CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Second Constitutional Era - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"349d23f5-7f74-4740-9db5-67ce2198db32","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Second_Constitutional_Era","wgTitle":"Second Constitutional Era","wgCurRevisionId":1254674728,"wgRevisionId":1254674728,"wgArticleId":3156500,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 errors: generic name","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text","Articles containing Turkish-language text","Articles needing additional references from September 2016","All articles needing additional references","Articles to be expanded from August 2021" ,"All articles to be expanded","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with Turkish-language sources (tr)","20th century in the Ottoman Empire","Politics of the Ottoman Empire","Ottoman Thrace","Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire","Ottoman Albania","Young Turks","Reform in the Ottoman Empire"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Second_Constitutional_Era","wgRelevantArticleId":3156500,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q233486","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/1200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1434"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/800px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="956"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/640px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="765"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Second Constitutional Era - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Constitutional_Era&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Second_Constitutional_Era rootpage-Second_Constitutional_Era skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Second+Constitutional+Era" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Second+Constitutional+Era" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Second+Constitutional+Era" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Second+Constitutional+Era" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Young_Turk_Revolution_(1908)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Young_Turk_Revolution_(1908)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Young Turk Revolution (1908)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Young_Turk_Revolution_(1908)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_reopening_(1908–1909)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_reopening_(1908–1909)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Initial reopening (1908–1909)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_reopening_(1908–1909)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-31_March_Crisis_(1909)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#31_March_Crisis_(1909)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>31 March Crisis (1909)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-31_March_Crisis_(1909)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Years_of_peace_(1909–1911)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Years_of_peace_(1909–1911)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Years of peace (1909–1911)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Years_of_peace_(1909–1911)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Years_of_crisis_(1911–1913)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Years_of_crisis_(1911–1913)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Years of crisis (1911–1913)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Years_of_crisis_(1911–1913)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Years of crisis (1911–1913) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Years_of_crisis_(1911–1913)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Savior_Officers'_revolt_and_the_Great_Cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Savior_Officers'_revolt_and_the_Great_Cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Savior Officers' revolt and the Great Cabinet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Savior_Officers'_revolt_and_the_Great_Cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raid_on_the_Sublime_Porte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raid_on_the_Sublime_Porte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Raid on the Sublime Porte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raid_on_the_Sublime_Porte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-One_party_state_(1913–1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One_party_state_(1913–1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>One party state (1913–1918)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One_party_state_(1913–1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_an_Empire_and_its_constitution_(1918–1920)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_an_Empire_and_its_constitution_(1918–1920)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>End of an Empire and its constitution (1918–1920)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_an_Empire_and_its_constitution_(1918–1920)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Second Constitutional Era</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المشروطية الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المشروطية الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kinci_M%C9%99%C5%9Frutiyy%C9%99t" title="İkinci Məşrutiyyət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İkinci Məşrutiyyət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweite_osmanische_Verfassungsperiode" title="Zweite osmanische Verfassungsperiode – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zweite osmanische Verfassungsperiode" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%87" title="دوره دومین سلطنت مشروطه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوره دومین سلطنت مشروطه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_era_costituzionale" title="Seconda era costituzionale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Seconda era costituzionale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osma%C5%86u_imp%C4%93rijas_otr%C4%81s_konstit%C5%ABcijas_laikmets" title="Osmaņu impērijas otrās konstitūcijas laikmets – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Osmaņu impērijas otrās konstitūcijas laikmets" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Втора уставна ера (Отоманско Царство) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Втора уставна ера (Отоманско Царство)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="عثمانی سلطنت دا دوسرا آئینی دور – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عثمانی سلطنت دا دوسرا آئینی دور" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segundo_Per%C3%ADodo_Constitucional_Otomano" title="Segundo Período Constitucional Otomano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Segundo Período Constitucional Otomano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_doua_perioad%C4%83_constitu%C8%9Bional%C4%83_%C3%AEn_Imperiul_Otoman" title="A doua perioadă constituțională în Imperiul Otoman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="A doua perioadă constituțională în Imperiul Otoman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Эпоха второй Конституции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эпоха второй Конституции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kinci_Me%C5%9Frutiyet" title="İkinci Meşrutiyet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İkinci Meşrutiyet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="عثمانی سلطنت کا دوسرا آئینی دور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عثمانی سلطنت کا دوسرا آئینی دور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%83%D9%83%D9%89%D9%86%DA%86%D9%89_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95%D8%AA" title="ئىككىنچى مەشرۇتىيەت – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىككىنچى مەشرۇتىيەت" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C5%9Frutiyeto_D%C4%B1y%C4%B1n" title="Meşrutiyeto Dıyın – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Meşrutiyeto Dıyın" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q233486#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Second_Constitutional_Era" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Constitutional_Era&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Constitutional_Era&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Constitutional_Era&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Constitutional_Era&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Second_Constitutional_Era" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Constitutional_Era&oldid=1254674728" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Constitutional_Era&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Second_Constitutional_Era&id=1254674728&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSecond_Constitutional_Era"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSecond_Constitutional_Era"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Second_Constitutional_Era&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Constitutional_Era&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Second_Constitutional_Era" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q233486" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Period of constitutional monarchy in the Ottoman Empire (1908–1920)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:History of the Ottoman Empire">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Ottoman Empire">History</a> of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of the Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Coat of Arms of the Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/125px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/188px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Timeline of the Ottoman Empire">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1299–1453)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Osman" class="mw-redirect" title="Beylik of Osman">Beylik of Osman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Interregnum" title="Ottoman Interregnum">Interregnum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1402–1413)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1453–1566)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Women" title="Sultanate of Women">Sultanate of Women</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1533–1656)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1566–1703)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Köprülü Era">Köprülü Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1656–1703)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Old Regime</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1703–1789)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_Era_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip Era in the Ottoman Empire">Tulip Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1718–1730)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline & Modernization</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1789–1908)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nizam-i_Djedid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam-i Djedid">Nizam-i Djedid</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(late 18th and early 19th)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1839–1876)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)">1st Constitutional Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1876–1878)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908–1922)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2nd Constitutional Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908–1920)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Empire during World War I">World War I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1914–1918)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partitioning</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918–1922)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate" title="Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate">Abolition of the Sultanate</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Caliphate" title="Abolition of the Caliphate">Abolition of the Caliphate</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Historiography of the Ottoman Empire">Historiography</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ghaza_thesis" title="Ghaza thesis">Ghaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_decline_thesis" title="Ottoman decline thesis">Decline</a>)</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template:History of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template talk:History of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">Constitutional history of<br />Turkey</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_Parliament_1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ottoman_Parliament_1877.jpg/225px-Ottoman_Parliament_1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ottoman_Parliament_1877.jpg/338px-Ottoman_Parliament_1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ottoman_Parliament_1877.jpg/450px-Ottoman_Parliament_1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="505" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">First Ottoman Parliament at the <a href="/wiki/Old_Dar%C3%BClf%C3%BCnun_building" title="Old Darülfünun building">Old Darülfünun building</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Constitutional documents</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Alliance" title="Charter of Alliance">Charter of Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_G%C3%BClhane" title="Edict of Gülhane">Edict of Gülhane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Reform_Edict_of_1856" title="Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856">Edict of 1856</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Constitutions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">1876</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Constitutional Era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1921" title="Turkish Constitution of 1921">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1924" title="Turkish Constitution of 1924">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1961" title="Turkish Constitution of 1961">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">1982</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Referendums</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1961_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="1961 Turkish constitutional referendum">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="1982 Turkish constitutional referendum">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="1987 Turkish constitutional referendum">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="1988 Turkish constitutional referendum">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2007 Turkish constitutional referendum">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2010 Turkish constitutional referendum">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2017 Turkish constitutional referendum">2017</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Second Constitutional Era</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: <span lang="ota" dir="rtl">ایكنجی مشروطیت دورى</span>; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">İkinci Meşrutiyet Devri</i>) was the period of restored parliamentary rule in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> between the 1908 <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> and the 1920 dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire">General Assembly</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">empire's twilight years</a>. </p><p>The rule of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdulhamid II</a> had been opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a>, an underground movement of reformists which called for the restoration of constitutional monarchy. In 1908, a faction within the Young Turks called the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> (CUP) forced Abdulhamid II to restore the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">liberal constitution of 1876</a> and the General Assembly in the Young Turk Revolution. Abdulhamid II had previously suspended the parliament and constitution in 1878, two years after they had been introduced. Whereas the short <a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a> lacked political parties, the second era initially featured unprecedented <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of political parties in the Ottoman Empire">political pluralism</a> within the empire and openly contested <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Elections in the Ottoman Empire">elections</a>. </p><p>The period was marked by political instability as opposition groups attempted to challenge the CUP's dominance and its increasingly repressive tendencies. In 1909, the CUP was briefly expelled from Constantinople (<a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>) during the <a href="/wiki/31_March_incident" title="31 March incident">31 March incident</a>, a reactionary uprising sparked by a mutiny of soldiers from the city's garrison. In the aftermath of the crisis, Abdulhamid II was deposed and his brother <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a> appointed sultan. The second largest party, the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Accord_Party" title="Freedom and Accord Party">Freedom and Accord Party</a>, remained locked in a power struggle with the CUP and following electoral fraud by the CUP in the <a href="/wiki/1912_Ottoman_general_election" title="1912 Ottoman general election">1912 general election</a> its military wing launched a <a href="/wiki/1912_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1912 Ottoman coup d'état">successful coup</a> in July 1912. The CUP regained power in a <a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">coup the following year</a> and repressed other opposition parties, effectively establishing a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> led by the "<a href="/wiki/Three_Pashas" title="Three Pashas">Three Pashas</a>", <a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talaat Pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Djemal_Pasha" title="Djemal Pasha">Cemal Pasha</a>. </p><p>The empire was in a perpetual state of crisis as it suffered continual territorial losses: <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Bulgarian Declaration of Independence">Bulgaria declared independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">ethnic conflict in Ottoman Macedonia</a> continued unabated. <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Libya" title="Italian invasion of Libya">Italy invaded Ottoman Tripolitania</a> in 1911 and the empire lost the vast majority of its remaining European territory when the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan League overran Rumelia</a> in 1912. In 1914, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">the Ottoman Empire entered World War I</a> and the increasingly radicalised CUP conducted ethnic cleansing and genocide against the empire's <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seyfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Seyfo">Assyrian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek</a> citizens, events sometimes collectively referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Ottoman surrender</a> in 1918, the CUP leadership fled into exile and the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Constantinople">Allies occupied Constantinople</a>. The Ottoman parliament angered the Allies by signing the <a href="/wiki/Amasya_Protocol" title="Amasya Protocol">Amasya Protocol</a> with <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish revolutionaries</a> in Ankara and agreeing to a <i><a href="/wiki/Misak-%C4%B1_Mill%C3%AE" title="Misak-ı Millî">Misak-ı Millî</a></i> (National Pact). As plans for the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">partition of the Ottoman Empire</a> advanced following the <a href="/wiki/Conference_of_London_(1920)" title="Conference of London (1920)">Conference of London</a>, the Allies forced the dissolution of the assembly, thus bringing the Second Constitutional Era to an end. Many parliamentarians would become members of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly</a> during <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkey's War for Independence</a>, and ultimately continued their careers in the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Constitutional_Era&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A consequence of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic wars</a> was popularisation of ideas such as nationalism and nation states, which made multi-cultural countries and empires increasingly difficult to appear legitimate to minority ethnic groups. The <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire was no exception to this wave of nationalism</a>, and its <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">Christian subjects</a> would especially start to rise up to demand full independence. These demands for independence by Christians who did not identify with Ottoman rule would therefore turn the Empire's previously multicultural society upside down, creating cycles of violence and suspicion between neighbors. </p><p>To solve the many problems the Empire was facing the <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> reforms (1839–1876) were undertaken not only to modernize the Ottoman Empire, but also to build a cohesive <a href="/wiki/Ottomanism" title="Ottomanism">Ottoman national identity</a> centered around national pride in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">House of Osman</a> rather than in an ethno-religious group. Another problem facing the Empire was that its <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">Christian subjects</a> achieved significant economic advancement in contrast to its Muslim subjects due to external patronage from the European powers, which Muslims were not given access to. Therefore, <a href="/wiki/Centralisation" title="Centralisation">centralization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">economic nationalism</a> were also key goals of Ottomanism and Tanzimat, not only in create equality for all under the law by consolidating previously autonomous sections of society such as abolishing the outdated <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">Millet system</a>, but also to empower the government to redistribute wealth and opportunity to its Muslim subjects. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdulhamid II</a> ascended to the throne in 1876 at the height of this period of reform in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. One of his first acts as Sultan was transforming the Ottoman Empire into a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">a constitution</a>, thus starting the Empire's first short experience with democracy: the <a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a>. However, in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russian invasion in 1877–1878</a>, following criticism of his handling of the war, Abdulhamid used his constitutional power as Sultan to suspend <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire">parliament</a> and the constitution. He instead went on to rule as an autocrat (<i>istibdâd</i> as marked by contemporaries, although many expressed longings for his old-fashioned <a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despotism</a> a few years into the new regime), emphasizing the empire's <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamic character</a> and his position as <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Caliph</a>. </p><p>To many in the empire, the war against Russia in 1877–78 was traumatic. The Russian army almost captured <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Constantinople</a> (İstanbul) and the war also saw the <a href="/wiki/Muhacir" title="Muhacir">expulsion and massacres</a> of many Balkan Muslims. The resultant <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">1878 Treaty of Berlin</a> established the independence of many Balkan nations and the loss of the Caucasian <a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">vilayets</a>. When the Empire declared bankruptcy in 1881 the Ottoman economy came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Public_Debt_Administration" title="Ottoman Public Debt Administration">Ottoman Public Debt Administration</a>, an institution controlled by the European powers and designed to manage the Empire's finances. Though the justification of the <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Hamidian autocracy</a> was so that the empire won't collapse, many found it hypocritical of Abdulhamid to be content with foreign pressure by conceding sovereignty, land, and the economy to western powers. </p><p>The combination of European control over Ottoman finances and Ottoman Christian domination in the Ottoman economy resulted in much anti-Christian xenophobia in its Muslim subjects. Ottoman Christians, especially <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Armenians</a>, started to increasingly feeling insecure in their position as Ottoman subjects after these sentiments manifested in the <a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a> (1894–1896), and started demanding autonomy from the government. </p><p>It was in this context the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks movement</a> formed as a loose coalition of elements in the empire opposed to Sultan Abdulhamid II's absolutism. Held together by a common belief in <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">constitutionalism</a>, they argued that the codification of secular law in the Ottoman Empire would foster a sense of Ottoman nationalism and prevent ethnic conflict, helping the empire to hold on to its remaining <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan</a> territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras201616–20,_28_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras201616–20,_28-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Young_Turk_Revolution_(1908)"><span id="Young_Turk_Revolution_.281908.29"></span>Young Turk Revolution (1908)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Constitutional_Era&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Young Turk Revolution (1908)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Rumelia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Map_of_Rumelia.jpg/220px-Map_of_Rumelia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Map_of_Rumelia.jpg/330px-Map_of_Rumelia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Map_of_Rumelia.jpg/440px-Map_of_Rumelia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2934" data-file-height="3493" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Ottoman Europe</a> (Rumelia) in 1908. The region, then experiencing a low-intensity civil war known as the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian Struggle</a>, was the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> began with a small insurrection of <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> (CUP) supporters in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> and spread quickly throughout the empire. The multiethnic vilayets in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> for years faced a collapse of authority and were going through an ethnic conflict known as the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian Struggle</a>. This made recruitment to revolutionary societies like the CUP promising to reform the system attractive to army officers stationed in the region. Unable to regain control of the province, Sultan Abdulhamid II announced the restoration of the 1876 constitution, reconvening the parliament on 23 July 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras201632–33_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras201632–33-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the revolution, power was informally shared between the palace (Abdulhamid), the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a>, and the CUP, whose Central Committee was still based in Salonica, and now represented a powerful <a href="/wiki/Deep_state_in_Turkey" title="Deep state in Turkey">deep state</a> faction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieser201866_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieser201866-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Building_in_which_the_Turkish_Parliament_holds_its_Sittings_at_Constantinople_-_ILN_1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Building_in_which_the_Turkish_Parliament_holds_its_Sittings_at_Constantinople_-_ILN_1877.jpg/220px-The_Building_in_which_the_Turkish_Parliament_holds_its_Sittings_at_Constantinople_-_ILN_1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Building_in_which_the_Turkish_Parliament_holds_its_Sittings_at_Constantinople_-_ILN_1877.jpg/330px-The_Building_in_which_the_Turkish_Parliament_holds_its_Sittings_at_Constantinople_-_ILN_1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Building_in_which_the_Turkish_Parliament_holds_its_Sittings_at_Constantinople_-_ILN_1877.jpg/440px-The_Building_in_which_the_Turkish_Parliament_holds_its_Sittings_at_Constantinople_-_ILN_1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Dar%C3%BClf%C3%BCnun_building" title="Old Darülfünun building">Old Darülfünun building</a> in which the Turkish Parliament held its Sittings at Constantinople. <a href="/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News" title="The Illustrated London News">The Illustrated London News</a> 1877</figcaption></figure> <p>As in 1876, the revived <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Parliament">Ottoman Parliament</a> consisted of two chambers: a <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Senate of the Ottoman Empire">Senate</a> (upper house) and a <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire">Chamber of Deputies</a> (lower house). The Chamber of Deputies was elected by the people, in the ratio of one member for every 50,000 males of the population over the age of 25 who paid taxes. Senators, on the other hand, were nominated for life by the Sultan, had to be over 40 years of age, and their number could not exceed a third of the membership of the Chamber of Deputies. </p><p>General elections were to take place every four years. The general population did not, however, vote directly for the Deputy that he desired to represent him in the Parliament. In each of the 15 electoral districts, registered voters were entitled to choose delegates in the proportion of 1 delegate for 500 voters, and these delegates (elected Administrative Councils) had the actual power of choosing the representatives in the Chamber. Moreover, the administration of territories was entrusted to these delegates in the elected Administrative Councils. Thus, these Councils were elected and served not only as an electoral college, but also as a local government in the provinces and districts (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vilayets" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayets">vilayets</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_reopening_(1908–1909)"><span id="Initial_reopening_.281908.E2.80.931909.29"></span>Initial reopening (1908–1909)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Constitutional_Era&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Initial reopening (1908–1909)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_Parliament_Dec1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ottoman_Parliament_Dec1908.jpg/220px-Ottoman_Parliament_Dec1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ottoman_Parliament_Dec1908.jpg/330px-Ottoman_Parliament_Dec1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ottoman_Parliament_Dec1908.jpg/440px-Ottoman_Parliament_Dec1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>Opening of the 1908 Ottoman Parliament</figcaption></figure> <p>With the reestablishment of the constitution and <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire">parliament</a>, most Young Turk organizations turned into political parties, including the CUP. However, after meeting of the goal reinstating the constitution, in the absence of this uniting factor, the CUP and the revolution began to fracture and different factions began to emerge. The Liberal Young Turk faction led by <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Sabahaddin" title="Mehmed Sabahaddin">Mehmed Sabahaddin</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Liberty Party (Ottoman Empire)">Liberty Party</a> and later in 1911 the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Accord_Party" title="Freedom and Accord Party">Freedom and Accord Party</a>. The Liberty Party was liberal in outlook, bearing a strong <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> imprint, and closer to the Palace. Although the CUP collaborated with the Liberals, their respective goals contrasted strongly. Liberals favored administrative decentralization and European assistance to implement reforms and also promoted industrialization. <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Temo" title="Ibrahim Temo">Ibrahim Temo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Cevdet" title="Abdullah Cevdet">Abdullah Cevdet</a>, two original founders of the CUP, founded the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Democratic_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman Democratic Party (page does not exist)">Ottoman Democratic Party</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1_Demokrat_F%C4%B1rkas%C4%B1" class="extiw" title="tr:Osmanlı Demokrat Fırkası">tr</a>]</span> in February 1909. Ahmet Rıza who returned to the capital from his exile in Paris became president of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)">Chamber of Deputies</a>, the parliament's lower house, and gradually distanced himself from the CUP as it became more radical. </p><p>It was after the Young Turk Revolution that the first organized labor disputes turned into strikes in the cities of Adrianople, Constantinople, and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">Smyrna</a>. The motivation of these strikes came from dissatisfaction of the Young Turks' unfulfilled promises to improve worker's rights, which led to a <a href="/wiki/Turkish_labour_law" title="Turkish labour law">ban on most forms of workers strikes and establishment of trade unions</a>. </p><p> Since the sultan declared that he had never officially dissolved the Ottoman Parliament, the former parliamentarians (those still able to serve) who had gathered three decades before suddenly found themselves representing the people again. The parliament convened after the revolution only briefly and rather symbolically. The only task they performed was to call a new election. The <a href="/wiki/3rd_Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="3rd Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire">new parliament</a> was elected in the <a href="/wiki/1908_Ottoman_general_election" title="1908 Ottoman general election">1908 election</a> and composed of 142 <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, 60 <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arabs</a>, 25 <a href="/wiki/Albanian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian people">Albanians</a>, 23 <a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greeks</a>, 12 <a href="/wiki/Armenian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian people">Armenians</a> (including four <a href="/wiki/Dashnaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Dashnaks">Dashnaks</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Hunchak" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunchak">Hunchaks</a>), 5 <a href="/wiki/Jewish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish people">Jews</a>, 4 <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian people">Bulgarians</a>, 3 <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> and 1 <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango200296_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango200296-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CUP became the biggest party among a fragmented parliament with only 60 of the 275 seats.<sup id="cite_ref-Philip_Mansel_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip_Mansel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CUP, the main driving force behind the revolution, managed to gain the upper hand against the Liberty Party. </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Turk_Revolution_-_First_president_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Young_Turk_Revolution_-_First_president_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies.png/220px-Young_Turk_Revolution_-_First_president_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Young_Turk_Revolution_-_First_president_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies.png/330px-Young_Turk_Revolution_-_First_president_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Young_Turk_Revolution_-_First_president_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies.png/440px-Young_Turk_Revolution_-_First_president_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies.png 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_R%C4%B1za" title="Ahmet Rıza">Ahmet Rıza</a> first president of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)">Chamber of Deputies</a></figcaption></figure><p>On 30 January 1909, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Ottoman Empire)">minister of the interior</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Hilmi_Pasha" title="Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha">Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha</a>, took the podium to answer an inquiry sponsored by both Muslims and non-Muslims, all but one of whom were from cities in the Balkans. It was about how the government would deal with what these deputies called lacking of the law and order; the rise of assassinations and armed assaults; the roaming of bandits. Ethnic and sectarian violence between various communities in the empire was costing both lives and resources. This was an important event as the newly established system was passing the first test regarding the "proper" parliamentary conduct. There were members of various diplomatic missions among the audience. The new constitution secured the freedom of the press, newspapermen and other guests were observing the proceedings. The first section of the protocol (minister's speech, deputies oppositions) achieved. However arguments began to break out between deputies and soon all decorum was cast aside, the verbal struggle was representation of the ethnic troubles plaguing the empire. The interchanges were performed along the nationalism lines among the non-Muslim deputies, according to their ethnic and religious origins, and of <a href="/wiki/Ottomanism" title="Ottomanism">Ottomanism</a> as a response to these competing ideologies. </p><p>On 16 August 1909, the government passed the "Law of Associations", which banned ethnically based political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200596_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200596-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A month later, the government passed the "Law for the Prevention of Brigandage and Sedition", which created "special pursuit battalions" to hunt down guerrillas in Macedonia, made it illegal for private citizens to own firearms and imposed harsh penalties for those who failed to report the activities of guerrillas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200596_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200596-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government also expanded the educational system by founding new schools, while at the same time announcing that henceforward <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Turkish</a> would be the only language of instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200596_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200596-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="31_March_Crisis_(1909)"><span id="31_March_Crisis_.281909.29"></span>31 March Crisis (1909)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Constitutional_Era&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 31 March Crisis (1909)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">31 March Incident</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Special:EditPage/Second Constitutional Era">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Threats to the experiment in constitutional and parliamentary government soon appeared. Nine months into the new parliamentary term, discontent and reactionary sentiment against constitutionalism manifested in the <a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">31 March Incident</a>. The constitutionalists were able to wrestle back control of the Ottoman government from the reactionaries with <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shevket_Pasha" title="Mahmud Shevket Pasha">Mahmud Şevket Pasha</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Action_Army" title="Action Army">Action Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Hareket Ordusu</i>). The popularly elected National Assembly met in a secret session two days later and voted unanimously for the deposition of Abdulhamid II. They reasoned that the countercoup had been inspired and organized by the Sultan, who had corrupted the troops so that he might restore the old regime. His younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a>, become the new Sultan. Hilmi Pasha again became grand vizier, but resigned on 5 December 1909 when he was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Hakki_Pasha" title="Ibrahim Hakki Pasha">Hakki Bey</a>. The constitution would be amended to strengthen the popularly elected <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)">Chamber of Deputies</a> at the expense of the unelected <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Senate of the Ottoman Empire">Senate</a> and the Sultan's personal powers. The new constitutional amendments also banned all secret societies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Years_of_peace_(1909–1911)"><span id="Years_of_peace_.281909.E2.80.931911.29"></span>Years of peace (1909–1911)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Constitutional_Era&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Years of peace (1909–1911)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mehmed_V_Reshad_vo_Bitola,_precek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mehmed_V_Reshad_vo_Bitola%2C_precek.jpg/220px-Mehmed_V_Reshad_vo_Bitola%2C_precek.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mehmed_V_Reshad_vo_Bitola%2C_precek.jpg/330px-Mehmed_V_Reshad_vo_Bitola%2C_precek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mehmed_V_Reshad_vo_Bitola%2C_precek.jpg/440px-Mehmed_V_Reshad_vo_Bitola%2C_precek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1227" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V Reşâd</a>'s reception in the train station of Monastir (modern <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a>), 1911</figcaption></figure> <p>Parliament was prorogued for three months on the 27th. During the recess, the CUP held a congress at <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Salonica</a> and modified its own rules. The CUP ceased to be a secret association. This was regarded as an expression of confidence in the reformed parliament, which had laid the foundation of the important financial and administrative reforms. Once in power, the CUP introduced a number of new initiatives intended to promote the modernization. The CUP advocated a program of orderly reform under a strong central government, as well as the exclusion of all foreign influence. CUP promoted industrialization and administrative reforms. Administrative reforms of provincial administration quickly led to a higher degree of centralization. In addition, the CUP implemented the secularization of the legal system and provided subsidies for the education of women, and altered the administrative structure of the state-operated primary schools. </p><p>The new parliament sought to modernize the Empire's communications and transportation networks, trying at the same time not to put themselves in the hands of European conglomerates and non-Muslim bankers. Germany and Italy already owned the paltry <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Turkey" title="History of rail transport in Turkey">Ottoman railways</a> (5,991 km of single-track railroads in the whole of the Ottoman dominions in 1914) and since 1881 administration of the defaulted Ottoman foreign debt had been in European hands. The Ottoman Empire was virtually an economic colony. </p><p>During this period clashes arose between <a href="/wiki/Zionist_and_Palestinian_Arab_attitudes_before_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist and Palestinian Arab attitudes before 1948">Zionists and Palestinian farmers</a> near Nazareth. A Palestinian deputy from Jaffa raised the Zionist issue for the first time in Ottoman parliament. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Years_of_crisis_(1911–1913)"><span id="Years_of_crisis_.281911.E2.80.931913.29"></span>Years of crisis (1911–1913)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Constitutional_Era&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Years of crisis (1911–1913)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In mid-October, many of the parliament's most esteemed politicians including <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Hakki_Pasha" title="Ibrahim Hakki Pasha">Hakkı Pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Cavit_Bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmet Cavit Bey">Cavid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halil_Mente%C5%9Fe" title="Halil Menteşe">Halil Menteşe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krikor_Zohrab" title="Krikor Zohrab">Krikor Zohrab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vartkes_Sereng%C3%BClian" title="Vartkes Serengülian">Vartkes Serengülian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armen_Garo" title="Armen Garo">Karekin Pastermajian</a> met, where the main discussion was commitment to the Constitution and more cooperation between the CUP and liberals rather than incessant intervention by the CUP in government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieser2018116_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieser2018116-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When this proposal was rejected, the liberals coalesced around the big tent <a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Accord_Party" title="Freedom and Accord Party">Freedom and Accord Party</a>, immediately attracting 70 deputies to its ranks. Only 20 days after formation, a <a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">by-election</a> in Istanbul in December 1911 in which the Liberal Union candidate won was taken as a confirmation of a new political atmosphere. </p><p>The period of 1911–13 was a highly turbulent time for the Ottoman government in terms of both domestic and foreign affairs. It marked a political power struggle between the CUP and Freedom and Accord, consisting of rapid exchanges of power involving <a href="/wiki/1912_Ottoman_general_election" title="1912 Ottoman general election">a rigged election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savior_Officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Savior Officers">a military revolt</a>, and finally <a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">a coup d'état</a> on a background of the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Libyan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Savior_Officers'_revolt_and_the_Great_Cabinet"><span id="Savior_Officers.27_revolt_and_the_Great_Cabinet"></span>Savior Officers' revolt and the Great Cabinet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Constitutional_Era&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Savior Officers' revolt and the Great Cabinet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albanian_Revolt_1910-La_Tribuna_Illustrata_article_from_August_16,_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Albanian_Revolt_1910-La_Tribuna_Illustrata_article_from_August_16%2C_1910.jpg/220px-Albanian_Revolt_1910-La_Tribuna_Illustrata_article_from_August_16%2C_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Albanian_Revolt_1910-La_Tribuna_Illustrata_article_from_August_16%2C_1910.jpg/330px-Albanian_Revolt_1910-La_Tribuna_Illustrata_article_from_August_16%2C_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Albanian_Revolt_1910-La_Tribuna_Illustrata_article_from_August_16%2C_1910.jpg/440px-Albanian_Revolt_1910-La_Tribuna_Illustrata_article_from_August_16%2C_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">Albanian Revolt of 1910</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From the summer of 1909 onwards the nature of the rebellions in Macedonia changed. The Christian communities largely ceased their rebellious activities while the Albanians, who were 70% Muslim and until that time had been the most loyal group in Macedonia, now started to rebel against the Ottoman state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200596–97_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200596–97-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until that time, it had always been assumed by the Unionists that Islam would ensure the loyalty of the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Muslim Albanians</a>, so the frequent Albanian revolts came as a surprise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200596–97_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200596–97-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision to impose <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Turkish</a> as the language in schools together with another law announcing that <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> could only be written in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a> while the majority of Albanians had wished to adopt the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200597_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200597-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After crushing one <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_revolt_of_1909&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albanian revolt of 1909 (page does not exist)">Albanian revolt in 1909</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">another one broke out</a> in March 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200599_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200599-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uprising had been crushed by the autumn, many Albanian nationalists were executed and a systematic attempt was being made to crush Albanian nationalism by banning Albanian newspapers and private schools.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200599_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200599-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1911, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1911" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian revolt of 1911">yet another Albanian revolt</a> broke out, but this time, the government chose negotiation by sending the sultan Mehmed V to tour Macedonia in June 1911 and proclaim an amnesty for those Albanian rebels who agreed to lay down their arms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200599_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200599-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Libya" title="Italian invasion of Libya">Italian invasion of Libya</a> came as another blow against the country. </p><p>In the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">war against Italy</a> and in the midst of yet another <a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Albanian revolt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe2005102_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe2005102-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the CUP called for early national elections in order to thwart Freedom and Accord Party's ability to better organize and grow.<sup id="cite_ref-HK_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HK-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/1912_Ottoman_general_election" title="1912 Ottoman general election">general elections held in April 1912</a>, nicknamed the "Election of Clubs" (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Sopalı Seçimler</i>) because of the widespread electoral fraud and violence engaged in by the CUP against Freedom and Accord candidates, the CUP won an overwhelming majority (269 of 275 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)">Chamber of Deputies</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-HK_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HK-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cabinet of CUP members was formed under Grand Vizier <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Said_Pasha" title="Mehmed Said Pasha">Mehmed Said Pasha</a>. </p><p>Angered at their loss in the election, the leadership of Freedom and Accord sought extra-legal methods to regain power over the CUP, complaining vocally about electoral fraud. At around this time, a group of military officers, uncomfortable with injustices it perceived within the military, organized itself into an armed organization known as the "<a href="/wiki/Savior_Officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Savior Officers">Savior Officers</a>" (Turkish: <i lang="tr">Halâskâr Zâbitân</i>) and made their presence known to the imperial government.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Savior Officers, quickly becoming partisans of Freedom and Accord, soon created unrest in the capital Istanbul. After gaining the support of Prince Sabahaddin,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Savior Officers published public declarations in newspapers. </p><p>Finally, after giving a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum" title="Memorandum">memorandum</a> to the Military Council, the Savior Officers succeeded in getting Mehmed Said Pasha (who they blamed for allowing the early elections that led to the CUP domination of the Chamber)<sup id="cite_ref-HK_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HK-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his government of CUP ministers to resign in July.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mehmed Said Pasha was succeeded by the non-partisan government of <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Muhtar_Pasha" title="Ahmed Muhtar Pasha">Ahmed Muhtar Pasha</a> (the so-called "Great Cabinet", Turkish: <i lang="tr">Büyük Kabine</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the support of the Savior Officers, Ahmed Muhtar Pasha also dissolved the Chamber, which was still full of CUP members, and called for new elections on 5 August. </p><p>The eruption of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan War">Balkan War</a> in October derailed plans for the elections, which were canceled, and Ahmed Muhtar Pasha resigned as Grand Vizier. The government won passage of a <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Conscription in the Ottoman Empire">bill conscripting dhimmis</a> into the army. The new Grand Vizier, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2mil_Pasha" title="Kâmil Pasha">Kâmil Pasha</a>, formed a Freedom and Accord cabinet and began an effort to destroy the vestiges of the CUP remaining after the Savior Officers' revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-HK_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HK-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using his friendly relations with the British, Kâmil Pasha also sat down to end the ongoing First Balkan War diplomatically. However, the heavy Ottoman military upsets during the war continued to sap morale, as rumors that the capital would have to be moved from Istanbul to inland <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> spread.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Army">Bulgarian Army</a> had soon advanced as far as <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalca" title="Çatalca">Çatalca</a>. At this point, Kâmil Pasha's government signed an armistice with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> in December 1912 and sat down to draw up a treaty for the end of the war at the <a href="/wiki/London_Peace_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="London Peace Conference">London Peace Conference</a>. </p><p>The Great Powers–the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>–attempted to arbitrate the conflict, citing the 1878 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a>. The Great Powers gave a note to the Sublime Porte that they wanted the Ottoman Empire to cede <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a> (Adrianople) to Bulgaria and the <a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_the_Archipelago" title="Vilayet of the Archipelago">Aegean islands under its control</a> to the Great Powers themselves. Because of the losses experienced by the army so far in the war, the Kâmil Pasha government was inclined to accept the "<a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Midye</a>-<a href="/wiki/Enez" title="Enez">Enez</a> Line" as a border to the west and, while not outright giving Edirne to Bulgaria, favored transferring control of it to an international commission.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raid_on_the_Sublime_Porte">Raid on the Sublime Porte</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Constitutional_Era&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Raid on the Sublime Porte"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">1913 Ottoman coup d'état</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enver_kamil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Enver_kamil.jpg/220px-Enver_kamil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Enver_kamil.jpg/330px-Enver_kamil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Enver_kamil.jpg/440px-Enver_kamil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a> forcing <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2mil_Pasha" title="Kâmil Pasha">Kâmil Pasha</a> to resign at gunpoint</figcaption></figure> <p>The Freedom and Accord government with Kâmil Pasha was overthrown in <a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">a coup d'état</a> (also known as the Raid on the Sublime Porte, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Bâb-ı Âlî Baskını</i>) engineered by CUP leaders <a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Mehmed Talaat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Ismail Enver</a>, who used the pretext of Kâmil Pasha "dishonoring the nation" by allegedly agreeing to give away Edirne to the Bulgarians. On 23 January 1913, Enver Bey burst with some of his associates into the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a> while the cabinet was in session, a raid in which the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of War (Ottoman Empire)">Minister of War</a> <a href="/wiki/Naz%C4%B1m_Pasha" title="Nazım Pasha">Nazım Pasha</a> was killed. A new CUP government was formed, headed by Grand Vizier <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shevket_Pasha" title="Mahmud Shevket Pasha">Mahmud Shevket Pasha</a>. Mahmud Shevket Pasha would be assassinated on 11 June 1913, although he was genial towards the now-opposition Freedom and Accord after the coup. After his death, he was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Said_Halim_Pasha" title="Said Halim Pasha">Said Halim Pasha</a>, and CUP began to repress Freedom and Accord and other opposition parties, forcing many of their leaders (such as Prince Sabahaddin) to flee to Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="One_party_state_(1913–1918)"><span id="One_party_state_.281913.E2.80.931918.29"></span>One party state (1913–1918)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Constitutional_Era&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: One party state (1913–1918)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress#Regime" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress § Regime</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Constitutional_Era&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a>, Ottoman Empire became an entity with two major constituents; namely Turks and Arabs. In the new framework, the percentage of representatives from Arab provinces increased from 23% (1908) to 27%, Turkomans 14% (1908) to 22% and in total CUP members from 39% (1908) to 67%. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Identity_Card_of_Salim_Ali_Salam_as_a_Member_from_Beirut_to_the_Ottoman_Parliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Identity_Card_of_Salim_Ali_Salam_as_a_Member_from_Beirut_to_the_Ottoman_Parliament.jpg/220px-Identity_Card_of_Salim_Ali_Salam_as_a_Member_from_Beirut_to_the_Ottoman_Parliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Identity_Card_of_Salim_Ali_Salam_as_a_Member_from_Beirut_to_the_Ottoman_Parliament.jpg/330px-Identity_Card_of_Salim_Ali_Salam_as_a_Member_from_Beirut_to_the_Ottoman_Parliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Identity_Card_of_Salim_Ali_Salam_as_a_Member_from_Beirut_to_the_Ottoman_Parliament.jpg/440px-Identity_Card_of_Salim_Ali_Salam_as_a_Member_from_Beirut_to_the_Ottoman_Parliament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>Identity Card of <a href="/wiki/Salim_Ali_Salam" title="Salim Ali Salam">Salim Ali Salam</a> as deputy from Beirut to the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)">Ottoman Parliament</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the new consolidated structure minority issues, such as those affecting the Armenians, dominated mainstream politics. Armenian politicians were supporting the CUP, but when the parliament was formed the result was very different from the expected one. The Balkan wars had significantly shifted from a multiethnic and multireligious Ottoman Empire to a Muslim core. The size of the CUP's majority in parliament proved to be a source of weakness rather than strength as minorities became outsiders. The deported Muslims (Turks) from the Balkans were located in the western parts of Anatolia and they brought their own issues. Armenians were expecting more representation through the parliament, but the nature of democracy kept them in a minority position. That was an unexpected result for the Armenians after they had been in a protected position since 1453. </p><p>In 1913, politics in Istanbul was centered around finding a solution to the demands of Arab and Armenian reformist groups. 19th century politics of Ottoman Empire dealt with the decentralist demands of the Balkan nations. In 1913, the same pattern was originating from the eastern provinces. With most of the Christian population having already left the Empire after the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a>, a redefinition of Ottoman politics was in place with a greater emphasis on Islam as a binding force. The choice of this policy should also be considered as external forces (<a href="/wiki/Imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperialist">imperialists</a>) were Christians. </p><p>Taking account of the loss of the <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Balkans</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Libya</a> for the Ottoman Empire and despite the single-party regime installed by the CUP, the Ottoman ethnic minorities were going to be represented at similar proportions during the 1914–1918 term of the Ottoman Parliament, with 11 <a href="/wiki/Armenian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian people">Armenians</a> and a dozen <a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greeks</a> being elected as deputies and having served in that capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-Philip_Mansel_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip_Mansel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/1914_Ottoman_general_election" title="1914 Ottoman general election">New elections were held in 1914</a> in a single-party framework, and the CUP gained all constituencies. The effective power lay in the hands of <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Talat_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed Talat Pasha">Mehmed Talaat Pasha</a>, the Interior Minister, <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of War (Ottoman Empire)">Minister of War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cemal_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Cemal Pasha">Cemal Pasha</a>, the <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahriye_Nez%C3%A2reti" class="extiw" title="tr:Bahriye Nezâreti">Minister of the Navy</a>, till 1918. Talaat Pasha became the grand vizier himself in 1917. </p><p>A fraction within the CUP led the Ottoman Empire to make a secret <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93German_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–German Alliance">Ottoman–German Alliance</a> which brought it into <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. The Empire's role as an ally of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> is a significant part of the history of that war. </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">collapse of Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Germany's capitulation</a>, the Ottoman Empire was isolated and surrendered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_an_Empire_and_its_constitution_(1918–1920)"><span id="End_of_an_Empire_and_its_constitution_.281918.E2.80.931920.29"></span>End of an Empire and its constitution (1918–1920)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Constitutional_Era&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: End of an Empire and its constitution (1918–1920)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/1919_Ottoman_general_election" title="1919 Ottoman general election">The last elections</a> were performed under the military <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Constantinople">Occupation of Constantinople</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Allied_powers_of_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied powers of World War I">Allies</a>, they were called under the <a href="/wiki/Amasya_Protocol" title="Amasya Protocol">Amasya Protocol</a> signed on 22 October 1919 between the Ottoman government and the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a>, in order to agree on a joint Turkish resistance movement against the Allies. </p><p> When the new session of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)">Chamber of Deputies</a> convened on 16 March 1920, it passed the <i><a href="/wiki/Misak-%C4%B1_Mill%C3%AE" title="Misak-ı Millî">Misak-ı Millî</a></i> (National Pact) with the Turkish National Movement, angering the Allies. Several MPs were arrested and deported. The Allies forced sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_VI" title="Mehmed VI">Mehmed VI</a> and he dissolved the parliament on 11 April.<sup id="cite_ref-HK_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HK-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%B0kdam,_4_Kas%C4%B1m_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%C4%B0kdam%2C_4_Kas%C4%B1m_1918.jpg/220px-%C4%B0kdam%2C_4_Kas%C4%B1m_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%C4%B0kdam%2C_4_Kas%C4%B1m_1918.jpg/330px-%C4%B0kdam%2C_4_Kas%C4%B1m_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%C4%B0kdam%2C_4_Kas%C4%B1m_1918.jpg/440px-%C4%B0kdam%2C_4_Kas%C4%B1m_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="989" /></a><figcaption>The front page of the Ottoman newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0kdam" title="İkdam">İkdam</a></i> on 4 November 1918 announcing that the Three Pashas fled the country.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 13 October 1918, <a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talat Pasha</a> and the rest of the CUP ministry resigned, and the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a> was signed aboard a British battleship in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> at the end of the month. The Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919–20 took place where the leadership of the CUP and selected former officials were court-martialled under charges of subversion of the constitution, wartime profiteering, and the massacres of both <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greeks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court reached a verdict which sentenced the organizers of the massacres, Talat, Enver, Cemal and others to death.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 November, the <a href="/wiki/Three_Pashas" title="Three Pashas">Three Pashas</a> (Talaat, Enver, and Cemal) escaped from Constantinople into exile. </p><p>The last elections for the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Parliament</a> were held in December 1919. The newly elected 140 members of the Ottoman Parliament, composed in their sweeping majority of candidates of "<a href="/wiki/Association_for_Defence_of_National_Rights" title="Association for Defence of National Rights">Association for Defense of Rights for Anatolia and Rumelia</a> (<i>Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti</i>)", headed by <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Kemal Pasha">Mustafa Kemal Pasha</a>, who himself remained in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, opened the fourth (and last) term of the Parliament on 12 January 1920. </p><p>Despite being short-lived and the exceptional conditions, this last assembly took a number of important decisions that are called <i><a href="/wiki/Misak-%C4%B1_Milli" class="mw-redirect" title="Misak-ı Milli">Misak-ı Milli</a></i> (National Pact). It had signed the <a href="/wiki/Amasya_Protocol" title="Amasya Protocol">Amasya Protocol</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a> in Ankara on 22 October 1919, in which the two groups of agreed to unite against the Allies occupying the country and call for these elections. At the Protocol, the Ottoman government was represented by Minister of the Navy <a href="/wiki/Salih_Hulusi_Pasha" title="Salih Hulusi Pasha">Salih Hulusi Pasha</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a> was represented by <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rauf_Orbay" title="Rauf Orbay">Rauf Orbay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bekir_Sami_Kunduh" title="Bekir Sami Kunduh">Bekir Sami Kunduh</a> in their title of <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Representation" title="Committee of Representation">Delegation of Representatives</a> (<i>Heyeti Temsiliye</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-HK_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HK-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the morning of 16 March, British forces, including the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Indian Army</a>, began to occupy government buildings and arrested five parliament members. An Indian Army operation, the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzadeba%C5%9F%C4%B1_raid" title="Şehzadebaşı raid">Şehzadebaşı raid</a>, resulted in 5 <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">Ottoman Army</a> soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/10th_Infantry_Division_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="10th Infantry Division (Ottoman Empire)">10th Infantry Division</a> being killed when troops raided their barracks. On 18 March, the Ottoman parliamentarians came together in a last meeting. A black cloth covered the pulpit of the Parliament as reminder of its absent members and the Parliament sent a letter of protest to the Allies, declaring the arrest of five of its members as unacceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In practical terms, the meeting of 18 March, was the end of the Ottoman parliamentarary system and of the Parliament itself, which had previously served as symbol of a generation's quest for "eternal freedom" (<i>hürriyet-i ebediye</i>) for which men had sacrificed themselves. The dissolution of the Ottoman Parliament had left the Sultan as the sole tangible authority in the Empire. The Sultan announced his own version of the declaration of the Parliament's dissolution on 11 April. About 100 Ottoman politicians were sent to exile in <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Malta_exiles" title="Malta exiles">Malta exiles</a>). </p><p>More than a hundred of the remaining members soon took the passage to Ankara and formed the core of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">new assembly</a>. On 5 April, the sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_VI" title="Mehmed VI">Mehmed VI Vahdeddin</a>, under the pressure of the Allies, closed the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman parliament">Ottoman parliament</a> officially. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Constitutional_Era&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Constitutional_Era&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras201616–20,_28-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras201616–20,_28_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingeras2016">Gingeras 2016</a>, pp. 16–20, 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras201632–33-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras201632–33_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingeras2016">Gingeras 2016</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieser201866-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieser201866_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieser2018">Kieser 2018</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango200296-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango200296_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango 2002</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philip_Mansel-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Philip_Mansel_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philip_Mansel_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Mansel" title="Philip Mansel">Philip Mansel</a>, "Constantinople City of the Worlds Desire" quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manorhouse.clara.net/book2/chapter3.htm">Straits: The origins of the Dardanelles campaign</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200596-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200596_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200596_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200596_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkmeșe2005">Akmeșe 2005</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieser2018116-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieser2018116_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieser2018">Kieser 2018</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200596–97-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200596–97_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200596–97_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkmeșe2005">Akmeșe 2005</a>, pp. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200597-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200597_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkmeșe2005">Akmeșe 2005</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200599-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200599_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200599_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe200599_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkmeșe2005">Akmeșe 2005</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe2005102-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkmeșe2005102_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkmeșe2005">Akmeșe 2005</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HK-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HK_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HK_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HK_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HK_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HK_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HK_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKayalı1995" class="citation journal cs1">Kayalı, Hasan (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psi203.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Kayali,%20Elections%20in%20the%20Ott%20Empire%20(1995).pdf">"Elections and the Electoral Process in the Ottoman Empire, 1876–1919"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>27</b> (3): 265–286. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0020743800062085">10.1017/s0020743800062085</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44470151">44470151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Elections+and+the+Electoral+Process+in+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1876%E2%80%931919&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=265-286&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0020743800062085&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44470151%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kayal%C4%B1&rft.aufirst=Hasan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpsi203.cankaya.edu.tr%2Fuploads%2Ffiles%2FKayali%2C%2520Elections%2520in%2520the%2520Ott%2520Empire%2520%281995%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Constitutional+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAymalı2013" class="citation web cs1">Aymalı, Ömer (23 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dunyabulteni.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=178782">"Modern dönemin ilk askeri darbesi: Bab-ı Âli baskını"</a>. dunyabulteni.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modern+d%C3%B6nemin+ilk+askeri+darbesi%3A+Bab-%C4%B1+%C3%82li+bask%C4%B1n%C4%B1&rft.pub=dunyabulteni.net&rft.date=2013-01-23&rft.aulast=Aymal%C4%B1&rft.aufirst=%C3%96mer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dunyabulteni.net%2F%3FaType%3Dhaber%26ArticleID%3D178782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Constitutional+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odatv.com/n.php?n=liberaller-bu-yaziya-kin-kusacak-2301131200">"Liberaller bu yazıya kin kusacak"</a> (in Turkish). odatv.com. 23 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liberaller+bu+yaz%C4%B1ya+kin+kusacak&rft.pub=odatv.com&rft.date=2013-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odatv.com%2Fn.php%3Fn%3Dliberaller-bu-yaziya-kin-kusacak-2301131200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Constitutional+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirinci1990" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Birinci, Ali (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WR0kAAAAMAAJ"><i>Hürriyet ve İtilâf Fırkası: II. Meşrutiyet Devrinde İttihat ve Terakki'ye Karşı Çıkanlar</i></a> (in Turkish), Istanbul: Dergâh Yayınları, pp. 164–177, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9759953072" title="Special:BookSources/9759953072"><bdi>9759953072</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+ve+%C4%B0til%C3%A2f+F%C4%B1rkas%C4%B1%3A+II.+Me%C5%9Frutiyet+Devrinde+%C4%B0ttihat+ve+Terakki%27ye+Kar%C5%9F%C4%B1+%C3%87%C4%B1kanlar&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pages=164-177&rft.pub=Derg%C3%A2h+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9759953072&rft.aulast=Birinci&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWR0kAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Constitutional+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumontGeorgeonTanilli1997" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dumont, Paul; <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Georgeon" title="François Georgeon">Georgeon, Gregoire François</a>; <a href="/wiki/Server_Tanilli" title="Server Tanilli">Tanilli, Server</a> (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SAvwmQEACAAJ"><i>Bir İmparatorluğun Ölümü: 1908–1923</i></a> (in Turkish), Istanbul: Cumhuriyet Yayınları, p. 56</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bir+%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fun+%C3%96l%C3%BCm%C3%BC%3A+1908%E2%80%931923&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Cumhuriyet+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Dumont&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Georgeon%2C+Gregoire+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Tanilli%2C+Server&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSAvwmQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Constitutional+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, Bernard</a> (1961). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Emergence_of_Modern_Turkey" title="The Emergence of Modern Turkey">The Emergence of Modern Turkey</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Modern+Turkey&rft.place=Ankara&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Constitutional+Era" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŞimşir" class="citation web cs1">Şimşir, Bilal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130504163819/http://atam.gov.tr/ankaranin-baskent-olusu-2/">"Ankara'nın Başkent Oluşu"</a>. atam.gov.tr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atam.gov.tr/ankaranin-baskent-olusu-2/">the original</a> on 4 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ankara%27n%C4%B1n+Ba%C5%9Fkent+Olu%C5%9Fu&rft.pub=atam.gov.tr&rft.aulast=%C5%9Eim%C5%9Fir&rft.aufirst=Bilal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatam.gov.tr%2Fankaranin-baskent-olusu-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Constitutional+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuyaş2013" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kuyaş, Ahmet (January 2013), "Bâb-ı Âli Baskını: 100. Yıl", <i><a href="/wiki/NTV_Tarih" title="NTV Tarih">NTV Tarih</a></i> (in Turkish) (48): 26, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1308-7878">1308-7878</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NTV+Tarih&rft.atitle=B%C3%A2b-%C4%B1+%C3%82li+Bask%C4%B1n%C4%B1%3A+100.+Y%C4%B1l&rft.issue=48&rft.pages=26&rft.date=2013-01&rft.issn=1308-7878&rft.aulast=Kuya%C5%9F&rft.aufirst=Ahmet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Constitutional+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkçam1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Taner_Ak%C3%A7am" title="Taner Akçam">Akçam, Taner</a> (1996). <i>Armenien und der Völkermord: Die Istanbuler Prozesse und die Türkische Nationalbewegung</i> (in German). Hamburg: <a href="/wiki/Hamburger_Edition" title="Hamburger Edition">Hamburger Edition</a>. p. 185.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenien+und+der+V%C3%B6lkermord%3A+Die+Istanbuler+Prozesse+und+die+T%C3%BCrkische+Nationalbewegung&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Hamburger+Edition&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Ak%C3%A7am&rft.aufirst=Taner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Constitutional+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzigKurkchiyan,_Marina2005" class="citation book cs1">Herzig, edited by Edmund; Kurkchiyan, Marina (2005). <i>The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity</i>. Abingdon, Oxon, Oxford: RoutledgeCurzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0203004930" title="Special:BookSources/0203004930"><bdi>0203004930</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenians%3A+Past+and+Present+in+the+Making+of+National+Identity&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon%2C+Oxford&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0203004930&rft.aulast=Herzig&rft.aufirst=edited+by+Edmund&rft.au=Kurkchiyan%2C+Marina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Constitutional+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreopoulos1997" class="citation book cs1">Andreopoulos, George J., ed. (1997). <i>Genocide : conceptual and historical dimensions</i> (1. paperback print. ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812216164" title="Special:BookSources/0812216164"><bdi>0812216164</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+%3A+conceptual+and+historical+dimensions&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pa.&rft.edition=1.+paperback+print.&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0812216164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Constitutional+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAksin2007" class="citation book cs1">Aksin, Sina (2007). <i>Turkey, from Empire to Revolutionary Republic: The Emergence of the Turkish Nation from 1789 to Present</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-0722-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-0722-7"><bdi>978-0-8147-0722-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey%2C+from+Empire+to+Revolutionary+Republic%3A+The+Emergence+of+the+Turkish+Nation+from+1789+to+Present&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-0722-7&rft.aulast=Aksin&rft.aufirst=Sina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Constitutional+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Constitutional_Era&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkmeșe2005" class="citation cs2">Akmeșe, Handan Nezir (2005), <i>The Birth of Modern Turkey: The Ottoman Military and the March to World War I</i>, London: IB Tauris</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Modern+Turkey%3A+The+Ottoman+Military+and+the+March+to+World+War+I&rft.place=London&rft.pub=IB+Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Akme%C8%99e&rft.aufirst=Handan+Nezir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Constitutional+Era" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGingeras2016" class="citation book cs1">Gingeras, Ryan (2016). <i>Fall of the Sultanate: The Great War and the End of the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1922</i> (First ed.). Oxford. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199676071.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199676071.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967607-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967607-1"><bdi>978-0-19-967607-1</bdi></a> – via Oxford Scholarship.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fall+of+the+Sultanate%3A+The+Great+War+and+the+End+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1908%E2%80%931922&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=First&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199676071.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967607-1&rft.aulast=Gingeras&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Constitutional+Era" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieser2018" class="citation cs2">Kieser, Hans-Lukas (26 June 2018), <i>Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide</i>, Princeton University Press (published 2018), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15762-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15762-7"><bdi>978-0-691-15762-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talaat+Pasha%3A+Father+of+Modern+Turkey%2C+Architect+of+Genocide&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018-06-26&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15762-7&rft.aulast=Kieser&rft.aufirst=Hans-Lukas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Constitutional+Era" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMango2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mango" title="Andrew Mango">Mango, Andrew</a> (2002). <i>Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey</i>. Overlook Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-590-20924-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-590-20924-0"><bdi>978-1-590-20924-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk%3A+The+Biography+of+the+Founder+of+Modern+Turkey&rft.pub=Overlook+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-590-20924-0&rft.aulast=Mango&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Constitutional+Era" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_J._Shaw" title="Stanford J. Shaw">Shaw, Stanford J.</a> (1976). <i>History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol. 2</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fheb.01919">2027/heb.01919</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29166-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29166-8"><bdi>978-0-521-29166-8</bdi></a> – via ACLS Humanities E-Book.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Modern+Turkey%2C+Vol.+2&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fheb.01919&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29166-8&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Stanford+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Constitutional+Era" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Constitutional_Era&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tusiad.org/yayin/gorus/39/11tarih.pdf#search=%22%22son%20osmanl%C4%B1%20se%C3%A7imleri%22%22">Short history of elections under the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213557/http://www.tusiad.org/yayin/gorus/39/11tarih.pdf#search=%22%22son%20osmanl%C4%B1%20se%C3%A7imleri%22%22">Archived</a> 2007-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tusiad.org.tr">Turkish Industrialists and Businessmen's Association</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></li> <li><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908-1912_Osmanl%C4%B1_Meclis-i_Mebusan%C4%B1" class="extiw" title="tr:1908-1912 Osmanlı Meclis-i Mebusanı">Incomplete list of Ottoman deputies in 1908–1912 term – in Turkish</a></li> <li>List of Ottoman deputies in April–August 1912 term – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723044738/http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/Meclis-iMubasan1912.htm">in English</a> or <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisan-A%C4%9Fustos_1912_Osmanl%C4%B1_Meclisi_Mebusan%C4%B1" class="extiw" title="tr:Nisan-Ağustos 1912 Osmanlı Meclisi Mebusanı">in Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914-1918_Osmanl%C4%B1_Meclis-i_Mebusan%C4%B1" class="extiw" title="tr:1914-1918 Osmanlı Meclis-i Mebusanı">Incomplete list of Ottoman deputies in 1914–1918 term – in Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_Osmanl%C4%B1_Meclis-i_Mebusan%C4%B1_(1920)" class="extiw" title="tr:Son Osmanlı Meclis-i Mebusanı (1920)">Incomplete list of Ottoman deputies in January–March 1920 (last) term; official closure April 1920; – in Turkish</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ottoman_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ottoman_Empire_topics" title="Template:Ottoman Empire topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ottoman_Empire_topics" title="Template talk:Ottoman Empire topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman_Empire_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman Empire topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ottoman_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Ottoman Empire">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osman%27s_Dream" title="Osman's Dream">Osman's Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaza_thesis" title="Ghaza thesis">Ghaza thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Interregnum" title="Ottoman Interregnum">Interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Women" title="Sultanate of Women">Sultanate of Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_decline_thesis" title="Ottoman decline thesis">Decline thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_era" title="Köprülü era">Köprülü</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Stagnation and reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline and modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">1st Constitutional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2nd Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate" title="Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate">Abolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Ottoman Muslims</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ottoman Empire)">Foreign Affairs Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_relations" title="Ottoman–Safavid relations">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ottoman Empire–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of treaties of the Ottoman Empire">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire">Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Constitution" title="Armenian National Constitution">Armenian Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_electoral_law" title="Ottoman electoral law">Electoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_family_law" title="Ottoman family law">Family law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCstur" title="Düstur">Düstur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Civil codes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecelle" title="Mecelle">Mecelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_Office_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Translation Office (Ottoman Empire)">Translation Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_organisation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State organisation of the Ottoman Empire">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of Osman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottoman dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">List of Ottoman sultans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_claim_to_Roman_succession" title="Ottoman claim to Roman succession">Roman succession claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Imperial Harem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valide_sultan" title="Valide sultan">Valide sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haseki_sultan" title="Haseki sultan">Haseki sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1n_(title)" title="Kadın (title)">Kadınefendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikbal_(title)" title="Ikbal (title)">Hanımefendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mothers_of_the_Ottoman_sultans" title="List of mothers of the Ottoman sultans">List of Ottoman sultans' mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_consorts_of_the_Ottoman_sultans" class="mw-redirect" title="List of consorts of the Ottoman sultans">List of Ottoman sultans' consorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizlar_Agha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kizlar Agha">Kizlar Agha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ender%C3%BBn" title="Enderûn">Inner Palace Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapi_Agha" title="Kapi Agha">Kapi Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_School" title="Palace School">Palace Schools</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central (<a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Porte</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Council_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Imperial Council (Ottoman Empire)">Imperial Council</a> <br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(classic period)</i></span> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_Grand_Viziers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottoman Grand Viziers">Grand Vizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">Viziers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazasker" title="Kazasker">Kazaskers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_Ministers_of_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottoman Ministers of Finance">Defterdars/Ministers of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1" title="Nişancı">Nişancı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reis_%C3%BCl-K%C3%BCttab" title="Reis ül-Küttab">Reis ül-Küttab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoman_of_the_Porte" title="Dragoman of the Porte">Dragoman of the Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir%C3%BBn" title="Birûn">Outer Palace Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Government_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Government (Ottoman Empire)">Imperial Government</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(reform and constitutional period)</i></span> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Senate of the Ottoman Empire">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">Millets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Islam in the Ottoman Empire">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Isl%C4%81m" title="Shaykh al-Islām">Shaykh al-Islām</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Christianity in the Ottoman Empire">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum Millet">Rūm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullah_millet" title="Ullah millet">Ullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Millet" title="Bulgarian Millet">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_millet" title="Armenian millet">Armenian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham_Bashi" title="Hakham Bashi">Hakham Bashi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provincial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">Eyalets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">Beylerbeys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">Vilayets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">Sanjaks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanjakbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjakbey">Sanjakbeys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutasarr%C4%B1f" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutasarrıf">Mutasarrifates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaza" title="Kaza">Kazas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kadiluk" title="Kadiluk">Kadiluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">Vassal and tributary states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Military of the Ottoman Empire">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_army_in_the_15th%E2%80%9319th_centuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman army in the 15th–19th centuries">Classic period army</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agha_of_the_Janissaries" title="Agha of the Janissaries">Agha of the Janissaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Divisions_of_Cavalry" title="Six Divisions of Cavalry">Six Divisions of Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timariots" title="Timariots">Timariots</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_military_reforms" title="Ottoman military reforms">Reform period</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Nizam-i_Djedid_Army" title="Nizam-i Djedid Army">Nizam-i Djedid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekban-i_Djedid_Army" title="Sekban-i Djedid Army">Sekban-i Djedid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asakir-i_Mansure-i_Muhammediye" title="Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye">Mansure Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidieh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamidieh">Hamidieh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">Modernized army</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapudan_Pasha" title="Kapudan Pasha">Kapudan Pasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kapudan_Pashas" title="List of Kapudan Pashas">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoman_of_the_Fleet" title="Dragoman of the Fleet">Dragoman of the Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Arsenal" title="Imperial Arsenal">Imperial Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Empire_admirals" title="Category:Ottoman Empire admirals">Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Naval battles involving the Ottoman Empire">Naval battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_ships_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Naval ships of the Ottoman Empire">Ships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Aviation_Squadrons" title="Ottoman Aviation Squadrons">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Conscription in the Ottoman Empire">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_weapons" title="Ottoman weapons">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By era <ul><li>Enlargement</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socioeconomics_of_the_Ottoman_reformation_era&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socioeconomics of the Ottoman reformation era (page does not exist)">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_agriculture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman agriculture (page does not exist)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bank" title="Ottoman Bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_currency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman currency (page does not exist)">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7e" title="Akçe">Akçe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para_(currency)" title="Para (currency)">Para</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultani" title="Sultani">Sultani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuru%C5%9F" title="Kuruş">Kuruş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_lira" title="Ottoman lira">Lira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Science and technology in the Ottoman Empire">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Taxation in the Ottoman Empire">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the Ottoman Empire">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Society of the Ottoman Empire">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Social structure of the Ottoman Empire">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottomanism" title="Ottomanism">Ottomanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_court" title="Ottoman court">Ottoman court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Languages of the Ottoman Empire">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosques_commissioned_by_the_Ottoman_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosques commissioned by the Ottoman dynasty">Mosques</a></li></ul></li> <li>Art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_music" title="Ottoman music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karag%C3%B6z_and_Hacivat" title="Karagöz and Hacivat">Shadow play</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_clothing" title="Ottoman clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prose_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Prose of the Ottoman Empire">Prose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_poetry" title="Ottoman poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Education in the Ottoman Empire">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of schools in the Ottoman Empire">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_education_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenian education in the Ottoman Empire">of Armenians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Media of the Ottoman Empire">Media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Demographics of the Ottoman Empire">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Women in the Ottoman Empire">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire#Religion" title="Ottoman Empire">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Islam in the Ottoman Empire">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Christianity in the Ottoman Empire">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in the Ottoman Empire">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_anthems_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Imperial anthems of the Ottoman Empire">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Flags of the Ottoman Empire">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_and_crescent" title="Star and crescent">Star and crescent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Outline of the Ottoman Empire">Outline</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Bibliography of the Ottoman Empire">Bibliography</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Ottoman Empire">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Reign_of_Abdul_Hamid_II" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Template:Abdul Hamid II"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Template talk:Abdul Hamid II"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abdul Hamid II"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Reign_of_Abdul_Hamid_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Reign of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">Ottoman constitution of 1876</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Senate of the Ottoman Empire">Senate of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)">Chamber of Deputies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_assassination_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="Yıldız assassination attempt">Yıldız assassination attempt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Constitutional Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">31 March Incident</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="position: relative; top: 3px;"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WORMELEY(1893)_p259_Sultan_Abdul_Hamid_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abdul Hamid II"><img alt="Abdul Hamid II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/WORMELEY%281893%29_p259_Sultan_Abdul_Hamid_II.jpg/80px-WORMELEY%281893%29_p259_Sultan_Abdul_Hamid_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/WORMELEY%281893%29_p259_Sultan_Abdul_Hamid_II.jpg/120px-WORMELEY%281893%29_p259_Sultan_Abdul_Hamid_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/WORMELEY%281893%29_p259_Sultan_Abdul_Hamid_II.jpg/160px-WORMELEY%281893%29_p259_Sultan_Abdul_Hamid_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="1281" /></a><figcaption>Abdul Hamid II</figcaption></figure></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Palace" title="Yıldız Palace">Yıldız Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Hamidiye_Mosque" title="Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque">Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1897)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1897)">Greco-Turkish War (1897)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirim%C3%BCjgan_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Tirimüjgan Kadın">Tirimüjgan Kadın</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestu_Kad%C4%B1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Perestu Kadın">Perestu Kadın</a> (adoptive mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulmejid_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulmejid I">Abdulmejid I</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdülaziz">Abdülaziz</a> (uncle)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazikeda_Kad%C4%B1n_(wife_of_Abdul_Hamid_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazikeda Kadın (wife of Abdul Hamid II)">Nazikeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedrifelek_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Bedrifelek Kadın">Bedrifelek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurefsun_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Nurefsun Kadın">Nurefsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidar_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Bidar Kadın">Bidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilpesend_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Dilpesend Kadın">Dilpesend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezidimestan_Kad%C4%B1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezidimestan Kadın">Mezidimestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emsalinur_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Emsalinur Kadın">Emsalinur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BC%C5%9Ffika_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Müşfika Kadın">Müşfika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazkar_Han%C4%B1m" title="Sazkar Hanım">Sazkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyveste_Han%C4%B1m" title="Peyveste Hanım">Peyveste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatma_Pesend_Han%C4%B1m" title="Fatma Pesend Hanım">Fatma Pesend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behice_Han%C4%B1m" title="Behice Hanım">Behice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliha_Naciye_Han%C4%B1m" class="mw-redirect" title="Saliha Naciye Hanım">Saliha Naciye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Category:Abdul Hamid II">Category:Abdul Hamid II</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Constitutional_Era&oldid=1254674728">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Constitutional_Era&oldid=1254674728</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th_century_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:20th century in the Ottoman Empire">20th century in the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Politics of the Ottoman Empire">Politics of the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Thrace" title="Category:Ottoman Thrace">Ottoman Thrace</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Macedonia_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire">Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Albania" title="Category:Ottoman Albania">Ottoman Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Young_Turks" title="Category:Young Turks">Young Turks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reform_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Reform in the Ottoman Empire">Reform in the Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Turkish-language_sources_(tr)" title="Category:CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)">CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name" title="Category:CS1 errors: generic name">CS1 errors: generic name</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ottoman_Turkish_(1500-1928)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text">Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Turkish-language text">Articles containing Turkish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2016" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2016">Articles needing additional references from September 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_August_2021" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from August 2021">Articles to be expanded from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Turkish-language_sources_(tr)" title="Category:Articles with Turkish-language sources (tr)">Articles with Turkish-language sources (tr)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 November 2024, at 03:28<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Constitutional_Era&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-4skr4","wgBackendResponseTime":1041,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.671","walltime":"0.886","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3431,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":154430,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6468,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":104673,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 716.198 1 -total"," 21.60% 154.666 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.07% 107.953 7 Template:Langx"," 13.20% 94.526 1 Template:History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"," 12.95% 92.738 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 11.34% 81.205 7 Template:Navbox"," 11.06% 79.222 1 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.75% 62.666 15 Template:Sfn"," 8.43% 60.360 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.73% 48.194 1 Template:Unreferenced_section"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.429","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":14999953,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAkmeșe2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAksin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkçam1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndreopoulos1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAymalı2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirinci1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDumontGeorgeonTanilli1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGingeras2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerzigKurkchiyan,_Marina2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKayalı1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKieser2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuyaş2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMango2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŞimşir\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Abdul Hamid II\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Constitutional history of Turkey sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 1,\n [\"History of the Ottoman Empire\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 7,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Ottoman Empire topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 15,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-4skr4","timestamp":"20241124160914","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Second Constitutional Era","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Constitutional_Era","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q233486","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q233486","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-11-14T07:50:31Z","dateModified":"2024-11-01T03:28:43Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c7\/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg","headline":"period of constitutional monarchy in the Ottoman Empire (1908\u20131920)"}</script> </body> </html>