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data-v-01274b1d><h2>Article contents</h2> <div id="toc-list-wrapper" class="table-of-content__wrapper"><ul id="toc-list" class="list"><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec0" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">Extract</span></a></li>  <li class="list__item"><a href="#references-list" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">References</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div> <div class="column__main" data-v-01274b1d><div class="row" data-v-01274b1d><div class="column__main__left" data-v-01274b1d><div id="maincontent" class="col" data-v-862424e6 data-v-01274b1d> <hgroup data-v-862424e6><h1 data-v-862424e6>Elections and the Electoral Process in the Ottoman Empire, 1876–1919</h1> </hgroup>     <div class="row published-date" data-v-862424e6><p data-v-862424e6> Published online by Cambridge University Press: <strong data-v-862424e6>23 April 2009</strong></p></div>   <div class="contributors-details" data-v-99f6eb26 data-v-862424e6><div class="row contributors" data-v-99f6eb26><div class="col" data-v-99f6eb26><div class="row contributor-type" data-v-792406ce data-v-99f6eb26> <div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Hasan%20Kayali&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Hasan Kayali</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce></span></div> </div> </div> <div class="col-2 collapse-link" data-v-99f6eb26><a href="#authors-details" data-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="authors-details" class="app-link collapsed app-link__text-icon app-link--secondary reverse" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-99f6eb26><img 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id="authors-details" class="authors-details collapse" data-v-2edb8da6 data-v-99f6eb26><div data-test-author="Hasan Kayali" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Hasan Kayali</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Department of History, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. 92093-0104, U.S.A.</span> </span></div></dd></div>  <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-2edb8da6></dl></div></div> <div id="app-tabs" class="tabs" data-v-1d90c6ce data-v-01274b1d><div id="app-tabs-wrapper" class="tabs__wrapper" data-v-1d90c6ce><div role="navigation" aria-label="tab navigation" class="container" data-v-1d90c6ce><a data-toggle="collapse" href="#appTabs" role="button" aria-expanded="false" 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class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Rights & Permissions </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a></div> <div class="share-modal-overlay" style="display:none;" data-v-43a4d572></div> <div data-spy="scroll" data-target="#toc" class="scrollspy-content" data-v-43a4d572> <div id="sec0" class="col article-abstract sec" data-v-2fa8b348 data-v-43a4d572><div class="abstract-text-container" data-v-2fa8b348><div lang="en"><h2>Extract</h2>  <div class="abstract-content"><div class="abstract" data-abstract-type="text-abstract"><p>The 1876 constitution and its reinstitution in 1908 have been acknowledged as landmarks in the historiography of the late Ottoman Empire. The promulgation of a constitution signified a critical political transformation despite the brevity of the First Constitutional Period (1876–78). During the next three decades of Sultan Abdülhamid's autocratic rule, the ultimately successful struggle to restore the constitution against the Sultan's relentless resistance became central to the political life of the empire. In 1908, the Young Turk Revolution inaugurated a decade of social and political change, the Second Constitutional Period.</p></div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="abstract-divider separator default" data-v-7036083a></div></div>   </div>    <dl class="article-details" data-v-6e32a161 data-v-43a4d572><div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Type </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161>Articles</dd></div> <div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Information </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161><div class="content__journal" data-v-6e32a161><a href="/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>International Journal of Middle East Studies </span> </a> <span data-v-6e32a161> , <a href="/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/volume/E59F651A2C41AFC2CF0C8F0C83954665" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Volume 27 </span> </a></span> <span data-v-6e32a161> , <a href="/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/issue/DF931DA8D9FB21B9FD2C01726C78BE30" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Issue 3 </span> </a></span> <span data-v-6e32a161>, August 1995</span>  <span data-v-6e32a161>, pp. 265 - 286</span> </div> <div class="doi-data" data-v-6e32a161><div data-v-6e32a161>DOI: <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743800062085" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743800062085 </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a></div> </div>  </dd></div>   <div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Copyright </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161><div data-v-6e32a161> Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1995 </div></dd></div></dl> <div id="access-block" class="d-print-none" data-v-43a4d572><div class="access-options"><h2 class="access-options__heading">Access options</h2> <span>Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)</span> <div class="access-options__content access-options__new"> </div></div></div> <div id="content-container" class="content-container" data-v-43a4d572>   <hr aria-hidden="true" class="list-divider separator default" data-v-7036083a> <div id="references-list" class="circle-list"><h2>References</h2> <div id="reference-header-i5xob" aria-flowto="reference-1-content reference-1-button"><h4> Notes </h4> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-1-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"></div></div></div><div id="fn01" aria-flowto="reference-2-content reference-2-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-2-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"> <em class="italic">Author's note</em>: I thank Feroz Ahmad and Michel Le Gall for their helpful criticism. I also thank the American Council of Learned Societies, the American Research Institute in Turkey, and the Academic Senate of the University of California, San Diego, for research support.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn02" aria-flowto="reference-3-content reference-3-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 1 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-3-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">1</sup></span> <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref001" id="ref001">This bias is discussed in <span class="source">Elections without Choice</span>, ed. <span class="name"><span class="surname">Hermet</span>, <span class="given-names">Guy</span></span><span class="name"><span class="surname">Rose</span>, <span class="given-names">Richard</span></span>, and <span class="name"><span class="surname">Rouquie</span>, <span class="given-names">Alain</span></span> (<span class="publisher-loc">New York</span>: <span class="publisher-name">John Wiley and Sons</span>, <span class="year">1978</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Elections without Choice' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-03342-3>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Elections without Choice' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Elections+without+Choice&author=Hermet+Guy&author=Rose+Richard&author=Rouquie+Alain&publication+year=1978>Google Scholar</a></span>, where the authors discuss the merits of analyzing noncompetitive elections by examining more contemporary cases.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn03" aria-flowto="reference-4-content reference-4-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 2 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-4-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">2</sup></span> <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref002" id="ref002">“Royal Authority and Religious Legitimacy: Morocco's Elections, 1960—1984”; in <span class="source">The Frailty of Authority</span>, ed. <span class="name"><span class="surname">Aronoff</span>, <span class="given-names">Myron J.</span></span> (<span class="publisher-loc">New Brunswick, N.J.</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Transaction Books</span>, <span class="year">1986</span>), <span class="fpage">201</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Frailty of Authority' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Frailty+of+Authority&author=Aronoff+Myron+J.&publication+year=1986>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn04" aria-flowto="reference-5-content reference-5-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 3 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-5-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">3</sup></span> The irregularity in the intervals of the elections is due to the dissolution of Parliament (except in 1877) by imperial decree triggered by political crisis or imperial emergency. In 1918, Parliament extended its own term on similar grounds, only to be dissolved by the sultan.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn05" aria-flowto="reference-6-content reference-6-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 4 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-6-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">4</sup></span> <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref003" id="ref003"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Nuri</span>, <span class="given-names">Bediʿ</span></span>, <span class="source">Hakk-i Intihab</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Istanbul</span>, 1330 [<span class="year">1914</span>]), <span class="fpage">164</span>–71<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Hakk-i Intihab' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Hakk-i+Intihab&author=Nuri+Bedi%CA%BF&publication+year=1914>Google Scholar</a></span>. <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref004" id="ref004"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Davison</span>, <span class="given-names">Roderic H.</span></span>, <span class="source">Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856–1876</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Princeton, N.J.</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Princeton University Press</span>, <span class="year">1963</span>), 125–30,<span class="fpage">148</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856–1876' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Reform+in+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1856%E2%80%931876&author=Davison+Roderic+H.&publication+year=1963>Google Scholar</a></span>; and <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref004">idem</a>, <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref005" id="ref005">“The Advent of the Principle of Representation in the Government of the Ottoman Empire,” in <span class="source">Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East</span>, ed. <span class="name"><span class="surname">Polk</span>, <span class="given-names">William R.</span></span> and <span class="name"><span class="surname">Chambers</span>, <span class="given-names">Richard L.</span></span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Chicago</span>: <span class="publisher-name">The University of Chicago Press</span>, <span class="year">1968</span>), <span class="fpage">93</span>–<span class="lpage">108</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Beginnings+of+Modernization+in+the+Middle+East&author=Polk+William+R.&author=Chambers+Richard+L.&publication+year=1968&pages=93-108>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn06" aria-flowto="reference-7-content reference-7-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 5 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-7-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">5</sup></span> <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref006" id="ref006"><span class="source">Meclis azasimn suret-i intihab ve tayinine dair talimat-i muvakkate in Anayasalar ve Seçim Kanunlart</span>, ed. <span class="name"><span class="surname">Erdem</span>, <span class="given-names">Tarhan</span></span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Istanbul</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Milliyet</span>, <span class="year">1983</span>), <span class="fpage">135</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Meclis azasimn suret-i intihab ve tayinine dair talimat-i muvakkate in Anayasalar ve Seçim Kanunlart' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Meclis+azasimn+suret-i+intihab+ve+tayinine+dair+talimat-i+muvakkate+in+Anayasalar+ve+Se%C3%A7im+Kanunlart&author=Erdem+Tarhan&publication+year=1983>Google Scholar</a></span>. <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref007" id="ref007"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Devereux</span>, <span class="given-names">Robert</span></span>, <span class="source">The First Ottoman Constitutional Period</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Baltimore, Md.</span>: <span class="publisher-name">The Johns Hopkins Press</span>, <span class="year">1963</span>), <span class="fpage">124</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The First Ottoman Constitutional Period' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+First+Ottoman+Constitutional+Period&author=Devereux+Robert&publication+year=1963>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn07" aria-flowto="reference-8-content reference-8-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 6 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-8-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">6</sup></span> Pressure from the Great Powers for concessions to Balkan Christians was mounting, with Russia in bellicose preparations. There were two Palace coups in Istanbul engineered by the constitutionalists that ultimately led to the ascension of Abdiilhamid to the throne. Meanwhile, conservative and progressive elements at the Porte were contesting the final form of the constitution under draft with the sanction of the new sultan.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn08" aria-flowto="reference-9-content reference-9-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 7 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-9-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">7</sup></span> This was a rather vague notion that would be interpreted as “notoriety gained through deeds that have incurred the hatred of the people” by the Ministry of the Interior upon inquiry from an electoral committee in the 1912 elections. <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref008" id="ref008"><span class="source">Başbakanltk Osmanli Arşivi (BBA) Dahiliye Nezareti Siyast Kistm</span> (DH-SYS) <span class="volume">50</span>/<span class="fpage">6</span>–<span class="lpage">20</span> (15 <span class="month">02</span> <span class="year">1912</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Başbakanltk+Osmanli+Arşivi+(BBA)+Dahiliye+Nezareti+Siyast+Kistm+(DH-SYS)+50/6–20+(15+02+1912)>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn09" aria-flowto="reference-10-content reference-10-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 8 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-10-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">8</sup></span> Article 68. A particularly useful source for the study of the Ottoman constitution is <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref009" id="ref009"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Tarik</span>, <span class="given-names">Tevfik</span></span>, <span class="source">Muaddel Kanun-u Esasi ve İntihab-i Mebusan A'anu/iu</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Istanbul</span>: <span class="publisher-name">İkbal</span>, 1327 [<span class="year">1911</span>])<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Muaddel Kanun-u Esasi ve İntihab-i Mebusan A'anu/iu' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Muaddel+Kanun-u+Esasi+ve+%C4%B0ntihab-i+Mebusan+A'anu%2Fiu&author=Tarik+Tevfik&publication+year=1911>Google Scholar</a></span> that includes the proposed and actual amendments of 1909. See also <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref010" id="ref010"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Erdem</span>, </span>, <em class="italic">Anayasalar</em>, <span class="fpage">9</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Erdem,+,+Anayasalar,+9>Google Scholar</a></span>; <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref011" id="ref011"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Devereux</span>, </span>, <em class="italic">The First Ottoman</em>, <span class="fpage">145</span>–46<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Devereux,+,+The+First+Ottoman,+145–46>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn10" aria-flowto="reference-11-content reference-11-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 9 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-11-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">9</sup></span> “Chamber” will henceforth refer to the Chamber of Deputies.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn11" aria-flowto="reference-12-content reference-12-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 10 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-12-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">10</sup></span> <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref012" id="ref012"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Devereux</span>, </span>, <em class="italic">The First Ottoman</em>, <span class="fpage">200</span>–<span class="lpage">203</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Devereux,+,+The+First+Ottoman,+200–203>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn12" aria-flowto="reference-13-content reference-13-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 11 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-13-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">11</sup></span> <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref012">ibid</a>., 126–27.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn13" aria-flowto="reference-14-content reference-14-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 12 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-14-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">12</sup></span> <span class="citation simple thesis" data-magellan-destination="ref013" id="ref013"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Kayali</span>, <span class="given-names">Hasan</span></span>, “Arabs and Young Turks: Turkish–Arab Relations in the Second Constitutional Period of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1918)” (Ph.D. diss., <span class="publisher-loc">Harvard University</span>, <span class="year">1988</span>), <span class="fpage">17</span>–<span class="lpage">20</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kayali,+Hasan,+“Arabs+and+Young+Turks:+Turkish–Arab+Relations+in+the+Second+Constitutional+Period+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+(1908–1918)”+(Ph.D.+diss.,+Harvard+University,+1988),+17–20>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn14" aria-flowto="reference-15-content reference-15-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 13 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-15-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">13</sup></span> <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref014" id="ref014"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Khoury</span>, <span class="given-names">Philip</span></span>, <span class="source">Urban Notables and Arab Nationalism: The Politics of Damascus 1860–1920</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Cambridge</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Cambridge University Press</span>, <span class="year">1983</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Urban Notables and Arab Nationalism: The Politics of Damascus 1860–1920' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511563522>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Urban Notables and Arab Nationalism: The Politics of Damascus 1860–1920' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Urban+Notables+and+Arab+Nationalism%3A+The+Politics+of+Damascus+1860%E2%80%931920&author=Khoury+Philip&publication+year=1983>Google Scholar</a></span>; <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref015" id="ref015"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Akarli</span>, <span class="given-names">Engin</span></span>, “ʿAbdülhamid II's Attempt to Integrate Arabs into the Ottoman System” in <span class="source">Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period</span>, ed. <span class="name"><span class="surname">Kushner</span>, <span class="given-names">David</span></span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Jerusalem</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi</span>, <span class="year">1986</span>), <span class="fpage">74</span>–<span class="lpage">89</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Palestine+in+the+Late+Ottoman+Period&author=Akarli+Engin&author=Kushner+David&publication+year=1986&pages=74-89>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn15" aria-flowto="reference-16-content reference-16-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 14 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-16-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">14</sup></span> Moreover, even though the regulations did not stipulate proportional representation for individual non-Muslim sects in mixed provinces, the authorities tried to ensure proportional sectarian representation. <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref016" id="ref016"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Devereux</span>, </span>, <em class="italic">The First Ottoman</em>, <span class="fpage">138</span>–45<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Devereux,+,+The+First+Ottoman,+138–45>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn16" aria-flowto="reference-17-content reference-17-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 15 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-17-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">15</sup></span> <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref017" id="ref017">The law was endorsed with the royal decree of 2 <span class="month">08</span> <span class="year">1908</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=The+law+was+endorsed+with+the+royal+decree+of+2+08+1908>Google Scholar</a></span>. <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref018" id="ref018"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Okandan</span>, <span class="given-names">Recai</span></span>, <span class="source">Amme Hukukumuzun Anahtarlan</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Istanbul</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Fakülteler Matbaasi</span>, <span class="year">1971</span>), <span class="volume">1</span>:<span class="fpage">249</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Amme Hukukumuzun Anahtarlan' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Amme+Hukukumuzun+Anahtarlan&author=Okandan+Recai&publication+year=1971>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn17" aria-flowto="reference-18-content reference-18-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 16 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-18-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">16</sup></span> <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref019" id="ref019"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Tarik</span>, </span>, <em class="italic">Muaddel</em>, 55, <span class="fpage">76</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Tarik,+,+Muaddel,+55,+76>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn18" aria-flowto="reference-19-content reference-19-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 17 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-19-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">17</sup></span> The Kemalists reduced the voting age and eliminated the tax-payment requirement. See <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref020" id="ref020"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Tunaya</span>, <span class="given-names">Tarik Zafer</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">Elections in Turkish History</span>,” <span class="source">Middle Eastern Affairs</span> 5 (<span class="month">04</span> <span class="year">1954</span>): <span class="fpage">118</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Elections in Turkish History' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Elections+in+Turkish+History&author=Tunaya+Tarik+Zafer&publication+year=1954&journal=Middle+Eastern+Affairs>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn19" aria-flowto="reference-20-content reference-20-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 18 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-20-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">18</sup></span> In smaller <em class="italic">sancaks</em> a male population of 25,000 would be sufficient for one deputy. This would correspond to a total population of 50,000. A <em class="italic">sancak</em> would be entitled to a second deputy if it had a minimumof 75,000 male residents. Thus, two <em class="italic">sancaks</em> with approximate total populations of 50,000 and 149,999 would both be entitled to one deputy.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn20" aria-flowto="reference-21-content reference-21-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 19 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-21-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">19</sup></span> The ambiguity in the law was maintained, while its widest interpretation was encouraged by the government to include in addition to the property (<em class="italic">emlák</em>) tax, land (<em class="italic">öşür</em>) tax, and animal (<em class="italic">ağnam</em>) tax. See <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref021" id="ref021"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Okandan</span>, </span>, <em class="italic">Amme</em>, <em class="italic">250</em><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Okandan,+,+Amme,+250>Google Scholar</a></span>, n. 25. For an official interpretation of the tax requirement that includes road (<em class="italic">tarik</em>) tax as well, see DH-SYS 103–1/1–7. <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref022" id="ref022">Ministry of the Interior to the Province of Beirut (19 <span class="month">09</span> <span class="year">1912</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ministry+of+the+Interior+to+the+Province+of+Beirut+(19+09+1912)>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn21" aria-flowto="reference-22-content reference-22-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 20 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-22-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">20</sup></span> <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref023" id="ref023"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Yalman</span>, <span class="given-names">Ahmed Emin</span></span>, <span class="source">Yakin Tarihte Gördüklerim ve Geçirdiklerim</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Istanbul</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Yenilik</span>, <span class="year">1970</span>), <span class="volume">1</span>:<span class="fpage">89</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Yakin Tarihte Gördüklerim ve Geçirdiklerim' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Yakin+Tarihte+G%C3%B6rd%C3%BCklerim+ve+Ge%C3%A7irdiklerim&author=Yalman+Ahmed+Emin&publication+year=1970>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn22" aria-flowto="reference-23-content reference-23-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 21 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-23-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">21</sup></span> PRO (Public Record Office, Britain), FO (Foreign Office) 195/2271, <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref024" id="ref024">Fontana to Lowther, Tripoli, 19 <span class="month">11</span> <span class="year">1908</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Fontana+to+Lowther,+Tripoli,+19+11+1908>Google Scholar</a></span>. I am indebted to Prof. Michel Le Gall for this reference.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn23" aria-flowto="reference-24-content reference-24-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 22 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-24-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">22</sup></span> <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref025" id="ref025"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Taylor</span>, <span class="given-names">Peter J.</span></span> and <span class="name"><span class="surname">Johnston</span>, <span class="given-names">R. J.</span></span>, ed.. <span class="source">Geography of Elections</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">London</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Croom Helm</span>, <span class="year">1979</span>), <span class="fpage">43</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Geography of Elections' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Geography+of+Elections&author=Taylor+Peter+J.&author=Johnston+R.+J.&publication+year=1979>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn24" aria-flowto="reference-25-content reference-25-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 23 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-25-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">23</sup></span> The size of the <em class="italic">nahiye</em> (subdistrict) population in the primary voting (Art. 33) and <em class="italic">sancak</em> population in the secondary voting (Art. 46) determined the number of candidates. Thus, a secondary voter could vote for only as many candidates as the male population of his <em class="italic">sancak</em> warranted, but his preference could go to someone outside the particular sancak in that province.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn25" aria-flowto="reference-26-content reference-26-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 24 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-26-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">24</sup></span> <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref026" id="ref026">An amendment to Article 72 on 21 <span class="month">03</span> <span class="year">1916</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=An+amendment+to+Article+72+on+21+03+1916>Google Scholar</a></span>, provided for candidacy in up to three provinces (<span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref027" id="ref027"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Erdem</span>, </span>, <em class="italic">Anayasalar</em>, <span class="fpage">24</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Erdem,+,+Anayasalar,+24>Google Scholar</a></span>).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn26" aria-flowto="reference-27-content reference-27-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 25 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-27-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">25</sup></span> İsmail Hakki (Babanzade), a <em class="italic">Tanin</em> columnist and later deputy for Bagdad, wrote that “sending ignoramuses as deputies for the sake of sending provincials” would denigrate the honor of Parliament and that, to the extent possible, enlightened sons who have spent time in places like Istanbul, <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref028" id="ref028"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Izmir</span>, </span>, and <span class="name"><span class="surname">Beirut</span>, </span> should be picked. (<em class="italic">Tanin</em>, 10 <span class="month">09</span> <span class="year">1908</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Izmir,+,+and+Beirut,+should+be+picked.+(Tanin,+10+09+1908)>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn27" aria-flowto="reference-28-content reference-28-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 26 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-28-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">26</sup></span> If not, the box would be sealed, and a second call would be extended to the absentees.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn28" aria-flowto="reference-29-content reference-29-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 27 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-29-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">27</sup></span> <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref029" id="ref029"><em class="italic">Usul-ü İntihab</em> (Istanbul, 1329 [<span class="year">1913</span>])<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Usul-ü+İntihab+(Istanbul,+1329+[1913])>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn29" aria-flowto="reference-30-content reference-30-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 28 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-30-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">28</sup></span> <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref030" id="ref030"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Cole</span>, <span class="given-names">Alistair</span></span> and <span class="name"><span class="surname">Campbell</span>, <span class="given-names">Peter</span></span>, <span class="source">French Electoral Systems and Elections since 1789</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Aldershot</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Gower</span>, <span class="year">1989</span>), <span class="fpage">36</span>–<span class="lpage">37</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for French Electoral Systems and Elections since 1789' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=French+Electoral+Systems+and+Elections+since+1789&author=Cole+Alistair&author=Campbell+Peter&publication+year=1989&pages=36-37>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn30" aria-flowto="reference-31-content reference-31-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 29 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-31-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">29</sup></span> In municipal elections, unlike parliamentary elections, franchise and candidacy requirements included payment of specified minimum taxes (<span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref031" id="ref031"><em class="italic">Tanin</em>, 5 <span class="month">09</span> <span class="year">1908</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Tanin,+5+09+1908>Google Scholar</a></span>).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn31" aria-flowto="reference-32-content reference-32-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 30 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-32-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">30</sup></span> The only complaint related to the tax requirement that I have encountered was lodged against a secondary voter. As the ministry was quick to point out, there was no tax requirement for secondary voters or candidates for deputy. DH-SYS 103–1/1–7. <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref032" id="ref032">Ministry of the Interior to the Province of Beirut (19 <span class="month">09</span> <span class="year">1912</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ministry+of+the+Interior+to+the+Province+of+Beirut+(19+09+1912)>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn32" aria-flowto="reference-33-content reference-33-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 31 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-33-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">31</sup></span> <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref033" id="ref033"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Cahid</span>, <span class="given-names">Hüseyin</span></span>, editor of <em class="italic">Tanin</em>, favored weighted votes in favor of graduates of higher schools (24 <span class="month">09</span> <span class="year">1908</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Cahid,+Hüseyin,+editor+of+Tanin,+favored+weighted+votes+in+favor+of+graduates+of+higher+schools+(24+09+1908)>Google Scholar</a></span>. This was the case in England even after the establishment of full enfranchisement in 1918. Businessmen and university graduates were entitled to a second vote until 1948. <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref034" id="ref034"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Reeve</span>, <span class="given-names">Andrew</span></span> and <span class="name"><span class="surname">Ware</span>, <span class="given-names">Alan</span></span>, <span class="source">Electoral Systems</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">London</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Routledge</span>, <span class="year">1992</span>), 35, <span class="fpage">64</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Electoral Systems' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Electoral+Systems&author=Reeve+Andrew&author=Ware+Alan&publication+year=1992>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn33" aria-flowto="reference-34-content reference-34-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 32 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-34-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">32</sup></span> The electoral law of Iran divided the voters into six classes: (1) the royal house and the Qajar tribe, (2) the ulama and religious students, (3) nobles and sayyids, (4) merchants, (5) landowners and peasants, and (6) guilds. In each electoral district these groups met separately to elect a representative. Tehran was accorded 60 seats out of 156. <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref035" id="ref035"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Browne</span>, <span class="given-names">Edward G.</span></span>, <span class="source">A Brief Narrative of Recent Events in Persia</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">London</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Luzac and Co.</span>, <span class="year">1909</span>), 16–17, <span class="fpage">67</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for A Brief Narrative of Recent Events in Persia' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+Brief+Narrative+of+Recent+Events+in+Persia&author=Browne+Edward+G.&publication+year=1909>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn34" aria-flowto="reference-35-content reference-35-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 33 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-35-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">33</sup></span> This status of Istanbul became particularly problematic in the first elections of 1877, when deputies needed to be selected by provincial councils. By special arrangement, Istanbul's secondary electors were determined in a primary. <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref036" id="ref036"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Devereux</span>, </span>, <em class="italic">The First Ottoman</em>, <span class="fpage">130</span>–35<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Devereux,+,+The+First+Ottoman,+130–35>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn35" aria-flowto="reference-36-content reference-36-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 34 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-36-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">34</sup></span> <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref037" id="ref037">Quoted by <span class="name"><span class="surname">Hermet</span>, <span class="given-names">Guy</span></span> in “State Controlled Elections: A Framework” in Hermet et al., Elections, 2. Original quote in Gramsci, <span class="source">Passato e Presente</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Turin</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Einaudi</span>, <span class="year">1952</span>), <span class="fpage">158</span>–59<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Passato e Presente' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Passato+e+Presente&author=Hermet+Guy&publication+year=1952>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn36" aria-flowto="reference-37-content reference-37-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 35 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-37-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">35</sup></span> In the Hijaz, balloting took place only in the towns. Town leaders in Jidda designated 600 notables, who voted for 25 electors. The latter voted for the one deputy allocated to the <em class="italic">sancak</em> of Jidda. PRO, FO 195/2320, Monahan to Lowther, no. 97, <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref038" id="ref038">Jidda, 5 <span class="month">11</span> <span class="year">1908</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Jidda,+5+11+1908>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn37" aria-flowto="reference-38-content reference-38-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 36 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-38-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">36</sup></span> With <em class="italic">Tanin</em> as the strongest pro-Unionist voice and <em class="italic">İkdam, Sabah</em>, and <em class="italic">Yeni Gazete</em> supporting Ahrar. <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref039" id="ref039"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Çavdar</span>, <span class="given-names">Tevfik</span></span>, <span class="source">“Müntehib-i Sani” 'den Seçmene</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Ankara</span>: <span class="publisher-name">V Yayinlari</span>, <span class="year">1987</span>), <span class="fpage">6</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for “Müntehib-i Sani” 'den Seçmene' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=%E2%80%9CM%C3%BCntehib-i+Sani%E2%80%9D+'den+Se%C3%A7mene&author=%C3%87avdar+Tevfik&publication+year=1987>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn38" aria-flowto="reference-39-content reference-39-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 37 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-39-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">37</sup></span> <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref039">Ibid</a>., 7.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn39" aria-flowto="reference-40-content reference-40-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 38 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-40-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">38</sup></span> PRO, FO 195/2320, <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref040" id="ref040">Monahan to Lowther, no. 99, 10 <span class="month">11</span> <span class="year">1908</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Monahan+to+Lowther,+no.+99,+10+11+1908>Google 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href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kayali,+,+–Arabs+and+Young+Turks,”+97–98>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn42" aria-flowto="reference-43-content reference-43-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 41 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-43-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">41</sup></span> <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref045" id="ref045"><em class="italic">Takvim-i Vekai</em>, (10 <span class="month">02</span> <span class="year">1909</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Takvim-i+Vekai,+(10+02+1909)>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn43" aria-flowto="reference-44-content reference-44-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 42 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-44-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">42</sup></span> <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref046" id="ref046">Compare with <span class="name"><span class="surname">Sabato</span>, <span class="given-names">Hilda</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">Citizenship, Political Participation and the Formation of the Public Sphere in Buenos Aires 1850s”1880s</span>,” <span class="source">Past and Present</span> 136 (August <span class="year">1992</span>), <span class="fpage">139</span>–63<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Citizenship, Political Participation and the Formation of the Public Sphere in Buenos Aires 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program, see <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref047" id="ref047"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Tunaya</span>, <span class="given-names">Tank Zafer</span></span>, <span class="source">Türkiye'de Siyasal Partiler</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Istanbul</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Hürriyet</span>, <span class="year">1988</span>), <span class="volume">1</span>:<span class="fpage">287</span>–95<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Türkiye'de Siyasal Partiler' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=T%C3%BCrkiye'de+Siyasal+Partiler&author=Tunaya+Tank+Zafer&publication+year=1988>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn45" aria-flowto="reference-46-content reference-46-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 44 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-46-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">44</sup></span> <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref048" id="ref048">The Porte asked for a more stringent application of the Turkish requirement in Rhodes, for instance: “Candidates will be required in these elections to be able to read and, to some extent, write Turkish.” DH-SYS 50/6–20 (15 <span class="month">02</span> <span class="year">1912</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=The+Porte+asked+for+a+more+stringent+application+of+the+Turkish+requirement+in+Rhodes,+for+instance:+“Candidates+will+be+required+in+these+elections+to+be+able+to+read+and,+to+some+extent,+write+Turkish.”+DH-SYS+50/6–20+(15+02+1912)>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn46" aria-flowto="reference-47-content reference-47-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 45 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-47-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">45</sup></span> Ironically, the CUP was in fact trying to enhance these by revising Article 35 of the constitution and thus facilitating the dissolution of the chamber by the sovereign. It hoped to manipulate extended royal authority against the opposition.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn47" aria-flowto="reference-48-content reference-48-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 46 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-48-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">46</sup></span> <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref049" id="ref049">Twenty thousand copies of <em class="italic">Açiksöz</em> were printed and widely distributed. DH-SYS 53/46 (17 <span class="month">04</span> <span class="year">1912</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Twenty+thousand+copies+of+Açiksöz+were+printed+and+widely+distributed.+DH-SYS+53/46+(17+04+1912)>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn48" aria-flowto="reference-49-content reference-49-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 47 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-49-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">47</sup></span> <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref050" id="ref050"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Birinci</span>, <span class="given-names">Ali</span></span>, <span class="source">Hürriyet ve hiláfFirkasi</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Istanbul</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Dergah</span>, <span class="year">1990</span>), <span class="fpage">127</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Hürriyet ve hiláfFirkasi' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=H%C3%BCrriyet+ve+hil%C3%A1fFirkasi&author=Birinci+Ali&publication+year=1990>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn49" aria-flowto="reference-50-content reference-50-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 48 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-50-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">48</sup></span> <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref051" id="ref051"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Demir</span>, <span class="given-names">Fevzi</span></span>, <span class="article-title">“İzmir Sancağinda 1912 Meclis-i Mebusan Seçimleri,”</span> in <span class="source">Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştirmalan Dergisi</span> (Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Atatürk İlkeleri ve inkilap Tarihi Enstitüsü), 1:168, <span class="fpage">174</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for “İzmir Sancağinda 1912 Meclis-i Mebusan Seçimleri,”' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Demir,+Fevzi,+“İzmir+Sancağinda+1912+Meclis-i+Mebusan+Seçimleri,”+in+Çağdaş+Türkiye+Tarihi+Araştirmalan+Dergisi+(Dokuz+Eylül+Üniversitesi+Atatürk+İlkeleri+ve+inkilap+Tarihi+Enstitüsü),+1:168,+174>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn50" aria-flowto="reference-51-content reference-51-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 49 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-51-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">49</sup></span> Bagdadis wrote numerous petitions and complaints forcing Cemal to defend his policies to Istanbul. This he did by instigating a progovernment petition campaign and publicizing a statement that he elicited from the province's electoral inspection committee that denied any gubernatorial intervention. DH-SYS 83–1/2–42 (12 and 20 March 1912).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn51" aria-flowto="reference-52-content reference-52-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 50 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-52-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">50</sup></span> <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref052" id="ref052"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Khalidi</span>, <span class="given-names">Rashid</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">The 1912 Election Campaign in Syria</span>,” <span class="source">International Journal of Middle East Studies</span> <span class="volume">16</span> (<span class="month">11</span> <span class="year">1984</span>): <span class="fpage">461</span>–74<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for The 1912 Election Campaign in Syria' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0020743800028506>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The 1912 Election Campaign in Syria' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+1912+Election+Campaign+in+Syria&author=Khalidi+Rashid&publication+year=1984&journal=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&volume=16&doi=10.1017%2FS0020743800028506>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn52" aria-flowto="reference-53-content reference-53-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 51 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-53-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">51</sup></span> <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref053" id="ref053"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Demir</span>, </span>, “Izmir,” <span class="fpage">182</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Demir,+,+“Izmir,”+182>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn53" aria-flowto="reference-54-content reference-54-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 52 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-54-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">52</sup></span> <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref054" id="ref054"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Khalidi</span>, </span>, “The 1912 Election,” <span class="fpage">463</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Khalidi,+,+“The+1912+Election,”+463>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn54" aria-flowto="reference-55-content reference-55-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 53 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-55-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">53</sup></span> <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref055" id="ref055">DH-SYS <span class="fpage">65</span>–6 (27 <span class="month">03</span> <span class="year">1912</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=DH-SYS+65–6+(27+03+1912)>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn55" aria-flowto="reference-56-content reference-56-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 54 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-56-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">54</sup></span> <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref056" id="ref056"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Sayri</span>, <span class="given-names">Sabri</span></span> has argued that this happened in Turkey only after the establishment of the multiparty regime in the Republican period. “Political Patronage in Turkey,” in <span class="source">Patrons and Clients in Mediterranean Societies</span>, ed. <span class="name"><span class="surname">Gellner</span>, <span class="given-names">Ernest</span></span> and <span class="name"><span class="surname">Waterbury</span>, <span class="given-names">John</span></span> (<span class="publisher-loc">London</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Duckworth</span>, <span class="year">1977</span>), <span class="fpage">104</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Patrons and Clients in Mediterranean Societies' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Patrons+and+Clients+in+Mediterranean+Societies&author=Sayri+Sabri&author=Gellner+Ernest&author=Waterbury+John&publication+year=1977>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn56" aria-flowto="reference-57-content reference-57-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 55 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-57-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">55</sup></span> <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref057" id="ref057"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Kayah</span>, </span>, “Arabs and Young Turks,” <span class="fpage">156</span>–57<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kayah,+,+“Arabs+and+Young+Turks,”+156–57>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn57" aria-flowto="reference-58-content reference-58-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 56 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-58-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">56</sup></span> <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref058" id="ref058"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Khalidi</span>, </span>, “The 1912 Election,” <span 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class="fpage">118</span>–10, no. 2–5, Governor Hazim (<span class="publisher-loc">Beirut</span>) to Ministry of War (?) (30 <span class="month">11</span> <span class="year">1911</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Genel Kurmay Başkanhği Askeri Tarih ve Stratejik Etttt Başkanhği' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Genel+Kurmay+Başkanhği+Askeri+Tarih+ve+Stratejik+Etttt+Başkanhği+(ATASE)+(Archives+of+the+Turkish+General+Chief+of+Staff),+Ottoman–Italian+War+25/118–10,+no.+2–5,+Governor+Hazim+(Beirut)+to+Ministry+of+War+(?)+(30+11+1911)>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn60" aria-flowto="reference-61-content reference-61-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 59 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-61-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">59</sup></span> See DH-SYS <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref061" id="ref061"><span class="fpage">83</span>–1/2–29 (8 <span class="month">04</span> <span class="year">1912</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=83–1/2–29+(8+04+1912)>Google Scholar</a></span> on the intimidation of secondary voters by army officers in Tripoli.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn61" aria-flowto="reference-62-content reference-62-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 60 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-62-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">60</sup></span> <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref062" id="ref062">DH-SYS <span class="fpage">83</span>–1/2–16 (31 <span class="month">03</span> <span class="year">1912</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=DH-SYS+83–1/2–16+(31+03+1912)>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn62" aria-flowto="reference-63-content reference-63-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 61 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-63-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">61</sup></span> In Bagdad, for instance, the vali reported that half of the members who first joined the initiative to form a local Entente branch, and one-third of the actual founding members later announced their resignations, many in the press. <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref063" id="ref063">DH-SYS <span class="fpage">65</span>/6 (27 <span class="month">03</span> <span class="year">1912</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=DH-SYS+65/6+(27+03+1912)>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn63" aria-flowto="reference-64-content reference-64-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 62 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-64-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">62</sup></span> For an account of the Entente campaign led by Lütfi Fikri in Syrian cities, see <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref064" id="ref064"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Khalidi</span>, </span>, “The 1912 Election,” <span class="fpage">467</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Khalidi,+,+“The+1912+Election,”+467>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn64" aria-flowto="reference-65-content reference-65-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 63 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-65-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">63</sup></span> <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref065" id="ref065"><span class="source">Ḥaqāiq ʿan al-intikhābāt al-niyābiyya</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Cairo</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Maṭbaʿa al-Akhbār</span>, <span class="year">1912</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Ḥaqāiq ʿan al-intikhābāt al-niyābiyya' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ḥaqāiq+ʿan+al-intikhābāt+al-niyābiyya+(Cairo:+Maṭbaʿa+al-Akhbār,+1912)>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn65" aria-flowto="reference-66-content reference-66-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 64 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-66-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">64</sup></span> Hüseyin Cahid, a staunch Unionist, looked back to CUP loyalists in the countryside as men who ran after their day-to-day material interests and who did not share the ideals of the CUP. <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref066" id="ref066">“<span class="article-title">Meşrutiyet Hatiralari</span>,” <span class="source">Fikir Hareketleri</span> 123 (<span class="year">1936</span>), <span class="fpage">293</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Meşrutiyet Hatiralari' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=“Meşrutiyet+Hatiralari,”+Fikir+Hareketleri+123+(1936),+293>Google Scholar</a></span>. <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref067" id="ref067">(Quoted in Birinci, <em class="italic">Hürriyet</em>, <span class="fpage">125</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=(Quoted+in+Birinci,+Hürriyet,+125)>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn66" aria-flowto="reference-67-content reference-67-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 65 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-67-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">65</sup></span> <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref068" id="ref068">DH-SYS <span class="fpage">103</span>–1/1–5 (13 <span class="month">08</span> <span class="year">1912</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=DH-SYS+103–1/1–5+(13+08+1912)>Google Scholar</a></span>. <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref069" id="ref069"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Okandan</span>, <span class="given-names">Recai</span></span>, <span class="source">Amme Hukukumuzda Ikinci Meşrutiyet Devri</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Istanbul</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Kenan</span>, <span class="year">1947</span>), <span class="fpage">166</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Amme Hukukumuzda Ikinci Meşrutiyet Devri' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Amme+Hukukumuzda+Ikinci+Me%C5%9Frutiyet+Devri&author=Okandan+Recai&publication+year=1947>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn67" aria-flowto="reference-68-content reference-68-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 66 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-68-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">66</sup></span> See, for instance, <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref070" id="ref070"><span class="source">Dahiliye Nezareti Muhaberat-i Umumiye Idaresi Mütenevvia Kismi</span> (DH-MTV) <span class="fpage">22</span>–2/14 (3 <span class="month">09</span> <span class="year">1912</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Dahiliye+Nezareti+Muhaberat-i+Umumiye+Idaresi+Mütenevvia+Kismi+(DH-MTV)+22–2/14+(3+09+1912)>Google Scholar</a></span> for a complaint about the kaymakam of Jenin in Nablus, who was allegedly campaigning for the election of the Unionist candidate <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref071" id="ref071"><span class="name"><span class="surname">al-Hādi</span>, <span class="given-names">Amin ʿ Abd</span></span>; also, DH-MTV 18/58 (2 <span class="month">09</span> <span class="year">1912</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=al-Hādi,+Amin+ʿ+Abd;+also,+DH-MTV+18/58+(2+09+1912)>Google Scholar</a></span> about mutasarnf Ragib's visits to the villages “in order to exert his influence in these elections as he did in the previous ones.”</p></div></div></div><div id="fn68" aria-flowto="reference-69-content reference-69-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 67 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-69-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">67</sup></span> DH-SYS 103–2/2–5 (22 September 1912; 30 September 1912, 13 October 1912).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn69" aria-flowto="reference-70-content reference-70-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 68 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-70-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">68</sup></span> <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref072" id="ref072"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Ahmad</span>, <span class="given-names">Feroz</span></span>, “Unionist Relations with the Greek, Armenian, and Jewish Communities of the Ottoman Empire,” in <span class="source">Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire</span>, 2 vols., ed. <span class="name"><span class="surname">Braude</span>, <span class="given-names">Benjamin</span></span> and <span class="name"><span class="surname">Lewis</span>, <span class="given-names">Bernard</span></span>, (<span class="publisher-loc">New York</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Holmes & Meier</span>, <span class="year">1982</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Christians+and+Jews+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&author=Ahmad+Feroz&author=Braude+Benjamin&author=Lewis+Bernard&publication+year=1982>Google Scholar</a></span>; <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref073" id="ref073"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Braude</span>, </span> and <span class="name"><span class="surname">Lewis</span>, </span>, <em class="italic">The Central Lands</em>, <span class="volume">1</span>:<span class="fpage">422</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Braude,+and+Lewis,+,+The+Central+Lands,+1:422>Google Scholar</a></span>; <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref074" id="ref074"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Kayali</span>, <span class="given-names">Hasan</span></span>, “Jewish Representation in the Ottoman Parliaments” in <span class="source">The Jews of the Ottoman Empire</span>, ed. <span class="name"><span class="surname">Levy</span>, <span class="given-names">Avigdor</span></span>, (<span class="publisher-loc">Princeton, N.J.</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Darwin Press</span>, <span class="year">1994</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Jews of the Ottoman Empire' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Jews+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&author=Kayali+Hasan&author=Levy+Avigdor&publication+year=1994>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn70" aria-flowto="reference-71-content reference-71-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 69 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-71-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">69</sup></span> DH-SYS 103–1/1–6 (18 September 1912; 23 September 1912; 31 October 1912).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn71" aria-flowto="reference-72-content reference-72-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 70 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-72-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">70</sup></span> <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref075" id="ref075"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Birinci</span>, </span>, <em class="italic">Hürriyet</em>, <span class="fpage">180</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Birinci,+,+Hürriyet,+180>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn72" aria-flowto="reference-73-content reference-73-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 71 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-73-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">71</sup></span> For instance, in Ammare (Basra). DH-SYS 103–1/1–8 (3 October 1912).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn73" aria-flowto="reference-74-content reference-74-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 72 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-74-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">72</sup></span> <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref076" id="ref076"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Ahmad</span>, </span>, <em class="italic">Young Turks</em>, <span class="fpage">143</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ahmad,+,+Young+Turks,+143>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn74" aria-flowto="reference-75-content reference-75-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 73 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-75-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">73</sup></span> <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref077" id="ref077"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Akarh</span>, <span class="given-names">Engin</span></span> analyzes how confessionalism contributed in <em class="italic">mutasarrifiyya</em> Lebanon to the creation of a “public sphere and basically secular and centralized governmental system,” in <span class="source">The Long Peace: Ottoman Lebanon, 1861–1920</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Berkeley</span>: <span class="publisher-name">University of California Press</span>, <span class="year">1993</span>), <span class="fpage">161</span>–62<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Long Peace: Ottoman Lebanon, 1861–1920' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Long+Peace%3A+Ottoman+Lebanon%2C+1861%E2%80%931920&author=Akarh+Engin&publication+year=1993>Google Scholar</a></span>. As Akarli argues, Ottoman statesmen played an active role in shaping the Lebanese political system, the prewar success of which may have inspired similar political strategies on the imperial level.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn75" aria-flowto="reference-76-content reference-76-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 74 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-76-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">74</sup></span> <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref078" id="ref078">BBA <span class="source">Dahiliye Nezareti Kalem-i Mahsus Müdiriyeti</span> (DH-KMS) <span class="volume">15</span>/<span class="issue">7</span> (16 <span class="month">02</span> <span class="year">1913</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=BBA+Dahiliye+Nezareti+Kalem-i+Mahsus+Müdiriyeti+(DH-KMS)+15/7+(16+02+1913)>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn76" aria-flowto="reference-77-content reference-77-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 75 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-77-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">75</sup></span> It exacerbated ethnic tensions by correlating provincial parliamentary quotas to amount of taxes collected in that province. <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref079" id="ref079"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Carstairs</span>, <span class="given-names">Andrew McLaren</span></span>, <span class="source">A Short History of Electoral Systems in Western Europe</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">London</span>: <span class="publisher-name">George Allen / Unwin</span>, <span class="year">1980</span>), <span class="fpage">127</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for A Short History of Electoral Systems in Western Europe' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+Short+History+of+Electoral+Systems+in+Western+Europe&author=Carstairs+Andrew+McLaren&publication+year=1980>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn77" aria-flowto="reference-78-content reference-78-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 76 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-78-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">76</sup></span> <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref080" id="ref080"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Ahmad</span>, </span>, <em class="italic">Young Turks</em>, <span class="fpage">144</span>–45, 156<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ahmad,+,+Young+Turks,+144–45,+156>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn78" aria-flowto="reference-79-content reference-79-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 77 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-79-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">77</sup></span> It mentioned that whip-wielding thugs stood at the gate of the town hall, who insulted and intimidated the secondary voters and put marks on their ballot papers. DH-SYS 122/5–1 (27 April 1914).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn79" aria-flowto="reference-80-content reference-80-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 78 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-80-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">78</sup></span> <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref080">Ibid.</a>, 29 April 1914.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn80" aria-flowto="reference-81-content reference-81-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 79 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-81-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">79</sup></span> <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref080">Ibid.</a> From the Acre notables and members of inspection committee to the Grand Vizierate (7 May 1914).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn81" aria-flowto="reference-82-content reference-82-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 80 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-82-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">80</sup></span> <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref080">Ibid.</a>, 2 April 1914.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn82" aria-flowto="reference-83-content reference-83-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 81 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-83-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">81</sup></span> Shuqayr was the CUP's key Arab delegate in the 1912 campaign, and later, in Cemal Paşa's Fourth Army headquarters in Syria. See <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref081" id="ref081"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Erden</span>, <span class="given-names">Ali Fuat</span></span>, <span class="source">Birinci Dünya Harbinde Suriye Hatiralan</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Istanbul</span>, <span class="year">1954</span>), <span class="volume">1</span>:<span class="fpage">137</span>–39<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Birinci Dünya Harbinde Suriye Hatiralan' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Birinci+D%C3%BCnya+Harbinde+Suriye+Hatiralan&author=Erden+Ali+Fuat&publication+year=1954>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn83" aria-flowto="reference-84-content reference-84-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 82 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-84-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">82</sup></span> <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref082" id="ref082">DH-SYS 122/2. From Munir to the Ministry of the Interior (undated) and to the Ministry of Justice (16 January 1914)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=DH-SYS+122/2.+From+Munir+to+the+Ministry+of+the+Interior+(undated)+and+to+the+Ministry+of+Justice+(16+January+1914)>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn84" aria-flowto="reference-85-content reference-85-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 83 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-85-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">83</sup></span> <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref083" id="ref083">“State-Controlled Elections” in <span class="name"><span class="surname">Hermet</span>, </span> et al. , <em class="italic">Elections</em>, <span class="fpage">14</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=“State-Controlled+Elections”+in+Hermet,+et+al.+,+Elections,+14>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn85" aria-flowto="reference-86-content reference-86-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 84 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-86-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">84</sup></span> <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref084" id="ref084">BBA <em class="italic">Dahiliye Nezareti Idare-i Umumiye</em> <span class="volume">12</span>–<span class="issue">2</span>/4–4 (19 <span class="month">11</span> <span class="year">1916</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=BBA+Dahiliye+Nezareti+Idare-i+Umumiye+12–2/4–4+(19+11+1916)>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn86" aria-flowto="reference-87-content reference-87-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 85 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-87-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">85</sup></span> <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref085" id="ref085"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Erdem</span>, </span>, <em class="italic">Anayasalar</em>, <span class="fpage">25</span>–<span class="lpage">26</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Erdem,+,+Anayasalar,+25–26>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn87" aria-flowto="reference-88-content reference-88-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 86 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-88-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">86</sup></span> DH-KMS 54–3/36. Grand Vizier Damad Ferid Paşa advises the conduct of elections according to the “special regulations,” whereas no such regulations had been received by the provinces (30 July 1919).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn88" aria-flowto="reference-89-content reference-89-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 87 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-89-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">87</sup></span> <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref086" id="ref086"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Tunaya</span>, </span>, <span class="source">Türkiyede Siyasî Partiler</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Istanbul</span>, <span class="year">1952</span>), <span class="fpage">452</span>–54<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar 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href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=T%C3%BCrk+Siyasal+Hayatinin+Geli%C5%9Fimi&author=Kalaycio%C4%9Flu+Ersin&author=Saribay+Ali+Ya%C5%9Far&publication+year=1986>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn89" aria-flowto="reference-90-content reference-90-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 88 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-90-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">88</sup></span> <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref088" id="ref088"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Hobsbawm</span>, <span class="given-names">Eric</span></span>, “Mass-Producing Traditions: Europe, 1870–1914,” in <span class="source">The Invention of Tradition</span>, ed. <span class="name"><span class="surname">Hobsbawm</span>, <span class="given-names">Eric</span></span> and <span class="name"><span class="surname">Ranger</span>, <span class="given-names">Terence</span></span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Cambridge</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Cambridge University Press</span>, <span class="year">1983</span>), <span class="fpage">265</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Invention of Tradition' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Invention+of+Tradition&author=Hobsbawm+Eric&author=Hobsbawm+Eric&author=Ranger+Terence&publication+year=1983>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div></div></div> </div></div>           <div id="metrics-tab" publication-date="23 April 2009" class="metrics tab-pane" data-v-c41a0c86><div class="app-loader" data-v-c41a0c86></div></div></div></div> </div> <div role="complementary" aria-label="related contents" class="column__main__right" data-v-01274b1d> <div class="cited-by-wrapper" data-v-01274b1d><div 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2009",keywords:[],openPracticeBadges:[],doi:{url:"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1017\u002FS0020743800062085",value:"10.1017\u002FS0020743800062085"},copyright:{statement:["Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1995"],holder:[o],year:[1995]},creativeCommons:c,acceptedManuscript:b,type:"research-article",pageRange:{range:"265 - 286",firstPage:"265",lastPage:"286"},typeDescription:"Articles",resultTypes:[],commentsCount:_,topicsAndSubtopics:c},journal:{id:$,title:l,titleSlug:aa,mnemonic:"MES",titleHistory:[],isFirstView:b,journalSlug:aa,isCompanion:b,parentCompanionJournalName:l,associatedParentCollection:c,paymentInfo:{prices:{"£":{price:21,sku:n,skuNew:m,currency:"£"},"€":{price:24,sku:n,skuNew:m,currency:"€"},US$:{price:26,sku:n,skuNew:m,currency:"US$"},AU$:{price:41,sku:n,skuNew:m,currency:"AU$"}}},url:ab,firstViewUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Finternational-journal-of-middle-east-studies\u002Ffirstview",coverUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fcovers\u002FMES_0_0_0\u002Finternational-journal-of-middle-east-studies.jpg",submitMaterialsUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Finternational-journal-of-middle-east-studies\u002Finformation\u002Fauthor-instructions\u002Fsubmitting-your-materials",hasHistory:b,latestTitle:l,latestId:$,hasPastTitle:b,issue:{id:"DF931DA8D9FB21B9FD2C01726C78BE30",number:ac,title:"Issue 3",publishedDate:"August 1995",printPublishTimestamp:807238800000,url:ad},volume:{id:"E59F651A2C41AFC2CF0C8F0C83954665",number:ae,title:"Volume 27",publishedDate:"February 1995",printPublishTimestamp:791596800000,url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Finternational-journal-of-middle-east-studies\u002Fvolume\u002FE59F651A2C41AFC2CF0C8F0C83954665"}},abstract:{textAbstracts:[{title:"Extract",content:"\u003Cdiv class=\"abstract\" data-abstract-type=\"text-abstract\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe 1876 constitution and its reinstitution in 1908 have been acknowledged as landmarks in the historiography of the late Ottoman Empire. The promulgation of a constitution signified a critical political transformation despite the brevity of the First Constitutional Period (1876–78). During the next three decades of Sultan Abdülhamid's autocratic rule, the ultimately successful struggle to restore the constitution against the Sultan's relentless resistance became central to the political life of the empire. In 1908, the Young Turk Revolution inaugurated a decade of social and political change, the Second Constitutional Period.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",lang:af}]},content:{html:a,tableOfContent:[],footnotes:[],fulltextNotes:[],references:[{item:[],id:"reference-header-i5xob",title:"Notes",description:a},{id:"fn01",displayNumber:a,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EAuthor's note\u003C\u002Fem\u003E: I thank Feroz Ahmad and Michel Le Gall for their helpful criticism. I also thank the American Council of Learned Societies, the American Research Institute in Turkey, and the Academic Senate of the University of California, San Diego, for research support.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn02",displayNumber:ag,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref001\" id=\"ref001\"\u003EThis bias is discussed in \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EElections without Choice\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ed. \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EHermet\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EGuy\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ERose\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ERichard\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, and \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ERouquie\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EAlain\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ENew York\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EJohn Wiley and Sons\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1978\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Elections without Choice' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1007\u002F978-1-349-03342-3\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Elections without Choice' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Elections+without+Choice&author=Hermet+Guy&author=Rose+Richard&author=Rouquie+Alain&publication+year=1978\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, where the authors discuss the merits of analyzing noncompetitive elections by examining more contemporary cases.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Elections+without+Choice&author=Hermet+Guy&author=Rose+Richard&author=Rouquie+Alain&publication+year=1978",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:p,title:p,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"John Wiley and Sons",date:"1978",tpages:c,doi:ah,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref001",title:p,doi:ah,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1007\u002F978-1-349-03342-3",pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn03",displayNumber:"2",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref002\" id=\"ref002\"\u003E“Royal Authority and Religious Legitimacy: Morocco's Elections, 1960—1984”; in \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe Frailty of Authority\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ed. \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EAronoff\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EMyron J.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ENew Brunswick, N.J.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003ETransaction Books\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1986\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E201\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Frailty of Authority' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Frailty+of+Authority&author=Aronoff+Myron+J.&publication+year=1986\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Frailty+of+Authority&author=Aronoff+Myron+J.&publication+year=1986",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:q,title:q,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Transaction Books",date:r,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref002",title:q,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn04",displayNumber:ac,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The irregularity in the intervals of the elections is due to the dissolution of Parliament (except in 1877) by imperial decree triggered by political crisis or imperial emergency. In 1918, Parliament extended its own term on similar grounds, only to be dissolved by the sultan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn05",displayNumber:"4",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref003\" id=\"ref003\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ENuri\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EBediʿ\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EHakk-i Intihab\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EIstanbul\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, 1330 [\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1914\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E]), \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E164\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–71\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Hakk-i Intihab' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Hakk-i+Intihab&author=Nuri+Bedi%CA%BF&publication+year=1914\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref004\" id=\"ref004\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EDavison\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ERoderic H.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EReform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856–1876\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EPrinceton, N.J.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EPrinceton University Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1963\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), 125–30,\u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E148\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856–1876' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Reform+in+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1856%E2%80%931876&author=Davison+Roderic+H.&publication+year=1963\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; and \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref004\"\u003Eidem\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref005\" id=\"ref005\"\u003E“The Advent of the Principle of Representation in the Government of the Ottoman Empire,” in \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EBeginnings of Modernization in the Middle East\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ed. \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EPolk\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EWilliam R.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EChambers\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ERichard L.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EChicago\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EThe University of Chicago Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1968\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E93\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E108\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Beginnings+of+Modernization+in+the+Middle+East&author=Polk+William+R.&author=Chambers+Richard+L.&publication+year=1968&pages=93-108\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Hakk-i+Intihab&author=Nuri+Bedi%CA%BF&publication+year=1914",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:s,title:s,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:"1914",tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref003",title:s,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Reform+in+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1856%E2%80%931876&author=Davison+Roderic+H.&publication+year=1963",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:t,title:t,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Princeton University Press",date:ai,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref004",title:t,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Beginnings+of+Modernization+in+the+Middle+East&author=Polk+William+R.&author=Chambers+Richard+L.&publication+year=1968&pages=93-108",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:u,title:u,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"The University of Chicago Press",date:"1968",tpages:"108",doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref005",title:u,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn06",displayNumber:"5",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E5\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref006\" id=\"ref006\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EMeclis azasimn suret-i intihab ve tayinine dair talimat-i muvakkate in Anayasalar ve Seçim Kanunlart\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ed. \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EErdem\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ETarhan\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EIstanbul\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EMilliyet\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1983\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E135\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Meclis azasimn suret-i intihab ve tayinine dair talimat-i muvakkate in Anayasalar ve Seçim Kanunlart' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Meclis+azasimn+suret-i+intihab+ve+tayinine+dair+talimat-i+muvakkate+in+Anayasalar+ve+Se%C3%A7im+Kanunlart&author=Erdem+Tarhan&publication+year=1983\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref007\" id=\"ref007\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EDevereux\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ERobert\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe First Ottoman Constitutional Period\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EBaltimore, Md.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EThe Johns Hopkins Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1963\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E124\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The First Ottoman Constitutional Period' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+First+Ottoman+Constitutional+Period&author=Devereux+Robert&publication+year=1963\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Meclis+azasimn+suret-i+intihab+ve+tayinine+dair+talimat-i+muvakkate+in+Anayasalar+ve+Se%C3%A7im+Kanunlart&author=Erdem+Tarhan&publication+year=1983",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:v,title:v,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Milliyet",date:w,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref006",title:v,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+First+Ottoman+Constitutional+Period&author=Devereux+Robert&publication+year=1963",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:x,title:x,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"The Johns Hopkins Press",date:ai,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref007",title:x,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn07",displayNumber:aj,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Pressure from the Great Powers for concessions to Balkan Christians was mounting, with Russia in bellicose preparations. There were two Palace coups in Istanbul engineered by the constitutionalists that ultimately led to the ascension of Abdiilhamid to the throne. Meanwhile, conservative and progressive elements at the Porte were contesting the final form of the constitution under draft with the sanction of the new sultan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn08",displayNumber:"7",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E This was a rather vague notion that would be interpreted as “notoriety gained through deeds that have incurred the hatred of the people” by the Ministry of the Interior upon inquiry from an electoral committee in the 1912 elections. \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref008\" id=\"ref008\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EBaşbakanltk Osmanli Arşivi (BBA) Dahiliye Nezareti Siyast Kistm\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (DH-SYS) \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E50\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F\u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E20\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (15 \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E02\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1912\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Başbakanltk+Osmanli+Arşivi+(BBA)+Dahiliye+Nezareti+Siyast+Kistm+(DH-SYS)+50\u002F6–20+(15+02+1912)\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Başbakanltk+Osmanli+Arşivi+(BBA)+Dahiliye+Nezareti+Siyast+Kistm+(DH-SYS)+50\u002F6–20+(15+02+1912)",openUrlParams:{genre:j,atitle:c,jtitle:ak,title:ak,volume:al,artnum:"5b18a760645361681c0ed0be",spage:aj,epage:am,date:i,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref008",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn09",displayNumber:"8",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E8\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Article 68. A particularly useful source for the study of the Ottoman constitution is \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref009\" id=\"ref009\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ETarik\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ETevfik\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EMuaddel Kanun-u Esasi ve İntihab-i Mebusan A'anu\u002Fiu\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EIstanbul\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003Eİkbal\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, 1327 [\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1911\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E])\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Muaddel Kanun-u Esasi ve İntihab-i Mebusan A'anu\u002Fiu' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Muaddel+Kanun-u+Esasi+ve+%C4%B0ntihab-i+Mebusan+A'anu%2Fiu&author=Tarik+Tevfik&publication+year=1911\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E that includes the proposed and actual amendments of 1909. See also \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref010\" id=\"ref010\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EErdem\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EAnayasalar\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Erdem,+,+Anayasalar,+9\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref011\" id=\"ref011\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EDevereux\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EThe First Ottoman\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E145\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–46\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Devereux,+,+The+First+Ottoman,+145–46\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Muaddel+Kanun-u+Esasi+ve+%C4%B0ntihab-i+Mebusan+A'anu%2Fiu&author=Tarik+Tevfik&publication+year=1911",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:y,title:y,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"İkbal",date:an,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref009",title:y,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Erdem,+,+Anayasalar,+9",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:c,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref010",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Devereux,+,+The+First+Ottoman,+145–46",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:c,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref011",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn10",displayNumber:"9",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E “Chamber” will henceforth refer to the Chamber of Deputies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn11",displayNumber:"10",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref012\" id=\"ref012\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EDevereux\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EThe First Ottoman\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E200\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E203\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Devereux,+,+The+First+Ottoman,+200–203\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Devereux,+,+The+First+Ottoman,+200–203",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:c,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref012",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn12",displayNumber:"11",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E11\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref012\"\u003Eibid\u003C\u002Fa\u003E., 126–27.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn13",displayNumber:"12",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple thesis\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref013\" id=\"ref013\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EKayali\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EHasan\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “Arabs and Young Turks: Turkish–Arab Relations in the Second Constitutional Period of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1918)” (Ph.D. diss., \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EHarvard University\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1988\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E17\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E20\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Kayali,+Hasan,+“Arabs+and+Young+Turks:+Turkish–Arab+Relations+in+the+Second+Constitutional+Period+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+(1908–1918)”+(Ph.D.+diss.,+Harvard+University,+1988),+17–20\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Kayali,+Hasan,+“Arabs+and+Young+Turks:+Turkish–Arab+Relations+in+the+Second+Constitutional+Period+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+(1908–1918)”+(Ph.D.+diss.,+Harvard+University,+1988),+17–20",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:z,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref013",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn14",displayNumber:"13",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E13\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref014\" id=\"ref014\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EKhoury\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EPhilip\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EUrban Notables and Arab Nationalism: The Politics of Damascus 1860–1920\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ECambridge\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003ECambridge University Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1983\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Urban Notables and Arab Nationalism: The Politics of Damascus 1860–1920' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1017\u002FCBO9780511563522\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Urban Notables and Arab Nationalism: The Politics of Damascus 1860–1920' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Urban+Notables+and+Arab+Nationalism%3A+The+Politics+of+Damascus+1860%E2%80%931920&author=Khoury+Philip&publication+year=1983\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref015\" id=\"ref015\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EAkarli\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EEngin\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “ʿAbdülhamid II's Attempt to Integrate Arabs into the Ottoman System” in \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EPalestine in the Late Ottoman Period\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ed. \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EKushner\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EDavid\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EJerusalem\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EYad Izhak Ben-Zvi\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1986\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E74\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E89\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Palestine+in+the+Late+Ottoman+Period&author=Akarli+Engin&author=Kushner+David&publication+year=1986&pages=74-89\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Urban+Notables+and+Arab+Nationalism%3A+The+Politics+of+Damascus+1860%E2%80%931920&author=Khoury+Philip&publication+year=1983",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:A,title:A,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:o,date:w,tpages:c,doi:ao,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref014",title:A,doi:ao,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1017\u002FCBO9780511563522",pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Palestine+in+the+Late+Ottoman+Period&author=Akarli+Engin&author=Kushner+David&publication+year=1986&pages=74-89",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:B,title:B,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi",date:r,tpages:"89",doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref015",title:B,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn15",displayNumber:"14",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E14\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Moreover, even though the regulations did not stipulate proportional representation for individual non-Muslim sects in mixed provinces, the authorities tried to ensure proportional sectarian representation. \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref016\" id=\"ref016\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EDevereux\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EThe First Ottoman\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E138\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–45\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Devereux,+,+The+First+Ottoman,+138–45\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Devereux,+,+The+First+Ottoman,+138–45",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:c,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref016",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn16",displayNumber:ap,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E15\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref017\" id=\"ref017\"\u003EThe law was endorsed with the royal decree of 2 \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E08\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1908\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=The+law+was+endorsed+with+the+royal+decree+of+2+08+1908\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref018\" id=\"ref018\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EOkandan\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ERecai\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EAmme Hukukumuzun Anahtarlan\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EIstanbul\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EFakülteler Matbaasi\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1971\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E:\u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E249\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Amme Hukukumuzun Anahtarlan' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Amme+Hukukumuzun+Anahtarlan&author=Okandan+Recai&publication+year=1971\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=The+law+was+endorsed+with+the+royal+decree+of+2+08+1908",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:k,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref017",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Amme+Hukukumuzun+Anahtarlan&author=Okandan+Recai&publication+year=1971",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:C,title:C,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Fakülteler Matbaasi",date:"1971",tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref018",title:C,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn17",displayNumber:aq,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E16\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref019\" id=\"ref019\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ETarik\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EMuaddel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 55, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E76\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Tarik,+,+Muaddel,+55,+76\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Tarik,+,+Muaddel,+55,+76",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:c,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref019",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn18",displayNumber:"17",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E17\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The Kemalists reduced the voting age and eliminated the tax-payment requirement. See \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref020\" id=\"ref020\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ETunaya\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ETarik Zafer\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EElections in Turkish History\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E,” \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EMiddle Eastern Affairs\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 5 (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E04\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1954\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E): \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E118\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Elections in Turkish History' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Elections+in+Turkish+History&author=Tunaya+Tarik+Zafer&publication+year=1954&journal=Middle+Eastern+Affairs\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Elections+in+Turkish+History&author=Tunaya+Tarik+Zafer&publication+year=1954&journal=Middle+Eastern+Affairs",openUrlParams:{genre:j,atitle:ar,jtitle:as,title:as,volume:c,artnum:"5b18a760645361681c0ed0d1",spage:"118",epage:c,date:at,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref020",title:ar,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn19",displayNumber:"18",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E18\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E In smaller \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Esancaks\u003C\u002Fem\u003E a male population of 25,000 would be sufficient for one deputy. This would correspond to a total population of 50,000. A \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Esancak\u003C\u002Fem\u003E would be entitled to a second deputy if it had a minimumof 75,000 male residents. Thus, two \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Esancaks\u003C\u002Fem\u003E with approximate total populations of 50,000 and 149,999 would both be entitled to one deputy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn20",displayNumber:"19",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E19\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The ambiguity in the law was maintained, while its widest interpretation was encouraged by the government to include in addition to the property (\u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eemlák\u003C\u002Fem\u003E) tax, land (\u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eöşür\u003C\u002Fem\u003E) tax, and animal (\u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eağnam\u003C\u002Fem\u003E) tax. See \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref021\" id=\"ref021\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EOkandan\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EAmme\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003E250\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Okandan,+,+Amme,+250\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, n. 25. For an official interpretation of the tax requirement that includes road (\u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Etarik\u003C\u002Fem\u003E) tax as well, see DH-SYS 103–1\u002F1–7. \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref022\" id=\"ref022\"\u003EMinistry of the Interior to the Province of Beirut (19 \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E09\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1912\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Ministry+of+the+Interior+to+the+Province+of+Beirut+(19+09+1912)\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Okandan,+,+Amme,+250",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:c,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref021",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:au,openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:i,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref022",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn21",displayNumber:am,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E20\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref023\" id=\"ref023\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EYalman\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EAhmed Emin\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EYakin Tarihte Gördüklerim ve Geçirdiklerim\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EIstanbul\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EYenilik\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1970\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E:\u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E89\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Yakin Tarihte Gördüklerim ve Geçirdiklerim' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Yakin+Tarihte+G%C3%B6rd%C3%BCklerim+ve+Ge%C3%A7irdiklerim&author=Yalman+Ahmed+Emin&publication+year=1970\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Yakin+Tarihte+G%C3%B6rd%C3%BCklerim+ve+Ge%C3%A7irdiklerim&author=Yalman+Ahmed+Emin&publication+year=1970",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:D,title:D,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Yenilik",date:"1970",tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref023",title:D,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn22",displayNumber:"21",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E21\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E PRO (Public Record Office, Britain), FO (Foreign Office) 195\u002F2271, \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref024\" id=\"ref024\"\u003EFontana to Lowther, Tripoli, 19 \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E11\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1908\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Fontana+to+Lowther,+Tripoli,+19+11+1908\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. I am indebted to Prof. Michel Le Gall for this reference.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Fontana+to+Lowther,+Tripoli,+19+11+1908",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:k,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref024",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn23",displayNumber:av,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref025\" id=\"ref025\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ETaylor\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EPeter J.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EJohnston\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ER. J.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ed.. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EGeography of Elections\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ELondon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003ECroom Helm\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1979\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E43\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Geography of Elections' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Geography+of+Elections&author=Taylor+Peter+J.&author=Johnston+R.+J.&publication+year=1979\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Geography+of+Elections&author=Taylor+Peter+J.&author=Johnston+R.+J.&publication+year=1979",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:E,title:E,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Croom Helm",date:"1979",tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref025",title:E,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn24",displayNumber:"23",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E23\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The size of the \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Enahiye\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (subdistrict) population in the primary voting (Art. 33) and \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Esancak\u003C\u002Fem\u003E population in the secondary voting (Art. 46) determined the number of candidates. Thus, a secondary voter could vote for only as many candidates as the male population of his \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Esancak\u003C\u002Fem\u003E warranted, but his preference could go to someone outside the particular sancak in that province.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn25",displayNumber:"24",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E24\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref026\" id=\"ref026\"\u003EAn amendment to Article 72 on 21 \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E03\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1916\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=An+amendment+to+Article+72+on+21+03+1916\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, provided for candidacy in up to three provinces (\u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref027\" id=\"ref027\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EErdem\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EAnayasalar\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E24\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Erdem,+,+Anayasalar,+24\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=An+amendment+to+Article+72+on+21+03+1916",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:aw,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref026",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Erdem,+,+Anayasalar,+24",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:c,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref027",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn26",displayNumber:"25",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E İsmail Hakki (Babanzade), a \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ETanin\u003C\u002Fem\u003E columnist and later deputy for Bagdad, wrote that “sending ignoramuses as deputies for the sake of sending provincials” would denigrate the honor of Parliament and that, to the extent possible, enlightened sons who have spent time in places like Istanbul, \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref028\" id=\"ref028\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EIzmir\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, and \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBeirut\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E should be picked. (\u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ETanin\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 10 \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E09\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1908\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Izmir,+,+and+Beirut,+should+be+picked.+(Tanin,+10+09+1908)\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Izmir,+,+and+Beirut,+should+be+picked.+(Tanin,+10+09+1908)",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:k,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref028",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn27",displayNumber:"26",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E26\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E If not, the box would be sealed, and a second call would be extended to the absentees.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn28",displayNumber:ae,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E27\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref029\" id=\"ref029\"\u003E\u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EUsul-ü İntihab\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (Istanbul, 1329 [\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1913\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E])\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Usul-ü+İntihab+(Istanbul,+1329+[1913])\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Usul-ü+İntihab+(Istanbul,+1329+[1913])",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:ax,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref029",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn29",displayNumber:"28",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E28\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref030\" id=\"ref030\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ECole\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EAlistair\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ECampbell\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EPeter\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EFrench Electoral Systems and Elections since 1789\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EAldershot\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EGower\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1989\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E36\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E37\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for French Electoral Systems and Elections since 1789' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=French+Electoral+Systems+and+Elections+since+1789&author=Cole+Alistair&author=Campbell+Peter&publication+year=1989&pages=36-37\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=French+Electoral+Systems+and+Elections+since+1789&author=Cole+Alistair&author=Campbell+Peter&publication+year=1989&pages=36-37",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:F,title:F,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Gower",date:"1989",tpages:ay,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref030",title:F,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn30",displayNumber:"29",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E29\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E In municipal elections, unlike parliamentary elections, franchise and candidacy requirements included payment of specified minimum taxes (\u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref031\" id=\"ref031\"\u003E\u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ETanin\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 5 \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E09\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1908\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Tanin,+5+09+1908\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Tanin,+5+09+1908",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:k,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref031",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn31",displayNumber:"30",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E30\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The only complaint related to the tax requirement that I have encountered was lodged against a secondary voter. As the ministry was quick to point out, there was no tax requirement for secondary voters or candidates for deputy. DH-SYS 103–1\u002F1–7. \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref032\" id=\"ref032\"\u003EMinistry of the Interior to the Province of Beirut (19 \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E09\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1912\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Ministry+of+the+Interior+to+the+Province+of+Beirut+(19+09+1912)\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:au,openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:i,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref032",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn32",displayNumber:"31",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E31\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref033\" id=\"ref033\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ECahid\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EHüseyin\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, editor of \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ETanin\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, favored weighted votes in favor of graduates of higher schools (24 \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E09\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1908\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Cahid,+Hüseyin,+editor+of+Tanin,+favored+weighted+votes+in+favor+of+graduates+of+higher+schools+(24+09+1908)\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. This was the case in England even after the establishment of full enfranchisement in 1918. Businessmen and university graduates were entitled to a second vote until 1948. \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref034\" id=\"ref034\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EReeve\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EAndrew\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EWare\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EAlan\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EElectoral Systems\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ELondon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003ERoutledge\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1992\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), 35, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E64\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Electoral Systems' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Electoral+Systems&author=Reeve+Andrew&author=Ware+Alan&publication+year=1992\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Cahid,+Hüseyin,+editor+of+Tanin,+favored+weighted+votes+in+favor+of+graduates+of+higher+schools+(24+09+1908)",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:k,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref033",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Electoral+Systems&author=Reeve+Andrew&author=Ware+Alan&publication+year=1992",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:G,title:G,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Routledge",date:az,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref034",title:G,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn33",displayNumber:"32",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E32\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The electoral law of Iran divided the voters into six classes: (1) the royal house and the Qajar tribe, (2) the ulama and religious students, (3) nobles and sayyids, (4) merchants, (5) landowners and peasants, and (6) guilds. In each electoral district these groups met separately to elect a representative. Tehran was accorded 60 seats out of 156. \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref035\" id=\"ref035\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBrowne\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EEdward G.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EA Brief Narrative of Recent Events in Persia\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ELondon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003ELuzac and Co.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1909\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), 16–17, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E67\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for A Brief Narrative of Recent Events in Persia' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=A+Brief+Narrative+of+Recent+Events+in+Persia&author=Browne+Edward+G.&publication+year=1909\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=A+Brief+Narrative+of+Recent+Events+in+Persia&author=Browne+Edward+G.&publication+year=1909",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:H,title:H,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Luzac and Co.",date:aA,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref035",title:H,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn34",displayNumber:"33",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E33\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E This status of Istanbul became particularly problematic in the first elections of 1877, when deputies needed to be selected by provincial councils. By special arrangement, Istanbul's secondary electors were determined in a primary. \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref036\" id=\"ref036\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EDevereux\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EThe First Ottoman\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E130\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–35\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Devereux,+,+The+First+Ottoman,+130–35\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Devereux,+,+The+First+Ottoman,+130–35",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:c,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref036",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn35",displayNumber:"34",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E34\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref037\" id=\"ref037\"\u003EQuoted by \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EHermet\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EGuy\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E in “State Controlled Elections: A Framework” in Hermet et al., Elections, 2. Original quote in Gramsci, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EPassato e Presente\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ETurin\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EEinaudi\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1952\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E158\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–59\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Passato e Presente' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Passato+e+Presente&author=Hermet+Guy&publication+year=1952\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Passato+e+Presente&author=Hermet+Guy&publication+year=1952",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:I,title:I,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Einaudi",date:aB,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref037",title:I,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn36",displayNumber:"35",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E35\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E In the Hijaz, balloting took place only in the towns. Town leaders in Jidda designated 600 notables, who voted for 25 electors. The latter voted for the one deputy allocated to the \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Esancak\u003C\u002Fem\u003E of Jidda. PRO, FO 195\u002F2320, Monahan to Lowther, no. 97, \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref038\" id=\"ref038\"\u003EJidda, 5 \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E11\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1908\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Jidda,+5+11+1908\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Jidda,+5+11+1908",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:k,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref038",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn37",displayNumber:"36",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E36\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E With \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ETanin\u003C\u002Fem\u003E as the strongest pro-Unionist voice and \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eİkdam, Sabah\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, and \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EYeni Gazete\u003C\u002Fem\u003E supporting Ahrar. \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref039\" id=\"ref039\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EÇavdar\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ETevfik\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003E“Müntehib-i Sani” 'den Seçmene\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EAnkara\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EV Yayinlari\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1987\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for “Müntehib-i Sani” 'den Seçmene' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=%E2%80%9CM%C3%BCntehib-i+Sani%E2%80%9D+'den+Se%C3%A7mene&author=%C3%87avdar+Tevfik&publication+year=1987\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=%E2%80%9CM%C3%BCntehib-i+Sani%E2%80%9D+'den+Se%C3%A7mene&author=%C3%87avdar+Tevfik&publication+year=1987",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:J,title:J,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"V Yayinlari",date:"1987",tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref039",title:J,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn38",displayNumber:ay,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E37\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref039\"\u003EIbid\u003C\u002Fa\u003E., 7.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn39",displayNumber:"38",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E38\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E PRO, FO 195\u002F2320, \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref040\" id=\"ref040\"\u003EMonahan to Lowther, no. 99, 10 \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E11\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1908\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Monahan+to+Lowther,+no.+99,+10+11+1908\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Monahan+to+Lowther,+no.+99,+10+11+1908",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:k,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref040",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn40",displayNumber:"39",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E39\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref041\" id=\"ref041\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ECavdar\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EMüntehib-i\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E8\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Cavdar,+,+Müntehib-i,+7–8\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref042\" id=\"ref042\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EKoçu\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EReşad Ekrem\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003ETürkiye'de Seçimin Tarihi, 1887–1950\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E,” \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ETarih Dünyasi\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E:\u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E181\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–82\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Türkiye'de Seçimin Tarihi, 1887–1950' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Koçu,+Reşad+Ekrem,+“Türkiye'de+Seçimin+Tarihi,+1887–1950,”+Tarih+Dünyasi+1:181–82\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref043\" id=\"ref043\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EToprak\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EZafer\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003E1908 Seçimleri ve ‘Mebʿusan Hatiralari\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E,’ \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ETarih ve Toplum\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E08\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1988\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for 1908 Seçimleri ve ‘Mebʿusan Hatiralari' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=1908+Se%C3%A7imleri+ve+%E2%80%98Meb%CA%BFusan+Hatiralari&author=Toprak+Zafer&publication+year=1988&journal=Tarih+ve+Toplum\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, supplement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Cavdar,+,+Müntehib-i,+7–8",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:c,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref041",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Koçu,+Reşad+Ekrem,+“Türkiye'de+Seçimin+Tarihi,+1887–1950,”+Tarih+Dünyasi+1:181–82",openUrlParams:{genre:j,atitle:aC,jtitle:aD,title:aD,volume:ag,artnum:"5b18a760645361681c0ed0e7",spage:"181",epage:c,date:c,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref042",title:aC,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=1908+Se%C3%A7imleri+ve+%E2%80%98Meb%CA%BFusan+Hatiralari&author=Toprak+Zafer&publication+year=1988&journal=Tarih+ve+Toplum",openUrlParams:{genre:j,atitle:aE,jtitle:aF,title:aF,volume:c,artnum:"5b18a760645361681c0ed0e8",spage:c,epage:c,date:z,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref043",title:aE,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn41",displayNumber:"40",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E40\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref044\" id=\"ref044\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EKayali\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, –\u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EArabs and Young Turks\u003C\u002Fem\u003E,” \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E97\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E98\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Kayali,+,+–Arabs+and+Young+Turks,”+97–98\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Kayali,+,+–Arabs+and+Young+Turks,”+97–98",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:c,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref044",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn42",displayNumber:"41",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E41\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref045\" id=\"ref045\"\u003E\u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ETakvim-i Vekai\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, (10 \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E02\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1909\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Takvim-i+Vekai,+(10+02+1909)\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Takvim-i+Vekai,+(10+02+1909)",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:aA,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref045",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn43",displayNumber:"42",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E42\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref046\" id=\"ref046\"\u003ECompare with \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ESabato\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EHilda\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003ECitizenship, Political Participation and the Formation of the Public Sphere in Buenos Aires 1850s”1880s\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E,” \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EPast and Present\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 136 (August \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1992\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E139\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–63\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Citizenship, Political Participation and the Formation of the Public Sphere in Buenos Aires 1850s”1880s' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Fpast\u002F136.1.139\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Citizenship, Political Participation and the Formation of the Public Sphere in Buenos Aires 1850s”1880s' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Citizenship%2C+Political+Participation+and+the+Formation+of+the+Public+Sphere+in+Buenos+Aires+1850s%E2%80%9D1880s&author=Sabato+Hilda&publication+year=1992&journal=Past+and+Present&doi=10.1093%2Fpast%2F136.1.139\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Citizenship%2C+Political+Participation+and+the+Formation+of+the+Public+Sphere+in+Buenos+Aires+1850s%E2%80%9D1880s&author=Sabato+Hilda&publication+year=1992&journal=Past+and+Present&doi=10.1093%2Fpast%2F136.1.139",openUrlParams:{genre:j,atitle:aG,jtitle:aH,title:aH,volume:c,artnum:"5b18a760645361681c0ed0eb",spage:"139",epage:c,date:az,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:aI,au:a},innerRefId:"ref046",title:aG,doi:aI,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Fpast\u002F136.1.139",pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn44",displayNumber:"43",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E43\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For the Entente's program, see \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref047\" id=\"ref047\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ETunaya\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ETank Zafer\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ETürkiye'de Siyasal Partiler\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EIstanbul\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EHürriyet\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1988\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E:\u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E287\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–95\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Türkiye'de Siyasal Partiler' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=T%C3%BCrkiye'de+Siyasal+Partiler&author=Tunaya+Tank+Zafer&publication+year=1988\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=T%C3%BCrkiye'de+Siyasal+Partiler&author=Tunaya+Tank+Zafer&publication+year=1988",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:K,title:K,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Hürriyet",date:z,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref047",title:K,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn45",displayNumber:"44",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E44\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref048\" id=\"ref048\"\u003EThe Porte asked for a more stringent application of the Turkish requirement in Rhodes, for instance: “Candidates will be required in these elections to be able to read and, to some extent, write Turkish.” DH-SYS 50\u002F6–20 (15 \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E02\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1912\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=The+Porte+asked+for+a+more+stringent+application+of+the+Turkish+requirement+in+Rhodes,+for+instance:+“Candidates+will+be+required+in+these+elections+to+be+able+to+read+and,+to+some+extent,+write+Turkish.”+DH-SYS+50\u002F6–20+(15+02+1912)\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=The+Porte+asked+for+a+more+stringent+application+of+the+Turkish+requirement+in+Rhodes,+for+instance:+“Candidates+will+be+required+in+these+elections+to+be+able+to+read+and,+to+some+extent,+write+Turkish.”+DH-SYS+50\u002F6–20+(15+02+1912)",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:i,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref048",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn46",displayNumber:"45",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E45\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Ironically, the CUP was in fact trying to enhance these by revising Article 35 of the constitution and thus facilitating the dissolution of the chamber by the sovereign. It hoped to manipulate extended royal authority against the opposition.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn47",displayNumber:"46",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E46\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref049\" id=\"ref049\"\u003ETwenty thousand copies of \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EAçiksöz\u003C\u002Fem\u003E were printed and widely distributed. DH-SYS 53\u002F46 (17 \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E04\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1912\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Twenty+thousand+copies+of+Açiksöz+were+printed+and+widely+distributed.+DH-SYS+53\u002F46+(17+04+1912)\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Twenty+thousand+copies+of+Açiksöz+were+printed+and+widely+distributed.+DH-SYS+53\u002F46+(17+04+1912)",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:i,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref049",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn48",displayNumber:"47",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E47\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref050\" id=\"ref050\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBirinci\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EAli\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EHürriyet ve hiláfFirkasi\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EIstanbul\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EDergah\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1990\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E127\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Hürriyet ve hiláfFirkasi' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=H%C3%BCrriyet+ve+hil%C3%A1fFirkasi&author=Birinci+Ali&publication+year=1990\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=H%C3%BCrriyet+ve+hil%C3%A1fFirkasi&author=Birinci+Ali&publication+year=1990",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:L,title:L,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Dergah",date:"1990",tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref050",title:L,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn49",displayNumber:"48",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E48\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref051\" id=\"ref051\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EDemir\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EFevzi\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003E“İzmir Sancağinda 1912 Meclis-i Mebusan Seçimleri,”\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E in \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EÇağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştirmalan Dergisi\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Atatürk İlkeleri ve inkilap Tarihi Enstitüsü), 1:168, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E174\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for “İzmir Sancağinda 1912 Meclis-i Mebusan Seçimleri,”' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Demir,+Fevzi,+“İzmir+Sancağinda+1912+Meclis-i+Mebusan+Seçimleri,”+in+Çağdaş+Türkiye+Tarihi+Araştirmalan+Dergisi+(Dokuz+Eylül+Üniversitesi+Atatürk+İlkeleri+ve+inkilap+Tarihi+Enstitüsü),+1:168,+174\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Demir,+Fevzi,+“İzmir+Sancağinda+1912+Meclis-i+Mebusan+Seçimleri,”+in+Çağdaş+Türkiye+Tarihi+Araştirmalan+Dergisi+(Dokuz+Eylül+Üniversitesi+Atatürk+İlkeleri+ve+inkilap+Tarihi+Enstitüsü),+1:168,+174",openUrlParams:{genre:j,atitle:aJ,jtitle:aK,title:aK,volume:c,artnum:"5b18a760645361681c0ed0f0",spage:"174",epage:c,date:c,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref051",title:aJ,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn50",displayNumber:"49",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E49\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Bagdadis wrote numerous petitions and complaints forcing Cemal to defend his policies to Istanbul. This he did by instigating a progovernment petition campaign and publicizing a statement that he elicited from the province's electoral inspection committee that denied any gubernatorial intervention. DH-SYS 83–1\u002F2–42 (12 and 20 March 1912).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn51",displayNumber:al,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E50\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref052\" id=\"ref052\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EKhalidi\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ERashid\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EThe 1912 Election Campaign in Syria\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E,” \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EInternational Journal of Middle East Studies\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E16\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E11\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1984\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E): \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E461\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–74\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for The 1912 Election Campaign in Syria' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1017\u002FS0020743800028506\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The 1912 Election Campaign in Syria' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+1912+Election+Campaign+in+Syria&author=Khalidi+Rashid&publication+year=1984&journal=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&volume=16&doi=10.1017%2FS0020743800028506\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+1912+Election+Campaign+in+Syria&author=Khalidi+Rashid&publication+year=1984&journal=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&volume=16&doi=10.1017%2FS0020743800028506",openUrlParams:{genre:j,atitle:aL,jtitle:l,title:l,volume:aq,artnum:"5b18a760645361681c0ed0f1",spage:"461",epage:c,date:"1984",sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:aM,au:a},innerRefId:"ref052",title:aL,doi:aM,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1017\u002FS0020743800028506",pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn52",displayNumber:"51",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E51\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref053\" id=\"ref053\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EDemir\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “Izmir,” \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E182\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Demir,+,+“Izmir,”+182\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Demir,+,+“Izmir,”+182",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:c,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref053",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn53",displayNumber:"52",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E52\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref054\" id=\"ref054\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EKhalidi\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “The 1912 Election,” \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E463\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Khalidi,+,+“The+1912+Election,”+463\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Khalidi,+,+“The+1912+Election,”+463",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:c,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref054",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn54",displayNumber:"53",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E53\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref055\" id=\"ref055\"\u003EDH-SYS \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E65\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–6 (27 \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E03\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1912\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=DH-SYS+65–6+(27+03+1912)\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=DH-SYS+65–6+(27+03+1912)",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:i,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref055",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn55",displayNumber:"54",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E54\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref056\" id=\"ref056\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ESayri\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ESabri\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E has argued that this happened in Turkey only after the establishment of the multiparty regime in the Republican period. “Political Patronage in Turkey,” in \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EPatrons and Clients in Mediterranean Societies\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ed. \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EGellner\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EErnest\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EWaterbury\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJohn\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ELondon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EDuckworth\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1977\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E104\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Patrons and Clients in Mediterranean Societies' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Patrons+and+Clients+in+Mediterranean+Societies&author=Sayri+Sabri&author=Gellner+Ernest&author=Waterbury+John&publication+year=1977\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Patrons+and+Clients+in+Mediterranean+Societies&author=Sayri+Sabri&author=Gellner+Ernest&author=Waterbury+John&publication+year=1977",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:M,title:M,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Duckworth",date:"1977",tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref056",title:M,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn56",displayNumber:"55",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E55\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref057\" id=\"ref057\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EKayah\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “Arabs and Young Turks,” \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E156\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–57\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Kayah,+,+“Arabs+and+Young+Turks,”+156–57\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Kayah,+,+“Arabs+and+Young+Turks,”+156–57",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:c,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref057",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn57",displayNumber:"56",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E56\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref058\" id=\"ref058\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EKhalidi\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “The 1912 Election,” \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E461\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, 465\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Khalidi,+,+“The+1912+Election,”+461,+465\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Khalidi,+,+“The+1912+Election,”+461,+465",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:c,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref058",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn58",displayNumber:"57",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E57\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref059\" id=\"ref059\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EAhmad\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EFeroz\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe Young Turks\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EOxford\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EClarendon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1969\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E103\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Young Turks' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Young+Turks&author=Ahmad+Feroz&publication+year=1969\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Young+Turks&author=Ahmad+Feroz&publication+year=1969",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:N,title:N,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Clarendon",date:"1969",tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref059",title:N,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn59",displayNumber:"58",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E58\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref060\" id=\"ref060\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EGenel Kurmay Başkanhği Askeri Tarih ve Stratejik Etttt Başkanhği\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (ATASE) (Archives of the Turkish General Chief of Staff), Ottoman–Italian War 25\u002F\u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E118\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–10, no. 2–5, Governor Hazim (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EBeirut\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) to Ministry of War (?) (30 \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E11\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1911\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Genel Kurmay Başkanhği Askeri Tarih ve Stratejik Etttt Başkanhği' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Genel+Kurmay+Başkanhği+Askeri+Tarih+ve+Stratejik+Etttt+Başkanhği+(ATASE)+(Archives+of+the+Turkish+General+Chief+of+Staff),+Ottoman–Italian+War+25\u002F118–10,+no.+2–5,+Governor+Hazim+(Beirut)+to+Ministry+of+War+(?)+(30+11+1911)\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Genel+Kurmay+Başkanhği+Askeri+Tarih+ve+Stratejik+Etttt+Başkanhği+(ATASE)+(Archives+of+the+Turkish+General+Chief+of+Staff),+Ottoman–Italian+War+25\u002F118–10,+no.+2–5,+Governor+Hazim+(Beirut)+to+Ministry+of+War+(?)+(30+11+1911)",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:O,title:O,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:an,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref060",title:O,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn60",displayNumber:"59",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E59\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E See DH-SYS \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref061\" id=\"ref061\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E83\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–1\u002F2–29 (8 \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E04\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1912\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=83–1\u002F2–29+(8+04+1912)\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E on the intimidation of secondary voters by army officers in Tripoli.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=83–1\u002F2–29+(8+04+1912)",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:i,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref061",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn61",displayNumber:"60",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E60\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref062\" id=\"ref062\"\u003EDH-SYS \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E83\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–1\u002F2–16 (31 \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E03\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1912\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=DH-SYS+83–1\u002F2–16+(31+03+1912)\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=DH-SYS+83–1\u002F2–16+(31+03+1912)",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:i,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref062",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn62",displayNumber:"61",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E61\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E In Bagdad, for instance, the vali reported that half of the members who first joined the initiative to form a local Entente branch, and one-third of the actual founding members later announced their resignations, many in the press. \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref063\" id=\"ref063\"\u003EDH-SYS \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E65\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F6 (27 \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E03\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1912\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=DH-SYS+65\u002F6+(27+03+1912)\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=DH-SYS+65\u002F6+(27+03+1912)",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:i,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref063",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn63",displayNumber:"62",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E62\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For an account of the Entente campaign led by Lütfi Fikri in Syrian cities, see \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref064\" id=\"ref064\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EKhalidi\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “The 1912 Election,” \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E467\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Khalidi,+,+“The+1912+Election,”+467\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Khalidi,+,+“The+1912+Election,”+467",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:c,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref064",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn64",displayNumber:"63",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E63\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref065\" id=\"ref065\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EḤaqāiq ʿan al-intikhābāt al-niyābiyya\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ECairo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EMaṭbaʿa al-Akhbār\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1912\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Ḥaqāiq ʿan al-intikhābāt al-niyābiyya' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Ḥaqāiq+ʿan+al-intikhābāt+al-niyābiyya+(Cairo:+Maṭbaʿa+al-Akhbār,+1912)\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Ḥaqāiq+ʿan+al-intikhābāt+al-niyābiyya+(Cairo:+Maṭbaʿa+al-Akhbār,+1912)",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:P,title:P,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Maṭbaʿa al-Akhbār",date:i,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref065",title:P,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn65",displayNumber:"64",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E64\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Hüseyin Cahid, a staunch Unionist, looked back to CUP loyalists in the countryside as men who ran after their day-to-day material interests and who did not share the ideals of the CUP. \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref066\" id=\"ref066\"\u003E“\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EMeşrutiyet Hatiralari\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E,” \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EFikir Hareketleri\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 123 (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1936\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E293\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Meşrutiyet Hatiralari' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=“Meşrutiyet+Hatiralari,”+Fikir+Hareketleri+123+(1936),+293\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref067\" id=\"ref067\"\u003E(Quoted in Birinci, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EHürriyet\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E125\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=(Quoted+in+Birinci,+Hürriyet,+125)\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=“Meşrutiyet+Hatiralari,”+Fikir+Hareketleri+123+(1936),+293",openUrlParams:{genre:j,atitle:aN,jtitle:aO,title:aO,volume:c,artnum:"5b18a760645361681c0ed0ff",spage:"293",epage:c,date:"1936",sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref066",title:aN,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=(Quoted+in+Birinci,+Hürriyet,+125)",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:c,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref067",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn66",displayNumber:"65",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E65\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref068\" id=\"ref068\"\u003EDH-SYS \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E103\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–1\u002F1–5 (13 \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E08\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1912\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=DH-SYS+103–1\u002F1–5+(13+08+1912)\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref069\" id=\"ref069\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EOkandan\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ERecai\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EAmme Hukukumuzda Ikinci Meşrutiyet Devri\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EIstanbul\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EKenan\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1947\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E166\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Amme Hukukumuzda Ikinci Meşrutiyet Devri' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Amme+Hukukumuzda+Ikinci+Me%C5%9Frutiyet+Devri&author=Okandan+Recai&publication+year=1947\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=DH-SYS+103–1\u002F1–5+(13+08+1912)",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:i,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref068",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Amme+Hukukumuzda+Ikinci+Me%C5%9Frutiyet+Devri&author=Okandan+Recai&publication+year=1947",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:Q,title:Q,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Kenan",date:"1947",tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref069",title:Q,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn67",displayNumber:"66",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E66\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E See, for instance, \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref070\" id=\"ref070\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDahiliye Nezareti Muhaberat-i Umumiye Idaresi Mütenevvia Kismi\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (DH-MTV) \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–2\u002F14 (3 \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E09\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1912\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Dahiliye+Nezareti+Muhaberat-i+Umumiye+Idaresi+Mütenevvia+Kismi+(DH-MTV)+22–2\u002F14+(3+09+1912)\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E for a complaint about the kaymakam of Jenin in Nablus, who was allegedly campaigning for the election of the Unionist candidate \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref071\" id=\"ref071\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003Eal-Hādi\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EAmin ʿ Abd\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; also, DH-MTV 18\u002F58 (2 \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E09\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1912\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=al-Hādi,+Amin+ʿ+Abd;+also,+DH-MTV+18\u002F58+(2+09+1912)\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E about mutasarnf Ragib's visits to the villages “in order to exert his influence in these elections as he did in the previous ones.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Dahiliye+Nezareti+Muhaberat-i+Umumiye+Idaresi+Mütenevvia+Kismi+(DH-MTV)+22–2\u002F14+(3+09+1912)",openUrlParams:{genre:j,atitle:c,jtitle:aP,title:aP,volume:c,artnum:"5b18a760645361681c0ed103",spage:av,epage:c,date:i,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref070",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=al-Hādi,+Amin+ʿ+Abd;+also,+DH-MTV+18\u002F58+(2+09+1912)",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:i,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref071",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn68",displayNumber:"67",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E67\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E DH-SYS 103–2\u002F2–5 (22 September 1912; 30 September 1912, 13 October 1912).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn69",displayNumber:"68",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E68\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref072\" id=\"ref072\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EAhmad\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EFeroz\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “Unionist Relations with the Greek, Armenian, and Jewish Communities of the Ottoman Empire,” in \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EChristians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, 2 vols., ed. \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBraude\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EBenjamin\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ELewis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EBernard\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ENew York\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EHolmes & Meier\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1982\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Christians+and+Jews+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&author=Ahmad+Feroz&author=Braude+Benjamin&author=Lewis+Bernard&publication+year=1982\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref073\" id=\"ref073\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBraude\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ELewis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EThe Central Lands\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E:\u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E422\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Braude,+and+Lewis,+,+The+Central+Lands,+1:422\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref074\" id=\"ref074\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EKayali\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EHasan\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “Jewish Representation in the Ottoman Parliaments” in \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe Jews of the Ottoman Empire\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ed. \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ELevy\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EAvigdor\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EPrinceton, N.J.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EDarwin Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1994\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Jews of the Ottoman Empire' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Jews+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&author=Kayali+Hasan&author=Levy+Avigdor&publication+year=1994\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Christians+and+Jews+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&author=Ahmad+Feroz&author=Braude+Benjamin&author=Lewis+Bernard&publication+year=1982",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:R,title:R,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Holmes & Meier",date:"1982",tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref072",title:R,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Braude,+and+Lewis,+,+The+Central+Lands,+1:422",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:c,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref073",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Jews+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&author=Kayali+Hasan&author=Levy+Avigdor&publication+year=1994",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:S,title:S,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"Darwin Press",date:"1994",tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref074",title:S,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn70",displayNumber:"69",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E69\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E DH-SYS 103–1\u002F1–6 (18 September 1912; 23 September 1912; 31 October 1912).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn71",displayNumber:"70",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E70\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref075\" id=\"ref075\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBirinci\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EHürriyet\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E180\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Birinci,+,+Hürriyet,+180\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Birinci,+,+Hürriyet,+180",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:c,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref075",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn72",displayNumber:"71",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E71\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For instance, in Ammare (Basra). DH-SYS 103–1\u002F1–8 (3 October 1912).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn73",displayNumber:"72",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E72\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref076\" id=\"ref076\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EAhmad\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EYoung Turks\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E143\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Ahmad,+,+Young+Turks,+143\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Ahmad,+,+Young+Turks,+143",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:c,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref076",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn74",displayNumber:"73",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E73\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref077\" id=\"ref077\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EAkarh\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EEngin\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E analyzes how confessionalism contributed in \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Emutasarrifiyya\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Lebanon to the creation of a “public sphere and basically secular and centralized governmental system,” in \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe Long Peace: Ottoman Lebanon, 1861–1920\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EBerkeley\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EUniversity of California Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1993\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E161\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–62\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Long Peace: Ottoman Lebanon, 1861–1920' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Long+Peace%3A+Ottoman+Lebanon%2C+1861%E2%80%931920&author=Akarh+Engin&publication+year=1993\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. As Akarli argues, Ottoman statesmen played an active role in shaping the Lebanese political system, the prewar success of which may have inspired similar political strategies on the imperial level.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Long+Peace%3A+Ottoman+Lebanon%2C+1861%E2%80%931920&author=Akarh+Engin&publication+year=1993",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:T,title:T,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"University of California Press",date:"1993",tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref077",title:T,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn75",displayNumber:"74",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E74\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref078\" id=\"ref078\"\u003EBBA \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDahiliye Nezareti Kalem-i Mahsus Müdiriyeti\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (DH-KMS) \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E15\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F\u003Cspan class=\"issue\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (16 \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E02\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1913\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=BBA+Dahiliye+Nezareti+Kalem-i+Mahsus+Müdiriyeti+(DH-KMS)+15\u002F7+(16+02+1913)\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=BBA+Dahiliye+Nezareti+Kalem-i+Mahsus+Müdiriyeti+(DH-KMS)+15\u002F7+(16+02+1913)",openUrlParams:{genre:j,atitle:c,jtitle:aQ,title:aQ,volume:ap,artnum:"5b18a760645361681c0ed113",spage:c,epage:c,date:ax,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref078",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn76",displayNumber:"75",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E75\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E It exacerbated ethnic tensions by correlating provincial parliamentary quotas to amount of taxes collected in that province. \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref079\" id=\"ref079\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ECarstairs\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EAndrew McLaren\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EA Short History of Electoral Systems in Western Europe\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ELondon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EGeorge Allen \u002F Unwin\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1980\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E127\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for A Short History of Electoral Systems in Western Europe' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=A+Short+History+of+Electoral+Systems+in+Western+Europe&author=Carstairs+Andrew+McLaren&publication+year=1980\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=A+Short+History+of+Electoral+Systems+in+Western+Europe&author=Carstairs+Andrew+McLaren&publication+year=1980",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:U,title:U,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"George Allen \u002F Unwin",date:"1980",tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref079",title:U,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn77",displayNumber:"76",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E76\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref080\" id=\"ref080\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EAhmad\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EYoung Turks\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E144\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–45, 156\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Ahmad,+,+Young+Turks,+144–45,+156\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Ahmad,+,+Young+Turks,+144–45,+156",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:c,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref080",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn78",displayNumber:"77",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E77\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E It mentioned that whip-wielding thugs stood at the gate of the town hall, who insulted and intimidated the secondary voters and put marks on their ballot papers. DH-SYS 122\u002F5–1 (27 April 1914).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn79",displayNumber:"78",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E78\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref080\"\u003EIbid.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, 29 April 1914.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn80",displayNumber:"79",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E79\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref080\"\u003EIbid.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E From the Acre notables and members of inspection committee to the Grand Vizierate (7 May 1914).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn81",displayNumber:"80",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E80\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref080\"\u003EIbid.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, 2 April 1914.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn82",displayNumber:"81",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E81\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Shuqayr was the CUP's key Arab delegate in the 1912 campaign, and later, in Cemal Paşa's Fourth Army headquarters in Syria. See \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref081\" id=\"ref081\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EErden\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EAli Fuat\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EBirinci Dünya Harbinde Suriye Hatiralan\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EIstanbul\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1954\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E:\u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E137\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–39\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Birinci Dünya Harbinde Suriye Hatiralan' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Birinci+D%C3%BCnya+Harbinde+Suriye+Hatiralan&author=Erden+Ali+Fuat&publication+year=1954\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Birinci+D%C3%BCnya+Harbinde+Suriye+Hatiralan&author=Erden+Ali+Fuat&publication+year=1954",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:V,title:V,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:at,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref081",title:V,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn83",displayNumber:"82",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E82\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref082\" id=\"ref082\"\u003EDH-SYS 122\u002F2. From Munir to the Ministry of the Interior (undated) and to the Ministry of Justice (16 January 1914)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=DH-SYS+122\u002F2.+From+Munir+to+the+Ministry+of+the+Interior+(undated)+and+to+the+Ministry+of+Justice+(16+January+1914)\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=DH-SYS+122\u002F2.+From+Munir+to+the+Ministry+of+the+Interior+(undated)+and+to+the+Ministry+of+Justice+(16+January+1914)",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:c,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref082",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn84",displayNumber:"83",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E83\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref083\" id=\"ref083\"\u003E“State-Controlled Elections” in \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EHermet\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E et al. , \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EElections\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E14\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=“State-Controlled+Elections”+in+Hermet,+et+al.+,+Elections,+14\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=“State-Controlled+Elections”+in+Hermet,+et+al.+,+Elections,+14",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:c,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref083",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn85",displayNumber:"84",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E84\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref084\" id=\"ref084\"\u003EBBA \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EDahiliye Nezareti Idare-i Umumiye\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"issue\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u002F4–4 (19 \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E11\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1916\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=BBA+Dahiliye+Nezareti+Idare-i+Umumiye+12–2\u002F4–4+(19+11+1916)\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=BBA+Dahiliye+Nezareti+Idare-i+Umumiye+12–2\u002F4–4+(19+11+1916)",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:aw,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref084",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn86",displayNumber:"85",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E85\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref085\" id=\"ref085\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EErdem\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EAnayasalar\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E25\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E26\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Erdem,+,+Anayasalar,+25–26\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Erdem,+,+Anayasalar,+25–26",openUrlParams:{genre:g,date:c,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref085",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn87",displayNumber:"86",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E86\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E DH-KMS 54–3\u002F36. Grand Vizier Damad Ferid Paşa advises the conduct of elections according to the “special regulations,” whereas no such regulations had been received by the provinces (30 July 1919).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn88",displayNumber:"87",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E87\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref086\" id=\"ref086\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ETunaya\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ETürkiyede Siyasî Partiler\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EIstanbul\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1952\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E452\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–54\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Türkiyede Siyasî Partiler' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=T%C3%BCrkiyede+Siyas%C3%AE+Partiler&author=Tunaya+&publication+year=1952\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref086\"\u003Eidem\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref087\" id=\"ref087\"\u003E“Osmanh İmparatorluğundan Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Hükümeti Rejimine Geçiş,” in \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ETürk Siyasal Hayatinin Gelişimi\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ed. \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EKalaycioğlu\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EErsin\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ESaribay\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EAli Yaşar\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EIstanbul\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1986\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E298\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Türk Siyasal Hayatinin Gelişimi' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=T%C3%BCrk+Siyasal+Hayatinin+Geli%C5%9Fimi&author=Kalaycio%C4%9Flu+Ersin&author=Saribay+Ali+Ya%C5%9Far&publication+year=1986\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=T%C3%BCrkiyede+Siyas%C3%AE+Partiler&author=Tunaya+&publication+year=1952",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:W,title:W,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:aB,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref086",title:W,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=T%C3%BCrk+Siyasal+Hayatinin+Geli%C5%9Fimi&author=Kalaycio%C4%9Flu+Ersin&author=Saribay+Ali+Ya%C5%9Far&publication+year=1986",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:X,title:X,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:r,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref087",title:X,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn89",displayNumber:"88",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E88\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref088\" id=\"ref088\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EHobsbawm\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EEric\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “Mass-Producing Traditions: Europe, 1870–1914,” in \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe Invention of Tradition\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ed. \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EHobsbawm\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EEric\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ERanger\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ETerence\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ECambridge\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003ECambridge University Press\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1983\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E265\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Invention of Tradition' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Invention+of+Tradition&author=Hobsbawm+Eric&author=Hobsbawm+Eric&author=Ranger+Terence&publication+year=1983\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Invention+of+Tradition&author=Hobsbawm+Eric&author=Hobsbawm+Eric&author=Ranger+Terence&publication+year=1983",openUrlParams:{genre:h,btitle:Y,title:Y,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:o,date:w,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref088",title:Y,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]}],figures:[]},pdf:c,classification:[],supplementaryMaterials:[],relations:{corrections:[],correctionsOriginals:[],retractions:[],retractionsOriginals:[],addendums:[],addendumsOriginals:[],hasAnyRelations:b,hasAnyOriginalArticle:b},settings:{hasAccess:b,isOpenAccess:b,displayRightsLink:e,shouldDisplayCrossMark:b,shouldDisplayNasaAds:b,suppressPdf:b,isShareable:b,isAnnotationsEnabled:b,disableArticleCommentary:b,displayArticleCommentaryAsDiscussionLinks:b,isCommentsEnabled:b,hasContent:b,shouldDisplaySubmitContent:b,isResearchDirections:b,isQuestionCollection:b,isMathjaxEnabled:b},citationCount:25,openUrlParams:"?genre=article&atitle=Elections%20and%20the%20Electoral%20Process%20in%20the%20Ottoman%20Empire%2C%201876%E2%80%931919&jtitle=International%20Journal%20of%20Middle%20East%20Studies&title=International%20Journal%20of%20Middle%20East%20Studies&date=1995&volume=27&issue=3&spage=265&epage=286&sid=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore&aulast=Kayali&aufirst=Hasan&doi=10.1017\u002FS0020743800062085",ecommerceProducts:{digitalSku:m,paperBackSku:c,hardBackSku:c},subject:[],permissionUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fs100.copyright.com\u002FAppDispatchServlet?publisherName=CUP&publication=MES&title=Elections%20and%20the%20Electoral%20Process%20in%20the%20Ottoman%20Empire%2C%201876%E2%80%931919&publicationDate=23%20April%202009&author=Hasan%20Kayali&copyright=Copyright%20%C2%A9%20Cambridge%20University%20Press%201995&contentID=10.1017%2FS0020743800062085&startPage=265&endPage=286&orderBeanReset=True&volumeNum=27&issueNum=3&oa="},breadcrumbs:[{name:"Home",url:"\u002Fcore"},{name:"Journals",url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fpublications\u002Fjournals"},{name:l,url:ab},{name:"Volume 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