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many words in modern Persian usage ultimately originate from Proto-Indo-European. The language makes extensive use of word building techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compounding</a> to derive new words from roots. Persian has also had considerable contact with other languages, resulting in many borrowings. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Native_word_formation">Native word formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_vocabulary&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Native word formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Persian is very powerful in word building and versatile in ways a word can be built from combining affixes, stems, nouns and adjectives. Having many affixes to form new words (over a hundred), and the ability to build <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a> and specially <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixes</a> from nouns,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Persian language is also claimed to be<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and demonstrated<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hessaby1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hessaby1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fareiran1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fareiran1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinative language</a> since it also frequently uses derivational <a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">agglutination</a> to <a href="/wiki/Word_formation" title="Word formation">form new words</a> from nouns, adjectives, and verbal stems. New words are also extensively formed by <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compounding</a> – two existing words combining into a new one, as is common in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and hence most of the Indian languages. The Persian dictionary consists of 343,466 words and Persian language is able to make 225 million words.<sup id="cite_ref-hessaby1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hessaby1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fareiran1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fareiran1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example set of words derived from a present stem combined with some of available affixes: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Persian </th> <th>Components </th> <th>English </th> <th>Word class </th></tr> <tr> <td>dān دان </td> <td>dān دان </td> <td>Present stem of <i>dānestan</i> (to know) </td> <td>Verbal stem </td></tr> <tr> <td>dāneš دانش </td> <td>dān + -eš دان + ش </td> <td>knowledge </td> <td>Noun </td></tr> <tr> <td>dānešmand دانشمند </td> <td>dān + -eš + -mand دان + ش + مند </td> <td>Scientist </td> <td>Noun </td></tr> <tr> <td>dānešgāh دانشگاه </td> <td>dān + -eš + -gāh دان + ش + گاه </td> <td>university </td> <td>Noun </td></tr> <tr> <td>dānešgāhi دانشگاهی </td> <td>dān + -eš + -gāh + -i دان + ش + گاه + ی </td> <td>pertaining to university; scholar; scholarly </td> <td>Adjective </td></tr> <tr> <td>hamdānešgāhi هم‌دانشگاهی </td> <td>ham- + dān + -eš + -gāh + -i هم + دان + ش + گاه + ی </td> <td>university-mate </td> <td>Noun </td></tr> <tr> <td>dāneškade دانشکده </td> <td>dān + -eš + -kade دان + ش + کده </td> <td>faculty </td> <td>Noun </td></tr> <tr> <td>dānešju دانشجو </td> <td>dān + -eš + -ju دان + ش + جو </td> <td>student </td> <td>Noun </td></tr> <tr> <td>dānā دانا </td> <td>dān + -ā دان + ا </td> <td>wise, learned </td> <td>Adjective </td></tr> <tr> <td>dānāyi دانایی </td> <td>dān + -ā + -i دان + ا + ی </td> <td>wisdom </td> <td>Noun </td></tr> <tr> <td>nādān نادان </td> <td>nā- + dān نا + دان </td> <td>ignorant; foolish </td> <td>Adjective </td></tr> <tr> <td>nādāni نادانی </td> <td>nā- + dān + -i نا + دان + ی </td> <td>ignorance; foolishness </td> <td>Noun </td></tr> <tr> <td>dānande داننده </td> <td>dān + -ande دان + نده </td> <td>one who knows </td> <td>Adjective </td></tr> <tr> <td>dānandegi دانندگی </td> <td>dān + -ande + -gi دان + نده + گی </td> <td>knowing </td> <td>Noun </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An example set of words derived from a past stem combined with some of available affixes: </p> <table class="wikitable" id="table1"> <tbody><tr> <th>Persian </th> <th>Components </th> <th>English </th> <th>Word class </th></tr> <tr> <td>did دید </td> <td>did دید </td> <td>Past stem of <i>didan</i> (to see) </td> <td>Verbal stem </td></tr> <tr> <td>did دید </td> <td>did دید </td> <td>sight; vision </td> <td>Noun </td></tr> <tr> <td>didan دیدن </td> <td>did + -an دید + ن </td> <td>to see </td> <td>Infinitive </td></tr> <tr> <td>didani دیدنی </td> <td>did + -an + -i دید + ن + ی </td> <td>worth seeing </td> <td>Adjective </td></tr> <tr> <td>didār دیدار </td> <td>did + -ār دید + ار </td> <td>visit; act of meeting </td> <td>Noun </td></tr> <tr> <td>didāri دیداری </td> <td>did + -ār + -i دید + ار + ی </td> <td>visional, of the sense of sight </td> <td>Adjective </td></tr> <tr> <td>dide دیده </td> <td>did + -e دید + ه </td> <td>seen; what seen </td> <td>Past participle; Noun </td></tr> <tr> <td>nādide ندیده </td> <td>nâ- + did + -e ن + دید + ه </td> <td>what unseen </td> <td>Noun </td></tr> <tr> <td>didgāh دیدگاه </td> <td>did + -gâh دید + گاه </td> <td>point of view </td> <td>Noun </td></tr> <tr> <td>didebān دیدبان </td> <td>dide + -bān دید + ه + بان </td> <td>watchman </td> <td>Noun </td></tr> <tr> <td>didebāni دیدبانی </td> <td>dide + -bān + -i دید + ه + بان + ی </td> <td>watchman-ship </td> <td>Noun </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_influences">External influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_vocabulary&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: External influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">Loanwords</a> in the Persian language mostly came from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>; though the extent of Turkic influence differs greatly by dialect. Recently, some <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> loanwords have entered the language as well. </p><p>Persian has likewise influenced the vocabularies of other languages, especially <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>. Many Persian words have also found their way into the English language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic_influence">Arabic influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_vocabulary&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arabic influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab conquest of Iran">Arab conquest of Iran</a> lasted for two centuries, from the 7th to the 9th CE. During this period, Arabic words were imported into the Persian language, and a number of Persian words found their way into Arabic. Persian words of Arabic origin especially include Islamic terms. Arabic has had an influence on the Persian lexicon, but it has not affected the structure of the language. The morphological process used to obtain these lexical elements has not been imported into Persian and is not productive in the language. </p><p>These Arabic words have been imported and lexicalized in Persian. So, for instance, the Arabic plural form for <i>ketāb</i> (كتاب) ["book"] is <i>kotob</i> (كتب) obtained by the root derivation system. In Persian, the plural for the lexical word <i>ketâb</i> is obtained by simply adding the Persian plural <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a> <i>hā</i>: <i>ketāb+hā</i> → <i>ketābhā</i> (كتاب‌ها). Also, any new Persian words can only be pluralized by the addition of this plural morpheme since the Arabic root system is not a productive process in Persian. In addition, since the plurals formed by the Arabic <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a> system constitute only a small portion of the Persian vocabulary (about 5% in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiraz_corpus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shiraz corpus (page does not exist)">Shiraz corpus</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>), it is not necessary to include them in the morphology; they are instead listed in the dictionary as irregular forms. </p><p>In fact, among Iranians there have been sporadic <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism" title="Linguistic purism">efforts</a> as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Empire">Safavid Empire</a> to revive a purer version of Persian by diminishing the use of Arabic loanwords in their language. Both <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi Shahs</a> supported such efforts in the 20th century by creating the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Persian_Language_and_Literature" title="Academy of Persian Language and Literature">academy of Persian Language and Literature</a>. In 1934, Reza Shah ordered to rebuild <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Ferdowsi" title="Tomb of Ferdowsi">tomb</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>, who is regarded as the savior of Persian language, and set up a ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, celebrating a thousand years of <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a> since the time of Ferdowsi, titled <i><a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi_Millenary_Celebration" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdowsi Millenary Celebration">Ferdowsi Millenary Celebration</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">جشن هزاره فردوسی</span>). </p><p>Academy of Persian language and literature after the Iranian revolution continued its striving to protect the integrity of the Persian language. However, the attention of the academy has been turned towards the persistent infiltration of Persian, like many other languages, with English words, as a result of the globalization process. Since the 1980s, the academy constantly campaigns for the use of the Persian equivalents of these new English loanwords. It also has the task of linguistically deriving such words from existing Persian roots if no such equivalents exist, and actively promoting the adoption of these new coinages instead of their English equivalents in the daily lives of the <a href="/wiki/Persian-speaking_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian-speaking people">Persian-speaking people</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkic_influence">Turkic influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_vocabulary&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Turkic influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Speakers of Turkic languages and Iranian language have been in contact since pre-islamic times; as such there are notable <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> forms (including Mongolian borrowings through Turkic) that have entered the Persian language.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout history, the Persian-speaking realm was ruled by a succession of dynasties of Turkic origin, notably <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid">Ghaznavid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">the Sultanate of Rum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid</a> which have patronized Persian culture and literature. With the exception of certain official designations within the government, trade and military, many of the Turkic borrowings in Persian have a more informal, homely flavour,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and therefore, to many Persian native speakers these words do not feel like foreign: e.g. <i>āqā</i> 'mister', <i>dowqolu</i> 'twin', <i>komak</i> 'help', <i>tumān</i> 'official currency of Iran' (but <i>riāl</i> < Portuguese), <i>yābu</i> 'pack nag', <i>qešlāq</i> 'winter quarters', <i>yeylāq</i> 'summer quarters', <i>qeyči</i> 'scissors'. The usage of Turkic loan words varies by dialect; generally, eastern dialects such as: <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi</a> have more Turkic influence than <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian Persian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_and_other_European_influences">French and other European influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_vocabulary&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: French and other European influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the past couple of centuries, Persian has borrowed many loanwords from European languages (mainly French).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A lot of these loanwords were originally <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and use French pronunciation, also other common words mainly come from English, Italian, German, and Russian (example: samovar) as well. The table below shows some examples of common French/Persian words. </p> <table class="wikitable" id="table1"> <tbody><tr> <th>Persian </th> <th>French </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>دوش duš </td> <td>douche </td> <td>shower </td></tr> <tr> <td>مرسی mersi </td> <td>merci </td> <td>thanks </td></tr> <tr> <td>گارسون gārson </td> <td>garçon </td> <td>waiter </td></tr> <tr> <td>مانتو mānto </td> <td>manteau </td> <td>women's coat </td></tr> <tr> <td>شوفاژ šufāž </td> <td>chauffage </td> <td>radiator </td></tr> <tr> <td>شومینه šomine </td> <td>cheminée </td> <td>fireplace </td></tr> <tr> <td>اتوبوس otobus </td> <td>autobus </td> <td>bus </td></tr> <tr> <td>کراوات kerāvāt </td> <td>cravate </td> <td>tie </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_vocabulary&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Indo-Iranian_Swadesh_lists" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Indo-Iranian Swadesh lists">Indo-Iranian Swadesh lists</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_loanwords_in_Persian" title="List of French loanwords in Persian">List of French loanwords in Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Persian_origin" title="List of English words of Persian origin">List of English words of Persian origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Persian_Language_and_Literature" title="Academy of Persian Language and Literature">Academy of Persian Language and Literature</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_vocabulary&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ariarman.org&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ariarman.org%2FPersian_Arabian_Language.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+vocabulary" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/faresiyat">"FĀRESĪYĀT – Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. Iranicaonline.org. 1999-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=F%C4%80RES%C4%AAY%C4%80T+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.pub=Iranicaonline.org&rft.date=1999-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Ffaresiyat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+vocabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/armenia-iv">"ARMENIA AND IRAN iv. Iranian influences in Armenian Language"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARMENIA+AND+IRAN+iv.+Iranian+influences+in+Armenian+Language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Farmenia-iv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+vocabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/georgia-v-">"GEORGIA v. LINGUISTIC CONTACTS WITH IRANIAN LANGUAGES"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GEORGIA+v.+LINGUISTIC+CONTACTS+WITH+IRANIAN+LANGUAGES&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fgeorgia-v-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+vocabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doerfer: G. Doerfer, <i>Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen</i>. Vols. I-IV. Wiesbaden 1963–1975</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John R. Perry, "Persian in the Safavid Period", <i>Pembroke Papers</i> 1996 (4), pp. 269–283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2001" class="citation journal cs1">Perry, John (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4030859">"The Historical Role of Turkish in Relation to Persian of Iran"</a>. <i>Iran & the Caucasus</i>. <b>5</b>: 193–200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157338401X00224">10.1163/157338401X00224</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1609-8498">1609-8498</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4030859">4030859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+%26+the+Caucasus&rft.atitle=The+Historical+Role+of+Turkish+in+Relation+to+Persian+of+Iran&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=193-200&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=1609-8498&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4030859%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157338401X00224&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4030859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+vocabulary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Persian_language" title="Template:Persian language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Persian_language" title="Template talk:Persian language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Persian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Persian language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Persian_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language#History" title="Persian language">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <small>(c. 3000 BCE)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <small>(c. 2000 BCE)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a> <small>(c. 1500 BCE)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <small>(c. 525 – 300 BCE)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> <small>(c. 300 BCE – 800 CE)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">New Persian</a> <small>(from 800)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">Western Iranian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language#Varieties" title="Persian language">Dialects and varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Persian" title="Standard Persian">Standard Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_dialect" title="Aimaq dialect">Aimaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Persian" title="Kuwaiti Persian">Kuwaiti Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat (<i>Juhuri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhori_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukhori dialect">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistani_dialect" title="Sistani dialect">Sistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwari_language" title="Dehwari language">Dehwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vocabulary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_nouns" title="Persian nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_verbs" title="Persian verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_phonology" title="Persian phonology">Phonology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_grammar" title="Persian grammar">Persian grammar</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ez%C4%81fe" title="Ezāfe">Ezāfe</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_grammar" title="Tajik grammar">Tajik grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian calligraphy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_alphabet" title="Tajik alphabet">Tajik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">Romanized Persian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_literature" title="Middle Persian literature">Middle Persian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_literature" title="Tajik literature">Tajik literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Persian_Language_and_Literature" title="Academy of Persian Language and Literature">Academy of Persian Language and Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Afghanistan" title="Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan">Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudaki_Institute_of_Language_and_Literature" title="Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature">Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Persian_origin" title="List of English words of Persian origin">List of English words of Persian origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_loanwords_in_Persian" title="List of French loanwords in Persian">List of French loanwords in Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Persian_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language">List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">Persian language in South Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_vocabulary&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Such as سگ (dog) in سگ‌مست (stoned, drunk) as well as خر (donkey) in خرمست and سیاه (black) in سیاه‌مست with the same meaning.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prevalence of French influence varies by Dialect.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persian_vocabulary&oldid=1256017037">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persian_vocabulary&oldid=1256017037</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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