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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Natural gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neuter-feminine_gender_switching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuter-feminine_gender_switching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Neuter-feminine gender switching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuter-feminine_gender_switching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unclear_gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unclear_gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Unclear gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unclear_gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_in_conjugation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Number in conjugation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_in_conjugation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_in_syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_in_syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Number in syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_in_syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Singular</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plural"> <div 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class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Reflexive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reflexive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Colognian_grammar" title="Special:EditPage/Colognian grammar">improve this article</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Colognian grammar</b> describes the formal systems of the modern <a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian language or dialect cluster</a> used in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" class="mw-redirect" title="Köln">Cologne</a> currently and during at least the past 150 years. It does not cover the <a href="/wiki/Historic_Colognian" title="Historic Colognian">Historic Colognian</a> grammar, although similarities exist. </p><p>Colognian has verbal <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugation</a> and nominal <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declension</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Colognian_declension" title="Colognian declension">Colognian declension</a> system <a href="/wiki/Marker_(linguistics)" title="Marker (linguistics)">marks</a> <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical article">articles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> to distinguish <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>. There are the three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical genders</a> called <a href="/wiki/Feminine_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine gender">feminine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masculine_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculine gender">masculine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neuter_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuter gender">neuter</a>, and a special case most often treated as exceptions of neuter. Like the German declension, the Colognian declension system does not mark grammatical gender for its plural forms; plural can thus be treated similar to another gender in it formalism. Five <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical cases</a> are distinguished: <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative</a>. Genitive has two variants, either of which can also be described as expressions using dative. <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">Number</a> is either <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a> in declension. </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_conjugation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colognian conjugation (page does not exist)">Colognian conjugation</a> system has a few hundred individual types of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">grammatical conjugations</a>, which mark <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a> to distinguish <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical voice">voice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>, modality, etc. Colognian basic verbs are classified as strong, weak, or irregular. Independently, there are composite verbs, which are classified as either separable or inseparable. Colognian also has modal verbs and auxiliary verbs, each forming grammatical classes of their own. There are three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">persons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person#1st_person" title="Grammatical person">1st person</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person#2nd_person" title="Grammatical person">2nd person</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person#3rd_person" title="Grammatical person">3rd person</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">Number</a> is either <a href="/w/index.php?title=Singular_(grammar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Singular (grammar) (page does not exist)">singular</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a> in conjugations. <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical voice">Grammatical voice</a> can be <a href="/wiki/Active_voice" title="Active voice">active</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mediopassive_voice" title="Mediopassive voice">reflexive</a>. Colognian has <a href="/wiki/Indicative" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative">indicative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conjunctive_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjunctive mood">conjunctive</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">moods</a>, and there are also <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energetic_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Energetic mood">energetic mood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inferential_mood" title="Inferential mood">inferential</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renarrative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Renarrative mood">renarrative</a>, none of which is completely developed. The <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspects</a> of Colognian conjugation include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unitary_aspect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unitary aspect (page does not exist)">unitary</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Episodic_aspect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Episodic aspect (page does not exist)">episodic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Continuous_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous aspect">continuous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habitual_aspect" title="Habitual aspect">habitual</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enduring_aspect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enduring aspect (page does not exist)">enduring</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gnomic_aspect" title="Gnomic aspect">gnomic</a>. In Colognian, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">grammatical tense</a> can be <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preterite_tense" class="mw-redirect" title="Preterite tense">preterite tense</a> or <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past tense</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_perfect_tense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simple perfect tense (page does not exist)">simple perfect</a> or <a href="/wiki/Present_perfect_tense" class="mw-redirect" title="Present perfect tense">present perfect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluperfect_tense" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluperfect tense">past perfect tense</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Completed_past_perfect_tense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Completed past perfect tense (page does not exist)">completed past perfect tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simple_future_tense" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple future tense">simple future tense</a>, or 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colognian grammar</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Colognian articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_adjectives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colognian adjectives (page does not exist)">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_prepositions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colognian prepositions (page does not exist)">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_nouns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colognian nouns (page does not exist)">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_pronouns" title="Colognian pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_declension" title="Colognian declension">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_verbs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colognian verbs (page does not exist)">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_tense-aspect-mood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colognian tense-aspect-mood (page does not exist)">Tense-Aspect-Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_modal_particle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colognian modal particle (page does not exist)">Modal particle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_conjugation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colognian conjugation (page does not exist)">Conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_adverbial_phrases&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colognian adverbial phrases (page does not exist)">Adverbial phrases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_idioms" title="Colognian idioms">Idioms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_proverbial_expressions" title="Colognian proverbial expressions">Proverbial expressions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_sentence_structure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colognian sentence structure (page does not exist)">Sentence structure</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colognian_grammar" title="Template:Colognian grammar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colognian_grammar" title="Template talk:Colognian grammar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colognian_grammar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colognian grammar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Case_system">Case system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_grammar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Case system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Colognian distinguishes the four <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical cases</a> <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a>. The genitive has two variants, both of which are compounds or expressions. </p><p>Colognian is a <a href="/wiki/Nominative%E2%80%93accusative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative–accusative language">nominative–accusative language</a>, more precisely a nominative–accusative–dative language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nominative">Nominative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_grammar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nominative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nominative is the basic form of nouns, etc. It is used to mark the subject or agent in a clause, the verb of which is in the active voice. It marks the subject or patient in a clause, the verb of which is in the passive voice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genitive">Genitive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_grammar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genitive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two variants of the genitive are compounds. They both contain declined forms identical to dative, plus additional elements. Genitives can only be used in conjunction with another noun, to which they refer. One genitive form in standard word order requires that noun to precede the genitive compound, while the other genitive form is required to follow the noun it refers to. Genitives express a stronger or weaker kind of possession, ownership, or belonging-to. </p> <ul><li>Examples:<sup id="cite_ref-cge_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cge-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">däm Päul sing Sofa</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Paul's sofa</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">dat Sofa vum Pitter</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Peter's sofa</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">däm Marie sing Sofa</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Mary's sofa</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">dä Tant Marie iehr lila Hötche</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Auntie Mary's little purple hat</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">dat Jeseech vun dä Frau Schmitz</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Mrs. Smith's face</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">ene Fläsch ehre Ring</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">a bottle's ring, the ring of a bottle</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">et Föttche vun enem Pöttche</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">the rear side of a mug or jar or little pot or potty</span></span>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dative">Dative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_grammar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>... </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accusative">Accusative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_grammar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Accusative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a> marks the <a href="/wiki/Direct_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct object">direct object</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive verb</a> in a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transitive_sentence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transitive sentence (page does not exist)">transitive sentence</a>. </p><p>The accusative is also governed by some <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a>, and by some prepositions in conjunction with specific verb classes, which means that independent of other grammatical contexts, these prepositions make the referenced noun use the accusative form. </p><p>There is a class of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adverbial_expression&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adverbial expression (page does not exist)">adverbial expressions</a> most often telling a time of an action or the place of a movement employing the accusative case. They always have an equivalent expression using a preposition + accusative. </p><p>Accusative forms in Colognian grammar are in all instances identical to their corresponding nominative forms. Where needed, potential ambiguities are reduced by <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosodic elements</a> of speech, but are extremely rare, since Colognian unlike elsewhere follows a strict subject–predicate–object (SPO) word order for transitive sentences in active and reflexive voices and predicate–subject–object (PSO) for questions. This makes it very distinct from German, where word order is more flexible. Because direct objects cannot occur in the passive voice, the accusative does not occur in passive sentences. </p> <ul><li>Examples:<sup id="cite_ref-cge_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cge-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">däm Päul sing Sofa</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Paul's sofa</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">dat Sofa vum Pitter</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Peter's sofa</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">däm Marie sing Sofa</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Mary's sofa</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">dä Tant Marie iehr lila Hötche</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Auntie Mary's little purple hat</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">dat Jeseech vun dä Frau Schmitz</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Mrs. Smith's face</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">ene Fläsch ehre Ring</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">a bottles ring, the ring of a bottle</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">et Föttche vun enem Pöttche</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">the rear side of a mug or jar or little pot or potty</span></span>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocative">Vocative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_grammar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vocative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It could be argued that Colognian has a <a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative</a>, the forms of which is identical to the nominative with the articles stripped off. Most commonly, this case is seen as a part of the nominative. Since wishes can be expressed using vocative + imperative, this case is applicable to almost any <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noun_expression&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noun expression (page does not exist)">noun expression</a>. Also, few specific verbs can require an object to use the vocative case. </p> <ul><li>Examples:<sup id="cite_ref-cge_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cge-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">Marie</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Mary</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">Köbes</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">waiter, keeper, Jacob</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">Mamm</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">mum, mama, mother</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">leev Bröck</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">dear bridge</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">Pääd</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">horse</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">mi Levve</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">my life</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">do fies Knöllche</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">you bloody notice of a due payment for an observed traffic offense</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">ich heißen Antunn</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">I am called Anthony</span></span>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender_system">Gender system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_grammar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gender system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical genders</a> in Colognian: <a href="/wiki/Masculine_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculine gender">masculine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminine_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine gender">feminine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neuter_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuter gender">neuter</a> gender. Most nouns have fixed gender, but there is a class of nouns that can switch from predominantly neuter to feminine on certain occasions. Colognian shares this phenomenon with a large group of local and vernacular languages almost along the entire river Rhine. Very few nouns have an unclear gender. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masculine">Masculine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_grammar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Masculine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feminine">Feminine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_grammar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Feminine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neuter">Neuter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_grammar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Neuter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_gender">Natural gender</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_grammar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Natural gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Natural_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gender">Natural gender</a> plays only a small role in Colognian grammar. While male persons or living beings customarily are referred to with the masculine gender, females are generally referred to using the neuter gender, with some exceptions mentioned <a href="#Neuter-feminine_gender_switching">below</a>. However, if a person or animal is named or nicknamed with a meaningful Colognian noun, which is not uncommon, the noun's gender is used to determine <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical article">articles</a> accompanying the name, but otherwise the person's natural gender is used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neuter-feminine_gender_switching">Neuter-feminine gender switching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_grammar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Neuter-feminine gender switching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unclear_gender">Unclear gender</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_grammar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Unclear gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are very few Colognian nouns of unclear grammatical gender, which have therefore been used with varying gender. This may apply to <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a> for some time until a certain gender evolves for them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Number_system">Number system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_grammar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Number system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_in_declension">Number in declension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_grammar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Number in declension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The singular is always used when there is exactly one instance of something or occasionally, depending on the ways such figures are expressed, with magnitudes having a "one" at their end, such as 1,001. The plural is used in all other cases, except with zero. Depending on the context and the noun, the singular or the plural is used with zero; sometimes either can be used, but most often, Colognian speakers choose their wording to avoid expressions of the type "zero + noun." ... </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_in_conjugation">Number in conjugation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_grammar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Number in conjugation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>... </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_in_syntax">Number in syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_grammar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Number in syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singular">Singular</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_grammar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Singular"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Singular is always used, when there is exactly one instance of something, or occasionally, depending on the ways, such figures are expressed, with magnitudes having a "one" at their end, such as 1001. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plural">Plural</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_grammar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Plural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plural is used for anything else but zero. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zero">Zero</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_grammar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Zero"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depending on context and the noun, singular or plural is used with zero instances. Some nouns allow only one of them, other nouns allow that either can be chosen arbitrarily. Yet the actual choice then usually depends on <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic">aesthetic</a> aspects of the sentence. Generally, this has little impact since most often Colognian speakers prefer wordings avoiding expressions ususing zero as a count. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verbs">Verbs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_grammar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>... </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voices">Voices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_grammar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Voices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Colognian conjugation has the <a href="/wiki/Voice_(grammar)" title="Voice (grammar)">voices</a>: <a href="/wiki/Active_voice" title="Active voice">active</a> and <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive</a>. Also, there is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflexive_(grammar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reflexive (grammar) (page does not exist)">reflexive</a> which combines <a href="/wiki/Voice_(grammar)#The_middle_voice" title="Voice (grammar)">middle voice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mediopassive_voice" title="Mediopassive voice">mediopassive</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Active">Active</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_grammar&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Active"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>... </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Passive">Passive</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_grammar&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Passive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>... </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reflexive">Reflexive</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_grammar&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Reflexive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reflexive is used, when agent and patient of an action are identical. It can be seen as a <a href="/wiki/Middle_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle voice">middle voice</a> which is both <a href="/wiki/Active_voice" title="Active voice">active</a> and <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive</a> at the same time. There are few <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">reflexive verbs</a> that are used reflexively only. Many verbs, when used in their reflexive form, carry a connotation of self-contention, or of emotional profit for the agent/patient, there the aspect of being formally reflexive can also be seen as <a href="/wiki/Benefactive_case" title="Benefactive case">benefactive</a>. Reflexive can also be <a href="/wiki/Mediopassive_voice" title="Mediopassive voice">mediopassive</a>. Since this is predominantly used in generalized speech, semantics diverge from middle voice. <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">Prosody</a> may help to disambiguate. Grammatical forms are identical, however. ... </p> <ul><li>Examples<sup id="cite_ref-cge_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cge-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of mandatory middle voice reflexive: <ul><li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">Dat deiht sech bedde</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">She is praying</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">Ech moot mech lääje</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">I had to lay down</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">Ühr kännd Üch he nit uß</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">You do not know the ways here</span></span>)</li></ul></li> <li>Examples<sup id="cite_ref-cge_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cge-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of optional middle voice reflexive : <ul><li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">Se drieht sech noch e Brütche ren</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">She eats another roll [for her pleasure]</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">Se kumme sech veraffscheede</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">They come to say goodbye</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">It hät sech dud jesoffe</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en"><u>She</u> died from alcohol abuse</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">Mer hatte uns de Hand jejovve</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">We had shaken hands</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">Ömdriehe däätet Er Üch!</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">You would turn [around]</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">Dat jeiht sech nit uß</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">It does not fit or work out</span></span>)</li></ul></li> <li>Examples<sup id="cite_ref-cge_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cge-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of mediopassive reflexive: <ul><li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">Die Appelsine schälle sech joot</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">These Oranges peel well</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">De Stunde lohße sesch nit ophallde</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">You cannot catch time</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">Winter läät sech övver et Land</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Winter covers the land</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">Mer verköhlt sech ens jään</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">You likely catch a cold</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">Verköhle deit mer sech jään</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">You likely catch a cold</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">Verköhlt hät mer sech flöck</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">You likely catch a cold quickly</span></span>)</li></ul></li> <li>Examples<sup id="cite_ref-cge_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cge-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of ambiguous reflexive: <ul><li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">Baade kann dä sech nit</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">He never takes a bath or refuses bathing / He cannot take baths</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">Mer hellef sech met Bedde</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Praying is supportive / One resorts to prayer / I've resorted to prayer</span></span>)</li> <li><i><span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">Mer hellef sech</i></span></i> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">People support each other / One finds ways to get along</span></span>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_grammar&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cge-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cge_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cge_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cge_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cge_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cge_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cge_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cge_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Examples use these conventions: <ol><li>Where stress is of importance, stressed syllables or words are <u>underlined</u>.</li> <li>Alternative translations are separated with commas when their sense is identical.</li> <li>If the original has multiple meanings, their translations are separated with slashes.</li></ol> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colognian_grammar&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ferdinand Münch: <i>Grammatik der ripuarisch-fränkischen Mundart</i>. Cohen, Bonn 1904. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/grammatikderrip00mngoog">online</a>)<br />Reprinted with permission: Saendig Reprint Verlag, Wiesbaden 1970, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-500-21670-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-500-21670-6">3-500-21670-6</a>, under a license by Verlag Bouvier, Bonn.</li> <li>Fritz Hoenig: <i>Wörterbuch der Kölner Mundart.</i> second, extended edition, Cologne 1905.</li> <li>Alice Tiling-Herrwegen: <i>De kölsche Sproch</i>, Kurzgrammatik Kölsch-Deutsch. Bachem-Verlag Köln. 1st edition, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7616-1604-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-7616-1604-X">3-7616-1604-X</a></li> <li>Christa Bhatt, Alice Herrwegen: <i>Das Kölsche Wörterbuch</i>. Bachem-Verlag Köln. 2nd edition, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7616-1942-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-7616-1942-1">3-7616-1942-1</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies">Phonologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Template:Language orthographies">Orthographies</a></li> <li><b>Grammars</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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grammar">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_grammar" title="Cornish grammar">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_grammar" title="Irish grammar">Irish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish_grammar" title="Old Irish grammar">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_grammar" title="Manx grammar">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_grammar" title="Scottish Gaelic grammar">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_grammar" title="Welsh grammar">Welsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology" title="Colloquial Welsh morphology">colloquial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Welsh_morphology" title="Literary Welsh morphology">literary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_grammar" title="Catalan grammar">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_grammar" title="Dalmatian grammar">Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_grammar" title="French grammar">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_grammar" title="Istro-Romanian grammar">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_grammar" title="Italian grammar">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_grammar" title="Latin grammar">Latin</a></li> <li>Lombard <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_grammar" title="Eastern Lombard grammar">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_grammar" title="Western Lombard grammar">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_grammar" title="Portuguese grammar">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_grammar" title="Romanian grammar">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_grammar" title="Spanish grammar">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_grammar" title="Venetian grammar">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_grammar" title="Latvian grammar">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_grammar" title="Lithuanian grammar">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_grammar" title="Belarusian grammar">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_grammar" title="Bulgarian grammar">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language#Grammar" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_grammar" title="Macedonian grammar">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic_grammar" title="Old Church Slavonic grammar">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_grammar" title="Polish grammar">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_grammar" title="Russian grammar">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_grammar" title="Silesian grammar">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_grammar" title="Serbo-Croatian grammar">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language#Morphology" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_grammar" title="Slovene grammar">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_grammar" title="Slovincian grammar">Slovincian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_grammar" title="Ukrainian grammar">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_grammar" title="Kurdish grammar">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_grammar" title="Pashto grammar">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_grammar" title="Persian grammar">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_grammar" title="Tajik grammar">Tajik</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_grammar" title="Bengali grammar">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_grammar" title="Bhojpuri grammar">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_grammar" title="Gujarati grammar">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_grammar" title="Maithili grammar">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_grammar" title="Marathi grammar">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_grammar" title="Nepali grammar">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_grammar" title="Odia grammar">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_grammar" title="Punjabi grammar">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_grammar" title="Sanskrit grammar">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit_grammar" title="Vedic Sanskrit grammar">Vedic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language#Grammar" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar" title="Modern Greek grammar">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_grammar" title="Koine Greek grammar">Koine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_grammar" title="Hittite grammar">Hittite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_grammar" title="Estonian grammar">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_grammar" title="Finnish grammar">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_grammar" title="Hungarian grammar">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_grammar" title="Ingrian grammar">Ingrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_grammar" title="Komi grammar">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_grammar" title="Livonian grammar">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_grammar" title="Udmurt grammar">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli_grammar" title="Meänkieli grammar">Meänkieli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language#Grammar" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_grammar" title="Turkish grammar">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_grammar" title="Turkmen grammar">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_grammar" title="Uyghur grammar">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language#Grammar" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language#Grammar" title="Yakut language">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language#Grammar" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_grammar" title="Adyghe grammar">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_grammar" title="Basque grammar">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_grammar" title="Georgian grammar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_grammar" title="Kabardian grammar">Kabardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_grammar" title="Laz grammar">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_grammar" title="Mingrelian grammar">Mingrelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_grammar" title="Ubykh grammar">Ubykh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Atlas_Tamazight_grammar" title="Central Atlas Tamazight grammar">Central Atlas Tamazight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hebrew_grammar" title="History of Hebrew grammar">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_grammar" title="Kabyle grammar">Kabyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_grammar" title="Levantine Arabic grammar">Levantine Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_grammar" title="Somali grammar">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_grammar" title="Tigrinya grammar">Tigrinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_grammar" title="Ugaritic grammar">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language#Morphology" title="Fula language">Fula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pular_grammar" title="Pular grammar">Pular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otjiherero_grammar" title="Otjiherero grammar">Herero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesotho_grammar" title="Sesotho grammar">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_grammar" title="Swahili grammar">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_grammar" title="Zulu grammar">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_grammar" title="Kannada grammar">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_grammar" title="Malayalam grammar">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_grammar" title="Tamil grammar">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_grammar" title="Telugu grammar">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_grammar" title="Japanese grammar">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Japanese_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Japanese grammar">Classical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_language#Grammar" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_grammar" title="Hachijō grammar">Hachijō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_grammar" title="Burmese grammar">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_grammar" title="Dzongkha grammar">Dzongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok_grammar" title="Kokborok grammar">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Mandarin Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_grammar" title="Mizo grammar">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Tibetan_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Standard Tibetan grammar">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_grammar" title="Khmer grammar">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_grammar" title="Vietnamese grammar">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Has_Hlai_grammar" title="Has Hlai grammar">Has Hlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_grammar" title="Lao grammar">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language#Grammar" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_grammar" title="Evenki grammar">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_grammar" title="Korean grammar">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language#Grammar" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_grammar" title="Cebuano grammar">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_grammar" title="Hawaiian grammar">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_grammar" title="Ilocano grammar">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_grammar" title="Malay grammar">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_grammar" title="Tagalog grammar">Tagalog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_grammar" title="Massachusett grammar">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_grammar" title="Munsee grammar">Munsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_grammar" title="Ojibwe grammar">Ojibwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Nahuatl_grammar" title="Classical Nahuatl grammar">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawat_grammar" title="Nawat grammar">Nawat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language#Grammar" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_grammar" title="Inuit grammar">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_grammar" title="Miskito grammar">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_grammar" title="Navajo grammar">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomi_grammar" title="Otomi grammar">Otomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_grammar" title="American Sign Language grammar">American</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">artistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_grammar" title="Klingon grammar">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%CA%BCvi_grammar" title="Naʼvi grammar">Naʼvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quenya_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Quenya grammar">Quenya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">auxiliary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_grammar" title="Esperanto grammar">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingua_grammar" title="Interlingua grammar">Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingue_grammar" title="Interlingue grammar">Interlingue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_Franca_Nova_grammar" title="Lingua Franca Nova grammar">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Constructed_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed languages">constructed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lojban_grammar" title="Lojban grammar">Lojban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colognian_grammar&oldid=1247013699">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colognian_grammar&oldid=1247013699</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Colognian_grammar" title="Category:Colognian grammar">Colognian grammar</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" 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