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href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/centaurus-constellation/">Centaurus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13792" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13792"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cepheus-constellation/">Cepheus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13793" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13793"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cetus-constellation/">Cetus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13794" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13794"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/chamaeleon-constellation/">Chamaeleon Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13795" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13795"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/circinus-constellation/">Circinus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13796" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13796"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/columba-constellation/">Columba Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13797" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13797"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/coma-berenices-constellation/">Coma Berenices Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13798" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13798"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/corona-australis-constellation/">Corona Australis Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13799" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13799"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/corona-borealis-constellation/">Corona Borealis Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13800" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13800"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/corvus-constellation/">Corvus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13801" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13801"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/crater-constellation/">Crater Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13802" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13802"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/crux-constellation/">Crux Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13803" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13803"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cygnus-constellation/">Cygnus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13804" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13804"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/delphinus-constellation/">Delphinus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13805" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13805"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/dorado-constellation/">Dorado Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13806" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13806"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/draco-constellation/">Draco Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13807" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13807"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/equuleus-constellation/">Equuleus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13808" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13808"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/eridanus-constellation/">Eridanus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13809" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13809"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/fornax-constellation/">Fornax Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13810" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13810"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/gemini-constellation/">Gemini Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13811" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13811"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/grus-constellation/">Grus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13812" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13812"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/hercules-constellation/">Hercules Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13813" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13813"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/horologium-constellation/">Horologium Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13814" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13814"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/hydra-constellation/">Hydra Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13815" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13815"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/hydrus-constellation/">Hydrus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13816" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13816"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/indus-constellation/">Indus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13826" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13826"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lacerta-constellation/">Lacerta Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13827" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13827"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/leo-constellation/">Leo Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13828" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13828"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/leo-minor-constellation/">Leo Minor Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13829" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13829"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lepus-constellation/">Lepus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13830" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13830"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/libra-constellation/">Libra Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13831" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13831"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lupus-constellation/">Lupus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13832" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13832"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lynx-constellation/">Lynx Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13833" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13833"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lyra-constellation/">Lyra Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13834" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13834"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/mensa-constellation/">Mensa Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13835" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13835"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/microscopium-constellation/">Microscopium Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13836" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13836"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/monoceros-constellation/">Monoceros Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13837" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13837"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/musca-constellation/">Musca Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13838" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13838"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/norma-constellation/">Norma Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13839" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13839"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/octans-constellation/">Octans Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13840" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13840"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ophiuchus-constellation/">Ophiuchus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13841" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13841"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/orion-constellation/">Orion Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13842" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13842"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pavo-constellation/">Pavo Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13843" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13843"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pegasus-constellation/">Pegasus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13844" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13844"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/perseus-constellation/">Perseus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13845" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13845"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/phoenix-constellation/">Phoenix Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13846" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13846"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pictor-constellation/">Pictor Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13847" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13847"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pisces-constellation/">Pisces Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13848" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13848"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/piscis-austrinus-constellation/">Piscis Austrinus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13849" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13849"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/puppis-constellation/">Puppis Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13850" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13850"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pyxis-constellation/">Pyxis Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13851" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13851"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/reticulum-constellation/">Reticulum Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13852" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13852"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/sagitta-constellation/">Sagitta Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13853" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13853"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/sagittarius-constellation/">Sagittarius Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13854" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13854"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/scorpius-constellation/">Scorpius Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13855" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13855"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/sculptor-constellation/">Sculptor Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13856" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13856"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/scutum-constellation/">Scutum Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13857" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13857"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/serpens-constellation/">Serpens Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13858" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13858"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/sextans-constellation/">Sextans Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13859" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13859"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/taurus-constellation/">Taurus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13860" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13860"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/telescopium-constellation/">Telescopium Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13861" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13861"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/triangulum-australe-constellation/">Triangulum Australe Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13862" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13862"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/triangulum-constellation/">Triangulum Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13863" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13863"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/tucana-constellation/">Tucana Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13864" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13864"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-major-constellation/">Ursa Major Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13865" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13865"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-minor-constellation/">Ursa Minor Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13866" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13866"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/vela-constellation/">Vela Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13867" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13867"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/virgo-constellation/">Virgo Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13868" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13868"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/volans-constellation/">Volans Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13869" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13869"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/vulpecula-constellation/">Vulpecula Constellation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-13817" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-13817"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/"><span class="menu-item-title-wrap dd-title">Constellation Map</span><div role="none" tabindex="-1" class="caret-wrap 94" style="margin-left:5px;"><span class="caret"><svg aria-label="Dropdown" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg></span></div></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-13870" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13870"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/northern-constellations/">Northern Constellations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13872" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13872"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/southern-constellations/">Southern Constellations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13873" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13873"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/circumpolar-constellations/">Circumpolar Constellations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16671" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16671"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/equatorial-constellations/">Equatorial Constellations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13874" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13874"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/zodiac-constellations/">Zodiac Constellations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13875" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13875"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/largest-constellations/">Largest Constellations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13876" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13876"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/smallest-constellations/">Smallest Constellations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-13818" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-13818"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-names/"><span class="menu-item-title-wrap dd-title">Constellation Names</span><div role="none" tabindex="-1" class="caret-wrap 102" style="margin-left:5px;"><span class="caret"><svg aria-label="Dropdown" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg></span></div></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-13967" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13967"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-names/greek-constellations/">Greek Constellations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13819" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13819"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-names/constellation-families/">Constellation Families</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-17273" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-17273"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/asterisms/"><span class="menu-item-title-wrap dd-title">Asterisms</span><div role="none" tabindex="-1" class="caret-wrap 105" style="margin-left:5px;"><span class="caret"><svg aria-label="Dropdown" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg></span></div></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-17278" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post current-menu-item menu-item-17278"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/big-dipper/" aria-current="page">Big Dipper</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17283" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17283"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/little-dipper/">Little Dipper</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17285" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17285"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/orions-belt/">Orion’s Belt</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18219" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-18219"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/orions-sword/">Orion’s Sword</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17293" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17293"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/the-southern-cross/">Southern Cross</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17276" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17276"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/summer-triangle/">Summer Triangle</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17284" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17284"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/northern-cross/">Northern Cross</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17491" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17491"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/cassiopeias-w/">Cassiopeia’s W</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17287" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17287"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/spring-triangle/">Spring Triangle</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17280" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17280"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/great-diamond/">Great Diamond</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17295" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17295"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/winter-hexagon/">Winter Hexagon</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17296" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17296"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/winter-triangle/">Winter Triangle</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17289" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17289"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/teapot/">Teapot</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17277" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17277"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/the-kite/">The Kite</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17281" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17281"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/great-square-of-pegasus/">Great Square of Pegasus</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17275" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17275"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/water-jar/">Water Jar</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17279" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17279"><a 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Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13790"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cassiopeia-constellation/">Cassiopeia Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13791"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/centaurus-constellation/">Centaurus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13792"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cepheus-constellation/">Cepheus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13793"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cetus-constellation/">Cetus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13794"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/chamaeleon-constellation/">Chamaeleon Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13795"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/circinus-constellation/">Circinus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13796"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/columba-constellation/">Columba Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13797"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/coma-berenices-constellation/">Coma Berenices Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13798"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/corona-australis-constellation/">Corona Australis Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13799"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/corona-borealis-constellation/">Corona Borealis Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13800"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/corvus-constellation/">Corvus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13801"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/crater-constellation/">Crater Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13802"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/crux-constellation/">Crux Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13803"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cygnus-constellation/">Cygnus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13804"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/delphinus-constellation/">Delphinus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13805"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/dorado-constellation/">Dorado Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13806"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/draco-constellation/">Draco Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13807"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/equuleus-constellation/">Equuleus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13808"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/eridanus-constellation/">Eridanus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13809"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/fornax-constellation/">Fornax Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13810"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/gemini-constellation/">Gemini Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13811"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/grus-constellation/">Grus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13812"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/hercules-constellation/">Hercules Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13813"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/horologium-constellation/">Horologium Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13814"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/hydra-constellation/">Hydra Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13815"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/hydrus-constellation/">Hydrus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13816"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/indus-constellation/">Indus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13826"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lacerta-constellation/">Lacerta Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13827"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/leo-constellation/">Leo Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13828"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/leo-minor-constellation/">Leo Minor Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13829"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lepus-constellation/">Lepus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13830"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/libra-constellation/">Libra Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13831"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lupus-constellation/">Lupus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13832"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lynx-constellation/">Lynx Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13833"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lyra-constellation/">Lyra Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13834"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/mensa-constellation/">Mensa Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13835"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/microscopium-constellation/">Microscopium Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13836"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/monoceros-constellation/">Monoceros Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13837"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/musca-constellation/">Musca Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13838"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/norma-constellation/">Norma Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13839"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/octans-constellation/">Octans Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13840"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ophiuchus-constellation/">Ophiuchus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13841"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/orion-constellation/">Orion Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13842"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pavo-constellation/">Pavo Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13843"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pegasus-constellation/">Pegasus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13844"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/perseus-constellation/">Perseus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13845"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/phoenix-constellation/">Phoenix Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13846"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pictor-constellation/">Pictor Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13847"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pisces-constellation/">Pisces Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13848"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/piscis-austrinus-constellation/">Piscis Austrinus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13849"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/puppis-constellation/">Puppis Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13850"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pyxis-constellation/">Pyxis Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13851"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/reticulum-constellation/">Reticulum Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13852"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/sagitta-constellation/">Sagitta Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13853"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/sagittarius-constellation/">Sagittarius Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13854"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/scorpius-constellation/">Scorpius Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13855"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/sculptor-constellation/">Sculptor Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13856"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/scutum-constellation/">Scutum Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13857"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/serpens-constellation/">Serpens Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13858"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/sextans-constellation/">Sextans Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13859"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/taurus-constellation/">Taurus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13860"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/telescopium-constellation/">Telescopium Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13861"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/triangulum-australe-constellation/">Triangulum Australe Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13862"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/triangulum-constellation/">Triangulum Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13863"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/tucana-constellation/">Tucana Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13864"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-major-constellation/">Ursa Major Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13865"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-minor-constellation/">Ursa Minor Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13866"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/vela-constellation/">Vela Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13867"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/virgo-constellation/">Virgo Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13868"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/volans-constellation/">Volans Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13869"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/vulpecula-constellation/">Vulpecula Constellation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-13817"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/"><span class="menu-item-title-wrap dd-title">Constellation Map</span><div role="none" tabindex="0" class="caret-wrap 94" style="margin-left:5px;"><span class="caret"><svg aria-label="Dropdown" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg></span></div></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13870"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/northern-constellations/">Northern Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13872"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/southern-constellations/">Southern Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13873"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/circumpolar-constellations/">Circumpolar Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16671"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/equatorial-constellations/">Equatorial Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13874"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/zodiac-constellations/">Zodiac Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13875"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/largest-constellations/">Largest Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13876"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/smallest-constellations/">Smallest Constellations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-13818"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-names/"><span class="menu-item-title-wrap dd-title">Constellation Names</span><div role="none" tabindex="0" class="caret-wrap 102" style="margin-left:5px;"><span class="caret"><svg aria-label="Dropdown" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg></span></div></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13967"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-names/greek-constellations/">Greek Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13819"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-names/constellation-families/">Constellation Families</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-17273"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/asterisms/"><span class="menu-item-title-wrap dd-title">Asterisms</span><div role="none" tabindex="0" class="caret-wrap 105" style="margin-left:5px;"><span class="caret"><svg aria-label="Dropdown" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg></span></div></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post current-menu-item menu-item-17278"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/big-dipper/" aria-current="page">Big Dipper</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17283"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/little-dipper/">Little Dipper</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17285"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/orions-belt/">Orion’s Belt</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-18219"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/orions-sword/">Orion’s Sword</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17293"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/the-southern-cross/">Southern Cross</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17276"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/summer-triangle/">Summer Triangle</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17284"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/northern-cross/">Northern Cross</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17491"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/cassiopeias-w/">Cassiopeia’s W</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17287"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/spring-triangle/">Spring Triangle</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17280"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/great-diamond/">Great Diamond</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17295"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/winter-hexagon/">Winter Hexagon</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17296"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/winter-triangle/">Winter Triangle</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17289"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/teapot/">Teapot</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17277"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/the-kite/">The Kite</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17281"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/great-square-of-pegasus/">Great Square of Pegasus</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17275"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/water-jar/">Water Jar</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17279"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/false-cross/">False Cross</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17834"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/diamond-cross/">Diamond Cross</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-18941"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/the-fish-hook/">The Fish Hook</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17292"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/the-sickle/">The Sickle</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17274"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/pointer-stars/">Pointer Stars</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-18704"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/aurigas-hexagon/">Auriga’s Hexagon</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-18942"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/spicas-spanker/">Spica’s Spanker</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-20157"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/the-coathanger-brocchis-cluster/">The Coathanger (Brocchi’s Cluster)</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17282"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/kembles-cascade/">Kemble’s Cascade</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17290"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/the-keystone/">The Keystone</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-18705"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/three-leaps-of-the-gazelle/">Three Leaps of the Gazelle</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13822"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/messier-objects/">Messier Objects</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-13820"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellations-by-month/"><span class="menu-item-title-wrap dd-title">Constellations by Month</span><div role="none" tabindex="0" class="caret-wrap 134" style="margin-left:5px;"><span class="caret"><svg aria-label="Dropdown" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg></span></div></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item 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284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg></span></div></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20564"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/telescopes-and-night-sky-guides/best-telescopes-for-beginners/">Best Telescopes for Beginners</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-menu-sidebar-overlay hfg-ov hfg-pe"></div> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="neve-main"> <div class="container single-post-container"> <div class="row"> <article id="post-4674" class="nv-single-post-wrap col post-4674 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-asterism category-ursa-major category-ursa-minor tag-alioth tag-alkaid tag-alphard tag-arcturus tag-big-dipper tag-bodes-galaxy tag-capella tag-cigar-galaxy tag-dubhe tag-megrez tag-merak tag-messier-101 tag-messier-108 tag-messier-109 tag-messier-51 tag-messier-81 tag-messier-82 tag-messier-97 tag-mizar tag-north-star tag-owl-nebula tag-phecda tag-pinwheel-galaxy tag-pointer-stars tag-polaris tag-regulus tag-spica tag-the-great-wagon tag-the-plough tag-the-saucepan tag-ursa-major-moving-group tag-whirlpool-galaxy"> <div class="entry-header" ><div class="nv-title-meta-wrap"><h1 class="title entry-title">Big Dipper</h1><ul class="nv-meta-list"><li class="meta author vcard"><span class="author-name fn">by <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/author/admin/" title="Posts by admin" rel="author">admin</a></span></li><li class="meta date posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2022-05-21T00:52:29+00:00" content="2022-05-21">May 21, 2022</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-04-24T00:14:27+00:00">April 24, 2024</time></li></ul></div></div><div class="nv-content-wrap entry-content"><p>The Big Dipper is an asterism formed by seven bright stars in the constellation <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-major-constellation/">Ursa Major</a>, the Great Bear. It is one of the most recognizable star patterns in the night sky. The asterism is well-known in many cultures and goes by many other names, including the Plough, the Great Wagon, Saptarishi, and the Saucepan.</p> <p>The seven stars that form the Big Dipper are: Alkaid (Eta Ursae Majoris), Mizar (Zeta Ursae Majoris), Alioth (Epsilon Ursae Majoris), Megrez (Delta Ursae Majoris), Phecda (Gamma Ursae Majoris), Dubhe (Alpha Ursae Majoris), and Merak (Beta Ursae Majoris).</p> <p>In northern latitudes, the Big Dipper is visible throughout the year. It is one of the first star patterns we learn to identify, along with <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/orions-belt/">Orion’s Belt</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/cassiopeias-w/">Cassiopeia’s W</a>, and the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/northern-cross/">Northern Cross</a> in <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cygnus-constellation/">Cygnus</a>.</p> <div id="attachment_15434" style="width: 605px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-15434" class="lazy lazy-hidden size-full wp-image-15434" src="//www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-and-Ursa-Major.webp" alt="big dipper" width="595" height="397" srcset="" data-srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-and-Ursa-Major.webp 595w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-and-Ursa-Major-300x200.webp 300w" sizes="(max-width: 595px) 100vw, 595px" /> <noscript><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-15434" class="size-full wp-image-15434" src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-and-Ursa-Major.webp" alt="big dipper" width="595" height="397" srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-and-Ursa-Major.webp 595w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-and-Ursa-Major-300x200.webp 300w" sizes="(max-width: 595px) 100vw, 595px" /></noscript> <p id="caption-attachment-15434" class="wp-caption-text">Big Dipper (Ursa Major constellation) over Old Faithful geyser, Yellowstone National Park, image: Wikimedia Commons/ Astroval1 (CC BY-SA 4.0)</p></div> <h2 style="text-align: center;">Constellation</h2> <p>The Big Dipper is the most visible part of <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-major-constellation/">Ursa Major</a>, and its name is often used synonymously with the Great Bear. However, the Big Dipper itself is not a constellation. It is an asterism, a distinctive pattern formed by two or more stars. Its host constellation, Ursa Major, is the third largest constellation in the sky (after <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/hydra-constellation/">Hydra</a> and <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/virgo-constellation/">Virgo</a>) and covers a much larger area.</p> <p>The stars of the Big Dipper outline the Great Bear’s hindquarters and tail. The stars marking the celestial Bear’s head, torso, legs, and feet are not as bright or as easy to see from light-polluted areas.</p> <h2 style="text-align: center;">Location</h2> <p>The Big Dipper and <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-major-constellation/">Ursa Major</a> lie in the second quadrant of the northern hemisphere (NQ2). The entire constellation is visible from locations at latitudes between +90° and -30°. It is best seen in the evenings in April, when it makes its way across the sky during the night.</p> <p>The Big Dipper is <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/circumpolar-constellations/">circumpolar</a> in most of the northern hemisphere. This means that it never falls below the horizon and is visible throughout the year. As a result of the Earth’s rotation, the asterism appears to rotate slowly counterclockwise around the north celestial pole.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Where is the Big Dipper?</h3> <p>For most observers, the Big Dipper always appears in the northern half of the sky. Depending on the time of year, it may be in the northeast, northwest or north in the evening. It appears higher above the horizon from far northern latitudes than it does from locations in northern equatorial latitudes.</p> <p>For northern observers, the asterism appears in the northeastern sky with the handle dangling from the bowl in the winter evenings. In the spring months, it is high in the northeast around 10 pm and travels across the sky during the night.</p> <div id="attachment_17771" style="width: 710px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-17771" class="lazy lazy-hidden wp-image-17771 size-full" src="//www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/where-is-the-big-dipper.webp" alt="where in the sky is the big dipper,how to find the big dipper,big dipper location" width="700" height="493" srcset="" data-srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/where-is-the-big-dipper.webp 700w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/where-is-the-big-dipper-300x211.webp 300w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/where-is-the-big-dipper-640x451.webp 640w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /> <noscript><img decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-17771" class="wp-image-17771 size-full" src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/where-is-the-big-dipper.webp" alt="where in the sky is the big dipper,how to find the big dipper,big dipper location" width="700" height="493" srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/where-is-the-big-dipper.webp 700w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/where-is-the-big-dipper-300x211.webp 300w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/where-is-the-big-dipper-640x451.webp 640w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /></noscript> <p id="caption-attachment-17771" class="wp-caption-text">The location of the Big Dipper in different seasons, image: Stellarium</p></div> <p>In the summer, the Big Dipper is found above the northwestern horizon with the handle pointing upwards and the bowl closer to the horizon in the evening. In the autumn months, it lies low above the horizon in the northern sky.</p> <p>Due to its location in the far northern sky, the Big Dipper is mostly invisible to observers in the southern hemisphere. It may be glimpsed from locations near the equator in the spring months, when it appears upside down above the northern horizon in the evening.</p> <div id="attachment_17772" style="width: 709px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-17772" class="lazy lazy-hidden size-full wp-image-17772" src="//www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-equator.webp" alt="" width="699" height="479" srcset="" data-srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-equator.webp 699w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-equator-300x206.webp 300w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-equator-640x439.webp 640w" sizes="(max-width: 699px) 100vw, 699px" /> <noscript><img decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-17772" class="size-full wp-image-17772" src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-equator.webp" alt="" width="699" height="479" srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-equator.webp 699w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-equator-300x206.webp 300w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-equator-640x439.webp 640w" sizes="(max-width: 699px) 100vw, 699px" /></noscript> <p id="caption-attachment-17772" class="wp-caption-text">The Big Dipper as it appears from locations near the equator in the spring months, image: Stellarium</p></div> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Constellations near the Big Dipper</h3> <p>The Big Dipper can be used to find several neighbouring constellations, as well as a few that lie further away.</p> <p>The arc of the Big Dipper’s handle points to <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/arcturus/">Arcturus</a>, the bear keeper, the brightest star in the constellation <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/bootes-constellation/">Boötes</a>, the Herdsman. Boötes is recognizable for the asterism known as <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/the-kite/">the Kite</a>. Arcturus, the brightest star in the northern celestial hemisphere, sits at the base of the Kite.</p> <p>Following the line of the Big Dipper’s handle further leads to <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/spica/">Spica</a>, the brightest star in the constellation <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/virgo-constellation/">Virgo</a>. Spica appears at the base of a crooked Y asterism that extends in the direction of <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/denebola/">Denebola</a> in the constellation <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/leo-constellation/">Leo</a>. The Y of Virgo can be used to find the <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/virgo-cluster/">Virgo Cluster</a> of galaxies.</p> <div id="attachment_17770" style="width: 674px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-17770" class="lazy lazy-hidden size-full wp-image-17770" src="//www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/constellations-near-the-big-dipper.webp" alt="big dipper neighbouring constellations" width="664" height="492" srcset="" data-srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/constellations-near-the-big-dipper.webp 664w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/constellations-near-the-big-dipper-300x222.webp 300w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/constellations-near-the-big-dipper-640x474.webp 640w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 664px) 100vw, 664px" /> <noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-17770" class="size-full wp-image-17770" src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/constellations-near-the-big-dipper.webp" alt="big dipper neighbouring constellations" width="664" height="492" srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/constellations-near-the-big-dipper.webp 664w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/constellations-near-the-big-dipper-300x222.webp 300w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/constellations-near-the-big-dipper-640x474.webp 640w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 664px) 100vw, 664px" /></noscript> <p id="caption-attachment-17770" class="wp-caption-text">Constellations near the Big Dipper, image: Stellarium</p></div> <p>The region of the sky between the Big Dipper’s handle and the Y of Virgo is occupied by two fainter constellations. <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/coma-berenices-constellation/">Coma Berenices</a>, home to the bright, large <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/coma-star-cluster/">Coma Star Cluster</a>, lies in the area between Arcturus and Denebola. The main constellation figure of <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/canes-venatici-constellation/">Canes Venatici</a>, the Hunting Dogs, is roughly parallel to the line connecting Alkaid and Mizar in the handle of the Big Dipper. <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/cor-caroli/">Cor Caroli</a>, the brightest star in <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/canes-venatici-constellation/">Canes Venatici</a>, is found below Alkaid and the fainter Sun-like star <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/chara/">Chara</a> lies below Mizar.</p> <p>The tail of <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/draco-constellation/">Draco</a> lies between the Big and Little Dippers. The rest of the celestial Dragon winds around the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/little-dipper/">Little Dipper</a>’s bowl in the direction of the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/northern-cross/">Northern Cross</a> in <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cygnus-constellation/">Cygnus</a>.</p> <p>The faint <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lynx-constellation/">Lynx</a> can be made out in good conditions between the head and front legs of the Bear, the heads of the celestial <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/gemini-constellation/">Twins</a> (<a href="https://www.star-facts.com/pollux/">Pollux</a> and <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/castor/">Castor</a>), and the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/aurigas-hexagon/">hexagon of Auriga</a>.</p> <p>A line extended from Megrez through Phecda in the Big Dipper’s bowl leads to <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/regulus/">Regulus</a>, the brightest star in <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/leo-constellation/">Leo</a> and the 21st brightest star in the sky. Leo is recognizable for the backwards question mark pattern known as the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/the-sickle/">Sickle</a>. The asterism forms the celestial Lion’s head and mane, and Regulus appears at its base. The Lion’s tail is marked by Denebola. The line from Megrez though Phecda extended past Regulus leads to <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/alphard/">Alphard</a>, the brightest star in <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/hydra-constellation/">Hydra</a>.</p> <p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="lazy lazy-hidden aligncenter size-full wp-image-15437" src="//www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-navigation-1.webp" alt="" width="546" height="403" srcset="" data-srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-navigation-1.webp 546w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-navigation-1-300x221.webp 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 546px) 100vw, 546px" /> <noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-15437" src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-navigation-1.webp" alt="" width="546" height="403" srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-navigation-1.webp 546w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-navigation-1-300x221.webp 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 546px) 100vw, 546px" /></noscript> </p> <p>The small, faint constellation <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/leo-minor-constellation/">Leo Minor</a> lies between the constellation figure of <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/leo-constellation/">Leo</a> and the feet of the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-major-constellation/">Great Bear</a>. The Bear’s feet are marked by three pairs of stars between the Big Dipper and <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/leo-constellation/">Leo</a>. The asterism formed by these stars is known as <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/three-leaps-of-the-gazelle/">Three Leaps of the Gazelle</a>.</p> <p>The line of the Great Bear’s back (from Megrez to Dubhe) points toward <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/capella/">Capella</a>, the luminary of <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/auriga-constellation/">Auriga</a> and the 6th brightest star in the sky. Castor in <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/gemini-constellation/">Gemini</a> is found on the line drawn from Megrez through Merak and extended by about five times the distance as that between the two stars.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Big Dipper and the North Star</h3> <p>The stars of the Big Dipper can be used to find <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/polaris/">Polaris</a>, the North Star. The two outer stars of the Big Dipper ’s bowl, Merak and Dubhe, are known as <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/pointer-stars/">Pointer Stars</a>. A line extended from Merak through Dubhe points in the direction of Polaris.</p> <p>Polaris lies in the constellation <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-minor-constellation/">Ursa Minor</a>, the Little Bear. It is the nearest visible star to the north celestial pole, located less than a degree from it. The Big Dipper rotates around the north celestial pole and always points the way to the North Star.</p> <p>Polaris is easily recognizable on a clear night because it is the brightest star in the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/little-dipper/">Little Dipper</a> asterism. It marks the end of the Little Dipper’s handle or the tip of the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-minor-constellation/">Little Bear</a>’s tail.</p> <div id="attachment_17768" style="width: 597px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-17768" class="lazy lazy-hidden wp-image-17768 size-full" src="//www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-and-North-Star.webp" alt="big dipper and polaris,how to find polaris,how to find the north star,pointer stars" width="587" height="464" srcset="" data-srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-and-North-Star.webp 587w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-and-North-Star-300x237.webp 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 587px) 100vw, 587px" /> <noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-17768" class="wp-image-17768 size-full" src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-and-North-Star.webp" alt="big dipper and polaris,how to find polaris,how to find the north star,pointer stars" width="587" height="464" srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-and-North-Star.webp 587w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-and-North-Star-300x237.webp 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 587px) 100vw, 587px" /></noscript> <p id="caption-attachment-17768" class="wp-caption-text">The Big Dipper and the North Star (Polaris), image: Stellarium</p></div> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Big Dipper and Little Dipper</h3> <p>The <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/little-dipper/">Little Dipper</a> lies in the same area of the sky as the Big Dipper. It is formed by the seven brightest stars in <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-minor-constellation/">Ursa Minor</a> constellation. However, its four middle stars are relatively faint and hard to see from urban areas. For this reason, the star pattern does not stand out in the sky and the bright stars of the Big Dipper are commonly used to find it.</p> <p>Polaris lies along the imaginary line extended from the outer stars of the Big Dipper bowl (Merak and Dubhe). <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/kochab/">Kochab</a> and <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/pherkad/">Pherkad</a>, the outer stars of the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/little-dipper/">Little Dipper</a>’s bowl, are quite bright and roughly parallel to the imaginary line connecting Mizar and Alioth in the Big Dipper’s handle. These stars are known as the Guardians of the Pole because they always circle around the North Star. The rest of the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/little-dipper/">Little Dipper</a> can be made out between Polaris and Kochab and Pherkad on a clear night.</p> <div id="attachment_17769" style="width: 599px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-17769" class="lazy lazy-hidden wp-image-17769 size-full" src="//www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-and-Little-Dipper.webp" alt="big dipper,little dipper,north star,how to find the little dipper" width="589" height="401" srcset="" data-srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-and-Little-Dipper.webp 589w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-and-Little-Dipper-300x204.webp 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 589px) 100vw, 589px" /> <noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-17769" class="wp-image-17769 size-full" src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-and-Little-Dipper.webp" alt="big dipper,little dipper,north star,how to find the little dipper" width="589" height="401" srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-and-Little-Dipper.webp 589w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-and-Little-Dipper-300x204.webp 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 589px) 100vw, 589px" /></noscript> <p id="caption-attachment-17769" class="wp-caption-text">The Big and Little Dippers, image: Stellarium</p></div> <h2 style="text-align: center;">Big Dipper stars</h2> <p>The seven stars that make up the Big Dipper are:</p> <ul> <li>Alkaid (Eta Ursae Majoris)</li> <li>Mizar (Zeta Ursae Majoris)</li> <li>Alioth (Epsilon Ursae Majoris)</li> <li>Megrez (Delta Ursae Majoris)</li> <li>Phecda (Gamma Ursae Majoris)</li> <li>Dubhe (Alpha Ursae Majoris)</li> <li>Merak (Beta Ursae Majoris)</li> </ul> <p>Alkaid, Mizar and Alioth form the Big Dipper’s handle or the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-major-constellation/">Great Bear</a>’s tail, while Megrez, Phecda, Dubhe and Merak outline the Dipper’s bowl or the Bear’s hindquarters.</p> <div id="attachment_15433" style="width: 650px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-15433" class="lazy lazy-hidden size-full wp-image-15433" src="//www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-stars-1.webp" alt="stars of the big dipper" width="640" height="259" srcset="" data-srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-stars-1.webp 640w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-stars-1-300x121.webp 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" /> <noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-15433" class="size-full wp-image-15433" src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-stars-1.webp" alt="stars of the big dipper" width="640" height="259" srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-stars-1.webp 640w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-stars-1-300x121.webp 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" /></noscript> <p id="caption-attachment-15433" class="wp-caption-text">Big Dipper stars, image: Luigi Chiesa</p></div> <p>Five of the seven Dipper stars belong to the Ursa Major Moving Group, also known as Collinder 285. The Ursa Major Moving Group (or Ursa Major association) is a group of stars that share a proper motion and common velocities in space. This indicates that they have the same origin and were formed in the same molecular cloud at about the same time. The white (class A) stars Mizar, Alioth, Megrez, Phecda and Merak are members of the group. The blue (B-type) main sequence star Alkaid and the orange giant Dubhe are not.</p> <p>The stars of the Ursa Major association were formed about 300 million years ago. The core of the group lies about 80 light years from Earth. Many bright stars outside of <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-major-constellation/">Ursa Major</a> are also likely members, including <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/menkalinan/">Menkalinan</a> in <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/auriga-constellation/">Auriga</a>, <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/alphecca/">Alphecca</a> in <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/corona-borealis-constellation/">Corona Borealis</a>, <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/adhafera/">Adhafera</a> in <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/leo-constellation/">Leo</a>, and Skat in <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/aquarius-constellation/">Aquarius</a>.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Alkaid</h3> <p><a href="https://www.star-facts.com/alkaid/">Alkaid</a>, Eta Ursae Majoris (η Uma), is the star marking the end of the Big Dipper’s handle and the tip of the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-major-constellation/">Great Bear</a>’s tail. It is one of the hottest stars visible to the unaided eye. It is a very young star, with an estimated age of only 10 million years.</p> <p>Alkaid is the third brightest star in Ursa Major and the 38th brightest star in the sky. It is a hot blue main sequence star of the spectral type B3V. It has an apparent magnitude of 1.86 and is about 103.9 light years distant from Earth.</p> <p>Alkaid is 3.4 times larger, 6.1 times more massive and 594 times more luminous than the Sun. It has a surface temperature of about 15,540 K.</p> <p>The name Alkaid means “the leader.” Eta Ursae Majoris was also traditionally known as Benetnasch.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Mizar</h3> <p><a href="https://www.star-facts.com/mizar/">Mizar</a>, Zeta Ursae Majoris (ζ UMa) is the middle star of the Big Dipper’s handle. It has an apparent magnitude of 2.23 and is 82.9 light years distant. It was the first double star to be photographed, in 1857.</p> <p>Mizar is the fourth brightest star in <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-major-constellation/">Ursa Major</a> and the 69th brightest star in the sky. It is the primary component of a multiple star system that consists of two spectroscopic binary stars. It forms a visual double star with the fainter <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/alcor/">Alcor</a>, with which it may be physically associated. The two stars are sometimes known as the Horse and Rider.</p> <p>Alcor itself has a fainter companion, so if it is indeed gravitationally bound to Mizar, this would make Zeta Ursae Majoris a six-star system. Both Mizar and Alcor are members of the Ursa Major Moving Group.</p> <p>Mizar, the primary component in the Zeta UMa system, is a white main sequence star of the spectral type A2Vp. It has a mass 2.2224 times that of the Sun and a radius 2.4 times solar. With a surface temperature of about 9,000 K, it shines with 33.3 solar luminosities. The star is believed to be about 370 million years old.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Alioth</h3> <p><a href="https://www.star-facts.com/alioth/">Alioth</a>, Epsilon Ursae Majoris (ε UMa), is the star in <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-major-constellation/">Ursa Major</a>’s tail that is the closest to the bear’s body. It has a visual magnitude of 1.77 and is about 82.6 light years distant. It has the stellar classification of A1III-IVp kB9, indicating a white star that is coming to the end of its main sequence lifetime.</p> <p>Alioth has a mass of 2.91 solar masses and is 4.14 times larger than the Sun. It shines with 102 solar luminosities with an effective temperature of about 9,020 K. The star’s estimated age is 300 million years.</p> <p>Alioth is a peculiar star, one that shows variations in its spectral lines over a period of 5.1 days. It is classified as an Alpha<sup>2</sup> Canum Venaticorum variable. It is the brightest of the seven stars that form the Big Dipper asterism.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Megrez</h3> <p><a href="https://www.star-facts.com/megrez/">Megrez</a>, Delta Ursae Majoris (δ UMa), is the dimmest of the seven stars of the Big Dipper. It is the inner star of the Dipper’s bowl that is the closest to the tail. It has an apparent magnitude of 3.312 and lies at a distance of 80.5 light years.</p> <p>Megrez is only the 11th brightest star in Ursa Major. It is outshone by other Big Dipper stars, as well as by Psi Ursae Majoris, Tania Australis (Mu UMa), Theta Ursae Majoris, and <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/talitha-iota-ursae-majoris/">Talitha</a> (Iota UMa) in the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-major-constellation/">Great Bear</a>’s legs and feet.</p> <p>Megrez is a white main sequence star of the spectral type A3 V. It has a mass of 1.63 solar masses and a radius of 1.4 solar radii. With a surface temperature of about 9,480 K, it is 14 times more luminous than the Sun. The star is a fast rotator, with a projected rotational velocity of 233 km/s. Like its Big Dipper neighbours, it is believed to be about 300 million years old.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Phecda</h3> <p><a href="https://www.star-facts.com/phecda/">Phecda</a>, Gamma Ursae Majoris (γ UMa), has the stellar classification A0Ve, indicating another white main sequence dwarf. The star has a mass 2.94 times that of the Sun and a radius 3.04 times solar. It is 65.255 times more luminous than the Sun with an effective temperature of 9,355 K. It was traditionally also known as Phad.</p> <p>Phecda has an astrometric binary companion, an orange dwarf of the spectral type K2 V that perturbs it and causes it to wobble around the common centre of mass. The two stars have an orbital period of 20.5 years. The companion has a mass of 0.79 solar masses and is considerably cooler than the primary, with a surface temperature of 4,780 K. It shines with only 0.397 solar luminosities.</p> <p>Phecda has an apparent magnitude of 2.438 and lies at a distance of 83.2 light years from Earth. It is the sixth brightest star in <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-major-constellation/">Ursa Major</a>.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Dubhe</h3> <p><a href="https://www.star-facts.com/dubhe/">Dubhe</a>, Alpha Ursae Majoris (α UMa), has a visual magnitude of 1.79 and is about 123 light years distant from Earth. It is the second brightest star in <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-major-constellation/">Ursa Major</a>, after Alioth.</p> <p>Dubhe is an orange giant with the stellar classification of K0III. It is a spectroscopic binary star, with a white main sequence companion of the spectral type F0V. More recent sources classify Dubhe as a yellow giant of the spectral class G9III and the companion as an A7.5 class star. The two stars are 23 astronomical units apart and have an orbital period of 44.45 years.</p> <p>Dubhe is 3.44 times more massive than the Sun and 165.1 times more luminous. It is a slow spinner, with a projected rotational velocity of 2.6 km/s. The companion is less massive, with about 1.6 solar masses. It has a visual magnitude of 4.86.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Merak</h3> <p><a href="https://www.star-facts.com/merak/">Merak</a>, Beta Ursae Majoris (β UMa), is a white subgiant star of the spectral type A1IVps. It has an apparent magnitude of 2.37 and is 79.7 light years distant. It is classified as a suspected variable. The star has a mass of 2.7 solar masses and a radius 3.021 times that of the Sun. With a surface temperature of 9,377 K, it is 63.015 times more luminous than the Sun. The star’s estimated age is about 500 million years.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Big Dipper star names</h3> <p>The names of the Big Dipper stars come from the Arabic and mostly refer to the stars’ positions in <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-major-constellation/">Ursa Major</a>. Dubhe is derived from the Arabic <em>żahr ad-dubb al-akbar</em>, meaning “the back of the Greater Bear.” The name Merak comes from <em>al-maraqq</em> (the loins). Alioth is derived from the phrase <em>alyat al-hamal</em> (“the sheep’s fat tail”). Phecda comes from <em>fakhth al-dubb</em>, “thigh of the bear,” and Megrez from <em>al-maghriz</em>, “the base (of the bear’s tail).”</p> <p>The name Mizar means “covering” and comes from a mistaken reading of “loins.” It was drawn from the name of Mizar’s Big Dipper neighbour Merak.</p> <p>The name Alkaid does not refer to the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-major-constellation/">Great Bear</a>. It is derived from the phrase <em>qā’id bināt naʿsh</em>, meaning “the leader of the daughters of the bier.” In ancient Arabic astronomy, the stars of the Big Dipper’s handle represented mourning maidens in a funeral procession, while the stars of the Big Dipper’s bowl represented the bier (coffin). The constellation’s slow circular movement around the pole was associated with the movement of a funeral procession. The stars of the handle represented the daughters of Al Na’ash, a man who met his end at the hands of Al Jadi, represented by the <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/polaris/">North Star</a> (Polaris), the brightest star in the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/little-dipper/">Little Dipper</a>.</p> <h2 style="text-align: center;">Big Dipper facts</h2> <p>The brightest star in the Big Dipper asterism is Alioth, Epsilon Ursae Majoris. Alioth is the brightest star in <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-major-constellation/">Ursa Major</a> and the 32nd brightest star in the sky. Dubhe (Alpha Ursae Majoris), the second brightest star, is only slightly fainter than Alioth. It is the 34th brightest star in the sky and one of the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/pointer-stars/">Pointer Stars</a> (along with Merak), the stars used to find Polaris and the north celestial pole. Both Alioth and Dubhe are navigational stars. Their brightness and recognizability make them easy to use in the field of celestial navigation.</p> <p>Even though it is the constellation’s brightest star, Alioth has the Bayer designation Epsilon Ursae Majoris. The German uranographer Johann Bayer, who introduced the system of stellar designations that is still used today in his star atlas <em>Uranometria</em> (1603), assigned Greek letters to stars by order of magnitude, not by brightness. With <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-major-constellation/">Ursa Major</a>, he assigned the letters going from west to east. This is why Dubhe, the westernmost of the constellation’s brightest stars, has the designation Alpha. Merak, the other Pointer Star, is Beta, and Alioth in the Dipper’s handle is Epsilon.</p> <p>Five of the seven Big Dipper stars are part of the same family – the Ursa Major association – and they travel together through space. For this reason, the middle part of the asterism will not look significantly different even tens of thousands of years from now.</p> <p>However, Alkaid and Dubhe do not belong to the Ursa Major association and have a different motion through space from the other Dipper stars. About 50,000 years from now, their motion will change the shape of the asterism. The handle will face the opposite way and the outer end of the bowl will appear slightly different.</p> <p>The Big Dipper and Polaris are featured on the flag of Alaska. The Big Dipper’s host constellation, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-major-constellation/">Ursa Major</a>, represents a bear, an animal native to Alaska. The design of the flag was selected in a 1927 contest.</p> <div id="attachment_17773" style="width: 768px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-17773" class="lazy lazy-hidden size-full wp-image-17773" src="//www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-and-Little-Dippers.webp" alt="big dipper,little dipper" width="758" height="543" srcset="" data-srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-and-Little-Dippers.webp 758w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-and-Little-Dippers-300x215.webp 300w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-and-Little-Dippers-640x458.webp 640w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 758px) 100vw, 758px" /> <noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-17773" class="size-full wp-image-17773" src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-and-Little-Dippers.webp" alt="big dipper,little dipper" width="758" height="543" srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-and-Little-Dippers.webp 758w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-and-Little-Dippers-300x215.webp 300w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-and-Little-Dippers-640x458.webp 640w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 758px) 100vw, 758px" /></noscript> <p id="caption-attachment-17773" class="wp-caption-text">The Big and Little Dippers, image: CG</p></div> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Deep sky objects near the Big Dipper</h3> <p>The Big Dipper lies in a region of the sky that hosts several bright deep sky objects. The Dipper stars can be used to find them. These objects lie in <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-major-constellation/">Ursa Major</a> and in the neighbouring <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/canes-venatici-constellation/">Canes Venatici</a>.</p> <p>The famous <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/whirlpool-galaxy-messier-51/">Whirlpool Galaxy</a> (Messier 51) and the <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-63-sunflower-galaxy/">Sunflower Galaxy</a> (Messier 63) can be found along the imaginary line connecting Alkaid in the Big Dipper’s handle and Cor Caroli in <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/canes-venatici-constellation/">Canes Venatici</a>. The <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/pinwheel-galaxy-messier-101/">Pinwheel Galaxy</a> (Messier 101) appears above the Dipper’s handle and forms a triangle with Alkaid and Mizar.</p> <div id="attachment_15436" style="width: 664px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-15436" class="lazy lazy-hidden size-full wp-image-15436" src="//www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-map.webp" alt="deep sky objects near the big dipper" width="654" height="357" srcset="" data-srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-map.webp 654w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-map-300x164.webp 300w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-map-640x349.webp 640w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 654px) 100vw, 654px" /> <noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-15436" class="size-full wp-image-15436" src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-map.webp" alt="deep sky objects near the big dipper" width="654" height="357" srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-map.webp 654w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-map-300x164.webp 300w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Big-Dipper-map-640x349.webp 640w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 654px) 100vw, 654px" /></noscript> <p id="caption-attachment-15436" class="wp-caption-text">Big Dipper map, image: Roberto Mura</p></div> <p>The galaxy pair <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-81-bodes-galaxy/">Messier 81</a> and <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-82-cigar-galaxy/">Messier 82</a> (Bode’s Galaxy and the Cigar Galaxy) can be found by extending a line from Phecda through Dubhe by about the same distance as that between the two stars. A line drawn in the opposite direction, toward Cor Caroli, leads to the spiral galaxy <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-106/">Messier 106</a>.</p> <p>Merak is the nearest bright star to the <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-97-owl-nebula/">Owl Nebula</a> (Messier 97) and the barred spiral galaxy <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-108-surfboard-galaxy/">Messier 108</a>, and Phecda is less than a degree from the galaxy <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-109/">Messier 109</a>.</p> <h2 style="text-align: center;">Mythology</h2> <p>The Big Dipper is associated with many different myths and folk tales in cultures across the world. In Hindu astronomy, the asterism is called Saptarishi, or the Seven Great Sages. In eastern Asia, it is known as the Northern Dipper (<em>Beidou </em>in China<em>,</em> <em>Hokuto Shichisei </em>in Korea). The Chinese also know the seven stars as the Government, or <em>Tseih Sing</em>. In Malaysia, the asterism is called <em>Buruj Biduk</em>, or The Ladle, and in Mongolia, it is known as the Seven Gods.</p> <p>In an old Arabic story, the stars that form the bowl represent a coffin and the three stars marking the handle are mourners following it. The name of the star Alkaid (or Benetnasch) refers to that story.</p> <p>The association of <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-major-constellation/">Ursa Major</a> with a bear has its origins in prehistoric times. Many civilizations have seen the celestial pattern as a bear. The best-known legend comes from Greek mythology. It links the constellation with the nymph Callisto, who was pursued by Zeus and transformed into a bear by his jealous wife Hera. In the myth, Callisto had a son, Arcas, by Zeus. When Arcas grew up, he became a hunter and the king of Arcadia. During a hunt, he came across the bear and, not recognizing his mother, he aimed an arrow to kill it. However, Zeus intervened and turned the mother and son into the two bear constellations, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-major-constellation/">Ursa Major</a> and <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-minor-constellation/">Ursa Minor</a>.</p> <p>In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the Big Dipper asterism is known as the Plough, and sometimes as the Butcher’s Cleaver in northern parts of England. The old English name for the asterism is Charles’ Wain (wagon), which is derived from the Scandinavian <em>Karlavagnen</em>, <em>Karlsvognen</em>, or <em>Karlsvogna</em>. Charles or Karl was a common name in Germanic languages and the name of the asterism meant “the men’s wagon,” as opposed to the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/little-dipper/">Little Dipper</a>, which was “the women’s wagon.” An even older name for the stars of the Big Dipper was Odin’s Wain, or Odin’s Wagon, referring to Scandinavian mythology.</p> <p>In Slavic languages and in Romanian, the Big and Little Dippers are known as the Great and Small Wagons. In German, the Big Dipper is known as <em>Großer Wagen</em>, the Great Cart. In Dutch, the asterism is popularly called <em>Steelpannetje</em>, the Saucepan, and in Finland it is called <em>Otava</em> (“salmon net”). The Italian name for the Big Dipper is <em>Grande Carro</em> (Great Wagon).</p> <p>The Romans knew the seven stars as the “seven plough oxen,” or <em>Septentrio</em>, with only two of the seven stars representing oxen and the others forming a wagon pulled by the oxen.</p> <p>The asterism was mentioned in Homer’s <em>Iliad</em> as “the Bear, which men also call the Wain.”</p> <p>Some Native American groups saw the Dipper’s bowl as a bear and the three stars of the handle either as three cubs or three hunters following the bear. The second interpretation is linked to a folk tale that explains why leaves turn red in autumn: the hunters are chasing a wounded bear and, since the asterism is low in the sky that time of year, the bear’s blood is falling on the leaves, making them turn red.</p> <p>In more recent history, black people in the United States knew the constellation as the Drinking Gourd and used it to find their way north, to freedom. The folk song, “Follow the Drinking Gourd,” gave them directions to follow the Big Dipper to get to north. In Africa, the seven stars were sometimes seen as a drinking gourd, which is believed to be the origin of the name Big Dipper. The name is most commonly used for the asterism in the United States and Canada.</p> </div><div class="nv-tags-list"><span>Tags:</span><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/alioth/ title="Alioth" class=alioth rel="tag">Alioth</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/alkaid/ title="Alkaid" class=alkaid rel="tag">Alkaid</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/alphard/ title="Alphard" class=alphard rel="tag">Alphard</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/arcturus/ title="Arcturus" class=arcturus rel="tag">Arcturus</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/big-dipper/ title="Big Dipper" class=big-dipper rel="tag">Big Dipper</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/bodes-galaxy/ title="Bode's Galaxy" class=bodes-galaxy rel="tag">Bode's Galaxy</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/capella/ title="Capella" class=capella rel="tag">Capella</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/cigar-galaxy/ title="Cigar Galaxy" class=cigar-galaxy rel="tag">Cigar Galaxy</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/dubhe/ title="Dubhe" class=dubhe rel="tag">Dubhe</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/megrez/ title="Megrez" class=megrez rel="tag">Megrez</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/merak/ title="Merak" class=merak rel="tag">Merak</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/messier-101/ title="Messier 101" class=messier-101 rel="tag">Messier 101</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/messier-108/ title="Messier 108" class=messier-108 rel="tag">Messier 108</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/messier-109/ title="Messier 109" class=messier-109 rel="tag">Messier 109</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/messier-51/ title="Messier 51" class=messier-51 rel="tag">Messier 51</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/messier-81/ title="Messier 81" class=messier-81 rel="tag">Messier 81</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/messier-82/ title="Messier 82" class=messier-82 rel="tag">Messier 82</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/messier-97/ title="Messier 97" class=messier-97 rel="tag">Messier 97</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/mizar/ title="Mizar" class=mizar rel="tag">Mizar</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/north-star/ title="North Star" class=north-star rel="tag">North Star</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/owl-nebula/ title="Owl Nebula" class=owl-nebula rel="tag">Owl Nebula</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/phecda/ title="Phecda" class=phecda rel="tag">Phecda</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/pinwheel-galaxy/ title="Pinwheel Galaxy" class=pinwheel-galaxy rel="tag">Pinwheel Galaxy</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/pointer-stars/ title="Pointer Stars" class=pointer-stars rel="tag">Pointer Stars</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/polaris/ title="Polaris" class=polaris rel="tag">Polaris</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/regulus/ title="Regulus" class=regulus rel="tag">Regulus</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/spica/ title="Spica" class=spica rel="tag">Spica</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/the-great-wagon/ title="The Great Wagon" class=the-great-wagon rel="tag">The Great Wagon</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/the-plough/ title="The Plough" class=the-plough rel="tag">The Plough</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/the-saucepan/ title="The Saucepan" class=the-saucepan rel="tag">The Saucepan</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/ursa-major-moving-group/ title="Ursa Major Moving Group" class=ursa-major-moving-group rel="tag">Ursa Major Moving Group</a><a href=https://www.constellation-guide.com/tag/whirlpool-galaxy/ title="Whirlpool Galaxy" class=whirlpool-galaxy 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decodeURIComponent(i)}return null}_readFromLocalStorage(e){const t=window.localStorage.getItem(e);if(!t)return null;try{const n=JSON.parse(t),s=n.expires&&(new Date).getTime()>new Date(n.expires).getTime();if(n.resetOnRead&&n.expires&&!s){const t=this._resetExpiry(n);var i;return window.localStorage.setItem(e,JSON.stringify(n)),null!=(i=t.value)?i:t}if(s)return window.localStorage.removeItem(e),null;if(!n.value)return n;try{return JSON.parse(n.value)}catch(e){return n.value}}catch(e){return t}}_setCookieValue(e,t,i,n){try{if(this._gdpr&&this._shouldQueue){const n={key:t,value:i,type:e};this._cookieHandlerQueue.push(n)}else{var s;const e=this._getExpiryDate(null!=(s=null==n?void 0:n.expiry)?s:{value:400,unit:"days"});var o;const a=null!=(o=null==n?void 0:n.sameSite)?o:"None";var r;const l=null==(r=null==n?void 0:n.secure)||r,c="object"==typeof i?JSON.stringify(i):i;document.cookie=`${t}=${c}; SameSite=${a}; ${l?"Secure;":""} expires=${e}; path=/`}}catch(e){}}_verifyInternalKey(e){const t=e.startsWith("adthrive_"),i=e.startsWith("adt_");if(!t&&!i&&!_e.includes(e))throw new Error('When reading an internal cookie, the key must start with "adthrive_" or "adt_" or be part of the allowed legacy keys.')}constructor(...e){super(...e),this.name="BrowserStorage",this.disable=!1,this.gdprPurposes=[1],this._sessionStorageHandlerQueue=[],this._localStorageHandlerQueue=[],this._cookieHandlerQueue=[],this._shouldQueue=!1}},ye=e=>null!=e&&!("number"==typeof e&&isNaN(e)),fe=(t,i,n,s,o=!0)=>{const r="adthrive_abgroup",a=ge.readInternalLocalStorage(r);if(null!==a){const e=a[t];var l;const i=null!=(l=a[`${t}_weight`])?l:null;if(ye(e))return[e,i]}const c=e({},a,{[t]:i,[`${t}_weight`]:n});return s?ge.setExpirableInternalLocalStorage(r,c,{expiry:s,resetOnRead:o}):ge.setInternalLocalStorage(r,c),[i,n]},ve=()=>(e,t,i)=>{const n=i.value;n&&(i.value=function(...e){const t=(e=>{if(null===e)return null;const t=e.map((({choice:e})=>e));return(e=>{let t=5381,i=e.length;for(;i;)t=33*t^e.charCodeAt(--i);return t>>>0})(JSON.stringify(t)).toString(16)})(this._choices),i=this._expConfigABGroup?this._expConfigABGroup:this.abgroup,s=i?i.toLowerCase():this.key?this.key.toLowerCase():"",o=t?`${s}_${t}`:s,r=this.localStoragePrefix?`${this.localStoragePrefix}-${o}`:o,a=k.getLocalStorageValue("branch");!1===(a&&a.enabled)&&k.removeLocalStorageValue(r);const l=(()=>n.apply(this,e))(),c=(d=this._choices,h=l,null!=(p=null==(u=d.find((({choice:e})=>e===h)))?void 0:u.weight)?p:null);var d,h,u,p;const[m,_]=fe(r,l,c,{value:24,unit:"hours"});return this._stickyResult=m,this._stickyWeight=_,m})};class Se{get enabled(){return void 0!==this.experimentConfig}_isValidResult(e,t=()=>!0){return t()&&ye(e)}}class be extends Se{_isValidResult(e){return super._isValidResult(e,(()=>this._resultValidator(e)||"control"===e))}run(){if(!this.enabled)return C.error("CLSWeightedChoiceSiteExperiment","run","() => %o","No experiment config found. 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Defaulting to empty class name."),"")}_mapChoices(){return this._choices.map((({weight:e,value:t})=>({weight:e,choice:t})))}constructor(e){super(),this._choices=[],this._mappedChoices=[],this._result="",this._resultValidator=e=>"string"==typeof e,this.key=c.AdLayout,this.abgroup=c.AdLayout,this._clsSiteExperiments=new Ce(e),this.experimentConfig=this._clsSiteExperiments.getSiteExperimentByKey(this.key),this.enabled&&this.experimentConfig&&(this._choices=this.experimentConfig.variants,this._mappedChoices=this._mapChoices(),this._result=this.run(),e.setWeightedChoiceExperiment(this.abgroup,this._result,!0))}}Q([ve(),K("design:type",Function),K("design:paramtypes",[]),K("design:returntype",void 0)],we.prototype,"run",null);class Oe extends be{get result(){return this._result}run(){if(!this.enabled)return C.error("CLSTargetAdDensitySiteExperiment","run","() => %o","No experiment config found. Defaulting to control."),"control";const e=new pe(this._mappedChoices).get();return this._isValidResult(e)?e:(C.error("CLSTargetAdDensitySiteExperiment","run","() => %o","Invalid result from experiment choices. Defaulting to control."),"control")}_mapChoices(){return this._choices.map((({weight:e,value:t})=>({weight:e,choice:"number"==typeof t?(t||0)/100:"control"})))}constructor(e){super(),this._choices=[],this._mappedChoices=[],this._result="control",this._resultValidator=e=>"number"==typeof e,this.key=c.AdDensity,this.abgroup=c.AdDensity,this._clsSiteExperiments=new Ce(e),this.experimentConfig=this._clsSiteExperiments.getSiteExperimentByKey(this.key),this.enabled&&this.experimentConfig&&(this._choices=this.experimentConfig.variants,this._mappedChoices=this._mapChoices(),this._result=this.run(),e.setWeightedChoiceExperiment(this.abgroup,this._result,!0))}}Q([ve(),K("design:type",Function),K("design:paramtypes",[]),K("design:returntype",void 0)],Oe.prototype,"run",null);class xe extends W{get result(){return this._result}run(){return new U(this.weight).get()}constructor(){super(),this._result=!1,this.abgroup="scae",this.key="StickyContainerAds",this._choices=[{choice:!0},{choice:!1}],this.weight=.99,this._result=this.run(),this.setExperimentKey()}}xe=Q([X("StickyContainerAdsExperiment"),K("design:type",Function),K("design:paramtypes",[])],xe);class Ae extends W{get result(){return this._result}run(){return new U(this.weight).get()}constructor(){super(),this._result=!1,this.abgroup="scre",this.key="StickyContainerRecipe",this._choices=[{choice:!0},{choice:!1}],this.weight=.99,this._result=this.run(),this.setExperimentKey()}}Ae=Q([X("StickyContainerRecipeExperiment"),K("design:type",Function),K("design:paramtypes",[])],Ae);const Ee="250px";class Pe{start(){try{var e,t;(e=>{const t=document.body,i=`adthrive-device-${e}`;if(!t.classList.contains(i))try{t.classList.add(i)}catch(e){C.error("BodyDeviceClassComponent","init",{message:e.message});const t="classList"in document.createElement("_");C.error("BodyDeviceClassComponent","init.support",{support:t})}})(this._device);const s=new we(this._clsOptions);if(s.enabled){const e=s.result,t=e.startsWith(".")?e.substring(1):e;if((e=>/^[-_a-zA-Z]+[-_a-zA-Z0-9]*$/.test(e))(t))try{document.body.classList.add(t)}catch(e){C.error("ClsDynamicAdsInjector","start",`Uncaught CSS Class error: ${e}`)}else C.error("ClsDynamicAdsInjector","start",`Invalid class name: ${t}`)}const o=oe(this._device,this._clsOptions.siteAds).filter((e=>this._locationEnabled(e))).filter((e=>{return t=e,i=this._device,t.devices.includes(i);var t,i})).filter((e=>{return 0===(t=e).pageSelector.length||null!==document.querySelector(t.pageSelector);var t})),r=this.inject(o);var i,n;if(null==(t=this._clsOptions.siteAds.adOptions.stickyContainerConfig)||null==(e=t.content)?void 0:e.enabled)if(this._stickyContainerAdsExperiment.result&&!he(this._clsOptions.siteAds.adOptions.stickyContainerConfig.blockedSelectors||[]))de(`\n .adthrive-device-phone .adthrive-sticky-content {\n height: 450px !important;\n margin-bottom: 100px !important;\n }\n .adthrive-content.adthrive-sticky {\n position: -webkit-sticky;\n position: sticky !important;\n top: 42px !important;\n margin-top: 42px !important;\n }\n .adthrive-content.adthrive-sticky:after {\n content: "— Advertisement. Scroll down to continue. —";\n font-size: 10pt;\n margin-top: 5px;\n margin-bottom: 5px;\n display:block;\n color: #888;\n }\n .adthrive-sticky-container {\n position: relative;\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: column;\n justify-content: flex-start;\n align-items: center;\n min-height:${(null==(n=this._clsOptions.siteAds.adOptions.stickyContainerConfig)||null==(i=n.content)?void 0:i.minHeight)||400}px !important;\n margin: 10px 0 10px 0;\n background-color: #FAFAFA;\n padding-bottom:0px;\n }\n `);r.forEach((e=>this._clsOptions.setInjectedSlots(e)))}catch(e){C.error("ClsDynamicAdsInjector","start",e)}}inject(e,t=document){this._densityDevice="desktop"===this._device?h.Desktop:h.Mobile,this._overrideDefaultAdDensitySettingsWithSiteExperiment();const i=this._clsOptions.siteAds,n=w(i.adDensityEnabled,!0),s=i.adDensityLayout&&n,o=e.filter((e=>s?e.location!==d.Content:e)),r=e.filter((e=>s?e.location===d.Content:null));return[...o.length?this._injectNonDensitySlots(o,t):[],...r.length?this._injectDensitySlots(r,t):[]]}_injectNonDensitySlots(e,t=document){var i;const n=[],s=[];if(this._stickyContainerRecipeExperiment.result&&e.some((e=>e.location===d.Recipe&&e.sticky))&&!he((null==(i=this._clsOptions.siteAds.adOptions.stickyContainerConfig)?void 0:i.blockedSelectors)||[])){var o,r;const e=this._clsOptions.siteAds.adOptions.stickyContainerConfig;(e=>{de(`\n .adthrive-recipe.adthrive-sticky {\n position: -webkit-sticky;\n position: sticky !important;\n top: 42px !important;\n margin-top: 42px !important;\n }\n .adthrive-recipe-sticky-container {\n position: relative;\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: column;\n justify-content: flex-start;\n align-items: center;\n min-height:${e||400}px !important;\n margin: 10px 0 10px 0;\n background-color: #FAFAFA;\n padding-bottom:0px;\n }\n `)})("phone"===this._device?null==e||null==(o=e.recipeMobile)?void 0:o.minHeight:null==e||null==(r=e.recipeDesktop)?void 0:r.minHeight)}for(const i of e)this._insertNonDensityAds(i,n,s,t);return s.forEach((({location:e,element:t})=>{t.style.minHeight=this.locationToMinHeight[e]})),n}_injectDensitySlots(e,t=document){try{this._calculateMainContentHeightAndAllElements(e,t)}catch(e){return[]}const{onePerViewport:i,targetAll:n,targetDensityUnits:s,combinedMax:o,numberOfUnits:r}=this._getDensitySettings(e,t);return this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice=i?window.innerHeight:this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice,r?(this._adInjectionMap.filterUsed(),this._findElementsForAds(r,i,n,o,s,t),this._insertAds()):[]}_overrideDefaultAdDensitySettingsWithSiteExperiment(){var e;if(null==(e=this._clsTargetAdDensitySiteExperiment)?void 0:e.enabled){const e=this._clsTargetAdDensitySiteExperiment.result;"number"==typeof e&&(this._clsOptions.siteAds.adDensityEnabled=!0,this._clsOptions.siteAds.adDensityLayout[this._densityDevice].adDensity=e)}}_getDensitySettings(e,t=document){const i=this._clsOptions.siteAds.adDensityLayout,n=this._determineOverrides(i.pageOverrides),s=n.length?n[0]:i[this._densityDevice],o=this._clsOptions.getTargetDensity(s.adDensity),r=s.onePerViewport,a=this._shouldTargetAllEligible(o),l=this._getTargetDensityUnits(o,a),c=this._getCombinedMax(e,t),d=Math.min(this._totalAvailableElements.length,l,...c>0?[c]:[]);return this._pubLog={onePerViewport:r,targetDensity:o,targetDensityUnits:l,combinedMax:c},{onePerViewport:r,targetAll:a,targetDensityUnits:l,combinedMax:c,numberOfUnits:d}}_determineOverrides(e){return e.filter((e=>{const t=R(e.pageSelector);return""===e.pageSelector||t.elements&&t.elements.length})).map((e=>e[this._densityDevice]))}_shouldTargetAllEligible(e){return e===this._densityMax}_getTargetDensityUnits(e,t){return t?this._totalAvailableElements.length:Math.floor(e*this._mainContentHeight/(1-e)/this._minDivHeight)-this._recipeCount}_getCombinedMax(e,t=document){return w(e.filter((e=>{let i;try{i=t.querySelector(e.elementSelector)}catch(e){}return i})).map((e=>Number(e.max)+Number(e.lazyMaxDefaulted?0:e.lazyMax))).sort(((e,t)=>t-e))[0],0)}_elementLargerThanMainContent(e){return e.offsetHeight>=this._mainContentHeight&&this._totalAvailableElements.length>1}_elementDisplayNone(e){const t=window.getComputedStyle(e,null).display;return t&&"none"===t||"none"===e.style.display}_isBelowMaxes(e,t){return this._adInjectionMap.map.length<e&&this._adInjectionMap.map.length<t}_findElementsForAds(e,t,i,n,s,o=document){this._clsOptions.targetDensityLog={onePerViewport:t,combinedMax:n,targetDensityUnits:s,targetDensityPercentage:this._pubLog.targetDensity,mainContentHeight:this._mainContentHeight,recipeCount:this._recipeCount,numberOfEls:this._totalAvailableElements.length};const r=e=>{for(const{dynamicAd:t,element:r}of this._totalAvailableElements)if(this._logDensityInfo(r,t.elementSelector,e),!(!i&&this._elementLargerThanMainContent(r)||this._elementDisplayNone(r))){if(!this._isBelowMaxes(n,s))break;this._checkElementSpacing({dynamicAd:t,element:r,insertEvery:e,targetAll:i,target:o})}!this._usedAbsoluteMinimum&&this._smallerIncrementAttempts<5&&(++this._smallerIncrementAttempts,r(this._getSmallerIncrement(e)))},a=this._getInsertEvery(e,t,s);r(a)}_getSmallerIncrement(e){let t=.6*e;return t<=this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice&&(t=this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice,this._usedAbsoluteMinimum=!0),t}_insertNonDensityAds(e,t,i,n=document){let s=0,o=0,r=0;e.spacing>0&&(s=window.innerHeight*e.spacing,o=s);const a=this._repeatDynamicAds(e),l=this.getElements(e.elementSelector,n);e.skip;for(let c=e.skip;c<l.length&&!(r+1>a.length);c+=e.every){let h=l[c];if(s>0){const{bottom:e}=O(h);if(e<=o)continue;o=e+s}const u=a[r],p=`${u.location}_${u.sequence}`;t.some((e=>e.name===p))&&(r+=1);const m=this.getDynamicElementId(u),_=le(e),g=ce(e),y=[e.location===d.Sidebar&&e.sticky&&e.sequence&&e.sequence<=5?"adthrive-sticky-sidebar":"",this._stickyContainerRecipeExperiment.result&&e.location===d.Recipe&&e.sticky?"adthrive-recipe-sticky-container":"",_,g,...e.classNames],f=this.addAd(h,m,e.position,y);if(f){const s=re(u,f);if(s.length){const o={clsDynamicAd:e,dynamicAd:u,element:f,sizes:s,name:p,infinite:n!==document};t.push(o),i.push({location:u.location,element:f}),e.location===d.Recipe&&++this._recipeCount,r+=1}h=f}}}_insertAds(){const e=[];return this._adInjectionMap.filterUsed(),this._adInjectionMap.map.forEach((({el:t,dynamicAd:i,target:n},s)=>{const o=Number(i.sequence)+s,r=i.max,a=i.lazy&&o>r;i.sequence=o,i.lazy=a;const l=this._addContentAd(t,i,n);l&&(i.used=!0,e.push(l))})),e}_getInsertEvery(e,t,i){let n=this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice;return this._moreAvailableElementsThanUnitsToInject(i,e)?(this._usedAbsoluteMinimum=!1,n=this._useWiderSpacing(i,e)):(this._usedAbsoluteMinimum=!0,n=this._useSmallestSpacing(t)),t&&window.innerHeight>n?window.innerHeight:n}_useWiderSpacing(e,t){return this._mainContentHeight/Math.min(e,t)}_useSmallestSpacing(e){return e&&window.innerHeight>this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice?window.innerHeight:this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice}_moreAvailableElementsThanUnitsToInject(e,t){return this._totalAvailableElements.length>e||this._totalAvailableElements.length>t}_logDensityInfo(e,t,i){const{onePerViewport:n,targetDensity:s,targetDensityUnits:o,combinedMax:r}=this._pubLog;this._totalAvailableElements.length}_checkElementSpacing({dynamicAd:t,element:i,insertEvery:n,targetAll:s,target:o=document}){(this._isFirstAdInjected()||this._hasProperSpacing(i,t,s,n))&&this._markSpotForContentAd(i,e({},t),o)}_isFirstAdInjected(){return!this._adInjectionMap.map.length}_markSpotForContentAd(e,t,i=document){const n="beforebegin"===t.position||"afterbegin"===t.position;this._adInjectionMap.add(e,this._getElementCoords(e,n),t,i),this._adInjectionMap.sort()}_hasProperSpacing(e,t,i,n){const s="beforebegin"===t.position||"afterbegin"===t.position,o="beforeend"===t.position||"afterbegin"===t.position,r=i||this._isElementFarEnoughFromOtherAdElements(e,n,s),a=o||this._isElementNotInRow(e,s),l=-1===e.id.indexOf(`AdThrive_${d.Below_Post}`);return r&&a&&l}_isElementFarEnoughFromOtherAdElements(e,t,i){const n=this._getElementCoords(e,i);let s=!1;for(let e=0;e<this._adInjectionMap.map.length;e++){const i=this._adInjectionMap.map[e].coords,o=this._adInjectionMap.map[e+1]&&this._adInjectionMap.map[e+1].coords;if(s=n-t>i&&(!o||n+t<o),s)break}return s}_isElementNotInRow(e,t){const i=e.previousElementSibling,n=e.nextElementSibling,s=t?!i&&n||i&&e.tagName!==i.tagName?n:i:n;return!(!s||0!==e.getBoundingClientRect().height)||(!s||e.getBoundingClientRect().top!==s.getBoundingClientRect().top)}_calculateMainContentHeightAndAllElements(e,t=document){const[i,n]=((e,t,i=document)=>{const[n,s]=P(e,t,i);if(0===n.length)throw Error("No Main Content Elements Found");return[Array.from(n).reduce(((e,t)=>t.offsetHeight>e.offsetHeight?t:e))||document.body,s]})(e,this._adInjectionMap,t);this._mainContentDiv=i,this._totalAvailableElements=n,this._mainContentHeight=((e,t="div #comments, section .comments")=>{const i=e.querySelector(t);return i?e.offsetHeight-i.offsetHeight:e.offsetHeight})(this._mainContentDiv)}_getElementCoords(e,t=!1){const i=e.getBoundingClientRect();return(t?i.top:i.bottom)+window.scrollY}_addContentAd(e,t,i=document){var n,s;let o=null;const r=le(t),a=ce(t),l=(null==(s=this._clsOptions.siteAds.adOptions.stickyContainerConfig)||null==(n=s.content)?void 0:n.enabled)&&this._stickyContainerAdsExperiment.result?"adthrive-sticky-container":"",c=this.addAd(e,this.getDynamicElementId(t),t.position,[l,r,a,...t.classNames]);if(c){const e=re(t,c);if(e.length){c.style.minHeight=this.locationToMinHeight[t.location];o={clsDynamicAd:t,dynamicAd:t,element:c,sizes:e,name:`${t.location}_${t.sequence}`,infinite:i!==document}}}return o}getDynamicElementId(e){return`AdThrive_${e.location}_${e.sequence}_${this._device}`}getElements(e,t=document){return t.querySelectorAll(e)}addAd(e,t,i,n=[]){if(!document.getElementById(t)){const s=`<div id="${t}" class="adthrive-ad ${n.join(" ")}"></div>`;e.insertAdjacentHTML(i,s)}return document.getElementById(t)}_repeatDynamicAds(t){const i=[],n=this._removeRecipeCapExperiment.result&&t.location===d.Recipe?99:this.locationMaxLazySequence.get(t.location),s=t.lazy?w(n,0):0,o=t.max,r=t.lazyMax,a=0===s&&t.lazy?o+r:Math.min(Math.max(s-t.sequence+1,0),o+r),l=Math.max(o,a);for(let n=0;n<l;n++){const s=Number(t.sequence)+n;if("Recipe_1"!==t.name||5!==s){const r=t.lazy&&n>=o;i.push(e({},t,{sequence:s,lazy:r}))}}return i}_locationEnabled(e){const t=this._clsOptions.enabledLocations.includes(e.location),i=this._clsOptions.disableAds&&this._clsOptions.disableAds.all||document.body.classList.contains("adthrive-disable-all"),n=!document.body.classList.contains("adthrive-disable-content")&&!this._clsOptions.disableAds.reasons.has("content_plugin");return t&&!i&&n}constructor(e,t){this._clsOptions=e,this._adInjectionMap=t,this._recipeCount=0,this._mainContentHeight=0,this._mainContentDiv=null,this._totalAvailableElements=[],this._minDivHeight=250,this._densityDevice=h.Desktop,this._pubLog={onePerViewport:!1,targetDensity:0,targetDensityUnits:0,combinedMax:0},this._densityMax=.99,this._smallerIncrementAttempts=0,this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice=250,this._usedAbsoluteMinimum=!1,this._infPageEndOffset=0,this.locationMaxLazySequence=new Map([[d.Recipe,5]]),this.locationToMinHeight={Below_Post:Ee,Content:Ee,Recipe:Ee,Sidebar:Ee};const{tablet:i,desktop:n}=this._clsOptions.siteAds.breakpoints;this._device=((e,t)=>{const i=window.innerWidth;return i>=t?"desktop":i>=e?"tablet":"phone"})(i,n),this._config=new ae(e),this._clsOptions.enabledLocations=this._config.enabledLocations,this._clsTargetAdDensitySiteExperiment=this._clsOptions.siteAds.siteExperiments?new Oe(this._clsOptions):null,this._stickyContainerAdsExperiment=new xe,this._stickyContainerRecipeExperiment=new Ae,this._removeRecipeCapExperiment=new ue}}function ke(e,t){if(null==e)return{};var i,n,s={},o=Object.keys(e);for(n=0;n<o.length;n++)i=o[n],t.indexOf(i)>=0||(s[i]=e[i]);return s}class De{get enabled(){return!0}}class Ie extends De{setPotentialPlayersMap(){const e=this._videoConfig.players||[],t=this._filterPlayerMap(),i=e.filter((e=>"stationaryRelated"===e.type&&e.enabled));return t.stationaryRelated=i,this._potentialPlayerMap=t,this._potentialPlayerMap}_filterPlayerMap(){const e=this._videoConfig.players,t={stickyRelated:[],stickyPlaylist:[],stationaryRelated:[]};return e&&e.length?e.filter((e=>{var t;return null==(t=e.devices)?void 0:t.includes(this._device)})).reduce(((e,t)=>(e[t.type]||(C.event(this._component,"constructor","Unknown Video Player Type detected",t.type),e[t.type]=[]),t.enabled&&e[t.type].push(t),e)),t):t}_checkPlayerSelectorOnPage(e){const t=this._potentialPlayerMap[e].map((e=>({player:e,playerElement:this._getPlacementElement(e)})));return t.length?t[0]:{player:null,playerElement:null}}_getOverrideElement(e,t,i){if(e&&t){const n=document.createElement("div");t.insertAdjacentElement(e.position,n),i=n}else{const{player:e,playerElement:t}=this._checkPlayerSelectorOnPage("stickyPlaylist");if(e&&t){const n=document.createElement("div");t.insertAdjacentElement(e.position,n),i=n}}return i}_shouldOverrideElement(e){const t=e.getAttribute("override-embed");return"true"===t||"false"===t?"true"===t:!!this._videoConfig.relatedSettings&&this._videoConfig.relatedSettings.overrideEmbedLocation}_checkPageSelector(e,t,i=[]){if(e&&t&&0===i.length){return!("/"===window.location.pathname)&&C.event("VideoUtils","getPlacementElement",new Error(`PSNF: ${e} does not exist on the page`)),!1}return!0}_getElementSelector(e,t,i){return t&&t.length>i?t[i]:(C.event("VideoUtils","getPlacementElement",new Error(`ESNF: ${e} does not exist on the page`)),null)}_getPlacementElement(e){const{pageSelector:t,elementSelector:i,skip:n}=e,s=R(t),{valid:o,elements:r}=s,a=ke(s,["valid","elements"]),l=I(i),{valid:c,elements:d}=l,h=ke(l,["valid","elements"]);if(""!==t&&!o)return C.error("VideoUtils","getPlacementElement",new Error(`${t} is not a valid selector`),a),null;if(!c)return C.error("VideoUtils","getPlacementElement",new Error(`${i} is not a valid selector`),h),null;if(!this._checkPageSelector(t,o,r))return null;return this._getElementSelector(i,d,n)||null}_getEmbeddedPlayerType(e){let t=e.getAttribute("data-player-type");return t&&"default"!==t||(t=this._videoConfig.relatedSettings?this._videoConfig.relatedSettings.defaultPlayerType:"static"),this._stickyRelatedOnPage&&(t="static"),t}_getMediaId(e){const t=e.getAttribute("data-video-id");return!!t&&(this._relatedMediaIds.push(t),t)}_createRelatedPlayer(e,t,i,n){"collapse"===t?this._createCollapsePlayer(e,i):"static"===t&&this._createStaticPlayer(e,i,n)}_createCollapsePlayer(t,i){const{player:n,playerElement:s}=this._checkPlayerSelectorOnPage("stickyRelated"),o=n||this._potentialPlayerMap.stationaryRelated[0];if(o&&o.playerId){this._shouldOverrideElement(i)&&(i=this._getOverrideElement(n,s,i)),i=document.querySelector(`#cls-video-container-${t} > div`)||i,this._createStickyRelatedPlayer(e({},o,{mediaId:t}),i)}else C.error(this._component,"_createCollapsePlayer","No video player found")}_createStaticPlayer(t,i,n){if(this._potentialPlayerMap.stationaryRelated.length&&this._potentialPlayerMap.stationaryRelated[0].playerId){const s=this._potentialPlayerMap.stationaryRelated[0];this._createStationaryRelatedPlayer(e({},s,{mediaOrPlaylistId:t}),i,n)}else C.error(this._component,"_createStaticPlayer","No video player found")}_shouldRunAutoplayPlayers(){return!(!this._isVideoAllowedOnPage()||!this._potentialPlayerMap.stickyRelated.length&&!this._potentialPlayerMap.stickyPlaylist.length)}_determineAutoplayPlayers(){const e=this._component,t="VideoManagerComponent"===e,i=this._context;if(this._stickyRelatedOnPage)return void C.event(e,"stickyRelatedOnPage",t&&{device:i&&i.device,isDesktop:this._device}||{});const{player:n,playerElement:s}=this._checkPlayerSelectorOnPage("stickyPlaylist");n&&n.playerId&&n.playlistId&&s?this._createPlaylistPlayer(n,s):Math.random()<.01&&setTimeout((()=>{C.event(e,"noStickyPlaylist",t&&{vendor:"none",device:i&&i.device,isDesktop:this._device}||{})}),1e3)}_initializeRelatedPlayers(e){const t=new Map;for(let i=0;i<e.length;i++){const n=e[i],s=n.offsetParent,o=this._getEmbeddedPlayerType(n),r=this._getMediaId(n);if(s&&r){const e=(t.get(r)||0)+1;t.set(r,e),this._createRelatedPlayer(r,o,n,e)}}}constructor(e,t,i){super(),this._videoConfig=e,this._component=t,this._context=i,this._stickyRelatedOnPage=!1,this._relatedMediaIds=[],this._device=A()?"desktop":"mobile",this._potentialPlayerMap=this.setPotentialPlayersMap()}}class Re extends Ie{init(){this._initializePlayers()}_wrapVideoPlayerWithCLS(e,t,i=0){if(e.parentNode){const n=e.offsetWidth*(9/16),s=this._createGenericCLSWrapper(n,t,i);return e.parentNode.insertBefore(s,e),s.appendChild(e),s}return null}_createGenericCLSWrapper(e,t,i){const n=document.createElement("div");return n.id=`cls-video-container-${t}`,n.className="adthrive",n.style.minHeight=`${e+i}px`,n}_getTitleHeight(){const e=document.createElement("h3");e.style.margin="10px 0",e.innerText="Title",e.style.visibility="hidden",document.body.appendChild(e);const t=window.getComputedStyle(e),i=parseInt(t.height,10),n=parseInt(t.marginTop,10),s=parseInt(t.marginBottom,10);return document.body.removeChild(e),Math.min(i+s+n,50)}_initializePlayers(){const e=document.querySelectorAll(this._IN_POST_SELECTOR);e.length&&this._initializeRelatedPlayers(e),this._shouldRunAutoplayPlayers()&&this._determineAutoplayPlayers()}_createStationaryRelatedPlayer(e,t,i){const n="mobile"===this._device?[400,225]:[640,360],s=u.Video_In_Post_ClicktoPlay_SoundOn;if(t&&e.mediaOrPlaylistId){const o=`${e.mediaOrPlaylistId}_${i}`,r=this._wrapVideoPlayerWithCLS(t,o);this._playersAddedFromPlugin.push(e.mediaOrPlaylistId),r&&this._clsOptions.setInjectedVideoSlots({playerId:e.playerId,playerName:s,playerSize:n,element:r,type:"stationaryRelated"})}}_createStickyRelatedPlayer(e,t){const i="mobile"===this._device?[400,225]:[640,360],n=u.Video_Individual_Autoplay_SOff;if(this._stickyRelatedOnPage=!0,this._videoConfig.mobileStickyPlayerOnPage="mobile"===this._device,t&&e.position&&e.mediaId){const s=document.createElement("div");t.insertAdjacentElement(e.position,s);const o=this._getTitleHeight(),r=this._wrapVideoPlayerWithCLS(s,e.mediaId,this._WRAPPER_BAR_HEIGHT+o);this._playersAddedFromPlugin.push(e.mediaId),r&&this._clsOptions.setInjectedVideoSlots({playlistId:e.playlistId,playerId:e.playerId,playerSize:i,playerName:n,element:s,type:"stickyRelated"})}}_createPlaylistPlayer(e,t){const i=e.playlistId,n="mobile"===this._device?u.Video_Coll_SOff_Smartphone:u.Video_Collapse_Autoplay_SoundOff,s="mobile"===this._device?[400,225]:[640,360];this._videoConfig.mobileStickyPlayerOnPage=!0;const o=document.createElement("div");t.insertAdjacentElement(e.position,o);let r=this._WRAPPER_BAR_HEIGHT;e.title&&(r+=this._getTitleHeight());const a=this._wrapVideoPlayerWithCLS(o,i,r);this._playersAddedFromPlugin.push(`playlist-${i}`),a&&this._clsOptions.setInjectedVideoSlots({playlistId:e.playlistId,playerId:e.playerId,playerSize:s,playerName:n,element:o,type:"stickyPlaylist"})}_isVideoAllowedOnPage(){const e=this._clsOptions.disableAds;if(e&&e.video){let t="";e.reasons.has("video_tag")?t="video tag":e.reasons.has("video_plugin")?t="video plugin":e.reasons.has("video_page")&&(t="command queue");const i=t?"ClsVideoInsertionMigrated":"ClsVideoInsertion";return C.error(i,"isVideoAllowedOnPage",new Error(`DBP: Disabled by publisher via ${t||"other"}`)),!1}return!this._clsOptions.videoDisabledFromPlugin}constructor(e,t){super(e,"ClsVideoInsertion"),this._videoConfig=e,this._clsOptions=t,this._IN_POST_SELECTOR=".adthrive-video-player",this._WRAPPER_BAR_HEIGHT=36,this._playersAddedFromPlugin=[],t.removeVideoTitleWrapper&&(this._WRAPPER_BAR_HEIGHT=0)}}class Me{add(e,t,i,n=document){this._map.push({el:e,coords:t,dynamicAd:i,target:n})}get map(){return this._map}sort(){this._map.sort((({coords:e},{coords:t})=>e-t))}filterUsed(){this._map=this._map.filter((({dynamicAd:e})=>!e.used))}reset(){this._map=[]}constructor(){this._map=[]}}class Le extends Me{}try{(()=>{const e=new H;e&&e.enabled&&(new Pe(e,new Le).start(),new Re(new F(e),e).init())})()}catch(e){C.error("CLS","pluginsertion-iife",e),window.adthriveCLS&&(window.adthriveCLS.injectedFromPlugin=!1)}}(); </script> <script data-no-optimize="1" data-cfasync="false">(function () {var clsElements = document.querySelectorAll("script[id^='cls-']"); window.adthriveCLS && 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