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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">High performance turbofan engine manufactured by NPO Saturn Russia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Saturn_AL-51" title="Saturn AL-51">Saturn AL-51</a>.</div> <table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%;">NPO Saturn AL-55 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AL-55_at_the_MAKS-2011_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/AL-55_at_the_MAKS-2011_%2801%29.jpg/300px-AL-55_at_the_MAKS-2011_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/AL-55_at_the_MAKS-2011_%2801%29.jpg/450px-AL-55_at_the_MAKS-2011_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/AL-55_at_the_MAKS-2011_%2801%29.jpg/600px-AL-55_at_the_MAKS-2011_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">The Jet engine AL-55 (The international aerospace salon MAKS-2011) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Type </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">Turbofan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap">National origin</span> </th> <td>Russia </td></tr> <tr> <th>Manufacturer </th> <td><a href="/wiki/NPO_Saturn" class="mw-redirect" title="NPO Saturn">NPO Saturn</a> and serial production by Ufa Engine Industrial Association JSC </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap">Major applications</span> </th> <td>Originally designed for <a href="/wiki/HAL_HJT-36_Sitara" class="mw-redirect" title="HAL HJT-36 Sitara">HAL HJT-36 Sitara</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The <b>NPO Saturn AL-55</b> is a high performance <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofan</a> engine manufactured by <a href="/wiki/NPO_Saturn" class="mw-redirect" title="NPO Saturn">NPO Saturn</a> Russia, for powering advanced trainers, <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">unmanned aerial vehicles</a> (UAV) and light attack aircraft. A variant of the AL-55I powers the <a href="/wiki/HAL_HJT-36_Yashas" title="HAL HJT-36 Yashas">HAL HJT-36 Yashas</a> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> jet trainer. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPO_Saturn_AL-55&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> India's <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Aeronautics_Limited" title="Hindustan Aeronautics Limited">Hindustan Aeronautics Limited</a>, from 1999, was developing <a href="/wiki/HAL_HJT-36_Sitara" class="mw-redirect" title="HAL HJT-36 Sitara">HAL HJT-36 Sitara</a>, a subsonic intermediate jet <a href="/wiki/Trainer_aircraft" title="Trainer aircraft">trainer aircraft</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a> to replace the ageing <a href="/wiki/HAL_HJT-16_Kiran" title="HAL HJT-16 Kiran">HAL HJT-16 Kiran</a>.</p><div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/HAL_HJT-36_Yashas#Propulsion" title="HAL HJT-36 Yashas">HAL HJT-36 Yashas § Propulsion</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HAL_HJT-36_Yashas&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>The prototype aircraft was initially powered by a <a href="/wiki/SNECMA_Turbomeca_Larzac_04-H-20" class="mw-redirect" title="SNECMA Turbomeca Larzac 04-H-20">SNECMA Turbomeca Larzac 04-H-20</a> non-afterburning <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofan</a> developing 14.12 kN of thrust.<sup id="cite_ref-HAL_HJT-36_Yashas_:3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAL_HJT-36_Yashas_:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as stipulated by the 2005 Air Staff Qualitative Requirements (ASQRs) from the Air Force there was a requirement of higher thrust engines.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2005, the Larzac engine was to be replaced by NPO Saturn AL-55I (16.9 kN) to meet training requirements. The AL-55I engine would be a <a href="/wiki/Joint_Venture" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Venture">Joint Venture</a> of HAL and <a href="/wiki/NPO_Saturn" class="mw-redirect" title="NPO Saturn">NPO Saturn</a> and the deal for the development of the same was signed with <a href="/wiki/Rosoboronexport" title="Rosoboronexport">Rosoboronexport</a> in August. A funding of <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a></span>159 <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a></span> (equivalent to <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>540 crore or US$62 million in 2023) by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(India)" title="Ministry of Defence (India)">Indian Ministry of Defence</a> was released for the higher thrust engine development.<sup id="cite_ref-HAL_HJT-36_Yashas_:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAL_HJT-36_Yashas_:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HAL_HJT-36_Yashas_:4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAL_HJT-36_Yashas_:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As per a <a href="/wiki/Comptroller_and_Auditor_General_of_India" title="Comptroller and Auditor General of India">CAG</a> report on IJT, in February 2014, the engine developed (AL-55I) had a Total Technical Life (TTL) of only 300 hours against the required 3600 hours provided in the ASQR. However, by 2013, it was told that the contract for engine development was fulfilled and the JV intended to increase the TTL to 600 hours though IAF insisted a TTL of 1,200 hours. The increase of TTL was important as ASQR projected a "utilisation rate" of 30 hrs/month per aircraft which meant the engines needed to be replaced every 10 months.<sup id="cite_ref-HAL_HJT-36_Yashas_:4_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAL_HJT-36_Yashas_:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HAL_HJT-36_Yashas_:3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAL_HJT-36_Yashas_:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 July 2021, it was reported that the <a href="/wiki/United_Engine_Corporation" title="United Engine Corporation">United Engine Corporation</a> had deliver two units of AL-55I engines to HAL for the HJT-36 programme. The life cycle of the improved engines were increased to 1,200 hours . Earlier, 16 engines had been supplied to HAL for the prototypes and limited series production (LSP) aircraft. The engines were reportedly ready for licensed production in India.<sup id="cite_ref-HAL_HJT-36_Yashas_:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAL_HJT-36_Yashas_:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new engines also had an improved thrust of 17.27 kN and also featured a reduction of over 50 kg weight.<sup id="cite_ref-HAL_HJT-36_Yashas_:3_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAL_HJT-36_Yashas_:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> By February 2025, UEC supplied 18 AL-55I engines to HAL for the project. The engines will undergo type certification followed by start of <a href="/wiki/Licensed_production" title="Licensed production">licensed production</a> of the engines by HAL in India.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPO_Saturn_AL-55&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The design comprises five main features. It has a three-stage low pressure compressor, five stage high pressure chamber, an annular combustion chamber and a single stage high and low pressure turbines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPO_Saturn_AL-55&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>AL-55</dt> <dd></dd> <dd>AL-55/I: A variant designed for licensed production in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPO_Saturn_AL-55&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HAL_HJT-36_Sitara" class="mw-redirect" title="HAL HJT-36 Sitara">HAL HJT-36 Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAL_HJT_39" title="HAL HJT 39">HAL HJT 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_MiG-AT" title="Mikoyan MiG-AT">Mikoyan MiG-AT</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KB_SAT_SR-10" title="KB SAT SR-10">KB SAT SR-10</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPO_Saturn_AL-55&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p style="font-size: 90%; margin:0; padding: .2em"><i>Data from</i> <i>UEC Saturn</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_characteristics">General characteristics</h4></div> <ul><li><b>Type:</b> Double spool (two shaft) <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofan</a></li> <li><b>Length:</b> 1,950 mm (76.77 in)</li> <li><b>Diameter:</b> 590 mm (23.23 in)</li> <li><b>Dry weight:</b> 315 kg</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Components">Components</h4></div> <ul><li><b>Compressor:</b> two-spool, with 3-stage low-pressure (LP) and 5-stage high-pressure (HP) and one annular compressor</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">Turbine</a>:</b> 1 LP stage and 1 HP stage</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Performance">Performance</h4></div> <ul><li><b>Maximum <a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">thrust</a>:</b> 1,760 kgf (17.3 kN; 3,900 lbf) (take-off thrust)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Overall_pressure_ratio" title="Overall pressure ratio">Overall pressure ratio</a>:</b> 17.5</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bypass_ratio" title="Bypass ratio">Bypass ratio</a>:</b> 0.515</li> <li><b>Air mass flow:</b> 28.5 kg/s</li> <li><b>Turbine inlet temperature:</b> 1445 Tc<sup id="cite_ref-russia-algeria1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russia-algeria1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uk-odk1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uk-odk1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Соколов_Константин_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Соколов_Константин-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Thrust_specific_fuel_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust specific fuel consumption">Specific fuel consumption</a>:</b> 0.69 kg/kgf.h (Specific fuel rate at the limiting point), 0.645 kg/kgf.h (Specific fuel rate in cruising mode)<sup id="cite_ref-russia-algeria1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russia-algeria1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uk-odk1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uk-odk1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Соколов_Константин_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Соколов_Константин-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Thrust-to-weight_ratio" title="Thrust-to-weight ratio">Thrust-to-weight ratio</a>:</b> 5.59 (take-off thrust)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPO_Saturn_AL-55&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_engines" title="List of aircraft engines">List of aircraft engines</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPO_Saturn_AL-55&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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.reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HAL_HJT-36_Yashas_:3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HAL_HJT-36_Yashas_:3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HAL_HJT-36_Yashas_:3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HAL_HJT-36_Yashas_:3_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2019-05-01/hjt-36-flight-test-resumption-renews-hope-al-55-engine">"HJT-36 Flight Test Resumption Renews Hope for AL-55 Engine | AIN"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HJT-36+Flight+Test+Resumption+Renews+Hope+for+AL-55+Engine+%26%23124%3B+AIN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ainonline.com%2Faviation-news%2Fdefense%2F2019-05-01%2Fhjt-36-flight-test-resumption-renews-hope-al-55-engine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANPO+Saturn+AL-55" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/hal-hjt-36">"HAL HJT-36 | Aviation Week Network"</a>.</cite><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mobility+Outlook&rft.atitle=Long+Road+Ahead+For+HAL%E2%80%99s+HJT-36+Sitara+Intermediate+Jet+Trainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobilityoutlook.com%2Ffeatures%2Flong-road-ahead-for-hals-hjt36-sitara-intermediate-jet-trainer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANPO+Saturn+AL-55" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HAL_HJT-36_Yashas_:4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HAL_HJT-36_Yashas_:4_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HAL_HJT-36_Yashas_:4_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2014/Union_Compliance_Defence_Air_force_Navy_34_2014_Chapter_2.pdf">"CHAPTER II: MINISTRY OF DEFENCE"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>cag.gov.in/en</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240802083951/https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2014/Union_Compliance_Defence_Air_force_Navy_34_2014_Chapter_2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cag.gov.in%2Fen&rft.atitle=CHAPTER+II%3A+MINISTRY+OF+DEFENCE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcag.gov.in%2Fuploads%2Fdownload_audit_report%2F2014%2FUnion_Compliance_Defence_Air_force_Navy_34_2014_Chapter_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANPO+Saturn+AL-55" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HAL_HJT-36_Yashas_:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HAL_HJT-36_Yashas_:1_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesaerospace.aero/news/training/training-india-gets-two-al-55i-engines-for-combat-trainers">"TRAINING: India Gets Two AL-55I Engines for Combat Trainers | Times Aerospace"</a>. <i>www.timesaerospace.aero</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timesaerospace.aero&rft.atitle=TRAINING%3A+India+Gets+Two+AL-55I+Engines+for+Combat+Trainers+%7C+Times+Aerospace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesaerospace.aero%2Fnews%2Ftraining%2Ftraining-india-gets-two-al-55i-engines-for-combat-trainers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANPO+Saturn+AL-55" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiandefensenews.in/2021/07/india-gets-two-al-55i-engines-for.html?m=1">"India Gets Two AL-55I Engines For Combat Trainers"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India+Gets+Two+AL-55I+Engines+For+Combat+Trainers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiandefensenews.in%2F2021%2F07%2Findia-gets-two-al-55i-engines-for.html%3Fm%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANPO+Saturn+AL-55" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniindia.com/news/world/aviation-russia-india/2448836.htmll">"Russia supplies India with 2 turbojet engines for HJT-36 training plane - Rostec"</a>. <i>UNI India</i>. 2021-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UNI+India&rft.atitle=Russia+supplies+India+with+2+turbojet+engines+for+HJT-36+training+plane+-+Rostec&rft.date=2021-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uniindia.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Faviation-russia-india%2F2448836.htmll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANPO+Saturn+AL-55" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tass.com/defense/1911633">"Russian company supplied 18 engines to India's HAL"</a>. <i>TASS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TASS&rft.atitle=Russian+company+supplied+18+engines+to+India%E2%80%99s+HAL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftass.com%2Fdefense%2F1911633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANPO+Saturn+AL-55" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defensemirror.com/news/38810/Russia___s_UEC_Supplied_18_Engines_to_India___s_HJT_36_Trainer_Aircraft_Project">"Russia's UEC Supplied 18 Engines to India's HJT-36 Trainer Aircraft Project"</a>. <i>Defense Mirror</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Defense+Mirror&rft.atitle=Russia%E2%80%99s+UEC+Supplied+18+Engines+to+India%E2%80%99s+HJT-36+Trainer+Aircraft+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defensemirror.com%2Fnews%2F38810%2FRussia___s_UEC_Supplied_18_Engines_to_India___s_HJT_36_Trainer_Aircraft_Project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANPO+Saturn+AL-55" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.migavia.ru/eng/military_e/MiG_AT_e.htm"> MiG-AT aircraft</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120505024114/http://www.migavia.ru/eng/military_e/MiG_AT_e.htm">Archived</a> 2012-05-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://npo-saturn.ru/?sat=68&slang=1">"Engines for military aircraft and UAS AL-55"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Engines+for+military+aircraft+and+UAS+AL-55&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnpo-saturn.ru%2F%3Fsat%3D68%26slang%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANPO+Saturn+AL-55" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-russia-algeria1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-russia-algeria1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-russia-algeria1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.russia-algeria.ru/3/Saturn_english_2010.pdf">http://www.russia-algeria.ru/3/Saturn_english_2010.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uk-odk1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uk-odk1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uk-odk1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140216172349/http://www.uk-odk.ru/eng/products/military_aviation/al55i/">"United Engine Corporation"</a>. Uk-odk.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uk-odk.ru/eng/products/military_aviation/al55i/">the original</a> on 2014-02-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Engine+Corporation&rft.pub=Uk-odk.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uk-odk.ru%2Feng%2Fproducts%2Fmilitary_aviation%2Fal55i%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANPO+Saturn+AL-55" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Соколов_Константин-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Соколов_Константин_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Соколов_Константин_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFСоколов_Константин" class="citation web cs1">Соколов Константин. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://npo-saturn.ru/?sat=68&slang=1">"NPO "SATURN" > AL-55"</a>. Npo-saturn.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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