow</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Blackfeet_Nation" title="Blackfeet Nation">Blackfeet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Assiniboine" title="Assiniboine">Assiniboine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gros_Ventre" title="Gros Ventre">Gros Ventre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kutenai" title="Kutenai">Kootenai</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bitterroot_Salish" title="Bitterroot Salish">Flathead Salish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pend_d%27Oreilles" title="Pend d'Oreilles">Kalispel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arikara" title="Arikara">Arikara</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bannock_people" title="Bannock people">Bannock</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hidatsa" title="Hidatsa">Hidatsa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce" title="Nez Perce">Nez Perce</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mandan" title="Mandan">Mandan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spokane_people" title="Spokane people">Spokane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> Many Montanans also reported belonging to various Native American tribes in 2010 census, the largest of which were the Blackfeet (12,831 people), the Crow (8,680 people), the Cheyenne (5,912), the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Peck_Indian_Reservation" title="Fort Peck Indian Reservation">Assiniboine Sioux</a> (5,828), the <a href="/wiki/Chippewa_Cree" title="Chippewa Cree">Chippewa Cree</a> (5,495), the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes (4,809), the Ojibwe (4,284), the Sioux (2,698), the Assiniboine (2,673), the Gros Ventre (2,484) and the Salish tribal grouping (1,915). Other tribes included the Cree, the <a href="/wiki/Mandan,_Hidatsa,_and_Arikara_Nation" title="Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation">MHA Nation</a>, the Kootenai, the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Belknap_Indian_Reservation" title="Fort Belknap Indian Reservation">Fort Belknap Indian Community</a>, the Arapaho and more.<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_data">Birth data</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Birth data">edit</a>]</div> Note: Births in table do not add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number. <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"> <caption>Live births by race/ethnicity of mother </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Race</a> </th> <th>2013<a href="#cite_note-cdc-226">[225]</a> </th> <th>2014<a href="#cite_note-cdc2-227">[226]</a> </th> <th>2015<a href="#cite_note-cdc3-228">[227]</a> </th> <th>2016<a href="#cite_note-cdc4-229">[228]</a> </th> <th>2017<a href="#cite_note-cdc5-230">[229]</a> </th> <th>2018<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> </th> <th>2019<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> </th> <th>2020<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> </th> <th>2021<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> </th> <th>2022<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a>: </td> <td>10,615 (85.7%) </td> <td>10,572 (85.0%) </td> <td>10,768 (85.6%) </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td></tr> <tr> <td>> <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic White</a> </td> <td>10,170 (82.2%) </td> <td>10,153 (81.7%) </td> <td>10,270 (81.6%) </td> <td>9,761 (79.5%) </td> <td>9,372 (79.4%) </td> <td>9,224 (80.1%) </td> <td>8,800 (79.4%) </td> <td>8,639 (80.0%) </td> <td>9,101 (81.0%) </td> <td>8,995 (80.5%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian</a> </td> <td>1,531 (12.4%) </td> <td>1,585 (12.7%) </td> <td>1,560 (12.4%) </td> <td>1,347 (11.0%) </td> <td>1,249 (10.6%) </td> <td>1,177 (10.2%) </td> <td>1,137 (10.2%) </td> <td>1,063 (9.9%) </td> <td>939 (8.4%) </td> <td>961 (8.6%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> </td> <td>132 (1.1%) </td> <td>169 (1.3%) </td> <td>152 (1.2%) </td> <td>131 (1.1%) </td> <td>121 (1.0%) </td> <td>112 (1.0%) </td> <td>115 (1.0%) </td> <td>112 (1.0%) </td> <td>105 (0.9%) </td> <td>134 (1.2%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a> </td> <td>99 (0.8%) </td> <td>106 (0.8%) </td> <td>103 (0.8%) </td> <td>57 (0.5%) </td> <td>64 (0.5%) </td> <td>58 (0.5%) </td> <td>61 (0.6%) </td> <td>62 (0.6%) </td> <td>71 (0.6%) </td> <td>63 (0.6%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a> (of any race) </td> <td>476 (3.8%) </td> <td>494 (4.0%) </td> <td>573 (4.5%) </td> <td>548 (4.5%) </td> <td>585 (5.0%) </td> <td>558 (4.8%) </td> <td>616 (5.6%) </td> <td>569 (5.3%) </td> <td>648 (5.7%) </td> <td>678 (6.1%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total Montana </td> <td>12,377 (100%) </td> <td>12,432 (100%) </td> <td>12,583 (100%) </td> <td>12,282 (100%) </td> <td>11,799 (100%) </td> <td>11,513 (100%) </td> <td>11,079 (100%) </td> <td>10,791 (100%) </td> <td>11,231 (100%) </td> <td>11,175 (100%) </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Since 2016, data for births of <a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic</a> origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> in the state of Montana. According to the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000 census</a>, 94.8% of the population aged five and older speak English at home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEModern_Language_Association2007-236">[235]</a> Spanish is the language next most commonly spoken at home, with about 13,040 Spanish-language speakers in the state (1.4% of the population) in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECensus_Bureau2011-237">[236]</a> Also, 15,438 (1.7% of the state population) were speakers of Indo-European languages other than English or Spanish, 10,154 (1.1%) were speakers of a Native American language, and 4,052 (0.4%) were speakers of an Asian or Pacific Islander language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECensus_Bureau2011-237">[236]</a> Other languages spoken in Montana (as of 2013) include Assiniboine (about 150 speakers in Montana and Canada), Blackfoot (about 100 speakers), Cheyenne (about 1,700 speakers), Plains Cree (about 100 speakers), Crow (about 3,000 speakers), Dakota (about 17,800 speakers with 700 in Montana in 2010),<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> German Hutterite (about 5,600 speakers), Gros Ventre (about 10 speakers), Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille (about 64 speakers), Kutenai (about six speakers), and Lakota (6,000 speakers in Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisSimonsFennig2013-239">[238]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">United States Department of Education</a> estimated in 2009 that 5,274 students in Montana spoke a language at home other than English. These included a Native American language (64%), German (4%), Spanish (3%), Russian (1%), and Chinese (less than 0.5%).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallantyeRasmussen201110-240">[239]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:1em; float:center"> <caption>Top 14 non-English languages spoken in Montana </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Language</th> <th>Percentage of population (as of 2000)<a href="#cite_note-Montana_-_Languages-241">[240]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></td> <td>1.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crow_language" title="Crow language">Crow</a> (tied)</td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian languages">Scandinavian languages</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>)</td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Native_American_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American languages">Native American languages</a> (other than Crow; significantly <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a>),<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>) (tied)</td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1279587269">.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:none;position:relative;width:100px;height:100px;border-radius:50%;background-color:yellowgreen;color:black;border:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie div{position:absolute;transform-origin:left bottom;background-color:#655;color:black;top:0;left:50%;width:50%;height:50%;border-radius:0 500%0 0}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie50{transform-origin:left center;height:100%;border-radius:0 100%100%0/50%}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie12-5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,100%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,32.49197%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie7{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,47.056428%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie1{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,6.2914667%0%,0 100%)}@supports(clip-path:circle(50%)){.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:1em;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend{list-style-type:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:.5em;margin:0;margin-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>span{display:block;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>.l-color{border:1px solid var(--color-base,black);width:.8em;height:.8em;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-container{padding:.5em;padding-bottom:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-caption{margin-bottom:1em;font-size:94%}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{flex-direction:column-reverse}@media screen and (min-width:641px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{width:min-content}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{break-inside:avoid-page}}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-container{align-items:center}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend-container{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.5;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(190px,1fr));gap:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-footer{margin-top:.5em}}</style> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style=""> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">Religious self-identification, per <a href="/wiki/Public_Religion_Research_Institute" title="Public Religion Research Institute">Public Religion Research Institute</a>'s 2022 American Values Survey<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a></div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestantism</a> (43%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism in the United States">Catholicism</a> (17%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a> (2%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States" title="Irreligion in the United States">Unaffiliated</a> (32%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> (2%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Judaism</a> (1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">Buddhism</a> (1%)</li> <li>Other (2%)</li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:Black;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Other (2%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie25" style="background:Blue;color:#000" title="Protestantism (43%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:Blue;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.180turn)" title="Protestantism (43%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:Purple;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.430turn)" title="Catholicism (17%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:Purple;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.475turn)" title="Catholicism (17%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.600turn); background:Teal;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 12.63293784% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Mormonism (2%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:White;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.620turn)" title="Unaffiliated (32%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:White;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.690turn)" title="Unaffiliated (32%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.940turn); background:Red;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 12.63293784% 0%, 0 100%)" title="New Age (2%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.960turn); background:Pink;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 6.29146673% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Judaism (1%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.970turn); background:Yellow;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 6.29146673% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Buddhism (1%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div>According to the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> in 2014, the religious affiliations of the people of Montana were predominantly Christian; in the state, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States" title="Christianity in the United States">Christianity</a> was 65% of the total adult population.<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> At the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Public_Religion_Research_Institute" title="Public Religion Research Institute">Public Religion Research Institute</a>'s (PRRI) study, 57% of the adult population were Christian. While <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> was the largest single Christian group in the state, <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">mainline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical Protestantism</a> dominated the Christian landscape collectively.<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> By the Public Religion Research Institute's 2022 survey, Christianity grew to 62% of the population altogether, with 43% Protestant, 17% Catholic, and 2% Restorationist through Mormonism. The largest Christian denominations in Montana as of 2010 were the Catholic Church with 127,612 adherents, <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> with 46,484 adherents, <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a> with 38,665 adherents, and non-denominational evangelical Protestants with 27,370 adherents.<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> In 2020, the largest Christian denominations by adherents were the following: the Catholic Church (112,389), non-denominational Protestantism (54,540), and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (50,552).<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a> In 2014, 30% of the population was irreligious, and in 2020's separate study, 34% of the population were irreligious. Among its non-Christian population in 2022's PRRI study, the unaffiliated made up 32% of the population. <a href="/wiki/New_Age_Spirituality" class="mw-redirect" title="New Age Spirituality">New Age spirituality</a> was 2% of the population, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> 1%, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">Buddhism</a> 1%. Other faiths accounted for 2% of the state's population. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Montana_locations_by_per_capita_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana locations by per capita income">Montana locations by per capita income</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Montana" title="List of power stations in Montana">List of power stations in Montana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Craft_Breweries_Per_Capita_(US).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Craft_Breweries_Per_Capita_%28US%29.svg/220px-Craft_Breweries_Per_Capita_%28US%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Craft_Breweries_Per_Capita_%28US%29.svg/330px-Craft_Breweries_Per_Capita_%28US%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Craft_Breweries_Per_Capita_%28US%29.svg/440px-Craft_Breweries_Per_Capita_%28US%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Montana ranks 2nd nationally in <a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">craft breweries</a> per capita.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Interstate_Center,_Billings,_MT_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/First_Interstate_Center%2C_Billings%2C_MT_cropped.jpg/170px-First_Interstate_Center%2C_Billings%2C_MT_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/First_Interstate_Center%2C_Billings%2C_MT_cropped.jpg/255px-First_Interstate_Center%2C_Billings%2C_MT_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/First_Interstate_Center%2C_Billings%2C_MT_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/First_Interstate_Center" title="First Interstate Center">First Interstate Center</a>, in downtown <a href="/wiki/Billings,_Montana" title="Billings, Montana">Billings</a>, is the tallest building in Montana.</figcaption></figure> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Economic_Analysis" title="Bureau of Economic Analysis">U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis</a> estimated Montana's Gross Domestic Product was $67.072 billion (47th in the nation) and <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Per capita personal income in the United States">per capita personal income</a> was $60,984 (28th in the nation).<a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> <ul><li>Total employment: 371,239 (As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit">[update]</a>)<a href="#cite_note-QF-249">[248]</a></li> <li>Total employer establishments: 38,720 (As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit">[update]</a>)<a href="#cite_note-QF-249">[248]</a></li></ul> Montana is a relative hub of beer <a href="/wiki/Microbrewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbrewery">microbrewing</a>, ranking third in the nation in number of craft breweries per capita in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewers_Association2013-250">[249]</a> Significant industries exist for <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a> and mineral <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">extraction</a>; the state's resources include gold, coal, silver, <a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">talc</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vermiculite" title="Vermiculite">vermiculite</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ecotax" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecotax">Ecotaxes</a> on resource extraction are numerous. A 1974 state <a href="/wiki/Severance_tax" title="Severance tax">severance tax</a> on coal (which varied from 20 to 30%) was upheld by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> in <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Edison_Co._v._Montana" title="Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana">Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana</a>, 453 U.S. 609 (1981).<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> Tourism is also important to the economy, with more than ten million visitors a year to Glacier National Park, Flathead Lake, the Missouri River headwaters, the site of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Little_Bighorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Little Bighorn">Battle of Little Bighorn</a>, and three of the five entrances to Yellowstone National Park.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETourism_in_Montana2007-252">[251]</a> Montana's personal <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> contains seven brackets, with rates ranging from 1.0 to 6.9 percent. Montana has no <a href="/wiki/Sales_tax" title="Sales tax">sales tax</a>, and household goods are exempt from <a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">property taxes</a>. However, property taxes are assessed on livestock, farm machinery, heavy equipment, automobiles, trucks, and business equipment. The amount of property tax owed is not determined solely by the property's value. The property's value is multiplied by a tax rate, set by the Montana Legislature, to determine its taxable value. The taxable value is then multiplied by the <a href="/wiki/Mill_levy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mill levy">mill levy</a> established by various taxing jurisdictions—city and county government, school districts, and others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Revenue2012-253">[252]</a> In the 1980s the absence of a sales tax became economically deleterious to communities bound to the state's tourism industry, as the revenue from income and property taxes provided by residents was grossly insignificant in regards to paying for the impact of non-residential travel—especially road repair. In 1985, the Montana Legislature passed a law allowing towns with fewer than 5,500 residents and unincorporated communities with fewer than 2,500 to levy a resort tax if more than half the community's income came from tourism. The resort tax is a sales tax that applies to hotels, motels and other lodging and camping facilities; restaurants, fast-food stores, and other food service establishments; taverns, bars, night clubs, lounges, or other public establishments that serve alcohol; as well as destination ski resorts or other destination recreational facilities.<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> It also applies to "luxuries"- defined by law as any item normally sold to the public or to transient visitors or tourists that does not include food purchased unprepared or unserved, medicine, medical supplies and services, appliances, hardware supplies and tools, or any necessities of life.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> Approximately 12.2 million non-residents visited Montana in 2018, and the population was estimated to be 1.06 million. This extremely disproportionate ratio of residents paying taxes vs. non-residents using state-funded services and infrastructure makes Montana's resort tax crucial in order to safely maintain heavily used roads and highways, as well as protect and preserve state parks. As of November 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit">[update]</a>, the state's unemployment rate is 3.2%.<a href="#cite_note-unemployment-256">[255]</a> The lowest rate was 2.5% in March 2023 and the highest was 12.0% in April 2020.<a href="#cite_note-unemployment-256">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/TRAILS" title="TRAILS">Treasure State Academic Information & Library Services</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and universities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Colleges and universities">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Montana_University_System" title="Montana University System">Montana University System</a> consists of: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawson_Community_College" title="Dawson Community College">Dawson Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flathead_Valley_Community_College" title="Flathead Valley Community College">Flathead Valley Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Community_College" title="Miles Community College">Miles Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_State_University" title="Montana State University">Montana State University Bozeman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallatin_College_Montana_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallatin College Montana State University">Gallatin College Montana State University</a> Bozeman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_State_University_Billings" title="Montana State University Billings">Montana State University Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_College_at_Montana_State_University_Billings" class="mw-redirect" title="City College at Montana State University Billings">City College at Montana State University Billings</a> Billings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_State_University-Northern" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana State University-Northern">Montana State University-Northern</a> Havre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Falls_College_Montana_State_University" title="Great Falls College Montana State University">Great Falls College Montana State University</a> Great Falls</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Montana" title="University of Montana">University of Montana Missoula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missoula_College_University_of_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="Missoula College University of Montana">Missoula College University of Montana</a> Missoula</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Tech_of_the_University_of_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana Tech of the University of Montana">Montana Tech of the University of Montana</a> Butte</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlands_College_of_Montana_Tech" class="mw-redirect" title="Highlands College of Montana Tech">Highlands College of Montana Tech</a> Butte</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Montana_Western" title="University of Montana Western">University of Montana Western</a> Dillon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_College_University_of_Montana" title="Helena College University of Montana">Helena College University of Montana</a> Helena</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitterroot_College_University_of_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitterroot College University of Montana">Bitterroot College University of Montana</a> Hamilton</li></ul></li></ul> </div> Tribal colleges in Montana include: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaniiih_Nakoda_College" title="Aaniiih Nakoda College">Aaniiih Nakoda College</a> Harlem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfeet_Community_College" title="Blackfeet Community College">Blackfeet Community College</a> Browning</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Dull_Knife_College" title="Chief Dull Knife College">Chief Dull Knife College</a> Lame Deer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Peck_Community_College" title="Fort Peck Community College">Fort Peck Community College</a> Poplar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Big_Horn_College" title="Little Big Horn College">Little Big Horn College</a> Crow Agency</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_Kootenai_College" title="Salish Kootenai College">Salish Kootenai College</a> Pablo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Child_College" title="Stone Child College">Stone Child College</a> Box Elder</li></ul> </div> Four private colleges are in Montana: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_College_(Montana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carroll College (Montana)">Carroll College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_College" title="Rocky Mountain College">Rocky Mountain College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Great_Falls" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Great Falls">University of Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollos_University" title="Apollos University">Apollos University</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools">Schools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Schools">edit</a>]</div> The Montana Territory was formed on April 26, 1864, when the U.S. passed the <a href="/wiki/Organic_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic Act">Organic Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> Schools started forming in the area before it was officially a territory as families started settling into the area. The first schools were subscription schools that typically met in the teacher's home. The first formal school on record was at Fort Owen in Bitterroot valley in 1862. The students were Indian children and the children of Fort Owen employees. The first school term started in early winter and lasted only until February 28. Classes were taught by Mr. Robinson.<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> Another early subscription school was started by Thomas Dimsdale in Virginia City in 1863. In this school students were charged $1.75 per week.<a href="#cite_note-Sievert-259">[258]</a> The Montana Territorial Legislative Assembly had its inaugural meeting in 1864.<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> The first legislature authorized counties to levy taxes for schools, which set the foundations for public schooling.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a> Madison County was the first to take advantage of the newly authorized taxes and it formed the first public school in Virginia City in 1886.<a href="#cite_note-Sievert-259">[258]</a> The first school year was scheduled to begin in January 1866, but severe weather postponed its opening until March. The first school year ran through the summer and did not end until August 17. One of the first teachers at the school was Sarah Raymond. She was a 25-year-old woman who had traveled to Virginia City via wagon train in 1865. To become a certified teacher, Raymond took a test in her home and paid a $6 fee in gold dust to obtain a teaching certificate. With the help of an assistant teacher, Mrs. Farley,<a href="#cite_note-Briggeman-262">[261]</a> Raymond was responsible for teaching 50 to 60 students each day out of the 81 students enrolled at the school. Sarah Raymond was paid $125 per month, and Mrs. Farley was paid $75 per month. No textbooks were used in the school. In their place was an assortment of books brought by various emigrants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien200314–16-263">[262]</a> Raymond quit teaching the following year, but she later became the Madison County superintendent of schools.<a href="#cite_note-Briggeman-262">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montana" title="Music of Montana">Music of Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Montana#Artists" title="List of people from Montana">Artists from Montana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Montana" title="List of people from Montana">Authors from Montana</a></div> Many well-known artists, photographers and authors have documented the land, culture and people of Montana in the last 130 years. Painter and sculptor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Marion_Russell" title="Charles Marion Russell">Charles Marion Russell</a>, known as "the cowboy artist", created more than 2,000 paintings of <a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">cowboys</a>, Native Americans, and landscapes set in the <a href="/wiki/American_West" class="mw-redirect" title="American West">Western United States</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, Canada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Toronto2000-264">[263]</a> The <a href="/wiki/C._M._Russell_Museum_Complex" title="C. M. Russell Museum Complex">C. M. Russell Museum Complex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Great_Falls,_Montana" title="Great Falls, Montana">Great Falls, Montana</a>, houses more than 2,000 Russell artworks, personal objects, and artifacts. Pioneering feminist author, film-maker, and media personality <a href="/wiki/Mary_MacLane" title="Mary MacLane">Mary MacLane</a> attained international fame in 1902 with her memoir of three months in her life in <a href="/wiki/Butte,_Montana" title="Butte, Montana">Butte</a>, The Story of Mary MacLane. She referred to Butte throughout the rest of her career and remains a controversial figure there for her mixture of criticism and love for Butte and its people. <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Cameron" title="Evelyn Cameron">Evelyn Cameron</a>, a naturalist and photographer from <a href="/wiki/Terry,_Montana" title="Terry, Montana">Terry</a> documented early 20th-century life on the Montana prairie, taking startlingly clear pictures of everything around her: cowboys, sheepherders, weddings, river crossings, freight wagons, people working, badlands, eagles, coyotes and wolves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Travel2010-265">[264]</a> Many notable Montana authors have documented or been inspired by life in Montana in both fiction and non-fiction works. <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Earle_Stegner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallace Earle Stegner">Wallace Earle Stegner</a> from Great Falls was often called "The Dean of Western Writers".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoswell2006-266">[265]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Willard_Schultz" title="James Willard Schultz">James Willard Schultz</a> ("Apikuni") from <a href="/wiki/Browning,_Montana" title="Browning, Montana">Browning</a> is most noted for his prolific stories about Blackfeet life and his contributions to the naming of prominent features in Glacier National Park.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanna198895–111-267">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_cultural_events">Major cultural events</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Major cultural events">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowdance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Crowdance.jpg/220px-Crowdance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Crowdance.jpg/330px-Crowdance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Crowdance.jpg/440px-Crowdance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="926" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Dancers at Crow Fair in 1941</figcaption></figure> Montana hosts numerous arts and cultural festivals and events every year. Major events include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bozeman,_Montana" title="Bozeman, Montana">Bozeman</a> was once known as the "Sweet Pea capital of the nation" referencing the prolific edible pea crop. To promote the area and celebrate its prosperity, local business owners began a "Sweet Pea Carnival" that included a parade and queen contest. The annual event lasted from 1906 to 1916. Promoters used the inedible but fragrant and colorful <a href="/wiki/Sweet_pea" title="Sweet pea">sweet pea</a> flower as an emblem of the celebration. In 1977 the "Sweet Pea" concept was revived as an arts festival rather than a harvest celebration, growing into a three-day event that is one of the largest festivals in Montana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurlbutDavis2009179–181-268">[267]</a></li> <li>Montana Shakespeare in the Parks has been performing free, live theatrical productions of Shakespeare and other classics throughout Montana and the Northwest region since 1973. The organization is an outreach endeavor that is part of the College of Arts & Architecture at Montana State University, Bozeman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare_in_the_Parks2012-269">[268]</a> The Montana Shakespeare Company is based in Helena.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln2012-270">[269]</a></li> <li>Since 1909, the <a href="/wiki/Crow_Fair" title="Crow Fair">Crow Fair and Rodeo</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Hardin,_Montana" title="Hardin, Montana">Hardin</a>, has been an annual event every August in <a href="/wiki/Crow_Agency,_Montana" title="Crow Agency, Montana">Crow Agency</a> and is the largest Northern Native American gathering, attracting nearly 45,000 spectators and participants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScandale2011-271">[270]</a> Since 1952, North American Indian Days has been held every July in Browning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth_American_Indian_Days2013-272">[271]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lame_Deer,_Montana" title="Lame Deer, Montana">Lame Deer</a> hosts the annual Northern Cheyenne Powwow.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bobcat_stadium_gold_rush_2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bobcat_stadium_gold_rush_2012.JPG/220px-Bobcat_stadium_gold_rush_2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bobcat_stadium_gold_rush_2012.JPG/330px-Bobcat_stadium_gold_rush_2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bobcat_stadium_gold_rush_2012.JPG/440px-Bobcat_stadium_gold_rush_2012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Montana_State_Bobcats_football" title="Montana State Bobcats football">Montana State Bobcats football</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bobcat_Stadium_(Montana_State_University)" title="Bobcat Stadium (Montana State University)">Bobcat Stadium (Montana State University)</a>, Bozeman</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Professional_sports">Professional sports</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Professional sports">edit</a>]</div> There are no <a href="/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada">major league</a> sports franchises in Montana due to the state's relatively small and dispersed population, but a number of <a href="/wiki/Minor_league" title="Minor league">minor league</a> teams play in the state. <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> is the minor-league sport with the longest heritage in the state and Montana is home to four <a href="/wiki/Independent_baseball_league" title="Independent baseball league">independent</a> teams, all members of the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_League_(baseball)" title="Pioneer League (baseball)">Pioneer League</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Billings_Mustangs" title="Billings Mustangs">Billings Mustangs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Falls_Voyagers" title="Great Falls Voyagers">Great Falls Voyagers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missoula_PaddleHeads" title="Missoula PaddleHeads">Missoula PaddleHeads</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Glacier_Range_Riders" title="Glacier Range Riders">Glacier Range Riders</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="College_sports">College sports</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: College sports">edit</a>]</div> All of Montana's four-year colleges and universities field intercollegiate sports teams. The two largest schools, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Montana-Missoula" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Montana-Missoula">University of Montana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montana_State_University_-_Bozeman" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana State University - Bozeman">Montana State University</a>, are members of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Sky_Conference" title="Big Sky Conference">Big Sky Conference</a> and have enjoyed a strong athletic rivalry since the early twentieth century. Six of Montana's smaller four-year schools are members of the <a href="/wiki/Frontier_Conference" title="Frontier Conference">Frontier Conference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrotier_Conference2013-273">[272]</a> One is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northwest_Athletic_Conference" title="Great Northwest Athletic Conference">Great Northwest Athletic Conference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreat_Northwest_Athletic_Conference2013-274">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_sports">Other sports</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Other sports">edit</a>]</div> A variety of sports are offered at Montana high schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_High_School_Association2013-275">[274]</a> Montana allows the smallest—"Class C"—high schools to utilize <a href="/wiki/Six-man_football" title="Six-man football">six-man football</a> teams,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_High_School_Association-Football2013139–141-276">[275]</a> dramatized in the independent 2002 film <a href="/wiki/The_Slaughter_Rule" title="The Slaughter Rule">The Slaughter Rule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden2002-277">[276]</a> There are junior <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> teams in Montana, three of which are affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/North_American_3_Hockey_League" title="North American 3 Hockey League">North American 3 Hockey League</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Bozeman_Icedogs" title="Bozeman Icedogs">Bozeman Icedogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Falls_Americans" title="Great Falls Americans">Great Falls Americans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Helena_Bighorns" title="Helena Bighorns">Helena Bighorns</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Olympic_competitors">Olympic competitors</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Olympic competitors">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ski_jumping" title="Ski jumping">Ski jumping</a> champion and <a href="/wiki/National_Ski_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Ski Hall of Fame">United States Skiing Hall of Fame</a> inductee <a href="/wiki/Casper_Oimoen" title="Casper Oimoen">Casper Oimoen</a> was captain of the U.S. Olympic team at the <a href="/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics" title="1936 Winter Olympics">1936 Winter Olympics</a> while he was a resident of Montana. He placed thirteenth that year, and had previously finished fifth at the <a href="/wiki/1932_Winter_Olympics" title="1932 Winter Olympics">1932 Winter Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dawson-278">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eriksmoen-279">[278]</a></li> <li>Montana has produced two <a href="/wiki/United_States_Figure_Skating_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Figure Skating Championships">U.S. champions</a> and Olympic competitors in <a href="/wiki/Men%27s_figure_skating" class="mw-redirect" title="Men's figure skating">men's figure skating</a>, both from Great Falls: <a href="/wiki/John_Misha_Petkevich" title="John Misha Petkevich">John Misha Petkevich</a>, lived and trained in Montana before entering college, competed in the 1968 and 1972 <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Olympics">Winter Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESports_Reference2013-280">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttum1968-281">[280]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scott_Davis_(figure_skater)" title="Scott Davis (figure skater)">Scott Davis</a>, also from Great Falls, competed at the <a href="/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics" title="1994 Winter Olympics">1994 Winter Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIce_Network2012-282">[281]</a></li> <li>Missoulian <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Moe" title="Tommy Moe">Tommy Moe</a> won Olympic gold and silver medals at the <a href="/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics" title="1994 Winter Olympics">1994 Winter Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Downhill_skiing" class="mw-redirect" title="Downhill skiing">downhill skiing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Super_G" class="mw-redirect" title="Super G">super G</a>, the first American skier to win two medals at any Winter Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-Moe-283">[282]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Bergoust" title="Eric Bergoust">Eric Bergoust</a>, also of Missoula, won an Olympic gold medal in <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_skiing#Aerial_skiing" title="Freestyle skiing">freestyle aerial skiing</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics" title="1998 Winter Olympics">1998 Winter Olympics</a>, also competing in 1994, 2002 and 2006 Olympics plus winning 13 World Cup titles.<a href="#cite_note-Bergoust-284">[283]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Voisin" title="Maggie Voisin">Maggie Voisin</a>, of Whitefish, competed in the 2018 and 2022 Winter Olympics as a skier. She also qualified for the 2014 Winter Olympics but was unable to play as she broke her ankle during training.<a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sporting_achievements">Sporting achievements</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Sporting achievements">edit</a>]</div> Montanans have been a part of several major sporting achievements: <ul><li>In 1889, <a href="/wiki/Spokane_(horse)" title="Spokane (horse)">Spokane</a> became the first and only Montana horse to win the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Derby" title="Kentucky Derby">Kentucky Derby</a>. For this accomplishment, the horse was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Montana_Cowboy_Hall_of_Fame" title="Montana Cowboy Hall of Fame">Montana Cowboy Hall of Fame</a> in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKentucky_Derby2013-286">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Cowboy_Hall_of_Fame2013-287">[286]</a></li> <li>In 1904 a <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> team of young Native American women from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Shaw,_Montana" title="Fort Shaw, Montana">Fort Shaw</a>, after playing undefeated during their previous season, went to the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition" title="Louisiana Purchase Exposition">Louisiana Purchase Exposition</a> held in St. Louis in 1904, defeated all challenging teams and were declared to be world champions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeaveySmith2008-288">[287]</a></li> <li>In 1923, the controversial <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dempsey_vs._Tommy_Gibbons" title="Jack Dempsey vs. Tommy Gibbons">Jack Dempsey vs. Tommy Gibbons</a> fight for the heavyweight boxing championship, won by Dempsey, took place in <a href="/wiki/Shelby,_Montana" title="Shelby, Montana">Shelby</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1966-289">[288]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lone_Mountain,_January_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Lone_Mountain%2C_January_2018.jpg/220px-Lone_Mountain%2C_January_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Lone_Mountain%2C_January_2018.jpg/330px-Lone_Mountain%2C_January_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Lone_Mountain%2C_January_2018.jpg/440px-Lone_Mountain%2C_January_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Lone Mountain at <a href="/wiki/Big_Sky_Ski_Resort" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Sky Ski Resort">Big Sky Ski Resort</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outdoor_recreation">Outdoor recreation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Outdoor recreation">edit</a>]</div> Montana provides year-round outdoor recreation opportunities for residents and visitors. Hiking, fishing, hunting, watercraft recreation, camping, golf, cycling, horseback riding, and skiing are popular activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Outdoor_Recreation2013-290">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fishing_and_hunting">Fishing and hunting</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Fishing and hunting">edit</a>]</div> Montana has been a destination for its world-class trout fisheries since the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchullery2006a31–50-291">[290]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</a> for several species of native and introduced <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a> in rivers and lakes is popular for both residents and tourists throughout the state. Montana is the home of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Fly_Fishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation of Fly Fishers">Federation of Fly Fishers</a> and hosts many of the organization's annual conclaves. The state has robust recreational <a href="/wiki/Lake_trout" title="Lake trout">lake trout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kokanee_salmon" title="Kokanee salmon">kokanee salmon</a> fisheries in the west, <a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">walleye</a> can be found in many parts of the state, while <a href="/wiki/Northern_pike" title="Northern pike">northern pike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smallmouth_bass" title="Smallmouth bass">smallmouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Largemouth_bass" title="Largemouth bass">largemouth bass</a> fisheries as well as <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paddlefish" title="Paddlefish">paddlefish</a> can be found in the waters of eastern Montana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisheries_Management_Plan2013-292">[291]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A_River_Runs_Through_It_(film)" title="A River Runs Through It (film)">1992 film</a> of <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mclean" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Mclean">Norman Mclean</a>'s novel, <a href="/wiki/A_River_Runs_Through_It_(novel)" title="A River Runs Through It (novel)">A River Runs Through It</a>, was filmed in Montana and brought national attention to fly fishing and the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchullery2006b167–186-293">[292]</a> Fishing makes up a sizeable component of Montana's total tourism economic output: in 2017, nonresidents generated $4.7 billion in economic output, of which, $1.3 billion was generated by visitor groups participating in guided fishing experiences.<a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a> There are fall bow and general hunting seasons for <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">pronghorn antelope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitetail_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitetail deer">whitetail deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">mule deer</a>. A random draw grants a limited number of permits for <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">mountain goats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">bighorn sheep</a>. There is a spring hunting season for <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">black bear</a> and limited hunting of <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_Park_bison_herd" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellowstone Park bison herd">bison that leave Yellowstone National Park</a> has been allowed. Current law allows both hunters and trappers specified numbers ("limits") of <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mountain_lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain lion">mountain lions</a>. Trapping of assorted fur-bearing animals is allowed in certain seasons and many opportunities exist for migratory waterfowl and upland bird hunting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Hunting_Regulations2012-295">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Trapping2013-296">[295]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Elk_Foundation" title="Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation">Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation</a>, which protects wildlife habitat and promotes hunting heritage, was founded in Montana. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Winter_sports">Winter sports</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Winter sports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Sky_resort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Big_Sky_resort.jpg/220px-Big_Sky_resort.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Big_Sky_resort.jpg/330px-Big_Sky_resort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Big_Sky_resort.jpg/440px-Big_Sky_resort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Big_Sky_Resort" title="Big Sky Resort">Big Sky Resort</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Lodge_Palisades.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Red_Lodge_Palisades.jpg/220px-Red_Lodge_Palisades.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Red_Lodge_Palisades.jpg/330px-Red_Lodge_Palisades.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Red_Lodge_Palisades.jpg/440px-Red_Lodge_Palisades.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Palisades area on the north end of the ski area at <a href="/wiki/Red_Lodge_Mountain_Resort" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Lodge Mountain Resort">Red Lodge Mountain Resort</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SnowmobilesYellowstone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SnowmobilesYellowstone.jpg/220px-SnowmobilesYellowstone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SnowmobilesYellowstone.jpg/330px-SnowmobilesYellowstone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SnowmobilesYellowstone.jpg/440px-SnowmobilesYellowstone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1348" /></a><figcaption>Guided snowmobile tours in Yellowstone Park</figcaption></figure> Both <a href="/wiki/Downhill_skiing" class="mw-redirect" title="Downhill skiing">downhill skiing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing" title="Cross-country skiing">cross-country skiing</a> are popular in Montana, and there are 15 developed downhill ski areas open to the public,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter_Montana—Resorts2010-297">[296]</a> including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Paw_Ski_Bowl" title="Bear Paw Ski Bowl">Bear Paw Ski Bowl</a> near <a href="/wiki/Havre,_Montana" title="Havre, Montana">Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Sky_Resort" title="Big Sky Resort">Big Sky Resort</a> in <a href="/wiki/Big_Sky,_Montana" title="Big Sky, Montana">Big Sky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacktail_Mountain_Ski_Area" title="Blacktail Mountain Ski Area">Blacktail Mountain Ski Area</a> near <a href="/wiki/Lakeside,_Montana" title="Lakeside, Montana">Lakeside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridger_Bowl_Ski_Area" title="Bridger Bowl Ski Area">Bridger Bowl Ski Area</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bozeman,_Montana" title="Bozeman, Montana">Bozeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery Basin">Discovery Ski Area</a> near <a href="/wiki/Philipsburg,_Montana" title="Philipsburg, Montana">Philipsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divide_Ski_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Divide Ski Area">Great Divide Ski Area</a> near <a href="/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookout_Pass_Ski_and_Recreation_Area" title="Lookout Pass Ski and Recreation Area">Lookout Pass Ski and Recreation Area</a> off <a href="/wiki/Interstate_90" title="Interstate 90">Interstate 90</a> at the Montana-Idaho border</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Trail_Powder_Mountain" title="Lost Trail Powder Mountain">Lost Trail Powder Mountain</a> near <a href="/wiki/Darby,_Montana" title="Darby, Montana">Darby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maverick_Mountain_Ski_Area" title="Maverick Mountain Ski Area">Maverick Mountain Ski Area</a> near <a href="/wiki/Dillon,_Montana" title="Dillon, Montana">Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Snowbowl" title="Montana Snowbowl">Montana Snowbowl</a> near <a href="/wiki/Missoula,_Montana" title="Missoula, Montana">Missoula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lodge_Mountain_Resort" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Lodge Mountain Resort">Red Lodge Mountain Resort</a> near <a href="/wiki/Red_Lodge,_Montana" title="Red Lodge, Montana">Red Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showdown_Ski_Area" title="Showdown Ski Area">Showdown Ski Area</a> near <a href="/wiki/White_Sulphur_Springs,_Montana" title="White Sulphur Springs, Montana">White Sulphur Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teton_Pass_Ski_Area" title="Teton Pass Ski Area">Teton Pass Ski Area</a> near <a href="/wiki/Choteau,_Montana" title="Choteau, Montana">Choteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turner_Mountain_Ski_Resort" title="Turner Mountain Ski Resort">Turner Mountain Ski Resort</a> near <a href="/wiki/Libby,_Montana" title="Libby, Montana">Libby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitefish_Mountain_Resort" title="Whitefish Mountain Resort">Whitefish Mountain Resort</a> near <a href="/wiki/Whitefish,_Montana" title="Whitefish, Montana">Whitefish</a></li></ul> Big Sky Resort and Whitefish Mountain Resort are <a href="/wiki/Conference_and_resort_hotels" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference and resort hotels">destination resorts</a>, while the remaining areas do not have overnight lodging at the ski area, though several host restaurants and other amenities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter_Montana—Resorts2010-297">[296]</a> Montana also has millions of acres open to cross-country skiing on nine of its national forests and in Glacier National Park. In addition to cross-country trails at most of the downhill ski areas, there are also 13 private cross-country skiing resorts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter_Montana—XC2010-298">[297]</a> Yellowstone National Park also allows cross-country skiing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Park_Service-Yellowstone2013-299">[298]</a> <a href="/wiki/Snowmobile" title="Snowmobile">Snowmobiling</a> is popular in Montana, which boasts over 4,000 miles of trails and frozen lakes available in winter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Snowmobiling2013-300">[299]</a> There are 24 areas where snowmobile trails are maintained, most also offering ungroomed trails.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter_Montana-Snowmobiling2010-301">[300]</a> <a href="/wiki/West_Yellowstone,_Montana" title="West Yellowstone, Montana">West Yellowstone</a> offers a large selection of trails and is the primary starting point for snowmobile trips into Yellowstone National Park,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter_Montana-West_Yellowstone2010-302">[301]</a> where "oversnow" vehicle use is strictly limited, usually to guided tours, and regulations are in considerable flux.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Park_Service-Yellowstone_in_Winter2013-303">[302]</a> <a href="/wiki/Snow_coach" title="Snow coach">Snow coach</a> tours are offered at Big Sky, Whitefish, West Yellowstone and into Yellowstone National Park.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter_Montana-Snowcoaches2010-304">[303]</a> Equestrian <a href="/wiki/Skijoring" title="Skijoring">skijoring</a> has a niche in Montana, which hosts the World Skijoring Championships in Whitefish as part of the annual <a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitefish_Winter_Carnival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Whitefish Winter Carnival (page does not exist)">Whitefish Winter Carnival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitefish_Skijoring2013-305">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> Montana has two <a href="/wiki/Level_I_trauma_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Level I trauma center">Trauma I</a> hospitals, both in Billings. The Billings Clinic hospital became the first in Montana and neighboring Wyoming.<a href="#cite_note-306">[305]</a> In 2024, Intermountain Health's St. Vincent Regional Hospital also received verification.<a href="#cite_note-307">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[307]</a> There are <a href="/wiki/Level_II_trauma_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Level II trauma center">Trauma II</a> hospitals in Missoula and Great Falls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrauma_Centers2013-309">[308]</a> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/AARP_The_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="AARP The Magazine">AARP The Magazine</a> named the <a href="/wiki/Billings_Clinic" title="Billings Clinic">Billings Clinic</a> one of the safest hospitals in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowardB201346–50-310">[309]</a> Montana is ranked as the least obese state in the U.S., at 19.6%, according to the 2014 Gallup Poll.<a href="#cite_note-Gallup_Obesity_Poll-311">[310]</a> Montana had a <a href="/wiki/Suicide_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide rate">suicide rate</a> of 26.1 per 100,000 in 2020, which is the 3rd-highest among U.S. states; high suicide rates are common among sparsely-populated states in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-cdcstats-312">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-cdcsuicide-313">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Montana" title="List of radio stations in Montana">List of radio stations in Montana</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Montana" title="List of television stations in Montana">List of television stations in Montana</a></div> As of 2010, Missoula is the 166th largest <a href="/wiki/Media_market" title="Media market">media market</a> in the United States as ranked by <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_Media_Research" title="Nielsen Media Research">Nielsen Media Research</a>, while Billings is 170th, Great Falls is 190th, the Butte/Bozeman area 191st, and Helena is 206th.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENielsen2010-314">[313]</a> There are 25 <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Montana" title="List of television stations in Montana">television stations in Montana</a>, representing each major <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_over-the-air_television_networks" title="List of United States over-the-air television networks">U.S. network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStation_Index2013-315">[314]</a> As of August 2013, there are 527 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a>-licensed FM <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Montana" title="List of radio stations in Montana">stations broadcast in Montana</a>, with 114 such AM stations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFCC-FM2013-316">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFCC-AM2013-317">[316]</a> During the age of the <a href="/wiki/Copper_Kings" title="Copper Kings">Copper Kings</a>, each Montana copper company had its own newspaper. This changed in 1959 when <a href="/wiki/Lee_Enterprises" title="Lee Enterprises">Lee Enterprises</a> bought several Montana newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee_Enterprises-Newspapers2013-318">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee_Enterprises-History2013-319">[318]</a> Montana's largest circulating daily city newspapers are the <a href="/wiki/Billings_Gazette" title="Billings Gazette">Billings Gazette</a> (circulation 39,405), <a href="/wiki/Great_Falls_Tribune" title="Great Falls Tribune">Great Falls Tribune</a> (26,733), and <a href="/wiki/Missoulian" title="Missoulian">Missoulian</a> (25,439).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondo_Times2013-320">[319]</a> In May 2023, Montana became the first US state to ban the social media app <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a> and online marketplace <a href="/wiki/Temu_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temu (company)">Temu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-321">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[322]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Montana" title="Transportation in Montana">Transportation in Montana</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Montana_railroads" title="List of Montana railroads">List of Montana railroads</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Montana_numbered_highways" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Montana numbered highways">List of Montana numbered highways</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Montana" title="List of airports in Montana">List of airports in Montana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Yellowstone_MT_-_aerial_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/West_Yellowstone_MT_-_aerial_edit.jpg/300px-West_Yellowstone_MT_-_aerial_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/West_Yellowstone_MT_-_aerial_edit.jpg/450px-West_Yellowstone_MT_-_aerial_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/West_Yellowstone_MT_-_aerial_edit.jpg/600px-West_Yellowstone_MT_-_aerial_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_Airport" title="Yellowstone Airport">Yellowstone Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Yellowstone,_Montana" title="West Yellowstone, Montana">West Yellowstone, Montana</a></figcaption></figure> Railroads have been an important method of transportation in Montana since the 1880s. Historically, the state was traversed by the main lines of three east–west transcontinental routes: the <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Road" title="Milwaukee Road">Milwaukee Road</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(U.S.)" title="Great Northern Railway (U.S.)">Great Northern</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railway" title="Northern Pacific Railway">Northern Pacific</a>. Today, the <a href="/wiki/BNSF_Railway" title="BNSF Railway">BNSF Railway</a> is the state's largest railroad, its main transcontinental route incorporating the former Great Northern main line across the state. <a href="/wiki/Montana_RailLink" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana RailLink">Montana RailLink</a>, a privately held <a href="/wiki/Class_II_railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Class II railroad">Class II railroad</a>, operated former Northern Pacific trackage in western Montana before being bought out by BNSF. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Empire_Builder" title="Empire Builder">Empire Builder</a> train runs through the north of the state, stopping in <a href="/wiki/Libby,_Montana" title="Libby, Montana">Libby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitefish,_Montana" title="Whitefish, Montana">Whitefish</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Glacier,_Montana" title="West Glacier, Montana">West Glacier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essex,_Montana" title="Essex, Montana">Essex</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Glacier_Park_Village,_Montana" title="East Glacier Park Village, Montana">East Glacier Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Browning,_Montana" title="Browning, Montana">Browning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cut_Bank,_Montana" title="Cut Bank, Montana">Cut Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shelby,_Montana" title="Shelby, Montana">Shelby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Havre,_Montana" title="Havre, Montana">Havre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta,_Montana" title="Malta, Montana">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow,_Montana" title="Glasgow, Montana">Glasgow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Point,_Montana" title="Wolf Point, Montana">Wolf Point</a>. Intercity bus service in Montana is provided by <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Lines" title="Jefferson Lines">Jefferson Lines</a> and Express Arrow. <a href="/wiki/Bozeman_Yellowstone_International_Airport" title="Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport">Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport</a> is the busiest airport in the state of Montana, surpassing <a href="/wiki/Billings_Logan_International_Airport" title="Billings Logan International Airport">Billings Logan International Airport</a> in the spring of 2013.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacaj2013-324">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKTVQ2013-325">[324]</a> Montana's other major airports include <a href="/wiki/Missoula_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Missoula International Airport">Missoula International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Falls_International_Airport" title="Great Falls International Airport">Great Falls International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glacier_Park_International_Airport" title="Glacier Park International Airport">Glacier Park International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helena_Regional_Airport" title="Helena Regional Airport">Helena Regional Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bert_Mooney_Airport" title="Bert Mooney Airport">Bert Mooney Airport</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_Airport" title="Yellowstone Airport">Yellowstone Airport</a>. Eight smaller communities have airports designated for commercial service under the <a href="/wiki/Essential_Air_Service" title="Essential Air Service">Essential Air Service</a> program.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Transportation2012-326">[325]</a> Historically, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_10" title="U.S. Route 10">U.S. Route 10</a> was the primary east–west highway route across Montana, connecting the major cities in the southern half of the state. Still, the state's most important east–west travel corridor, the route is today served by <a href="/wiki/Interstate_90" title="Interstate 90">Interstate 90</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_94" title="Interstate 94">Interstate 94</a> which roughly follow the same route as the Northern Pacific. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_2" title="U.S. Route 2">U.S. Routes 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_12" title="U.S. Route 12">12</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montana_Highway_200" title="Montana Highway 200">Montana Highway 200</a> also traverse the entire state from east to west. Montana's only north–south <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate Highway">Interstate Highway</a> is <a href="/wiki/Interstate_15_in_Montana" title="Interstate 15 in Montana">Interstate 15</a>. Other major north–south highways include <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_87" title="U.S. Route 87">U.S. Routes 87</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_89" title="U.S. Route 89">89</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_93" title="U.S. Route 93">93</a>, and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_191" title="U.S. Route 191">191</a>. Montana and <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> are the only states to share a land border that is not traversed by a paved road. Highway 212, the primary paved route between the two, passes through the northeast corner of Wyoming between Montana and South Dakota.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESites2012-327">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Transportation2013-328">[327]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_and_government">Law and government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Law and government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Montana_State_Government" title="Montana State Government">Montana State Government</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitution">Constitution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Constitution">edit</a>]</div> Montana is governed by a constitution. The first constitution was drafted by a constitutional convention in 1889, in preparation for statehood. Ninety percent of its language came from an 1884 constitution which was never acted upon by Congress for national political reasons. The 1889 constitution mimicked the structure of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, as well as outlining almost the same civil and political rights for citizens. However, the 1889 Montana constitution significantly restricted the power of state government, the legislature was much more powerful than the executive branch, and the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Montana_District_Courts" title="Montana District Courts">District Courts</a> very specifically described.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElisonSnyder20013–4,_144-329">[328]</a> Montana voters amended the 1889 constitution 37 times between 1889 and 1972.<a href="#cite_note-330">[329]</a> In 1914, Montana <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">granted women the vote</a>. In 1916, Montana became the first state to elect a woman, <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressive Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Rankin" title="Jeannette Rankin">Jeannette Rankin</a>, to Congress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWomen's_National_History2013-331">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeannette_Rankin2011-332">[331]</a> In 1971, Montana voters approved the call for a state constitutional convention. A new constitution was drafted, which made the legislative and executive branches much more equal in power and which was much less prescriptive in outlining powers, duties, and jurisdictions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElisonSnyder2001144-333">[332]</a> The draft included an expanded, more <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> list of civil and political rights, extended these rights to children for the first time, transferred administration of property taxes to the counties from the state, implemented new <a href="/wiki/Water_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Water rights">water rights</a>, eliminated <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity" title="Sovereign immunity">sovereign immunity</a>, and gave the legislature greater power to spend tax revenues. The constitution was narrowly approved, 116,415 to 113,883, and declared ratified on June 20, 1972. Three issues that the constitutional convention was unable to resolve were submitted to voters simultaneously with the proposed constitution. Voters approved the legalization of gambling, a bicameral legislature, and retention of the death penalty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElisonSnyder200116–18-334">[333]</a> The 1972 constitution has been amended 31 times as of 2015.<a href="#cite_note-sos1972current-335">[334]</a> Major amendments include establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">reclamation trust</a> (funded by taxes on natural resource extraction) to restore mined land (1974); restoration of sovereign immunity, when such immunity has been approved by a two-thirds vote in each house (1974); establishment of a 90-day biennial (rather than annual) legislative session (1974); establishment of a coal tax trust fund, funded by a tax on coal extraction (1976); conversion of the mandatory decennial review of county government into a voluntary one, to be approved or disallowed by residents in each county (1978); conversion of the provision of public assistance from a mandatory civil right to a non-fundamental legislative prerogative (1988);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElisonSnyder200119–20-336">[335]</a> a new constitutional right to hunt and fish (2004); a now-defunct prohibition on <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> (2004); a prohibition on new taxes on the sale or transfer of real property (2010), and a constitutional provision codifying <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Montana" title="Abortion in Montana">abortion</a> rights (2024).<a href="#cite_note-sos1972current-335">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[336]</a> In 1992, voters approved a constitutional amendment implementing <a href="/wiki/Term_limits" class="mw-redirect" title="Term limits">term limits</a> for certain statewide elected executive branch offices (governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, state auditor, attorney general, superintendent of public instruction) and for members of the <a href="/wiki/Montana_Legislature" title="Montana Legislature">Montana Legislature</a>. Extensive new constitutional rights for victims of crime were approved in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-338">[337]</a> The 1972 constitution requires that voters determine every 20 years whether to hold a new constitutional convention. Voters turned down a new convention in 1990 (84 percent no)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElisonSnyder200119-339">[338]</a> and again in 2010 (58.6 percent no).<a href="#cite_note-340">[339]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive">Executive</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Executive">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Montana">List of Governors of Montana</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Montana" title="United States congressional delegations from Montana">United States congressional delegations from Montana</a></div> Montana has three branches of state government: legislative, executive, and judicial. The executive branch is headed by an elected governor. The governor is <a href="/wiki/Greg_Gianforte" title="Greg Gianforte">Greg Gianforte</a>, a Republican elected in 2020. There are also nine other statewide elected offices in the executive branch: Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, Secretary of State, State Auditor (who also serves as Commissioner of Securities and Insurance), and Superintendent of Public Instruction. There are five public service commissioners, who are elected on a regional basis. (The Public Service Commission's jurisdiction is statewide.) There are 18 departments and offices which make up the executive branch: Administration; Agriculture; Auditor (securities and insurance); Commerce; Corrections; Environmental Quality; Fish, Wildlife & Parks; Justice; Labor and Industry; Livestock; Military Affairs; Natural Resources and Conservation; Public Health and Human Services; Revenue; State; and Transportation. Elementary and secondary education are overseen by the Office of Public Instruction (led by the elected superintendent of public instruction), in cooperation with the governor-appointed Board of Public Education. Higher education is overseen by a governor-appointed Board of Regents, which in turn appoints a commissioner of higher education. The Office of the Commissioner of Higher Education acts in an executive capacity on behalf of the regents and oversees the state-run <a href="/wiki/Montana_University_System" title="Montana University System">Montana University System</a>. Independent state agencies not within a department or office include the Montana Arts Council, Montana Board of Crime Control, Montana Historical Society, Montana Public Employees Retirement Administration, Commissioner of Political Practices, the Montana Lottery, Office of the State Public Defender, Public Service Commission, the Montana School for the Deaf and Blind, the Montana State Fund (which operates the state's unemployment insurance, worker compensation, and self-insurance operations), the Montana State Library, and the Montana Teachers Retirement System. Montana is an <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage_control_state" title="Alcoholic beverage control state">alcoholic beverage control state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-341">[340]</a> It is an <a href="/wiki/Division_of_property" title="Division of property">equitable distribution</a> and <a href="/wiki/No-fault_divorce" title="No-fault divorce">no-fault divorce</a> state. It is one of five states to have no <a href="/wiki/Sales_tax" title="Sales tax">sales tax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-342">[341]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative">Legislative</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Legislative">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Montana_Legislature" title="Montana Legislature">Montana Legislature</a> is bicameral and consists of the 50-member <a href="/wiki/Montana_Senate" title="Montana Senate">Montana Senate</a> and the 100-member <a href="/wiki/Montana_House_of_Representatives" title="Montana House of Representatives">Montana House of Representatives</a>. The legislature meets in the <a href="/wiki/Montana_State_Capitol" title="Montana State Capitol">Montana State Capitol</a> in Helena in odd-numbered years for 90 days, beginning the first weekday of the year. The deadline for a legislator to introduce a general bill is the 40th legislative day. The deadline for a legislator to introduce an appropriations, revenue, or referendum bill is the 62nd legislative day. Senators serve four-year terms, while Representatives serve two-year terms. All members are limited to serving no more than eight years in a single 16-year period. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial">Judicial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Judicial">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Montana" title="Special:EditPage/Montana">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (September 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Montana" title="Courts of Montana">Courts of Montana</a> are established by the Constitution of Montana. The constitution requires the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Montana_Supreme_Court" title="Montana Supreme Court">Montana Supreme Court</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montana_District_Courts" title="Montana District Courts">Montana District Courts</a>, and permits the legislature to establish <a href="/wiki/Montana_inferior_courts" title="Montana inferior courts">Justice Courts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana_inferior_courts" title="Montana inferior courts">City Courts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana_inferior_courts" title="Montana inferior courts">Municipal Courts</a>, and other inferior courts such as the legislature sees fit to establish. The Montana Supreme Court is the court of last resort in the Montana court system. The constitution of 1889 provided for the election of no fewer than three Supreme Court justices, and one chief justice. Each court member served a six-year term. The legislature increased the number of justices to five in 1919. The 1972 constitution lengthened the term of office to eight years and established the minimum number of justices at five. It allowed the legislature to increase the number of justices by two, which the legislature did in 1979. The Montana Supreme Court has the authority to declare acts of the legislature and executive unconstitutional under either the Montana or U.S. constitutions. Its decisions may be appealed directly to the U.S. Supreme Court. The <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Montana_Supreme_Court" title="Clerk of the Montana Supreme Court">Clerk of the Montana Supreme Court</a> is also an elected position and serves a six-year term. Neither justices nor the clerk is term-limited. <a href="/wiki/Montana_District_Courts" title="Montana District Courts">Montana District Courts</a> are the courts of general jurisdiction in Montana. There are no intermediate appellate courts. District Courts have jurisdiction primarily over most civil cases, cases involving a monetary claim against the state, felony criminal cases, probate, and cases at law and in equity. When so authorized by the legislature, actions of executive branch agencies may be appealed directly to a District Court. The District Courts also have de novo appellate jurisdiction from inferior courts (<a href="/wiki/Montana_inferior_courts" title="Montana inferior courts">city courts, justice courts, and municipal courts</a>), and oversee naturalization proceedings. District Court judges are elected and serve six-year terms. They are not term-limited. There are 22 judicial districts in Montana, served by 56 District Courts and 46 District Court judges. The District Courts suffer from excessive workload, and the legislature has struggled to find a solution to the problem. <a href="/wiki/Montana_Youth_Courts" title="Montana Youth Courts">Montana Youth Courts</a> were established by the Montana Youth Court Act of 1974. They are overseen by District Court judges. They consist of a chief probation officer, one or more juvenile probation officers, and support staff. Youth Courts have jurisdiction over misdemeanor and felony acts committed by those charged as a juvenile under the law. There is a Youth Court in every judicial district, and decisions of the Youth Court are appealable directly to the Montana Supreme Court. The Montana Worker's Compensation Court was established by the Montana Workers' Compensation Act in 1975. There is a single Workers' Compensation Court. It has a single judge, appointed by the governor. The Worker's Compensation Court has statewide jurisdiction and holds trials in Billings, Great Falls, Helena, Kalispell, and Missoula. The court hears cases arising under the Montana Workers' Compensation Act and is the court of original jurisdiction for reviews of orders and regulations issued by the Montana Department of Labor and Industry. Decisions of the court are appealable directly to the Montana Supreme Court. The <a href="/wiki/Montana_Water_Court" title="Montana Water Court">Montana Water Court</a> was established by the Montana Water Court Act of 1979. The Water Court consists of a chief water judge and four district water judges (Lower Missouri River Basin, Upper Missouri River Basin, Yellowstone River Basin, and Clark Fork River Basin). The court employs 12 permanent special masters. The Montana Judicial Nomination Commission develops short lists of nominees for all five Water Judges, who are then appointed by the Chief justice of the Montana Supreme Court (subject to confirmation by the Montana Senate). The Water Court adjudicates water rights claims under the Montana Water Use Act of 1973 and has statewide jurisdiction. District Courts have the authority to enforce decisions of the Water Court, but only the Montana Supreme Court has the authority to review decisions of the Water Court. From 1889 to 1909, elections for judicial office in Montana were partisan. Beginning in 1909, these elections became nonpartisan. The Montana Supreme Court struck down the nonpartisan law in 1911 on technical grounds, but a new law was enacted in 1935 which barred political parties from endorsing, making contributions to, or making expenditures on behalf of or against judicial candidates. In 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down Montana's judicial nonpartisan election law in <cite><a href="/wiki/American_Tradition_Partnership,_Inc._v._Bullock" title="American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock">American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock</a></cite>, 567 U.S. ____ (Sup.Ct. 2012).Although candidates must remain nonpartisan, spending by partisan entities is now permitted. Spending on state supreme court races exponentially increased to $1.6 million in 2014, and to more than $1.6 million in 2016 (both new records). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_offices_and_courts">Federal offices and courts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Federal offices and courts">edit</a>]</div> The U.S. Constitution provides each state with two senators. Montana's two U.S. senators are <a href="/wiki/Steve_Daines" title="Steve Daines">Steve Daines</a>, first elected in 2014 and later reelected in 2020, and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Sheehy" title="Tim Sheehy">Tim Sheehy</a>, elected in 2024. Both are Republicans. The U.S. Constitution provides each state with a single representative, with additional representatives apportioned based on population. From statehood in 1889 until 1913, Montana was represented in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> by a single representative, elected at-large. Montana received a second representative in 1913, following the 1910 census and reapportionment. Both members, however, were still elected at-large. Beginning in 1919, Montana moved to district, rather than at-large, elections for its two House members. This created <a href="/wiki/Montana%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Montana's 1st congressional district">Montana's 1st congressional district</a> in the west and <a href="/wiki/Montana%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Montana's 2nd congressional district">Montana's 2nd congressional district</a> in the east. In the reapportionment following the 1990 census, Montana lost one of its House seats. The remaining seat was again elected at-large. In the reapportionment following the 2020 census, Montana regained a House seat, increasing the state's number of representatives in the House to two after a thirty-year break, starting from 2023.<a href="#cite_note-343">[342]</a> Republicans <a href="/wiki/Troy_Downing" title="Troy Downing">Troy Downing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Zinke" title="Ryan Zinke">Ryan Zinke</a> are the current officeholders. Montana's Senate district is the fourth largest by area, behind Alaska, Texas, and California. The most notorious of Montana's early senators was <a href="/wiki/William_A._Clark" title="William A. Clark">William A. Clark</a>, a "<a href="/wiki/Copper_Kings" title="Copper Kings">Copper King</a>" and one of the 50 richest Americans ever. He is well known for having bribed his way into the U.S. Senate. Among Montana's most historically prominent senators are <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Walsh" title="Thomas J. Walsh">Thomas J. Walsh</a> (serving from 1913 to 1933), who was President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt's choice for attorney general when he died; <a href="/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler" title="Burton K. Wheeler">Burton K. Wheeler</a> (serving from 1923 to 1947), an oft-mentioned presidential candidate and strong supporter of isolationism; <a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mike Mansfield</a>, the longest-serving <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Senate majority leader</a> in U.S. history; <a href="/wiki/Max_Baucus" title="Max Baucus">Max Baucus</a> (served 1978 to 2014), longest-serving U.S. senator in Montana history, and the senator who shepherded the <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a> through the Senate in 2010; and <a href="/wiki/Lee_Metcalf" title="Lee Metcalf">Lee Metcalf</a> (served 1961 to 1978), a pioneer of the environmental movement. Montana's House district is the largest congressional district in the United States by population, with just over 1,023,000 constituents. It is the second-largest House district by area, after Alaska's at-large congressional district. Of Montana's House delegates, <a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Rankin" title="Jeannette Rankin">Jeannette Rankin</a> was the first woman to hold national office in the United States when she was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1916.<a href="#cite_note-344">[343]</a> Also notable is Representative (later Senator) <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Carter" title="Thomas H. Carter">Thomas H. Carter</a>, the first Catholic to serve as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a> (from 1892 to 1896).<a href="#cite_note-345">[344]</a> Federal courts in Montana include the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Montana" title="United States District Court for the District of Montana">United States District Court for the District of Montana</a> and the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Montana. Three former Montana politicians have been named judges on the U.S. District Court: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nelson_Pray" title="Charles Nelson Pray">Charles Nelson Pray</a> (who served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1907 to 1913), <a href="/wiki/James_F._Battin" title="James F. Battin">James F. Battin</a> (who served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1961 to 1969), and <a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Hatfield" title="Paul G. Hatfield">Paul G. Hatfield</a> (who served as an appointed U.S. Senator in 1978). <a href="/wiki/Brian_Morris_(judge)" title="Brian Morris (judge)">Brian Morris</a>, who served as an associate justice of the Montana Supreme Court from 2005 to 2013, currently serves as a judge on the court. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Montana" title="Political party strength in Montana">Political party strength in Montana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Montana" title="Elections in Montana">Elections in Montana</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible floatright sticky-header-multi" style="font-size: 95%;"> <caption>United States presidential election results for Montana<a href="#cite_note-346">[345]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Year </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party(ies)</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>No. </th> <th scope="col">%</th> <th scope="col">No. </th> <th scope="col">%</th> <th scope="col">No. </th> <th scope="col">% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="2024 United States presidential election in Montana">2024</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">352,079 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">58.27% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">231,906 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">38.38% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">20,196 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3.34% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="2020 United States presidential election in Montana">2020</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">343,602 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">56.92% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">244,786 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">40.55% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">15,286 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.53% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="2016 United States presidential election in Montana">2016</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">279,240 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">55.65% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">177,709 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">35.41% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">44,873 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">8.94% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="2012 United States presidential election in Montana">2012</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">267,928 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">55.30% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">201,839 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">41.66% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">14,717 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3.04% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="2008 United States presidential election in Montana">2008</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">243,882 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">49.49% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">232,159 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">47.11% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">16,709 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3.39% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="2004 United States presidential election in Montana">2004</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">266,063 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">59.07% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">173,710 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">38.56% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">10,672 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.37% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="2000 United States presidential election in Montana">2000</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">240,178 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">58.44% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">137,126 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">33.36% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">33,693 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">8.20% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1996 United States presidential election in Montana">1996</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">179,652 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">44.11% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">167,922 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">41.23% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">59,687 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">14.66% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1992 United States presidential election in Montana">1992</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">144,207 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">35.12% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">154,507 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">37.63% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">111,897 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">27.25% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1988 United States presidential election in Montana">1988</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">190,412 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">52.07% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">168,936 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">46.20% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">6,326 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.73% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1984 United States presidential election in Montana">1984</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">232,450 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">60.47% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">146,742 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">38.18% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">5,185 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.35% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1980 United States presidential election in Montana">1980</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">206,814 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">56.82% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">118,032 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">32.43% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">39,106 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">10.74% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1976 United States presidential election in Montana">1976</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">173,703 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">52.84% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">149,259 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">45.40% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">5,772 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.76% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1972 United States presidential election in Montana">1972</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">183,976 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">57.93% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">120,197 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">37.85% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">13,430 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">4.23% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1968 United States presidential election in Montana">1968</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">138,835 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">50.60% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">114,117 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">41.59% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">21,452 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">7.82% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1964 United States presidential election in Montana">1964</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">113,032 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">40.57% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">164,246 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">58.95% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1,350 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.48% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1960 United States presidential election in Montana">1960</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">141,841 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">51.10% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">134,891 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">48.60% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">847 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.31% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1956 United States presidential election in Montana">1956</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">154,933 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">57.13% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">116,238 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">42.87% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1952 United States presidential election in Montana">1952</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">157,394 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">59.39% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">106,213 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">40.07% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1,430 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.54% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1948 United States presidential election in Montana">1948</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">96,770 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">43.15% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">119,071 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">53.09% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">8,437 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3.76% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1944 United States presidential election in Montana">1944</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">93,163 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">44.93% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">112,556 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">54.28% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1,636 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.79% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1940 United States presidential election in Montana">1940</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">99,579 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">40.17% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">145,698 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">58.78% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2,596 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1936 United States presidential election in Montana">1936</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">63,598 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">27.59% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">159,690 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">69.28% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">7,224 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3.13% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1932 United States presidential election in Montana">1932</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">78,078 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">36.07% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">127,286 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">58.80% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">11,115 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">5.13% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1928 United States presidential election in Montana">1928</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">113,300 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">58.37% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">78,578 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">40.48% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2,230 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.15% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1924 United States presidential election in Montana">1924</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">74,138 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">42.50% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">33,805 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">19.38% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">66,480 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">38.11% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1920 United States presidential election in Montana">1920</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">109,430 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">61.13% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">57,372 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">32.05% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">12,204 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">6.82% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1916 United States presidential election in Montana">1916</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">66,750 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">37.57% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">101,063 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">56.88% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">9,866 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">5.55% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1912 United States presidential election in Montana">1912</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">18,512 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">23.19% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">27,941 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">35.00% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">33,373 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">41.81% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1908 United States presidential election in Montana">1908</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">32,333 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">46.98% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">29,326 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">42.61% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">7,163 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">10.41% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1904 United States presidential election in Montana">1904</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">34,932 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">54.21% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">21,773 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">33.79% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">7,739 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">12.01% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1900 United States presidential election in Montana">1900</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">25,409 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">39.79% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">37,311 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">58.43% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1,136 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.78% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1896 United States presidential election in Montana">1896</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">10,509 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">19.71% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">42,628 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">79.93% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">193 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.36% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1892 United States presidential election in Montana">1892</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">18,871 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">42.44% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">17,690 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">39.79% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">7,900 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">17.77% </td></tr> </tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2025)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana,_2016.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana%2C_2016.svg/330px-United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana%2C_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana%2C_2016.svg/500px-United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana%2C_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana%2C_2016.svg/960px-United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana%2C_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2904" data-file-height="3201" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Treemap" class="mw-redirect" title="Treemap">Treemap</a> of the popular vote by county, 2016 presidential election. Areas are in proportion to the number of votes cast in each county.</figcaption></figure> Elections in the state had been historically competitive, particularly for state-level offices. The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>'s strength in the state was gained from support among unionized miners and railroad workers, while farmers generally voted Republican. Montana had a history of voters <a href="/wiki/Split-ticket_voting" title="Split-ticket voting">splitting their tickets</a> and filling elected offices with individuals from both parties. Through the mid-20th century, the state had a tradition of "sending the liberals to Washington and the conservatives to Helena". Between 1988 and 2006, the pattern flipped, with voters more likely to elect conservatives to federal offices. There have also been long-term shifts in party control. From 1968 through 1988, the state was dominated by the Democratic Party, with Democratic governors for a 20-year period, and a Democratic majority of both the national congressional delegation and during many sessions of the state legislature. This pattern shifted, beginning with the 1988 election when Montana elected a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Republican Party">Republican</a> governor for the first time since 1964 and sent a Republican to the U.S. Senate for the first time since 1948. This shift continued with the <a href="/wiki/Reapportionment" class="mw-redirect" title="Reapportionment">reapportionment</a> of the state's legislative districts that took effect in 1994, when the Republican Party took control of both chambers of the state legislature, consolidating a Republican party dominance that lasted until the 2004 reapportionment produced more swing districts and a brief period of Democratic legislative majorities in the mid-2000s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_Legislature2012-347">[346]</a> Montana has voted for the Republican nominee in all but two presidential elections since 1952.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontana_2012_Election2013-348">[347]</a> The state last supported a Democrat for president in 1992, when <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> won a plurality victory. However, since 1889 the state has voted for Democratic governors 60 percent of the time, and Republican governors 40 percent of the time. In the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 presidential election</a>, Montana was considered a <a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">swing state</a> and was ultimately won by Republican <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> by a narrow margin of two percent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE2008_Election2008-349">[348]</a> The state's congressional seats (now two districts, but until 2023, one <a href="/wiki/Montana%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Montana's at-large congressional district">at-large district</a>) have been Republican since 1996, and its Senate seats have been held by Republicans <a href="/wiki/Steve_Daines" title="Steve Daines">Steve Daines</a> since 2015 and Tim Sheehy since 2025. The two chambers of the state's legislature had split party control from 2004 to 2010, when that year's mid-term elections decisively returned both branches to Republican control. The <a href="/wiki/Montana_Senate" title="Montana Senate">Montana Senate</a> is, as of 2021, controlled by Republicans 31 to 19, and the <a href="/wiki/Montana_House_of_Representatives" title="Montana House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> is currently 67 to 33. Historically, Republicans are strongest in the east, while Democrats are strongest in the west. Montana had <a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">only one representative</a> in the U.S. House after having lost its second district in the 1990 census reapportionment. However, it regained its second district due to reapportionment following the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a>. Before the 2020 reapportionment, Montana's at-large congressional district held the largest population of any district in the country, which means its one member in the House of Representatives represented more people than any other member of the U.S. House (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by population">List of U.S. states by population</a>).<a href="#cite_note-350">[349]</a> Montana's population grew at about the national average during the 2000s, but it had failed to regain its second seat in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECongressional_Delegation2013-351">[350]</a> In a 2020 study, Montana was ranked as the 21st easiest state for citizens to vote in.<a href="#cite_note-352">[351]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/32px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/48px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> However, the grizzly bear and Canadian lynx are listed as a threatened species only for the mainland 48 states. In general, the grizzly bear and Canadian lynx are not threatened species; the IUCN lists both as "least concern". </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-census-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf">"United States Summary: 2010, Population and Housing Unit Counts, 2010 Census of Population and Housing"</a> (PDF) (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. 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Merriam-Webster. Retrieved March 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Montana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FMontana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraetzGraetz" class="citation web cs1">Graetz, Rick; Graetz, Susie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umt.edu/this-is-montana/columns/stories/gold-western-montana.php">"Gold Gives Birth to Western Montana"</a>. This is Montana. University of Montana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240105224839/https://www.umt.edu/this-is-montana/columns/stories/gold-western-montana.php">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2024. 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August 18, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221025180240/https://www.umt.edu/news/2020/08/081820itrr.php">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2022. 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class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117154307/https://mhs.mt.gov/education/Textbook/Chapter13/chapter13.pdf">Ch. 13</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole11959228-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole11959228_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole11959228_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFToole11959">Toole1 1959</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToole11959223–224-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToole11959223–224_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFToole11959">Toole1 1959</a>, pp. 223–224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2009254[httpswebarchiveorgweb20240117154307httpsmhsmtgoveducationTextbookChapter13chapter13pdf_Ch._13]-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2009254[httpswebarchiveorgweb20240117154307httpsmhsmtgoveducationTextbookChapter13chapter13pdf_Ch._13]_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolmes2009">Holmes 2009</a>, p. 254, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117154307/https://mhs.mt.gov/education/Textbook/Chapter13/chapter13.pdf">Ch. 13</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2009255[httpswebarchiveorgweb20240117154307httpsmhsmtgoveducationTextbookChapter13chapter13pdf_Ch._13]-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2009255[httpswebarchiveorgweb20240117154307httpsmhsmtgoveducationTextbookChapter13chapter13pdf_Ch._13]_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolmes2009">Holmes 2009</a>, p. 255, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117154307/https://mhs.mt.gov/education/Textbook/Chapter13/chapter13.pdf">Ch. 13</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2009256–258[httpswebarchiveorgweb20240117154307httpsmhsmtgoveducationTextbookChapter13chapter13pdf_Ch._13]-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2009256–258[httpswebarchiveorgweb20240117154307httpsmhsmtgoveducationTextbookChapter13chapter13pdf_Ch._13]_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolmes2009">Holmes 2009</a>, pp. 256–258, <a 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Extinction, Cretaceous", in Currie, Philip J.; Padian, Kevin (eds.), Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs, San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press, pp. 221–230, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-226810-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-226810-6"><bdi>978-0-12-226810-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I.+Extinction%2C+Cretaceous&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Dinosaurs&rft.place=San+Diego%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E221-%3C%2Fspan%3E230&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-12-226810-6&rft.aulast=Archibald&rft.aufirst=J.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAarstadArguimbauBaumlerPorsild2009" class="citation book cs1">Aarstad, Rich; Arguimbau, Ellen; Baumler, Ellen; Porsild, Charlene (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=08rAI9NEbcYC&pg=PA58">Montana Place Names From Alzada to Zortman</a>. Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9759196-1-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9759196-1-3"><bdi>978-0-9759196-1-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montana+Place+Names+From+Alzada+to+Zortman&rft.place=Helena%2C+MT&rft.pub=Montana+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9759196-1-3&rft.aulast=Aarstad&rft.aufirst=Rich&rft.au=Arguimbau%2C+Ellen&rft.au=Baumler%2C+Ellen&rft.au=Porsild%2C+Charlene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D08rAI9NEbcYC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2012" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Donald (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gatheringnoisefr0000ande">Gathering Noise From My Life: A Camouflaged Memoir</a>. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gatheringnoisefr0000ande/page/4">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60938-111-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60938-111-0"><bdi>978-1-60938-111-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gathering+Noise+From+My+Life%3A+A+Camouflaged+Memoir&rft.place=Iowa+City%2C+IA&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=University+of+Iowa+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-60938-111-0&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgatheringnoisefr0000ande&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBureau_of_Economic_Analysis2011" class="citation web cs1">Avery, Jonathan E.; Siebeneck, Todd P.; Tate, Robert P. (July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120924210831/http://www.bea.gov/scb/pdf/2011/07%20July/0711_gdp-state.pdf">"Gross Domestic Product by State – Advance Statistics for 2010 and Revised Statistics for 2007–2009"</a> (PDF). Bureau of Economic Analysis. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bea.gov/scb/pdf/2011/07%20July/0711_gdp-state.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 24, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gross+Domestic+Product+by+State+%E2%80%93+Advance+Statistics+for+2010+and+Revised+Statistics+for+2007%E2%80%932009&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Economic+Analysis&rft.date=2011-07&rft.aulast=Avery&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+E.&rft.au=Siebeneck%2C+Todd+P.&rft.au=Tate%2C+Robert+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bea.gov%2Fscb%2Fpdf%2F2011%2F07%2520July%2F0711_gdp-state.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBacaj2013" class="citation news cs1">Bacaj, Jason (January 29, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/business/industry_roundup/article_a310c226-6a60-11e2-8e0c-0019bb2963f4.html">"Billings Logan International Remains Busiest in Montana"</a>. Bozeman Daily Chronicle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118084305/http://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/business/industry_roundup/article_a310c226-6a60-11e2-8e0c-0019bb2963f4.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bozeman+Daily+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Billings+Logan+International+Remains+Busiest+in+Montana&rft.date=2013-01-29&rft.aulast=Bacaj&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bozemandailychronicle.com%2Fbusiness%2Findustry_roundup%2Farticle_a310c226-6a60-11e2-8e0c-0019bb2963f4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBackus2005" class="citation news cs1">Backus, Perry (July 31, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://missoulian.com/news/article_8923be73-e363-5cf5-92c0-e44b26f643f8.html">"Beetles Shaping Montana's Forest Lands"</a>. The Missoulian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118083524/http://missoulian.com/news/article_8923be73-e363-5cf5-92c0-e44b26f643f8.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved April 6, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Missoulian&rft.atitle=Beetles+Shaping+Montana%27s+Forest+Lands&rft.date=2005-07-31&rft.aulast=Backus&rft.aufirst=Perry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmissoulian.com%2Fnews%2Farticle_8923be73-e363-5cf5-92c0-e44b26f643f8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBackus2007" class="citation news cs1">Backus, Perry (February 14, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://missoulian.com/news/state-and-regional/forest-service-finds-varied-beetle-activity/article_a413835e-1500-5319-8a5d-1f456d92fcd5.html">"Forest Service Finds Varied Beetle Activity"</a>. The Missoulan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118084718/http://missoulian.com/news/state-and-regional/forest-service-finds-varied-beetle-activity/article_a413835e-1500-5319-8a5d-1f456d92fcd5.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved March 30, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Missoulan&rft.atitle=Forest+Service+Finds+Varied+Beetle+Activity&rft.date=2007-02-14&rft.aulast=Backus&rft.aufirst=Perry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmissoulian.com%2Fnews%2Fstate-and-regional%2Fforest-service-finds-varied-beetle-activity%2Farticle_a413835e-1500-5319-8a5d-1f456d92fcd5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBallantyeRasmussen2011" class="citation web cs1">Ballantyne, Keira G.; Rasmussen, Mari B. (February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncela.gwu.edu/files/uploads/.../NABE_2011_Ballantyne_Rasmussen.pdf">"Resources for Working With the Indigenous Languages of North America and the Pacific Islands"</a> (PDF). National Clearinghouse for English Language Acquisition, George Washington University. Retrieved August 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resources+for+Working+With+the+Indigenous+Languages+of+North+America+and+the+Pacific+Islands&rft.pub=National+Clearinghouse+for+English+Language+Acquisition%2C+George+Washington+University&rft.date=2011-02&rft.aulast=Ballantyne&rft.aufirst=Keira+G.&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+Mari+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncela.gwu.edu%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2F...%2FNABE_2011_Ballantyne_Rasmussen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBallard2008" class="citation book cs1">Ballard, Jack (2008). Elk Hunting Montana: Finding Success on the Best Public Lands. Guildford, Conn.: Lyons Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59921-154-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59921-154-1"><bdi>978-1-59921-154-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elk+Hunting+Montana%3A+Finding+Success+on+the+Best+Public+Lands&rft.place=Guildford%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Lyons+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59921-154-1&rft.aulast=Ballard&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeaver2006" class="citation web cs1">Beaver, Janice Cheryl (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RS21729.pdf">"U.S. International Borders: Brief Facts"</a> (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401163943/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RS21729.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved March 27, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+International+Borders%3A+Brief+Facts&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Beaver&rft.aufirst=Janice+Cheryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FRS21729.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBergman2004" class="citation web cs1">Bergman, Brian (March 23, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/bison-back-from-brink-of-extinction">"Bison Back from Brink of Extinction"</a>. Maclean's. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070901122211/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0012570">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2007. Retrieved April 8, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maclean%27s&rft.atitle=Bison+Back+from+Brink+of+Extinction&rft.date=2004-03-23&rft.aulast=Bergman&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fbison-back-from-brink-of-extinction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoswell2006" class="citation web cs1">Boswell, Evelyn (October 5, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070820020652/http://www.montana.edu/cpa/news/nwview.php?article=4110">"New Stegner Professor to Hit the Ground Running"</a>. Montana State University News Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.montana.edu/cpa/news/nwview.php?article=4110">the original</a> on August 20, 2007. Retrieved May 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Stegner+Professor+to+Hit+the+Ground+Running&rft.pub=Montana+State+University+News+Service&rft.date=2006-10-05&rft.aulast=Boswell&rft.aufirst=Evelyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.montana.edu%2Fcpa%2Fnews%2Fnwview.php%3Farticle%3D4110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrittinghamde_la_Cruz2004" class="citation web cs1">Brittingham, Angela; de la Cruz, G. Patricia (June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040920132346/http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf">"Ancestry 2000 (C2KBR-35)"</a> (PDF). United States Bureau of the Census. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 20, 2004. Retrieved August 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancestry+2000+%28C2KBR-35%29&rft.pub=United+States+Bureau+of+the+Census&rft.date=2004-06&rft.aulast=Brittingham&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft.au=de+la+Cruz%2C+G.+Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2F2004pubs%2Fc2kbr-35.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurger2004" class="citation book cs1">Burger, H. Robert (2004). "General Geology and Tectonic Settong of the Tobacco Root Mountains. Special Paper 377.". In John Brady; Charles J. Vitaliano; William S. Cordua (eds.). Precambrian Geology of the Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana. Boulder, Colo.: Geological Society of America. pp. 1–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8137-2377-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8137-2377-8"><bdi>978-0-8137-2377-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=General+Geology+and+Tectonic+Settong+of+the+Tobacco+Root+Mountains.+Special+Paper+377.&rft.btitle=Precambrian+Geology+of+the+Tobacco+Root+Mountains%2C+Montana&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colo.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=Geological+Society+of+America&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8137-2377-8&rft.aulast=Burger&rft.aufirst=H.+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooper2009" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Ed (2009). Soul of the Rockies-Portrait of America's Largest Mountain Range. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-4941-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-4941-6"><bdi>978-0-7627-4941-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soul+of+the+Rockies-Portrait+of+America%27s+Largest+Mountain+Range&rft.place=Guilford%2C+CT&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-4941-6&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Ed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCunningham1990" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, Bill (1990). Montana Wildlands: From Northwest Peaks to Deadhorse Badlands. Helena, Mont.: Farcountry Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-938314-93-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-938314-93-6"><bdi>978-0-938314-93-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montana+Wildlands%3A+From+Northwest+Peaks+to+Deadhorse+Badlands&rft.place=Helena%2C+Mont.&rft.pub=Farcountry+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-938314-93-6&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMining_and_Scientific_Press1899" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6JQ5AQAAMAAJ">"Cyaniding at Gilt Edge, Montana"</a>. Mining and Scientific Press. October 7, 1899. Retrieved August 1, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mining+and+Scientific+Press&rft.atitle=Cyaniding+at+Gilt+Edge%2C+Montana&rft.date=1899-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6JQ5AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDiamond2006" class="citation book cs1">Diamond, Jared (2006). <a href="/wiki/Collapse:_How_Societies_Choose_to_Fail_or_Succeed" title="Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed">Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed</a>. New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03337-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03337-9"><bdi>978-0-670-03337-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collapse%3A+How+Societies+Choose+to+Fail+or+Succeed&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03337-9&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Jared&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElias2002" class="citation book cs1">Elias, Scott (2002). Rocky Mountains. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58834-042-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58834-042-9"><bdi>978-1-58834-042-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rocky+Mountains&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-58834-042-9&rft.aulast=Elias&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElisonSnyder2001" class="citation book cs1">Elison, Larry M.; Snyder, Fritz (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xZSajCBQL1sC">The Montana State Constitution: A Reference Guide</a>. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313273469" title="Special:BookSources/9780313273469"><bdi>9780313273469</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Montana+State+Constitution%3A+A+Reference+Guide&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780313273469&rft.aulast=Elison&rft.aufirst=Larry+M.&rft.au=Snyder%2C+Fritz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxZSajCBQL1sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEnright2010" class="citation book cs1">Enright, Kelly (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasnaturalp00enri">America's Natural Places: Rocky Mountains and Great Plains</a>. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Press/ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35314-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35314-7"><bdi>978-0-313-35314-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Natural+Places%3A+Rocky+Mountains+and+Great+Plains&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press%2FABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35314-7&rft.aulast=Enright&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericasnaturalp00enri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFanselow2007" class="citation book cs1">Fanselow, Julie (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OmeD7zCK0PsC&pg=PA171">Traveling the Lewis and Clark Trail</a>. Guilford, CT: Falcon Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-4437-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-4437-4"><bdi>978-0-7627-4437-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traveling+the+Lewis+and+Clark+Trail&rft.place=Guilford%2C+CT&rft.pub=Falcon+Guides&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-4437-4&rft.aulast=Fanselow&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOmeD7zCK0PsC%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFinnerty2011" class="citation book cs1">Finnerty, Jim (2011). A Pleasant Stroll to Everest. Bloomington, Ind.: Xlibris Corp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4628-4928-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4628-4928-4"><bdi>978-1-4628-4928-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pleasant+Stroll+to+Everest&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Ind.&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corp.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4628-4928-4&rft.aulast=Finnerty&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFischerFischer2008" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Hank; Fischer, Carol (2008). Paddling Montana. Guildford, CT: FalconGuides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-4352-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-4352-0"><bdi>978-0-7627-4352-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paddling+Montana&rft.place=Guildford%2C+CT&rft.pub=FalconGuides&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-4352-0&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Hank&rft.au=Fischer%2C+Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFisher1908" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Cassius A. (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ELcPAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA11">Geology and Water Resources of the Great Falls Region, Montana. Water-Supply Paper No. 221</a>. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geology+and+Water+Resources+of+the+Great+Falls+Region%2C+Montana.+Water-Supply+Paper+No.+221&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Cassius+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DELcPAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFletcherBradshawAxlineShope2008" class="citation book cs1">Fletcher, Robert H.; Bradshaw, Glenda Clay; Axline, Jon; Shope, Irvin (2008). Montana's Historical Highway Markers. Helena, Mont.: Montana Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-917298-31-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-917298-31-8"><bdi>978-0-917298-31-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montana%27s+Historical+Highway+Markers&rft.place=Helena%2C+Mont.&rft.pub=Montana+Historical+Society&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-917298-31-8&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft.au=Bradshaw%2C+Glenda+Clay&rft.au=Axline%2C+Jon&rft.au=Shope%2C+Irvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlorenceNystromGierlich2001" class="citation book cs1">Florence, Mason; Nystrom, Andrew Dean; Gierlich, Marisa (2001). Rocky Mountain States. London: Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86450-327-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86450-327-2"><bdi>978-1-86450-327-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rocky+Mountain+States&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-86450-327-2&rft.aulast=Florence&rft.aufirst=Mason&rft.au=Nystrom%2C+Andrew+Dean&rft.au=Gierlich%2C+Marisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoner1987" class="citation book cs1">Foner, Philip S. (1987). Labor and World War I, 1914–1918. Vol. 7. New York: International Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7178-0638-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7178-0638-6"><bdi>978-0-7178-0638-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labor+and+World+War+I%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=International+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-7178-0638-6&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMontana_Outdoors2002" class="citation journal cs1">French, Brett (March–April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423075736/http://fwp.mt.gov/mtoutdoors/HTML/articles/2003/makoshika.htm">"A Good Time in Montana's Badlands"</a>. Montana Outdoors. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fwp.mt.gov/mtoutdoors/HTML/articles/2003/makoshika.htm">the original</a> on April 23, 2013. 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Beautiful Montana. Wilsonville, OR: Beautiful America Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-915796-25-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-915796-25-0"><bdi>978-0-915796-25-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beautiful+Montana&rft.place=Wilsonville%2C+OR&rft.pub=Beautiful+America+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-915796-25-0&rft.aulast=Graetz&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft.au=Clemenz%2C+Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGravlee2012" class="citation web cs1">Gravlee, Sarah (January 3, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130411062218/http://www.kulr8.com/news/local/Montana-Reaches-One-Million-Mark-136629723.html">"Montana Reaches One Million Mark"</a>. kulr8.com. KULR-8 Television. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kulr8.com/news/local/Montana-Reaches-One-Million-Mark-136629723.html">the original</a> on April 11, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kulr8.com&rft.atitle=Montana+Reaches+One+Million+Mark&rft.date=2012-01-03&rft.aulast=Gravlee&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kulr8.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2FMontana-Reaches-One-Million-Mark-136629723.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHanna1988" class="citation book cs1">Hanna, Warren L. (1988). "James Willard Schultz-The Pikuni Storyteller". Stars Over Montana-Men Who Made Glacier National Park History. West Glacier, MT: Glacier Natural History Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-167906-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-167906-4"><bdi>978-0-09-167906-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=James+Willard+Schultz-The+Pikuni+Storyteller&rft.btitle=Stars+Over+Montana-Men+Who+Made+Glacier+National+Park+History&rft.place=West+Glacier%2C+MT&rft.pub=Glacier+Natural+History+Association&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-09-167906-4&rft.aulast=Hanna&rft.aufirst=Warren+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeographical_Dictionary_Of_The_World1900" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Heilprin, Angelo; Heilprin, Louis, eds. (1900), "Clark's (Clarke's) River, Flathead River", Geographical Dictionary Of The World In The Early 20th Century With Pronouncing Gazetteer, vol. 1, A to L, Philadelphia, Pa.: J. B. Lippincott, p. 423</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Clark%27s+%28Clarke%27s%29+River%2C+Flathead+River&rft.btitle=Geographical+Dictionary+Of+The+World+In+The+Early+20th+Century+With+Pronouncing+Gazetteer&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pa.&rft.pages=423&rft.pub=J.+B.+Lippincott&rft.date=1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHellmann2013" class="citation book cs1">Hellman, Paul T. (2013). Historical Gazetteer of the United States. Florence, Ky.: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94859-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94859-7"><bdi>978-1-135-94859-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Gazetteer+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Florence%2C+Ky.&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-94859-7&rft.aulast=Hellman&rft.aufirst=Paul+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolden2002" class="citation news cs1">Holden, Stephen (March 29, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F02E4D71E3BF93AA15750C0A9649C8B63">"The Slaughter Rule (2002)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220509200426/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/29/movies/film-festival-reviews-on-or-off-the-field-rough-raw-and-twangy.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2022. Retrieved April 30, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Slaughter+Rule+%282002%29&rft.date=2002-03-29&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmovies.nytimes.com%2Fmovie%2Freview%3Fres%3D9F02E4D71E3BF93AA15750C0A9649C8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2009" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Krys (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mhs.mt.gov/education/index4">Montana: Stories of the Land</a>. Helena, Montana: Montana Historical Society Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9759196-3-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9759196-3-7"><bdi>978-0-9759196-3-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117154150/https://mhs.mt.gov/education/index4">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montana%3A+Stories+of+the+Land&rft.place=Helena%2C+Montana&rft.pub=Montana+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9759196-3-7&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Krys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmhs.mt.gov%2Feducation%2Findex4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHowardB2013" class="citation journal cs1">Howard, Beth. 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New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-7339-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-7339-9"><bdi>978-0-8032-7339-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montana-High%2C+Wide+and+Handsome&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-7339-9&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Kinsey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorvitzStephensHelfertGoodge2002" class="citation web cs1">Horvitz, Andrew H.; Stephens, Scott; Helfert, Michael; Goodge, Grant; Redmond, Kelly T.; Pomeroy, Ken; Purdy, Ed (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/54387.pdf">"A National Temperature Record at Loma, Montana"</a> (PDF). American Meteorological Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060225052635/http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/54387.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 25, 2006. Retrieved April 6, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+National+Temperature+Record+at+Loma%2C+Montana&rft.pub=American+Meteorological+Society&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Horvitz&rft.aufirst=Andrew+H.&rft.au=Stephens%2C+Scott&rft.au=Helfert%2C+Michael&rft.au=Goodge%2C+Grant&rft.au=Redmond%2C+Kelly+T.&rft.au=Pomeroy%2C+Ken&rft.au=Purdy%2C+Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fams.confex.com%2Fams%2Fpdfpapers%2F54387.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoxie1995" class="citation book cs1">Hoxie, Frederick E. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paradingthroughh0000hoxi">Parading Through History. The making of the Crow Nation in America, 1805-1935</a>. New York, New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48057-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48057-4"><bdi>978-0-521-48057-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parading+Through+History.+The+making+of+the+Crow+Nation+in+America%2C+1805-1935&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-48057-4&rft.aulast=Hoxie&rft.aufirst=Frederick+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparadingthroughh0000hoxi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHurlbutDavis2009" class="citation book cs1">Hurlbut, Brian; Davis, Seabring (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BZKG-F4EycgC&pg=PT151">Insiders' Guide to Yellowstone and Grand Teton</a>. Globe Pequot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-5041-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-5041-2"><bdi>978-0-7627-5041-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insiders%27+Guide+to+Yellowstone+and+Grand+Teton&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-5041-2&rft.aulast=Hurlbut&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Davis%2C+Seabring&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBZKG-F4EycgC%26pg%3DPT151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuser2004" class="citation book cs1">Huser, Verne (2004). On the River With Lewis and Clark. College Station, Tex.: Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-320-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-320-8"><bdi>978-1-58544-320-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+River+With+Lewis+and+Clark&rft.place=College+Station%2C+Tex.&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58544-320-8&rft.aulast=Huser&rft.aufirst=Verne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJewellMcRae2012" class="citation book cs1">Jewell, Judy; McRae, Bill (2012). Moon Montana. Berkeley, Calif.: Avalon Travel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61238-262-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61238-262-3"><bdi>978-1-61238-262-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moon+Montana&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=Avalon+Travel&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61238-262-3&rft.aulast=Jewell&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft.au=McRae%2C+Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1966" class="citation magazine cs1">Johnson, James W. (Body) (July 4, 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130410171754/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1078731/">"The Fight That Won't Stay Dead"</a>. Sports Illustrated. 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Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Affairs.+Laws+and+Treaties.+Vol.+2&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Kappler&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaushThompson2012" class="citation book cs1">Kaush, Arha; Thompson, Barton H. Jr. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JlEdmskDaHkC&pg=PA258">The Endangered Species Act and Federalism: Effective Conservation Through Greater State Commitment</a> (2 ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58592-042-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58592-042-6"><bdi>978-1-58592-042-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Endangered+Species+Act+and+Federalism%3A+Effective+Conservation+Through+Greater+State+Commitment&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-58592-042-6&rft.aulast=Kaush&rft.aufirst=Arha&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Barton+H.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJlEdmskDaHkC%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKittredgeKrauzer1986" class="citation journal cs1">Kittredge, William; Krauzer, Steven M. (Autumn 1986). "'Mr. Montana' Revised: Another Look at Granville Stuart". Montana: The Magazine of Western History. 36 (4): 14–23. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4519007">4519007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Montana%3A+The+Magazine+of+Western+History&rft.atitle=%27Mr.+Montana%27+Revised%3A+Another+Look+at+Granville+Stuart&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4519007%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kittredge&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Krauzer%2C+Steven+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKudrayCooper2006" class="citation web cs1">Kudray, Gregory M.; Cooper, Steven V. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/04DE1BD2-FCE9-4FA6-A6D7-5B177B6B2F82/04DE1BD2-FCE9-4FA6-A6D7-5B177B6B2F82.pdf">"Montana's Rocky Mountain Front: Vegetation Map and Type Descriptions. Report to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service"</a> (PDF). Helena, MT: Montana Natural Heritage Program. Retrieved July 29, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Montana%27s+Rocky+Mountain+Front%3A+Vegetation+Map+and+Type+Descriptions.+Report+to+the+United+States+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service&rft.place=Helena%2C+MT&rft.pub=Montana+Natural+Heritage+Program&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Kudray&rft.aufirst=Gregory+M.&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Steven+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2F04DE1BD2-FCE9-4FA6-A6D7-5B177B6B2F82%2F04DE1BD2-FCE9-4FA6-A6D7-5B177B6B2F82.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKugler2013" class="citation book cs1">Kugler, Eileen Gale (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VeROJj7VM9MC&pg=PA44">Innovative Voices in Education: What It Takes to Engage Diverse Communities</a>. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61048-539-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61048-539-5"><bdi>978-1-61048-539-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Innovative+Voices+in+Education%3A+What+It+Takes+to+Engage+Diverse+Communities&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Education&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61048-539-5&rft.aulast=Kugler&rft.aufirst=Eileen+Gale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVeROJj7VM9MC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewisSimonsFennig2013" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. 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Helena Independent Record. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118083931/http://helenair.com/entertainment/yourtime/montana-shakespeare-company-finds-new-home-at-helena-civic-center/article_9798a22c-8912-11e1-a61f-0019bb2963f4.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2017. 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Seattle: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97120-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97120-9"><bdi>978-0-295-97120-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montana%3A+A+History+of+Two+Centuries&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-295-97120-9&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rft.au=Roeder%2C+Richard+B.&rft.au=Lang%2C+William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp-P59FkOPg0C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatzko2001" class="citation book cs1">Matzko, John (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xxE28XK56O0C">Reconstructing Fort Union</a>. 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(January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-10.pdf">"The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010"</a> (PDF). United States Bureau of the Census. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120505221036/http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-10.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2012. 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Morris Books Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-2581-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-2581-6"><bdi>978-0-7627-2581-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Days+on+the+Road%3A+Crossing+the+Plains+in+1865%2C+The+Diary+of+Sarah+Raymond+Herndon&rft.pub=Morris+Books+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-2581-6&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DokCbyKMn9NEC%26pg%3DPP18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOttum1968" class="citation magazine cs1">Ottum, Bob (January 29, 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091012034449/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1148000/index.htm">"Bold Bourkey For John Misha"</a>. 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Guilford, Conn.: TwoDot Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56044-956-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56044-956-0"><bdi>978-1-56044-956-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montana+Dateline&rft.place=Guilford%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=TwoDot+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56044-956-0&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Ellis+Roberts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeaveySmith2008" class="citation book cs1">Peavey, Linda; Smith, Ursula (2008). Full-Court Quest. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Full-Court+Quest&rft.place=Norman%2C+OK&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Peavey&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Smith%2C+Ursula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"> Reviewed by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNykolaiszyn,_Juliana_M.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Nykolaiszyn, Juliana M. (Summer–Fall 2011). "Full-Court Quest". Oral History Review. 38 (2): 420–422. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fohr%2Fohr087">10.1093/ohr/ohr087</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:160257569">160257569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oral+History+Review&rft.atitle=Full-Court+Quest&rft.chron=summer%E2%80%93fall&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E420-%3C%2Fspan%3E422&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fohr%2Fohr087&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A160257569%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Nykolaiszyn%2C+Juliana+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2012" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Eric (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780470591505">Frommer's Montana and Wyoming</a>. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-59150-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-59150-5"><bdi>978-0-470-59150-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frommer%27s+Montana+and+Wyoming&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-470-59150-5&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780470591505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobbins,_C.2008" class="citation book cs1">Robbins, Chuck (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GmogM1jmMqkC&pg=PA11">Great Places Montana: A Recreational Guide to Montana's Public Lands and Historic Places for Birding, Hiking, Photography, Fishing, Hunting, and Camping</a>. Belgrade, MT: Wilderness Adventures Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932098-59-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932098-59-4"><bdi>978-1-932098-59-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Places+Montana%3A+A+Recreational+Guide+to+Montana%27s+Public+Lands+and+Historic+Places+for+Birding%2C+Hiking%2C+Photography%2C+Fishing%2C+Hunting%2C+and+Camping&rft.place=Belgrade%2C+MT&rft.pub=Wilderness+Adventures+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-932098-59-4&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGmogM1jmMqkC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobbins,_J.2008" class="citation news cs1">Robbins, Jim (August 17, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/18/us/18trademark.html?em">"In Montana, a Popular Expression Is Taken Off the Endangered List"</a>. 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Helena, MT: Rocky Mountain Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Montana%2C+Organization%2C+Name+and+Naming%3A+The+Word%2C+its+Significance%2C+Derivation%2C+and+Historical+Use&rft.btitle=Contributions+to+the+Historical+Society+of+Montana&rft.place=Helena%2C+MT&rft.pub=Rocky+Mountain+Publishing&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Wilbur+Edgerton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWYs-AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuckman2007" class="citation news cs1">Ruckman, Shannon (May 11, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118084518/http://www.theprairiestar.com/news/local/overcast-tune-named-official-montana-lullaby/article_6259c826-9e76-5711-9aa9-8074c6771e0d.html">"Overcast tune named official Montana lullaby"</a>. Prairie Star. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theprairiestar.com/news/local/overcast-tune-named-official-montana-lullaby/article_6259c826-9e76-5711-9aa9-8074c6771e0d.html">the original</a> on January 18, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prairie+Star&rft.atitle=Overcast+tune+named+official+Montana+lullaby&rft.date=2007-05-11&rft.aulast=Ruckman&rft.aufirst=Shannon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theprairiestar.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fovercast-tune-named-official-montana-lullaby%2Farticle_6259c826-9e76-5711-9aa9-8074c6771e0d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScandale2011" class="citation news cs1">Scandale, Maria (August 18, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130408062558/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/article/93rd-annual-crow-fair-celebration-under-the-big-sky-45570">"93rd Annual Crow Fair Celebration Under the Big Sky"</a>. Indian Country Today Media Network. 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Bozeman Daily Chronicle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118083848/http://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/100/newsmakers/article_89773f86-268b-11e0-aca5-001cc4c002e0.html?mode=story">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved April 8, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bozeman+Daily+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Nelson+Story%E2%80%94Hero%2C+Scoundrel+Legend&rft.date=2011-01-23&rft.aulast=Schontzler&rft.aufirst=Gail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bozemandailychronicle.com%2F100%2Fnewsmakers%2Farticle_89773f86-268b-11e0-aca5-001cc4c002e0.html%3Fmode%3Dstory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchullery2006a" class="citation book cs1">Schullery, Paul (2006). "Fly Fishing in Western Culture". Cowboy Trout-Western Fly Fishing As If It Matters. Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9721522-7-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9721522-7-3"><bdi>978-0-9721522-7-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fly+Fishing+in+Western+Culture&rft.btitle=Cowboy+Trout-Western+Fly+Fishing+As+If+It+Matters&rft.place=Helena%2C+MT&rft.pub=Montana+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9721522-7-3&rft.aulast=Schullery&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchullery2006b" class="citation book cs1">Schullery, Paul (2006). "A River Runs Through It as Folklore and History". 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The Weekend Roady. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202174706/http://weekendroady.com/2012/01/19/most-remote-state-borders/">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved April 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Most+Remote+State+Borders&rft.pub=The+Weekend+Roady&rft.date=2012-01-19&rft.aulast=Sites&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweekendroady.com%2F2012%2F01%2F19%2Fmost-remote-state-borders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpracklenMickleyLoganHudman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Spracklen, D. V.; Mickley, L. J.; Logan, J. A; Hudman, R. C.; Yevich, R.; Flannigan, M. D.; Westerling, A. L. (October 27, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/publications/spracklen_2008.pdf">"Impacts of Climate Change From 2000 to 2050 on Wildfire Activity and Carbonaceous Aerosol Concentrations in the Western United States"</a> (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 114 (D20): D20301. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JGRD..11420301S">2009JGRD..11420301S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2008JD010966">10.1029/2008JD010966</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719205438/http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/publications/spracklen_2008.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved July 30, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Impacts+of+Climate+Change+From+2000+to+2050+on+Wildfire+Activity+and+Carbonaceous+Aerosol+Concentrations+in+the+Western+United+States&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=D20&rft.pages=D20301&rft.date=2009-10-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2008JD010966&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009JGRD..11420301S&rft.aulast=Spracklen&rft.aufirst=D.+V.&rft.au=Mickley%2C+L.+J.&rft.au=Logan%2C+J.+A&rft.au=Hudman%2C+R.+C.&rft.au=Yevich%2C+R.&rft.au=Flannigan%2C+M.+D.&rft.au=Westerling%2C+A.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facmg.seas.harvard.edu%2Fpublications%2Fspracklen_2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Montana2005" class="citation journal cs1">Stephens, Patia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.umt.edu/montanan/f06/speech.shtml">"When Speech Wasn't Free"</a>. Montanan (Fall 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424202824/http://www2.umt.edu/montanan/f06/speech.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on April 24, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Montanan&rft.atitle=When+Speech+Wasn%27t+Free&rft.issue=Fall+2006&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Patia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.umt.edu%2Fmontanan%2Ff06%2Fspeech.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStuart1913" class="citation journal cs1">Stuart, Mabel Lewis (July 17, 1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pi0AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA133">"The Lady Honyocker-How Girls Take Up Claim and Make Their Homes on the Prairie"</a>. The Independent. LXXV (3372).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+Lady+Honyocker-How+Girls+Take+Up+Claim+and+Make+Their+Homes+on+the+Prairie&rft.volume=LXXV&rft.issue=3372&rft.date=1913-07-17&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=Mabel+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Pi0AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTemple2008" class="citation book cs1">Temple, Robert D. (2006). Edge Effects: The Border-Name Places. New York: iUniverse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-50433-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-50433-6"><bdi>978-0-595-50433-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edge+Effects%3A+The+Border-Name+Places&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-595-50433-6&rft.aulast=Temple&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTherriault2010" class="citation book cs1">Therriault, Ednor (2010). Montana Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff. Guildford, CT: Globe Pequot Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-6572-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-6572-0"><bdi>978-0-7627-6572-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montana+Curiosities%3A+Quirky+Characters%2C+Roadside+Oddities+%26+Other+Offbeat+Stuff&rft.place=Guildford%2C+CT&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-6572-0&rft.aulast=Therriault&rft.aufirst=Ednor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTode2004" class="citation news cs1">Tode, Laura (March 7, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helenair.com/news/local/amish-call-montana-home/article_106fd83a-bc37-5404-b654-d51909c5f9ca.html">"Amish Call Montana Home"</a>. Independent Record. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118084804/http://helenair.com/news/local/amish-call-montana-home/article_106fd83a-bc37-5404-b654-d51909c5f9ca.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved July 14, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent+Record&rft.atitle=Amish+Call+Montana+Home&rft.date=2004-03-07&rft.aulast=Tode&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhelenair.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Famish-call-montana-home%2Farticle_106fd83a-bc37-5404-b654-d51909c5f9ca.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFToole11959" class="citation book cs1">Toole, K. Ross (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2PuBxozvcTQC">Montana: An Uncommon Land</a>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-1890-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-1890-1"><bdi>978-0-8061-1890-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montana%3A+An+Uncommon+Land&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-1890-1&rft.aulast=Toole&rft.aufirst=K.+Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2PuBxozvcTQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwanson2004" class="citation web cs1">Swanson, Larry (December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130429120523/http://fwp.mt.gov/doingBusiness/reference/montanaChallenge/reports/economics.html">"Economics"</a>. Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fwp.mt.gov/doingBusiness/reference/montanaChallenge/reports/economics.html">the original</a> on April 29, 2013. Retrieved April 30, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economics&rft.pub=Montana+Fish%2C+Wildlife+and+Parks&rft.date=2004-12&rft.aulast=Swanson&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffwp.mt.gov%2FdoingBusiness%2Freference%2FmontanaChallenge%2Freports%2Feconomics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBillings_Gazette2009" class="citation news cs1">Thackeray, Lorna (October 17, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/montana/article_a9e53dca-badc-11de-9615-001cc4c03286.html">"National-park visitors boost Montana's tourism stats"</a>. Billings Gazette. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110908010500/http://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/montana/article_a9e53dca-badc-11de-9615-001cc4c03286.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 8, 2011. Retrieved March 30, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billings+Gazette&rft.atitle=National-park+visitors+boost+Montana%27s+tourism+stats&rft.date=2009-10-17&rft.aulast=Thackeray&rft.aufirst=Lorna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbillingsgazette.com%2Fnews%2Fstate-and-regional%2Fmontana%2Farticle_a9e53dca-badc-11de-9615-001cc4c03286.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Forest_Service2007" class="citation book cs1">United States Forest Service (2007). Final Environmental Impact Statement: Little Belt, Castle, and North Half Crazy Mountains Travel Management Plan. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Environmental+Impact+Statement%3A+Little+Belt%2C+Castle%2C+and+North+Half+Crazy+Mountains+Travel+Management+Plan&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+the+Interior&rft.date=2007&rft.au=United+States+Forest+Service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVasapolli2003" class="citation book cs1">Vasapolli, Salvatore (2003). Montana. Portland, Ore.: Graphic Arts Center Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55868-696-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55868-696-0"><bdi>978-1-55868-696-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montana&rft.place=Portland%2C+Ore.&rft.pub=Graphic+Arts+Center+Pub.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-55868-696-0&rft.aulast=Vasapolli&rft.aufirst=Salvatore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWernerWelply2006" class="citation book cs1">Werner, Bret; Welply, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VEK5n9sbimkC">First Special Service Force 1942–44</a>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-968-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-968-4"><bdi>978-1-84176-968-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Special+Service+Force+1942%E2%80%9344&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-968-4&rft.aulast=Werner&rft.aufirst=Bret&rft.au=Welply%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVEK5n9sbimkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWork2005" class="citation book cs1">Work, Clemens P. (2005). 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Retrieved August 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Demographic+and+Economic+Profile%3A+Montana&rft.pub=Rural+Policy+Research+Institute&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rupri.org%2FForms%2FMontana.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaterbody_Report-Bighorn_River2013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130329071422/http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1074636461629">"Detailed Waterbody Report-Bighorn River"</a>. Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1074636461629">the original</a> on March 29, 2013. Retrieved April 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Waterbody+Report-Bighorn+River&rft.pub=Montana+Fish%2C+Wildlife+and+Parks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffwp.mt.gov%2Ffishing%2Fguide%2FwaterbodyDetail.html%3Fllid%3D1074636461629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaterbody_Report-Boulder_River2013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130329071443/http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1099233458529">"Detailed Waterbody Report-Boulder River"</a>. Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1099233458529">the original</a> on March 29, 2013. Retrieved April 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Waterbody+Report-Boulder+River&rft.pub=Montana+Fish%2C+Wildlife+and+Parks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffwp.mt.gov%2Ffishing%2Fguide%2FwaterbodyDetail.html%3Fllid%3D1099233458529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaterbody_Report-Clark_Fork_River2013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130329031746/http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1162072481455">"Detailed Waterbody Report-Clark Fork River"</a>. Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1162072481455">the original</a> on March 29, 2013. Retrieved March 30, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Waterbody+Report-Clark+Fork+River&rft.pub=Montana+Fish%2C+Wildlife+and+Parks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffwp.mt.gov%2Ffishing%2Fguide%2FwaterbodyDetail.html%3Fllid%3D1162072481455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaterbody_Report-Clarks_Fork_Yellowstone_River2013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130329071526/http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1087068456592">"Detailed Waterbody Report-Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone"</a>. Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1087068456592">the original</a> on March 29, 2013. Retrieved April 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Waterbody+Report-Clarks+Fork+of+the+Yellowstone&rft.pub=Montana+Fish%2C+Wildlife+and+Parks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffwp.mt.gov%2Ffishing%2Fguide%2FwaterbodyDetail.html%3Fllid%3D1087068456592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaterbody_Report-Judith_River2013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140210121441/http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1096445477364">"Detailed Waterbody Report-Judith River"</a>. Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1096445477364">the original</a> on February 10, 2014. Retrieved April 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Waterbody+Report-Judith+River&rft.pub=Montana+Fish%2C+Wildlife+and+Parks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffwp.mt.gov%2Ffishing%2Fguide%2FwaterbodyDetail.html%3Fllid%3D1096445477364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaterbody_Report-Kootenai_River2013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140210101847/http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1165027489999">"Detailed Waterbody Report-Kootenai River"</a>. Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1165027489999">the original</a> on February 10, 2014. Retrieved March 30, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Waterbody+Report-Kootenai+River&rft.pub=Montana+Fish%2C+Wildlife+and+Parks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffwp.mt.gov%2Ffishing%2Fguide%2FwaterbodyDetail.html%3Fllid%3D1165027489999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaterbody_Report-Marias_River2013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130329083444/http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1104910479289">"Detailed Waterbody Report-Marias River"</a>. Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1104910479289">the original</a> on March 29, 2013. Retrieved April 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Waterbody+Report-Marias+River&rft.pub=Montana+Fish%2C+Wildlife+and+Parks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffwp.mt.gov%2Ffishing%2Fguide%2FwaterbodyDetail.html%3Fllid%3D1104910479289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaterbody_Report-Milk_River2013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130329071559/http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1063176480558">"Detailed Waterbody Report-Milk River"</a>. Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1063176480558">the original</a> on March 29, 2013. Retrieved April 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Waterbody+Report-Milk+River&rft.pub=Montana+Fish%2C+Wildlife+and+Parks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffwp.mt.gov%2Ffishing%2Fguide%2FwaterbodyDetail.html%3Fllid%3D1063176480558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaterbody_Report-Musselshell_River2013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130329084146/http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1078992474520">"Detailed Waterbody Report-Musselshell River"</a>. Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1078992474520">the original</a> on March 29, 2013. Retrieved April 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Waterbody+Report-Musselshell+River&rft.pub=Montana+Fish%2C+Wildlife+and+Parks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffwp.mt.gov%2Ffishing%2Fguide%2FwaterbodyDetail.html%3Fllid%3D1078992474520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaterbody_Report-Powder_River2013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130329071716/http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1054362467419">"Detailed Waterbody Report-Powder River"</a>. Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1054362467419">the original</a> on March 29, 2013. Retrieved April 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Waterbody+Report-Powder+River&rft.pub=Montana+Fish%2C+Wildlife+and+Parks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffwp.mt.gov%2Ffishing%2Fguide%2FwaterbodyDetail.html%3Fllid%3D1054362467419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaterbody_Report-Smith_River2013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130329083809/http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1114790474133">"Detailed Waterbody Report-Smith River"</a>. Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks. 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Retrieved April 8, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vermont+Remains+Top+State+in+Capita+per+Brewery&rft.pub=Brewers+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brewersassociation.org%2Fpages%2Fbusiness-tools%2Fcraft-brewing-statistics%2Fbreweries-per-capita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMontana_High_School_Association2013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mhsa.org/">"Welcome to the Montana High School Association"</a>. Montana High School Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130613183940/http://mhsa.org/">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2013. Retrieved May 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+the+Montana+High+School+Association&rft.pub=Montana+High+School+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhsa.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitefish_Skijoring2013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitefishskijoring.com/">"Welcome to the World Ski Joring Championships"</a>. Whitefish Skijoring. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602090820/http://whitefishskijoring.com/">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+the+World+Ski+Joring+Championships&rft.pub=Whitefish+Skijoring&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitefishskijoring.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreat_Northern_Railway2013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050924103645/http://www.gnrhs.org/gn_history.htm">"What was the Great Northern Railway?"</a>. Great Northern Railway Historical Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnrhs.org/gn_history.htm">the original</a> on September 24, 2005. Retrieved April 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+was+the+Great+Northern+Railway%3F&rft.pub=Great+Northern+Railway+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnrhs.org%2Fgn_history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWomen's_National_History2013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424011429/http://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/history/woman-suffrage-timeline/">"Woman Suffrage Timeline (1840–1920)"</a>. National Women's History Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/history/woman-suffrage-timeline">the original</a> on April 24, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Woman+Suffrage+Timeline+%281840%E2%80%931920%29&rft.pub=National+Women%27s+History+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwhm.org%2Feducation-resources%2Fhistory%2Fwoman-suffrage-timeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoodThiessen1987" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Raymond W.; Thiessen, T.D. (1987). Early Fur Trade on the Northern Plains. Canadian traders Among the Mandan and Hidatsa Indians, 1738-1818. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-1899-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-1899-4"><bdi>978-0-8061-1899-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Fur+Trade+on+the+Northern+Plains.+Canadian+traders+Among+the+Mandan+and+Hidatsa+Indians%2C+1738-1818&rft.place=Norman+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-1899-4&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Raymond+W.&rft.au=Thiessen%2C+T.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMontana_Historical_Society-WWII2013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528185626/http://mhs.mt.gov/education/Textbook/Chapter19/Chapter19.pdf">"World War II in Montana 1939–1945"</a> (PDF). Montana Historical Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mhs.mt.gov/education/textbook/Chapter19/Chapter19.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 28, 2013. Retrieved May 7, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+War+II+in+Montana+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Montana+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmhs.mt.gov%2Feducation%2Ftextbook%2FChapter19%2FChapter19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNational_Park_Service-Yellowstone_in_Winter2013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/yell/parkmgmt/currentmgmt.htm">"Yellowstone in Winter: Current Management and Planning"</a>. National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150214042039/http://www.nps.gov/yell/parkmgmt/currentmgmt.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2015. Retrieved April 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yellowstone+in+Winter%3A+Current+Management+and+Planning&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fyell%2Fparkmgmt%2Fcurrentmgmt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontana" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Montana_history" title="Bibliography of Montana history">Bibliography of Montana history</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box 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metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Montana at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Montana" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Montana">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Montana" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Montana">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Montana" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Montana">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Montana" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Montana">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Montana" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Montana">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Montana" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Montana">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Montana" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Montana">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Montana" class="extiw" title="voy:Montana">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111108164943/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/30000.html">Census of Montana</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://montanakids.com/">General Information About Montana</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127201953/https://montanakids.com/">Archived</a> November 27, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/162115">Montana</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012222837/http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/Montana">List of Searchable Databases Produced by Montana State Agencies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516020518/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=MT">Montana Energy Data & Statistics—From the U.S. Department of Energy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080223063412/http://www.his.state.mt.us/">Montana Historical Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitmt.com/">Montana Official Travel Information Site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210218000257/https://www.visitmt.com/">Archived</a> February 18, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mt.gov/">Montana Official Website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512010358/http://www.mt.gov/">Archived</a> May 12, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=30&StateName=Montana#.U8LbfvldUeo">Montana State Facts From the U.S. Department of Agriculture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714182132/http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=30&StateName=Montana#.U8LbfvldUeo">Archived</a> July 14, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=MT">USGS Real-time, Geographic, and Other Scientific Resources of Montana</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140412151413/http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=MT">Archived</a> April 12, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_statehood" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by date of statehood">List of U.S. states by date of statehood</a> Admitted on November 8, 1889 (41st) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Montana408" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Montana" title="Template:Montana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Montana" title="Template talk:Montana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Montana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Montana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Montana408" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Montana</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena</a> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Montana" title="Outline of Montana">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Montana-related_articles" title="Index of Montana-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Montana" title="Climate change in Montana">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Montana" title="United States congressional delegations from Montana">Congressional delegations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_State_Government" title="Montana State Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Montana" title="List of governors of Montana">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Montana_history" title="Bibliography of Montana history">bibliography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Montana" title="List of people from Montana">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Montana_state_parks" title="List of Montana state parks">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Montana_state_symbols" title="List of Montana state symbols">State symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Best_Place" title="The Last Best Place">The Last Best Place</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Montana" title="Transportation in Montana">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Montana" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Montana">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Montana" title="Abortion in Montana">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Montana" title="Cannabis in Montana">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Montana" title="Crime in Montana">Crime</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Demographics">Demographics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Economy">Economy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Montana" title="Gun laws in Montana">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Montana">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Montana" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Montana" title="Eastern Montana">Eastern Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Flathead" class="mw-redirect" title="The Flathead">The Flathead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_(U.S.)" title="Glacier National Park (U.S.)">Glacier National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_designations_of_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional designations of Montana">Regional designations of Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Montana" title="Western Montana">Western Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and towns in Montana">Largest cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda,_Montana" title="Anaconda, Montana">Anaconda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade,_Montana" title="Belgrade, Montana">Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billings,_Montana" title="Billings, Montana">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozeman,_Montana" title="Bozeman, Montana">Bozeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butte,_Montana" title="Butte, Montana">Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Falls,_Montana" title="Columbia Falls, Montana">Columbia Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillon,_Montana" title="Dillon, Montana">Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendive,_Montana" title="Glendive, Montana">Glendive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Falls,_Montana" title="Great Falls, Montana">Great Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Montana" title="Hamilton, Montana">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havre,_Montana" title="Havre, Montana">Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalispell,_Montana" title="Kalispell, Montana">Kalispell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel,_Montana" title="Laurel, Montana">Laurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewistown,_Montana" title="Lewistown, Montana">Lewistown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston,_Montana" title="Livingston, Montana">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_City,_Montana" title="Miles City, Montana">Miles City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missoula,_Montana" title="Missoula, Montana">Missoula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polson,_Montana" title="Polson, Montana">Polson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney,_Montana" title="Sidney, Montana">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitefish,_Montana" title="Whitefish, Montana">Whitefish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Montana" title="List of counties in Montana">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaverhead_County,_Montana" title="Beaverhead County, Montana">Beaverhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Horn_County,_Montana" title="Big Horn County, Montana">Big Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_County,_Montana" title="Blaine County, Montana">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadwater_County,_Montana" title="Broadwater County, Montana">Broadwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_County,_Montana" title="Carbon County, Montana">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_County,_Montana" title="Carter County, Montana">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_County,_Montana" title="Cascade County, Montana">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouteau_County,_Montana" title="Chouteau County, Montana">Chouteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custer_County,_Montana" title="Custer County, Montana">Custer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniels_County,_Montana" title="Daniels County, Montana">Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawson_County,_Montana" title="Dawson County, Montana">Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Lodge_County,_Montana" title="Deer Lodge County, Montana">Deer Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallon_County,_Montana" title="Fallon County, Montana">Fallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergus_County,_Montana" title="Fergus County, Montana">Fergus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flathead_County,_Montana" title="Flathead County, Montana">Flathead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallatin_County,_Montana" title="Gallatin County, Montana">Gallatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garfield_County,_Montana" title="Garfield County, Montana">Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_County,_Montana" title="Glacier County, Montana">Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Valley_County,_Montana" title="Golden Valley County, Montana">Golden Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite_County,_Montana" title="Granite County, Montana">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_County,_Montana" title="Hill County, Montana">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Montana" title="Jefferson County, Montana">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Basin_County,_Montana" title="Judith Basin County, Montana">Judith Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_County,_Montana" title="Lake County, Montana">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_County,_Montana" title="Lewis and Clark County, Montana">Lewis and Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_County,_Montana" title="Liberty County, Montana">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Montana" title="Lincoln County, Montana">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Montana" title="Madison County, Montana">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCone_County,_Montana" title="McCone County, Montana">McCone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meagher_County,_Montana" title="Meagher County, Montana">Meagher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_County,_Montana" title="Mineral County, Montana">Mineral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missoula_County,_Montana" title="Missoula County, Montana">Missoula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musselshell_County,_Montana" title="Musselshell County, Montana">Musselshell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_County,_Montana" title="Park County, Montana">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_County,_Montana" title="Petroleum County, Montana">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_County,_Montana" title="Phillips County, Montana">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pondera_County,_Montana" title="Pondera County, Montana">Pondera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_River_County,_Montana" title="Powder River County, Montana">Powder River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powell_County,_Montana" title="Powell County, Montana">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_County,_Montana" title="Prairie County, Montana">Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravalli_County,_Montana" title="Ravalli County, Montana">Ravalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richland_County,_Montana" title="Richland County, Montana">Richland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_County,_Montana" title="Roosevelt County, Montana">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosebud_County,_Montana" title="Rosebud County, Montana">Rosebud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanders_County,_Montana" title="Sanders County, Montana">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_County,_Montana" title="Sheridan County, Montana">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Bow_County,_Montana" title="Silver Bow County, Montana">Silver Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stillwater_County,_Montana" title="Stillwater County, Montana">Stillwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Grass_County,_Montana" title="Sweet Grass County, Montana">Sweet Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teton_County,_Montana" title="Teton County, Montana">Teton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toole_County,_Montana" title="Toole County, Montana">Toole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_County,_Montana" title="Treasure County, Montana">Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_County,_Montana" title="Valley County, Montana">Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheatland_County,_Montana" title="Wheatland County, Montana">Wheatland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wibaux_County,_Montana" title="Wibaux County, Montana">Wibaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_County,_Montana" title="Yellowstone County, Montana">Yellowstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/21px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/32px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/42px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Montana" title="Portal:Montana">Montana portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_People_from_Montana114" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:MontanansLists" title="Template:MontanansLists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:MontanansLists" title="Template talk:MontanansLists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MontanansLists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:MontanansLists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_People_from_Montana114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">People from Montana</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Montana" title="List of people from Montana">Main list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_athletes_from_Montana" title="List of athletes from Montana">Athletes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Montana" title="United States congressional delegations from Montana">Congressional delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_entertainers_from_Montana" title="List of entertainers from Montana">Entertainers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Montana" title="List of governors of Montana">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Montana" title="List of United States senators from Montana">U.S. senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Montana" title="List of United States representatives from Montana">U.S. representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Montana_state_senators" title="List of Montana state senators">State senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Montana_state_representatives" title="List of Montana state representatives">State representatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protected_areas_of_Montana144" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protected_areas_of_Montana" title="Template:Protected areas of Montana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protected_areas_of_Montana" title="Template talk:Protected areas of Montana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protected_areas_of_Montana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protected areas of Montana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protected_areas_of_Montana144" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Protected areas of the United States">Protected areas</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Montana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_United_States" title="List of national parks of the United States">National parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_(U.S.)" title="Glacier National Park (U.S.)">Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)" title="National monument (United States)">National monuments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Bighorn_Battlefield_National_Monument" title="Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument">Little Bighorn Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeys_Pillar_National_Monument" title="Pompeys Pillar National Monument">Pompeys Pillar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">BLM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Missouri_River_Breaks_National_Monument" title="Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument">Upper Missouri River Breaks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">BLM</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_military_park" title="National military park">National battlefield</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Hole_National_Battlefield" title="Big Hole National Battlefield">Big Hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Site_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historic Site (United States)">National historical parks and historic sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grant%E2%80%93Kohrs_Ranch_National_Historic_Site" title="Grant–Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site">Grant–Kohrs Ranch NHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_National_Historical_Park" title="Nez Perce National Historical Park">Nez Perce NHP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historic Trail">National historic and scenic trails</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_National_Historic_Trail" title="Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail">Lewis and Clark NHT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_National_Historic_Trail" title="Nez Perce National Historic Trail">Nez Perce NHT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide_Trail" title="Continental Divide Trail">Continental Divide NST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_Trail" title="Pacific Northwest Trail">Pacific Northwest NST</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_recreation_area" title="National recreation area">National recreation area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bighorn_Canyon_National_Recreation_Area" title="Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area">Bighorn Canyon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">National Wildlife Refuges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benton_Lake_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge">Benton Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Coulee_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Black Coulee National Wildlife Refuge">Black Coulee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowdoin_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Bowdoin National Wildlife Refuge">Bowdoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Russell_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge">Charles M. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creedman_Coulee_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Creedman Coulee National Wildlife Refuge">Creedman Coulee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_Lake_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Grass Lake National Wildlife Refuge">Grass Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailstone_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Hailstone National Wildlife Refuge">Hailstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewitt_Lake_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Hewitt Lake National Wildlife Refuge">Hewitt Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Mason_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Lake Mason National Wildlife Refuge">Lake Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Thibadeau_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Lake Thibadeau National Wildlife Refuge">Lake Thibadeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamesteer_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Lamesteer National Wildlife Refuge">Lamesteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Metcalf_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Lee Metcalf National Wildlife Refuge">Lee Metcalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Trail_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Lost Trail National Wildlife Refuge">Lost Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_Lake_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Medicine Lake National Wildlife Refuge">Medicine Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninepipe_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Ninepipe National Wildlife Refuge">Ninepipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Pablo National Wildlife Refuge">Pablo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Rock_Lakes_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge">Red Rock Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Swan River National Wildlife Refuge">Swan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UL_Bend_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="UL Bend National Wildlife Refuge">UL Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Horse_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="War Horse National Wildlife Refuge">War Horse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_forest_(United_States)" title="National forest (United States)">National Forests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaverhead%E2%80%93Deerlodge_National_Forest" title="Beaverhead–Deerlodge National Forest">Beaverhead–Deerlodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitterroot_National_Forest" title="Bitterroot National Forest">Bitterroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custer_National_Forest" title="Custer National Forest">Custer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flathead_National_Forest" title="Flathead National Forest">Flathead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallatin_National_Forest" title="Gallatin National Forest">Gallatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_National_Forest" title="Helena National Forest">Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kootenai_National_Forest" title="Kootenai National Forest">Kootenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_National_Forest" title="Lewis and Clark National Forest">Lewis and Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolo_National_Forest" title="Lolo National Forest">Lolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Wilderness_Preservation_System" title="National Wilderness Preservation System">National Wilderness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absaroka%E2%80%93Beartooth_Wilderness" title="Absaroka–Beartooth Wilderness">Absaroka–Beartooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda%E2%80%93Pintler_Wilderness" title="Anaconda–Pintler Wilderness">Anaconda–Pintler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Metcalf_Wilderness" title="Lee Metcalf Wilderness">Bear Trap Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Marshall_Wilderness" title="Bob Marshall Wilderness">Bob Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Mountains_Wilderness" title="Cabinet Mountains Wilderness">Cabinet Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_the_Mountains_Wilderness" title="Gates of the Mountains Wilderness">Gates of the Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bear_Wilderness" title="Great Bear Wilderness">Great Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Metcalf_Wilderness" title="Lee Metcalf Wilderness">Lee Metcalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_Lake_Wilderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine Lake Wilderness">Medicine Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Mountains_Wilderness" title="Mission Mountains Wilderness">Mission Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattlesnake_Wilderness" title="Rattlesnake Wilderness">Rattlesnake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Rock_Lakes_Wilderness" title="Red Rock Lakes Wilderness">Red Rock Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoat_Wilderness" title="Scapegoat Wilderness">Scapegoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selway%E2%80%93Bitterroot_Wilderness" title="Selway–Bitterroot Wilderness">Selway–Bitterroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UL_Bend_Wilderness" class="mw-redirect" title="UL Bend Wilderness">UL Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welcome_Creek_Wilderness" title="Welcome Creek Wilderness">Welcome Creek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Wild_and_Scenic_Rivers_System" title="National Wild and Scenic Rivers System">National wild and scenic rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Rosebud_Creek" title="East Rosebud Creek">East Rosebud Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flathead_River" title="Flathead River">Flathead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Montana_state_parks" title="List of Montana state parks">State parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ackley_Lake_State_Park" title="Ackley Lake State Park">Ackley Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Smelter_Stack" title="Anaconda Smelter Stack">Anaconda Smoke Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannack_State_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Bannack State Park">Bannack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaverhead_Rock" title="Beaverhead Rock">Beaverhead Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beavertail_Hill_State_Park" title="Beavertail Hill State Park">Beavertail Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Arm_State_Park" title="Big Arm State Park">Big Arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sandy_State_Park" title="Black Sandy State Park">Black Sandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brush_Lake_State_Park" title="Brush Lake State Park">Brush Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Plenty_Coups_(Alek-Chea-Ahoosh)_State_Park_and_Home" title="Chief Plenty Coups (Alek-Chea-Ahoosh) State Park and Home">Chief Plenty Coups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark%27s_Lookout_State_Park" title="Clark's Lookout State Park">Clark's Lookout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooney_State_Park" title="Cooney State Park">Cooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_Grove_State_Park" title="Council Grove State Park">Council Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elkhorn_State_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Elkhorn State Park">Elkhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finley_Point_State_Park" title="Finley Point State Park">Finley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_Creek_State_Park" title="Fish Creek State Park">Fish Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Peoples_Buffalo_Jump_State_Park" title="First Peoples Buffalo Jump State Park">First Peoples Buffalo Jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Owen_State_Park" title="Fort Owen State Park">Fort Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchtown_Pond_State_Park" title="Frenchtown Pond State Park">Frenchtown Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Springs" title="Giant Springs">Giant Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite_Ghost_Town_State_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Granite Ghost Town State Park">Granite Ghost Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greycliff_Prairie_Dog_Town_State_Park" title="Greycliff Prairie Dog Town State Park">Greycliff Prairie Dog Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_Creek_Recreation_Area" title="Hell Creek Recreation Area">Hell Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Elmo_State_Park" title="Lake Elmo State Park">Lake Elmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Mary_Ronan_State_Park" title="Lake Mary Ronan State Park">Lake Mary Ronan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Mason_State_Park" title="Les Mason State Park">Les Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Caverns" title="Lewis and Clark Caverns">Lewis and Clark Caverns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logan_State_Park" title="Logan State Park">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_Pine_State_Park" title="Lone Pine State Park">Lone Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Creek_State_Park_(Montana)" title="Lost Creek State Park (Montana)">Lost Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Buffalo_Jump_State_Park" title="Madison Buffalo Jump State Park">Madison Buffalo Jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makoshika_State_Park" title="Makoshika State Park">Makoshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_Rocks_State_Park" title="Medicine Rocks State Park">Medicine Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milltown_State_Park" title="Milltown State Park">Milltown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Headwaters_State_Park" title="Missouri Headwaters State Park">Missouri Headwaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Rocks_State_Park" title="Painted Rocks State Park">Painted Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Homestead_State_Park" title="Parker Homestead State Park">Parker Homestead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictograph_Cave_(Billings,_Montana)" title="Pictograph Cave (Billings, Montana)">Pictograph Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirogue_Island_State_Park" title="Pirogue Island State Park">Pirogue Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placid_Lake_State_Park" title="Placid Lake State Park">Placid Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosebud_Battlefield_State_Park" title="Rosebud Battlefield State Park">Rosebud Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Lake_State_Park" title="Salmon Lake State Park">Salmon Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sluice_Boxes_State_Park" title="Sluice Boxes State Park">Sluice Boxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_River_State_Recreational_Waterway" title="Smith River State Recreational Waterway">Smith River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somers_Beach_State_Park" title="Somers Beach State Park">Somers Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Meadow_Lake_State_Park" title="Spring Meadow Lake State Park">Spring Meadow Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_Falls_State_Park" title="Thompson Falls State Park">Thompson Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue_River_Reservoir_State_Park" title="Tongue River Reservoir State Park">Tongue River Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Rock_State_Park" title="Tower Rock State Park">Tower Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traveler%27s_Rest_(Lolo,_Montana)" title="Traveler's Rest (Lolo, Montana)">Travelers' Rest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayfarers_State_Park" title="Wayfarers State Park">Wayfarers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Shore_State_Park" title="West Shore State Park">West Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitefish_Lake_State_Park" title="Whitefish Lake State Park">Whitefish Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Horse_Island" title="Wild Horse Island">Wild Horse Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Bay_State_Park" title="Yellow Bay State Park">Yellow Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_Montana" title="List of forests in Montana">State forests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clearwater_State_Forest" title="Clearwater State Forest">Clearwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Creek_State_Forest" title="Coal Creek State Forest">Coal Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_State_Forest" title="Lincoln State Forest">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubrecht_State_Experimental_Forest" title="Lubrecht State Experimental Forest">Lubrecht Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stillwater_State_Forest" title="Stillwater State Forest">Stillwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sula_State_Forest" title="Sula State Forest">Sula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_State_Forest" title="Swan River State Forest">Swan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_River_State_Forest" title="Thompson River State Forest">Thompson River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Montana_Department_of_Fish,_Wildlife_and_Parks" title="Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks">Wildlife Management Areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Island_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Amelia Island Wildlife Management Area">Amelia Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aunt_Molly_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aunt Molly Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Aunt Molly</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Badlands_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Badlands Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Badlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beartooth_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beartooth Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Beartooth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beckman_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beckman Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Beckman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Lake_Wildlife_Management_Area_(Montana)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Big Lake Wildlife Management Area (Montana) (page does not exist)">Big Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blackfoot-Clearwater_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blackfoot-Clearwater Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Blackfoot-Clearwater</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blackleaf_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blackleaf Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Blackleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Eyed_Nellie_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blue Eyed Nellie Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Blue Eyed Nellie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bowdoin_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bowdoin Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Bowdoin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo_Head_Park_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buffalo Head Park Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Buffalo Head Park</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bull_River_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bull River Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Bull River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calf_Creek_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calf Creek Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Calf Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canyon_Creek_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canyon Creek Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Canyon Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canyon_Ferry_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canyon Ferry Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Canyon Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dodson_Creek_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dodson Creek Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Dodson Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dodson_Dam_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dodson Dam Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Dodson Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dome_Mountain_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dome Mountain Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Dome Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ear_Mountain_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ear Mountain Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Ear Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elk_Island_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elk Island Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Elk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=F_Island_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F Island Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">F Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flathead_Lake_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flathead Lake Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Flathead Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flathead_River_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flathead River Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Flathead River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fleecer_Mountain_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fleecer Mountain Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Fleecer Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fox_Lake_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fox Lake Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Fox Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freezout_Lake_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freezout Lake Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Freezout Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fresno_Reservoir_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fresno Reservoir Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Fresno Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fresno_Tailwater_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fresno Tailwater Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Fresno Tailwater</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallatin_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallatin Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Gallatin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garrity_Mountain_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garrity Mountain Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Garrity Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grant_Marsh_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grant Marsh Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Grant Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravelly-Blacktail_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravelly-Blacktail Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Gravelly-Blacktail</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haymaker_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haymaker Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Haymaker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinsdale_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinsdale Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Hinsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horseshoe_Lake_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horseshoe Lake Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Horseshoe Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Valley_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Howard Valley Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Howard Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Homestead_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac Homestead Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Isaac Homestead</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judith_River_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judith River Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Judith River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kootenai/Falls_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kootenai/Falls Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Kootenai/Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kootenai/West_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kootenai/West Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Kootenai/West</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kootenai/Woods_Ranch_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kootenai/Woods Ranch Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Kootenai/Woods Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Helena_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Helena Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Lake Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost_Creek_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lost Creek Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Lost Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Stillwater_Lake_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower Stillwater Lake Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Lower Stillwater Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madison-Bear_Creek_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madison-Bear Creek Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Madison-Bear Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madison-Wall_Creek_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madison-Wall Creek Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Madison-Wall Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milk_River_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milk River Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Milk River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Haggin_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mount Haggin Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Mount Haggin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Jumbo_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mount Jumbo Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Mount Jumbo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Silcox_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mount Silcox Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Mount Silcox</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevada_Lake_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nevada Lake Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Nevada Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninepipe_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ninepipe Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Ninepipe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Swan_Valley_CE_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Swan Valley CE Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">North Swan Valley CE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pablo_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pablo Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Pablo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Kuhns_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ray Kuhns Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Ray Kuhns</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robb-Ledford_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robb-Ledford Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Robb-Ledford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rookery_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rookery Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Rookery</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundhom_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roundhom Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Roundhom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanders_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanders Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Sisters_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seven Sisters Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Seven Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silver_Gate_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silver Gate Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Silver Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silver_Run_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silver Run Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Silver Run</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smith_River_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smith River Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Smith River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_River_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sun River Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Sun River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swan_Lake_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swan Lake Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Swan Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thompson-Fisher_CE_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thompson-Fisher CE Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Thompson-Fisher CE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Mile_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Three Mile Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Three Mile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Threemile_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Threemile Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Threemile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalia_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vandalia Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Vandalia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_Dance_Island_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="War Dance Island Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">War Dance Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warm_Springs_Wildlife_Management_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warm Springs Wildlife Management Area (page does not exist)">Warm Springs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Nonprofit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Prairie_(nature_reserve)" title="American Prairie (nature reserve)">American Prairie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Tribal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSKT_Bison_Range" title="CSKT Bison Range">CSKT Bison Range</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_United_States336" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#ECA8B3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_United_States" title="Template:Western United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_United_States" title="Template talk:Western United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_United_States336" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ECA8B3;;width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain States">Mountain States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ECA8B3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ECA8B3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ECA8B3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Major metropolitan areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Greater Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area" title="Phoenix metropolitan area">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose%E2%80%93San_Francisco%E2%80%93Oakland,_CA_Combined_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area">San Jose–Oakland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Empire_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland Empire (California)">San Bernardino-Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_metropolitan_area" title="Seattle metropolitan area">Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego metropolitan area">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver_metropolitan_area" title="Denver metropolitan area">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_metropolitan_area" title="Portland metropolitan area">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley" title="Las Vegas Valley">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento_metropolitan_area" title="Sacramento metropolitan area">Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City_metropolitan_area" title="Salt Lake City metropolitan area">Salt Lake City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu_County,_Hawaii" title="Honolulu County, Hawaii">Honolulu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oʻahu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albuquerque_metropolitan_area" title="Albuquerque metropolitan area">Albuquerque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albuquerque%E2%80%93Santa_Fe%E2%80%93Las_Vegas_combined_statistical_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Albuquerque–Santa Fe–Las Vegas combined statistical area">Santa Fe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchorage_metropolitan_area" title="Anchorage metropolitan area">Anchorage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ECA8B3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">Major cities</a> (over 300k)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaheim,_California" title="Anaheim, California">Anaheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Colorado" title="Aurora, Colorado">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson,_Nevada" title="Henderson, Nevada">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona" title="Mesa, Arizona">Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside,_California" title="Riverside, California">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California" title="Santa Ana, California">Santa Ana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ECA8B3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">State capitals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carson_City,_Nevada" title="Carson City, Nevada">Carson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne,_Wyoming" title="Cheyenne, Wyoming">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneau,_Alaska" title="Juneau, Alaska">Juneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Washington" title="Olympia, Washington">Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Oregon" title="Salem, Oregon">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ECA8B3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">Territorial capitals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hag%C3%A5t%C3%B1a,_Guam" title="Hagåtña, Guam">Hagåtña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pago_Pago" class="mw-redirect" title="Pago Pago">Pago Pago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saipan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saipan">Saipan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_France265" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_France" title="Template:New France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_France" title="Template talk:New France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_France265" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_France_history" title="Timeline of New France history">Timeline of New France history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(beginnings%E2%80%931533)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (beginnings–1533)">Beginnings–1533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_France_history_(1534%E2%80%931607)" title="Timeline of New France history (1534–1607)">1534–1607</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1608%E2%80%931662)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1608–1662)">1608–1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1663%E2%80%931759)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1663–1759)">1663–1759</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">1763 Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec" title="History of Quebec">History of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians" title="History of the Acadians">History of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Franco-Americans" title="History of the Franco-Americans">History of the French-Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> (1604–1713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a> (1608–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre-Neuve_(New_France)" title="Terre-Neuve (New France)">Terre-Neuve</a> (1662–1713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a> (1682–1763, 1801–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Île Royale</a> (1713–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pays_d%27en_Haut" title="Pays d'en Haut">Pays d'en Haut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domaine_du_roy" title="Domaine du roy">Domaine du roy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_New_France" title="List of towns and villages in New France">Towns and villages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Acadie <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port Royal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec_City" title="History of Quebec City">Quebec City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montreal" title="History of Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Detroit" title="History of Detroit">Détroit</a></li></ul></li> <li>Île Royale <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Louisbourg</a></li></ul></li> <li>Louisiane <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mobile,_Alabama" title="History of Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi" title="Biloxi, Mississippi">Biloxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Orleans" title="History of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li></ul></li> <li>Terre-Neuve <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placentia,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador">Plaisance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_forts_in_North_America" title="List of French forts in North America">List of French forts in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Rouill%C3%A9" title="Fort Rouillé">Fort Rouillé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Michilimackinac" title="Fort Michilimackinac">Fort Michilimackinac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Buade" title="Fort de Buade">Fort de Buade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Chartres" title="Fort de Chartres">Fort de Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Detroit">Fort Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga">Fort Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Conde" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Conde">Fort Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Duquesne" title="Fort Duquesne">Fort Duquesne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Fortress of Louisbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Castle Hill, Newfoundland and Labrador">Castle Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starved_Rock_State_Park" title="Starved Rock State Park">Fort St. Louis (Illinois)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas" title="French colonization of Texas">Fort St. Louis (Texas)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_New_France" title="Governor General of New France">Governor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intendant_of_New_France" title="Intendant of New France">Intendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Council_of_New_France" title="Sovereign Council of New France">Sovereign Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Quebec" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec">Bishop of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="List of governors of Trois-Rivières">Governor of Trois-Rivières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Montreal" title="Governor of Montreal">Governor of Montreal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Acadie <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Acadia" title="List of governors of Acadia">Governor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Terre-Neuve <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador#Governors_of_Plaisance,_1655–1713" title="List of governors of Newfoundland and Labrador">Governor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Louisiane <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Louisiana" title="List of colonial governors of Louisiana">Governor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Custom_of_Paris_in_New_France" title="Custom of Paris in New France">Custom of Paris in New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France" title="Seigneurial system of New France">Seigneurial system of New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice_in_New_France" title="Criminal justice in New France">Criminal justice in New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intendant" title="Intendant">Intendancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Council_of_New_France" title="Sovereign Council of New France">Superior Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_court" title="Admiralty court">Admiralty court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provost_(civil)" title="Provost (civil)">Provostship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">Officiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiff" title="Bailiff">Bailiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%A9chauss%C3%A9e" title="Maréchaussée">Maréchaussée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemin_du_Roy" title="Chemin du Roy">Chemin du Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">Fur trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coureur_des_bois" title="Coureur des bois">Coureur des bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">Voyageurs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_One_Hundred_Associates" title="Company of One Hundred Associates">Company of One Hundred Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_India_Company" title="French West India Company">French West India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Law%27s_Company" title="John Law's Company">John Law's Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indies_Company" title="French Indies Company">French Indies Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_New_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Population of New France">Population</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1666_census_of_New_France" title="1666 census of New France">1666 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitants" title="Habitants">Habitants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">Canadiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Daughters" title="King's Daughters">King's Daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casquette_girl" title="Casquette girl">Casquette girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Amerindians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Gens de couleur libres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_New_France" title="Alcohol in New France">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France_livre" title="New France livre">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Card_money_in_New_France" title="Card money in New France">card money</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France_Intellectual_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="New France Intellectual Life">Intellectual life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missionary groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_North_America" title="Jesuit missions in North America">Jesuit missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recollects" title="Recollects">Récollets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Nuns" title="Grey Nuns">Grey Nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursulines" title="Ursulines">Ursulines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Priests_of_Saint_Sulpice" title="Society of the Priests of Saint Sulpice">Sulpicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_New_France" title="Military of New France">Military of New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Military history of the Acadians">Military history of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_Civil_War" title="Acadian Civil War">Acadian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_Wars" title="French and Indian Wars">Intercolonial Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">French and Iroquois Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Peace_of_Montreal" title="Great Peace of Montreal">Great Peace of Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachine_massacre" title="Lachine massacre">Lachine Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schenectady_massacre" title="Schenectady massacre">Schenectady Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Deerfield" title="Raid on Deerfield">Deerfield Raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:New_France" title="Category:New France">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States359" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template talk:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States359" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political divisions of the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">List of states and territories</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> 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data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Montana</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 189 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-748fc965c8-fvfsd","wgBackendResponseTime":477,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"6.575","walltime":"7.593","ppvisitednodes":{"value":57842,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1147941,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":153219,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":71,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1126829,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 6507.222 1 -total"," 24.81% 1614.562 235 Template:Cite_web"," 18.24% 1187.080 313 Template:Sfn"," 12.06% 784.657 2 Template:Reflist"," 11.10% 722.130 1 Template:Infobox_U.S._state"," 10.98% 714.233 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 10.42% 677.943 2 Template:Infobox"," 5.79% 376.729 61 Template:Cite_book"," 4.97% 323.562 34 Template:PresRow"," 4.55% 295.971 1 Template:Navboxes"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.990","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24075453,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF2008_Election2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFARDA2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAarstadArguimbauBaumlerPorsild2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnimal_Range_and_Sciences2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArchibald1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBacaj2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBackus2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBackus2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBallantyeRasmussen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBallard2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeaver2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBentz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBillings_Gazette2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBillings_Gazette—Forecast2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBinnemaDobak2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoswell2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrewers_Association2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBridger_Bowl2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrief_History_of_Montana2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriggeman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrittinghamde_la_Cruz2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBureau_of_Economic_Analysis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBureau_of_Labor_Stats2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurger2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButte-Anaconda_Historic_District2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanadian_Council_for_Geographic_Education2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCensus_Bureau-Annual_Estimates_of_Race2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCensus_Bureau2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCensus_Bureau2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCensus_Bureau2010a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCensus_Bureau2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCensus_Bureau2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCensus_Estimate2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCensus_Viewer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClimate_Information2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCongressional_Delegation2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCore_Based_Statistical_Area2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCunningham1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_Revenue2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_Revenue2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_Transportation2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamond2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiscovery_Ski_Area2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEconomic_Sectors2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEli_Francovich2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElias2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElisonSnyder2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnright2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEriksmoen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFExtension_Service2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFCC-AM2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFCC-FM2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFanselow2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinnerty2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischerFischer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFish_and_Wildlife_Service2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFish_and_Wildlife_Service2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFish_and_Wildlife_Service—Bison2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisheries_Management_Plan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFletcherBradshawAxlineShope2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlorenceNystromGierlich2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoner1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFort_Peck_Dam2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranksonKunkelChampionEasterling2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrotier_Conference2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeographical_Dictionary_Of_The_World1900\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeological_Survey2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeological_Survey—search2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoare\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraetzClemenz1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraetzGraetz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant-Kohrs_Ranch2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGravlee2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreat_Northern_Railway2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreat_Northwest_Athletic_Conference2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreat_Seal2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanna1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHellgate_Treaty1855\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHellmann2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHistory_Channel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolden2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorvitzStephensHelfertGoodge2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowardB2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoxie1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurlbutDavis2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuser2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIce_Network2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Pomante_IILi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJawort,_Adrian2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeannette_Rankin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJewellMcRae2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudicial_Branch_Montana\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKRTV2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKTVQ2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKappler1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaushThompson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKentucky_Derby2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKittredgeKrauzer1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKudrayCooper2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKugler2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee_Enterprises-History2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee_Enterprises-Newspapers2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeip,_David\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisSimonsFennig2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLibecapHansen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLibrary_of_Congress1864\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLincoln2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLubetkin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLux1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadejJones2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalcomson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalmstrom2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaloneRoederLang1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaloneRoederLang1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarino2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatzko2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDean1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKee2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerrill-Maker2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilner_IIO\u0026#039;Connor2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMining_and_Scientific_Press1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFModern_Language_Association2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMondo_Times2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana\u0026#039;s_Museum2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_2012_Election2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Arts_Council2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Audubon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Catholic2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Constitutional_Convention1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Cowboy_Hall_of_Fame2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Field_Guide-Amphibians2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Field_Guide-Fish2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Field_Guide-Lichens2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Field_Guide-Mammals2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Field_Guide-Reptiles2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Fishing_Regulations2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_High_School_Association-Football2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_High_School_Association2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Historical_Society-WWII2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Historical_Society1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Historical_Society2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Historical_Society—WWI2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Hunting_Regulations2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Hunting_Season2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Interagency_Access_Council2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Legislature2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Office_of_Public_Instruction2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Office_of_Public_Instruction2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Office_of_Tourism—FAQ2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Outdoor_Recreation2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Outdoors2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Secretary_of_State2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Sedition_Project2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Setting2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Snowmobiling2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_State_Library2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Transportation2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Trapping2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontana_Travel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoodyChaseAronson1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaimanDécampsMcClain2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Atlas2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Center_for_Health_Statistics2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Center_for_Health_Statistics2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Climate_Data_Center2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Geodetic_Survey2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Historic_Landmark_Program2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Park_Service-Grant-Kohrs2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Park_Service-Yellowstone2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Park_Service-Yellowstone_in_Winter2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Park_Service2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Vital_Statistics_Reports2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Vital_Statistics_Reports2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNew_York_Times1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewsmakers-Jack_Horner2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNielsen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorrisVinesHoeffel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorth_American_Indian_Days2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNykolaiszyn,_Juliana_M.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Brien2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_of_the_Governor2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOttum1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaddling_Montana2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParry2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeakbagger2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeaveySmith2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeterson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPublic_Policy_Polling2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedistricting_Data_Summary2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobbins,_C.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobbins,_J.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoeder1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuckman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRural_Policy_Research_Institute2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuels2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanders1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScandale2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchontzler2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchullery2006a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchullery2006b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShakespeare_in_the_Parks2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSievert1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSites2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoil_Conservation_Service1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSports_Reference2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpracklenMickleyLoganHudman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFState_Animal2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFState_Bird2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFState_Fish2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFState_Fish_Code2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFState_Flower2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFState_Fossil2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFState_Gemstones2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFState_Grass2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFState_Seal2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFState_Song2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFState_Symbols2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFState_Tree2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStation_Index2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStuart1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwanson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwanton\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTemple2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTester2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTherriault2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTode2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTom2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToole11959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTourism_in_Montana2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrauma_Centers2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUltimate_Montana2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnion_Pacific_Railroad2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Forest_Service2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Geological_Survey2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniversity_of_Montana,_Bureau_of_Business_and_Economic_Research2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniversity_of_Montana2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniversity_of_Toronto2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasapolli2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaterbody_Report-Bighorn_River2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaterbody_Report-Boulder_River2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaterbody_Report-Clark_Fork_River2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaterbody_Report-Clarks_Fork_Yellowstone_River2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaterbody_Report-Judith_River2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaterbody_Report-Kootenai_River2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaterbody_Report-Marias_River2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaterbody_Report-Milk_River2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaterbody_Report-Musselshell_River2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaterbody_Report-Powder_River2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaterbody_Report-Smith_River2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaterbody_Report-Stillwater_River2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaterbody_Report-Tongue_River2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelcome_to_America2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWernerWelply2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestern_Regional_Climate_Center2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitefish_Skijoring2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinter_Montana-Snowcoaches2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinter_Montana-Snowmobiling2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinter_Montana-West_Yellowstone2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinter_Montana—Resorts2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinter_Montana—XC2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWomen\u0026#039;s_National_History2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodThiessen1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWork2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"As of\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Break\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite DCB\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Merriam-Webster\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 61,\n [\"Cite court\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 234,\n [\"Clear\"] = 2,\n [\"Col-2\"] = 2,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 43,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 5,\n [\"Div col\"] = 3,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 3,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Endplainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"IncreaseNeutral\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox U.S. state\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox region symbols\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Legend\"] = 8,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"Montana\"] = 1,\n [\"MontanansLists\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Native phrase\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 2,\n [\"New France\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 7,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"PresFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"PresHead\"] = 1,\n [\"PresRow\"] = 33,\n [\"Protected areas of Montana\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-several\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Round\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 11,\n [\"Self-published inline\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 313,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 163,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"US Census population\"] = 1,\n [\"United States political divisions\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Update section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Ussc\"] = 1,\n [\"Verify source\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 8,\n [\"Western United States\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","720","16.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","560","12.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","420","9.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","380","8.6"],["recursiveClone 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