CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Photios I of Constantinople - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"6332454e-89e8-4457-9e91-1b3bab83c728","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Photios_I_of_Constantinople","wgTitle":"Photios I of Constantinople","wgCurRevisionId":1260473781,"wgRevisionId":1260473781,"wgArticleId":50371,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: url-status","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Greek-language text","CS1: long volume value","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 Greek-language sources (el)","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica", "Commons category link from Wikidata","Articles with LibriVox links","Articles containing French-language text","Articles containing German-language text","9th-century deaths","9th-century births","9th-century Byzantine writers","Anthologists","Christian anti-Gnosticism","Byzantine theologians","Byzantine writers","Byzantine saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church","Critics of the Catholic Church","Greek religious writers","People excommunicated by the Catholic Church","9th-century patriarchs of Constantinople","9th-century Christian saints","Byzantine letter writers","Filioque","9th-century Christian theologians","Byzantine jurists","9th-century jurists","Protospatharioi","9th-century Greek philosophers","9th-century Greek writers","9th-century Greek scientists","9th-century Greek mathematicians","810s births","893 deaths"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Photios_I_of_Constantinople","wgRelevantArticleId":50371 ,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q243187","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true, "wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin", "mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Facial_Chronicle_-_b.13%2C_p.414_-_Photios_baptising_king_of_Bulgars.gif"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="2214"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Facial_Chronicle_-_b.13%2C_p.414_-_Photios_baptising_king_of_Bulgars.gif/800px-Facial_Chronicle_-_b.13%2C_p.414_-_Photios_baptising_king_of_Bulgars.gif"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1476"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Facial_Chronicle_-_b.13%2C_p.414_-_Photios_baptising_king_of_Bulgars.gif/640px-Facial_Chronicle_-_b.13%2C_p.414_-_Photios_baptising_king_of_Bulgars.gif"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1181"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Photios I of Constantinople - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Photios_I_of_Constantinople&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Photios_I_of_Constantinople rootpage-Photios_I_of_Constantinople skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Photios+I+of+Constantinople" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Photios+I+of+Constantinople" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Photios+I+of+Constantinople" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Photios+I+of+Constantinople" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Secular_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secular_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Secular life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secular_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patriarch_of_Constantinople" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patriarch_of_Constantinople"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Patriarch of Constantinople</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patriarch_of_Constantinople-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Veneration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Assessments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Writings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliotheca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliotheca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span><i>Bibliotheca</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliotheca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Other works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Photios I of Constantinople</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="فوتيوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فوتيوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_I_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Фотий I Константинополски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фотий I Константинополски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focije_I" title="Focije I – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Focije I" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foci_I_de_Constantinoble" title="Foci I de Constantinoble – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Foci I de Constantinoble" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotios" title="Fotios – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fotios" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotios_1._af_Konstantinopel" title="Fotios 1. af Konstantinopel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fotios 1. af Konstantinopel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photios_I." title="Photios I. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Photios I." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A6%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Άγιος Φώτιος ο Μέγας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άγιος Φώτιος ο Μέγας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focio" title="Focio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Focio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotio_la_1-a_(patriarko_de_Konstantinopolo)" title="Fotio la 1-a (patriarko de Konstantinopolo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fotio la 1-a (patriarko de Konstantinopolo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fozio" title="Fozio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fozio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="فوتیوس اول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فوتیوس اول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photios_Ier_de_Constantinople" title="Photios Ier de Constantinople – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Photios Ier de Constantinople" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focio_I,_patriarca_de_Constantinopla" title="Focio I, patriarca de Constantinopla – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Focio I, patriarca de Constantinopla" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%98%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84%ED%8B%B0%EB%85%B8%ED%8F%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EC%B4%9D%EB%8C%80%EC%A3%BC%EA%B5%90_%ED%8F%AC%ED%8B%B0%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4_1%EC%84%B8" title="콘스탄티노폴리스 총대주교 포티오스 1세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콘스탄티노폴리스 총대주교 포티오스 1세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%BF_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%84" title="Փոտ պատրիարք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փոտ պատրիարք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focije_I." title="Focije I. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Focije I." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotios_I_dari_Konstantinopel" title="Fotios I dari Konstantinopel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fotios I dari Konstantinopel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fozio_di_Costantinopoli" title="Fozio di Costantinopoli – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fozio di Costantinopoli" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1" title="פוטיוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוטיוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_I" title="ფოტიოს I – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფოტიოს I" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosyo" title="Fosyo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fosyo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photius_I_(patriarcha_Constantinopolitanus)" title="Photius I (patriarcha Constantinopolitanus) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Photius I (patriarcha Constantinopolitanus)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Ph%C3%B3tiosz_konstantin%C3%A1polyi_p%C3%A1tri%C3%A1rka" title="I. Phótiosz konstantinápolyi pátriárka – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Phótiosz konstantinápolyi pátriárka" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98_I_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Фотиј I Цариградски – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фотиј I Цариградски" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="കോൺസ്റ്റാന്റിനോപ്പിളിലെ ഫോത്തിയോസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോൺസ്റ്റാന്റിനോപ്പിളിലെ ഫോത്തിയോസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="فوتيوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فوتيوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photius_I" title="Photius I – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Photius I" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B91%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E7%B7%8F%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99)" title="フォティオス1世 (コンスタンディヌーポリ総主教) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フォティオス1世 (コンスタンディヌーポリ総主教)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotios_I_av_Konstantinopel" title="Fotios I av Konstantinopel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fotios I av Konstantinopel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focjusz_I_Wielki" title="Focjusz I Wielki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Focjusz I Wielki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3cio" title="Fócio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fócio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotie_I_al_Constantinopolului" title="Fotie I al Constantinopolului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fotie I al Constantinopolului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_I_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9)" title="Фотий I (патриарх Константинопольский) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фотий I (патриарх Константинопольский)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotiu_I" title="Fotiu I – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fotiu I" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Photios I of Constantinople" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotios" title="Fotios – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fotios" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotij_I." title="Fotij I. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fotij I." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_I" title="Фотије I – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фотије I" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotije" title="Fotije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fotije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotios_Suuri" title="Fotios Suuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fotios Suuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotios_I_av_Konstantinopel" title="Fotios I av Konstantinopel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fotios I av Konstantinopel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photios_I_ng_Constantinople" title="Photios I ng Constantinople – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Photios I ng Constantinople" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Fotios" title="I. Fotios – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Fotios" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B9_I_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Фотій I Великий – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фотій I Великий" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%8F%90%E4%B9%8C" title="佛提乌 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="佛提乌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q243187#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Photios_I_of_Constantinople" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photios_I_of_Constantinople&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photios_I_of_Constantinople&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photios_I_of_Constantinople&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photios_I_of_Constantinople&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photios_I_of_Constantinople&oldid=1260473781" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photios_I_of_Constantinople&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Photios_I_of_Constantinople&id=1260473781&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPhotios_I_of_Constantinople"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPhotios_I_of_Constantinople"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Photios_I_of_Constantinople&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photios_I_of_Constantinople&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photios_I_of_Constantinople" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Photios_I_of_Constantinople" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q243187" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 858 to 867 and 877 to 886</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Photios" redirects here. For other people with the name, see <a href="/wiki/Photios_(name)" title="Photios (name)">Photios (name)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Photios the Great</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Facial_Chronicle_-_b.13,_p.414_-_Photios_baptising_king_of_Bulgars.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Facial_Chronicle_-_b.13%2C_p.414_-_Photios_baptising_king_of_Bulgars.gif/220px-Facial_Chronicle_-_b.13%2C_p.414_-_Photios_baptising_king_of_Bulgars.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="406" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Facial_Chronicle_-_b.13%2C_p.414_-_Photios_baptising_king_of_Bulgars.gif/330px-Facial_Chronicle_-_b.13%2C_p.414_-_Photios_baptising_king_of_Bulgars.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Facial_Chronicle_-_b.13%2C_p.414_-_Photios_baptising_king_of_Bulgars.gif/440px-Facial_Chronicle_-_b.13%2C_p.414_-_Photios_baptising_king_of_Bulgars.gif 2x" data-file-width="813" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Photios baptising the Bulgarians, miniature from the <a href="/wiki/Illustrated_Chronicle_of_Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible">Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;">The Great, <a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessor of the Faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equal_to_the_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal to the Apostles">Equal to the Apostles</a>, Pillar of Orthodoxy<sup id="cite_ref-titles_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titles-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 815<br /><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 February 893 (aged c. 78)<br />Bordi, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">February 6</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Photios I</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Φώτιος</span>, <i>Phōtios</i>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 815 – 6 February 893),<sup id="ref_a" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a></sup> also spelled <b>Photius</b><sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>), was the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_patriarch_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople">ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople</a> from 858 to 867 and from 877 to 886.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is recognized in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> as <b>Saint Photios the Great</b>. </p><p>Photios is widely regarded as the most powerful and influential church leader of Constantinople subsequent to <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a>'s archbishopric around the turn of the fifth century. He is also viewed as the most important intellectual of his time – "the leading light of the ninth-century renaissance".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a central figure in both the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">conversion of the Slavs to Christianity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Photian_schism" title="Photian schism">Photian schism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is considered "[t]he great systematic compiler of the Eastern Church, who occupies a similar position to that of <a href="/wiki/Gratian_(jurist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gratian (jurist)">Gratian</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">West</a>," and whose "<a href="/wiki/Nomocanon" title="Nomocanon">collection</a> in two parts...formed and still forms the classic source of ancient <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Church Law</a> for the Greek Church."<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Photios was a well-educated man from a noble Constantinopolitan family. Photios's great uncle was a previous patriarch of Constantinople, <a href="/wiki/Tarasios_of_Constantinople" title="Tarasios of Constantinople">Saint Tarasius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He intended to be a monk, but chose to be a scholar and statesman instead. In 858, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a> (r. 842–867) decided to confine Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Ignatios_of_Constantinople" title="Ignatios of Constantinople">Ignatius</a> in order to force him into resignation, and Photios, still a layman, was appointed to replace him.<sup id="cite_ref-ODCC_self_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODCC_self-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amid power struggles between the pope and the Byzantine emperor, Ignatius was reinstated. Photios resumed the position when Ignatius died (877), by order of the Byzantine emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-ODCC_self_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODCC_self-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new pope, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VIII" title="Pope John VIII">John VIII</a>, approved Photios's reinstatement.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholics regard as legitimate a <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Roman Catholic)">Fourth Council of Constantinople (Roman Catholic)</a> anathematizing Photios,<sup id="cite_ref-ODCC_self_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODCC_self-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Eastern Orthodox regard as legitimate a subsequent <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Eastern_Orthodox)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)">Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)</a>, reversing the former.<sup id="cite_ref-ODCC_self_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODCC_self-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contested councils mark the end of unity represented by the <a href="/wiki/First_seven_Ecumenical_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="First seven Ecumenical Councils">first seven Ecumenical Councils</a>. </p><p>Photios was canonized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople in 1847. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secular_life">Secular life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photios_I_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Secular life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the popular sources treating Photios's life are written by persons hostile to him. The chief contemporary authority for the life of Photios is his bitter enemy, Nicetas the Paphlagonian, the biographer of his rival Ignatios.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911484_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911484-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholars are thus cautious when assessing the accuracy of the information these sources provide.<sup id="ref_b" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_b">[b]</a></sup> Little is known of Photios's origin and early years. It is known that he was born into a notable family and that his uncle Saint Tarasius had been the patriarch of Constantinople from 784–806 under both Empress <a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a> (r. 797–802) and Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a> (r. 802–811).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the second <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm_(Byzantine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconoclasm (Byzantine)">Iconoclasm</a>, which began in 814, his family suffered persecution since his father, Sergios, was a prominent <a href="/wiki/Iconophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconophile">iconophile</a>. Sergios's family returned to favor only after the restoration of the icons in 842.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain scholars assert that Photios was, at least in part, of <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> descent<sup id="ref_c" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_c">[c]</a></sup> while other scholars merely refer to him as a "<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Greek Byzantine</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byzantine writers also report that Emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a> (r. 842–867) once angrily called Photios "<a href="/wiki/Khazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Khazar">Khazar</a>-faced", but whether this was a generic insult or a reference to his <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a> is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Photios had an excellent education, we have no information about how he received this education. The famous library he possessed attests to his enormous erudition (theology, history, grammar, philosophy, law, the natural sciences, and medicine).<sup id="cite_ref-Tat102_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tat102-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most scholars believe that he never taught at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Constantinople" title="University of Constantinople">Magnaura</a> or at any other university;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vasileios N. Tatakes asserts that, even while he was patriarch, Photios taught "young students passionately eager for knowledge" at his home, which "was a center of learning".<sup id="cite_ref-Tat102_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tat102-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a friend of the renowned Byzantine scholar and teacher <a href="/wiki/Leo_the_Mathematician" title="Leo the Mathematician">Leo the Mathematician</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vlasto_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vlasto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Photios says that, when he was young, he had an inclination for the monastic life, but instead he started a secular career. The way to public life was probably opened for him by (according to one account) the marriage of his brother Sergios to Irene, a sister of Empress <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(9th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodora (9th century)">Theodora</a>, who upon the death of her husband Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theophilos,_Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophilos, Byzantine Emperor">Theophilos</a> (r. 829–842) in 842, had assumed the regency of the Byzantine Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911483_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911483-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Photios became a captain of the guard (<i><a href="/wiki/Protospatharios" title="Protospatharios">prōtospatharios</a></i>) and subsequently chief imperial secretary (<i><a href="/wiki/Protasekretis" title="Protasekretis">protasēkrētis</a></i>). At an uncertain date, Photios participated in an embassy to the <a href="/wiki/Abbasids" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasids">Abbasids</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Photios achieved a dazzling reputation as a scholar. In a feud with Patriarch Ignatios, Photios invented a fanciful theory that people have two souls, for the sole purpose of tricking Ignatios into embarrassing himself by being seen to take it seriously, whereupon Photius withdrew his proposal and admitted he had not been serious. The historian <a href="/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich" title="John Julius Norwich">John Julius Norwich</a> described this as "perhaps the only really satisfactory practical joke in the whole history of theology."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patriarch_of_Constantinople">Patriarch of Constantinople</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photios_I_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Patriarch of Constantinople"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Photios's ecclesiastical career took off spectacularly after <i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)#Byzantine_Empire" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Bardas" title="Bardas">Bardas</a> and his nephew, the youthful Emperor Michael, put an end to the administration of the regent <a href="/wiki/Theodora_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodora II">Theodora</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Logothete_of_the_drome" class="mw-redirect" title="Logothete of the drome">logothete of the drome</a> <a href="/wiki/Theoktistos" title="Theoktistos">Theoktistos</a> in 856. In 858, Bardas found himself opposed by the then Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Ignatius_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Ignatius of Constantinople">Ignatios</a>, who refused to admit him into <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>, since it was believed that he was having an affair with his widowed daughter-in-law. In response, Bardas and Michael engineered Ignatios's confinement and removal on the charge of treason, thus leaving the patriarchal throne empty. The throne was soon filled with a kinsman of Bardas, Photios himself, who was tonsured a monk on December 20, 858, and on the four following days was successively ordained lector, sub-deacon, deacon and priest, and then on Christmas Day, the <a href="/wiki/Patronal_feast" class="mw-redirect" title="Patronal feast">patronal feast</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Constantinople's cathedral, Hagia Sophia, Photios's was <a href="/wiki/Consecration_in_Eastern_Christianity#Consecration_of_bishops" title="Consecration in Eastern Christianity">consecrated a bishop</a> and installed as patriarch.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The confinement and removal of Ignatios and the speedy promotion of Photios at first caused only internal controversy within the Church of Constantinople, and in 859 a local council was held, examining the issue and confirming the removal of Ignatios and election of Photios.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik194839–69_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik194839–69-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same time, partisans of Ignatios decided to appeal to the Holy Roman and Catholic Church, thus initiating ecclesiastical controversy on an ecumenical scale as the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> and the rest of the western bishops took up the cause of Ignatios. The latter's confinement and removal without a formal ecclesiastical trial meant that Photios's election was uncanonical, and eventually <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Pope Nicholas I</a> sought to involve himself in determining the legitimacy of the succession. His legates were dispatched to Constantinople with instructions to investigate, but finding Photios well ensconced, they acquiesced in the confirmation of his election at a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constantinople_(861)" title="Council of Constantinople (861)">synod</a> in 861.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik194870–90_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik194870–90-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On their return to Rome, they discovered that this was not at all what Nicholas had intended, and in 863 at a synod in Rome the Supreme Pontiff deposed Photios, and reappointed Ignatius as the rightful patriarch, triggering a <a href="/wiki/Photian_schism" title="Photian schism">schism</a>. Four years later, Photios was to respond on his own part by calling a Council and attempting to <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunicate</a> the Holy Father on grounds of heresy – over the question of the double procession of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation was additionally complicated by the question of <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papal</a> authority over the entire Church and by disputed jurisdiction over newly converted <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This state of affairs changed with the murder of Photios's patron <a href="/wiki/Bardas" title="Bardas">Bardas</a> in 866 and of Emperor Michael III in 867, by his colleague <a href="/wiki/Basil_I_the_Macedonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil I the Macedonian">Basil the Macedonian</a>, who now usurped the throne. Photios was deposed as patriarch, not so much because he was a protégé of Bardas and Michael, but because Basil I was seeking an alliance with the Pope and the western emperor. Photios was removed from his office and banished about the end of September 867,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911483_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911483-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Ignatios was reinstated on November 23. Photios was condemned by the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Roman Catholic)">Council of 869–870</a>, thus putting an end to the schism. During his second patriarchate, however, Ignatios followed a policy not very different from that of Photios. </p><p>Not long after his condemnation, Photios had reingratiated himself with Basil, and became tutor to the Byzantine emperor's children. From surviving letters of Photios written during his exile at the Skepi monastery, it appears that the ex-patriarch brought pressure to bear on the Byzantine emperor to restore him. Ignatios's biographer argues that Photios forged a document relating to the genealogy and rule of Basil's family, and had it placed in the imperial library where a friend of his was a librarian. According to this document, the Byzantine emperor's ancestors were not mere peasants as everyone believed but descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia" title="Arsacid dynasty of Armenia">Arsacid dynasty of Armenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> True or not, this story does reveal Basil's dependence on Photios for literary and ideological matters. Following Photios's recall, Ignatios and the ex-patriarch met, and publicly expressed their reconciliation. When Ignatios died on October 23, 877, it was a matter of course that his old opponent replaced him on the patriarchal throne three days later. Shaun Tougher asserts that from this point on Basil no longer simply depended on Photios, but in fact he was dominated by him.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9.png/270px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="466" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9.png 1.5x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>A fresco of St. Photios as Patriarch of Constantinople</figcaption></figure> <p>Photios now obtained the formal recognition of the Christian world in a <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Eastern_Orthodox)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)">council convened at Constantinople</a> in November 879. The legates of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VIII" title="Pope John VIII">Pope John VIII</a> attended, prepared to acknowledge Photios as legitimate patriarch, a concession for which the pope was much censured by Latin opinion. The patriarch stood firm on the main points contested between the Eastern and Western Churches: the demand of an apology to the Pope, the ecclesiastical jurisdiction over <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, and the addition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Filioque_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Filioque clause">filioque</a></i> to the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_creed" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicene creed">Nicene creed</a> by the Western church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911483_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911483-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, Photios refused to apologize or accept the <i>filioque</i>, and the papal legates made do with his return of Bulgaria to Rome. This concession, however, was purely nominal, as Bulgaria's return to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine rite">Byzantine rite</a> in 870 had already secured for it an autocephalous church. Without the consent of <a href="/wiki/Boris_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris I of Bulgaria">Boris I of Bulgaria</a> (r. 852–889), the papacy was unable to enforce its claims. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Pope Adrian III</a> chose a policy of appeasement and sent between 884 and 885 bishop <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_of_Oria" title="Theodosius of Oria">Theodosius of Oria</a> to transmit notice of his election and a synodal letter to Photios about faith and the <i>filioque</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Photios also promoted a policy of religious reconciliation with the <a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Armenian kingdom</a> to the east of the empire. He sought to bridge the confessional differences between the Greek Orthodox and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian</a> churches on two separate occasions, once in 862 and again in 877, but his efforts ultimately proved unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the altercations between Emperor Basil I and his heir <a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a>, Photios took the side of the Byzantine emperor. In 883, Basil accused Leo of conspiracy and confined the prince to the palace; he would have even had Leo blinded had he not been dissuaded by Photios and <a href="/wiki/Stylianos_Zaoutzes" title="Stylianos Zaoutzes">Stylianos Zaoutzes</a>, the father of <a href="/wiki/Zoe_Zaoutzaina" title="Zoe Zaoutzaina">Zoe Zaoutzaina</a>, Leo's mistress.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 886, Basil discovered and punished a conspiracy by the domestic of the <i><a href="/wiki/Hikanatoi" title="Hikanatoi">Hikanatoi</a></i> <a href="/wiki/John_Kourkouas_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="John Kourkouas the Elder">John Kourkouas the Elder</a> and many other officials. In this conspiracy, Leo was not implicated, but Photios was possibly one of the conspirators against Basil's authority.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_interrogation_of_Patriarch_Photios.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/The_interrogation_of_Patriarch_Photios.jpg/220px-The_interrogation_of_Patriarch_Photios.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/The_interrogation_of_Patriarch_Photios.jpg/330px-The_interrogation_of_Patriarch_Photios.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/The_interrogation_of_Patriarch_Photios.jpg/440px-The_interrogation_of_Patriarch_Photios.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption>The trial of Photios, miniature from the 12th century <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Skylitzes" title="Madrid Skylitzes">Madrid Skylitzes</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Basil died in 886 injured while hunting, according to the official story. Warren T. Treadgold believes that this time the evidence points to a plot on behalf of Leo VI, who became emperor, and deposed Photios, although the latter had been his tutor.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Photios was replaced by the Byzantine emperor's brother <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_Stephen_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical Patriarch Stephen I of Constantinople">Stephen</a>, and sent into exile to the monastery of Bordi in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>. It is confirmed from letters to and from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_V" title="Pope Stephen V">Pope Stephen</a> that Leo extracted a resignation from Photios. In 887, Photios and his protégé, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Santabarenos" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Santabarenos">Theodore Santabarenos</a>, were put on trial for treason before a tribunal headed by senior officials, headed by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Scythian" title="Andrew the Scythian">Andrew the Scythian</a>. Although the sources sympathetic to Photios give the impression that the trial ended without a conviction, the chronicle of Pseudo-Symeon clearly states that Photios was banished to the monastery of Gordon, where he later died. Latin sources confirm that while he did not die in a state of complete excommunication, having been reinstated by a council which was approved by Pope John VIII, his ecclesiastical career was viewed in utter disgrace by Catholic authorities and many of his theological opinions were condemned posthumously.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet it appears that he did not remain reviled for the remainder of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Photios continued his career as a writer throughout his exile, and Leo probably rehabilitated his reputation within the next few years; in his <i>Epitaphios</i> on his brothers, a text probably written in 888, the Emperor presents Photios favorably, portraying him as the legitimate archbishop, and the instrument of ultimate unity, an image that jars with his attitude to the patriarch in the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confirmation that Photios was rehabilitated comes upon his death: according to some chronicles, his body was permitted to be buried in Constantinople. In addition, according to the anti-Photian biographer of Ignatius, partisans of the ex-patriarch after his death endeavored to claim for him the "honor of sainthood". Furthermore, a leading member of Leo's court, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Choirosphaktes" title="Leo Choirosphaktes">Leo Choirosphaktes</a>, wrote poems commemorating the memory of several prominent contemporary figures, such as <a href="/wiki/Leo_the_Mathematician" title="Leo the Mathematician">Leo the Mathematician</a> and the Patriarch Stephen, and he also wrote one on Photios.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shaun Tougher notes, however, that "yet Photios's passing does seem rather muted for a great figure of Byzantine history [...] Leo [...] certainly did not allow him back into the sphere of politics, and it is surely his absence from this arena that accounts for his quiet passing."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veneration">Veneration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photios_I_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Veneration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his death, Photius began to be venerated as saint in environs of Constantinople. His name features in a manuscript of the Typicon of the Great Church of Constantinople dated to the middle of the tenth century, where he is referred to a saint with a day of commemoration of February 6.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Francis_Dvornik" title="Francis Dvornik">Francis Dvornik</a>, Photius must have been venerated as a saint in the second half of the tenth century at the very latest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik1948389_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1948389-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The contemporary Eastern Orthodox Church venerates Photius as a saint, with his feast day being February 6.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessments">Assessments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photios_I_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Assessments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Photios is one of the most famous figures not only of 9th-century Byzantium but of the entire history of the Byzantine Empire. One of the most learned men of his age, and revered – even by some of his opponents and detractors – as the most prolific theologian of his time, he has earned his fame due to his part in ecclesiastical conflicts, and also for his intellect and literary works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouth2007Chapter_Seven:_"Renaissance_of_Learning:_East_and_West",_p._171_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouth2007Chapter_Seven:_"Renaissance_of_Learning:_East_and_West",_p._171-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199768_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199768-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analyzing his intellectual work, Tatakes regards Photios as "mind turned more to practice than to theory". He believes that, thanks to Photios, humanism was added to Orthodoxy as a basic element of the national consciousness of the medieval Byzantines, returning it to the place it had had in the early Byzantine period. Tatakes also argues that, having understood this national consciousness, Photios emerged as a defender of the Greek nation and its spiritual independence in his debates with the Western Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Tat103_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tat103-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Fortescue" title="Adrian Fortescue">Adrian Fortescue</a> regards him as "one of the most wonderful men of all the middle ages", and stresses that "had [he] not given his name to the great schism, he would always be remembered as the greatest scholar of his time".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue2001138_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue2001138-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, Fortescue is equally adamant of his condemnation of Photios' involvement in the Schism: "And yet the other side of his character is no less evident. His insatiable ambition, his determination to obtain and keep the patriarchal see, led him to the extreme of dishonesty. His claim was worthless. That Ignatius was the rightful patriarch as long as he lived, and Photius an intruder, cannot be denied by any one who does not conceive the Church as merely the slave of a civil government. And to keep this place Photius descended to the lowest depth of deceit."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photios_I_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliotheca"><i>Bibliotheca</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photios_I_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliotheca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most important of the works of Photios is his <i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Photius)" title="Bibliotheca (Photius)">Bibliotheca</a></i> or <i>Myriobiblon</i>, a collection of extracts and abridgements of 280 volumes of previous authors (usually cited as Codices), the originals of which are now to a great extent lost. The work is especially rich in extracts from historical writers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911483_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911483-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To Photios, we are indebted for almost all we possess of <a href="/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias">Ctesias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memnon_of_Heraclea" title="Memnon of Heraclea">Memnon of Heraclea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conon_(mythographer)" title="Conon (mythographer)">Conon</a>, the lost books of <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, and the lost writings of <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>. Theology and ecclesiastical history are also very fully represented, but poetry and ancient philosophy are almost entirely ignored. It seems that he did not think it necessary to deal with those authors with whom every well-educated man would naturally be familiar. The literary criticisms, generally distinguished by keen and independent judgment, and the excerpts vary considerably in length. The numerous biographical notes are probably taken from the work of <a href="/wiki/Hesychius_of_Miletus" title="Hesychius of Miletus">Hesychius of Miletus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911483_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911483-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some older scholarship speculated that the <i>Bibliotheca</i> was compiled in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> at the time of Photius's embassy to the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> court, since many of the mentioned works were rarely cited during the so-called Byzantine Dark Ages c. 630 – c. 800, and it was known that the Abbasids were interested in works of Greek science and philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, specialists of this period of Byzantine history, such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lemerle" title="Paul Lemerle">Paul Lemerle</a>, have shown that Photios could not have compiled his <i>Bibliotheca</i> in Baghdad because he clearly states in both his introduction and his postscript that when he learned of his appointment to the embassy, he sent his brother a summary of books that he read <i>previously</i>, "since the time I learned how to understand and evaluate literature" i.e. since his youth.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the Abbasids were interested only in Greek science, philosophy and medicine; they did not have Greek history, rhetoric, or other literary works translated; nor did they have Christian patristic writers translated.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet the majority of works in <i>Bibliotheca</i> are by Christian patristic authors, and most of the secular texts in <i>Bibliotheca</i> are histories, grammars or literary works, usually rhetoric, rather than science, medicine or philosophy. This further indicates that the majority of the works cannot have been read while Photios was in the Abbasid empire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_works">Other works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photios_I_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Lexicon</i> (Λέξεων Συναγωγή), published later than the <i>Bibliotheca</i>, was probably in the main the work of some of his pupils. It was intended as a book of reference to facilitate the reading of old classical and sacred authors, whose language and vocabulary were out of date. For a long time, the only manuscripts of the <i>Lexicon</i> were the <i>Codex Galeanus</i>, which passed into the library of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911483_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911483-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Berolinensis graec. oct. 22, both of which were incomplete. But in 1959, Linos Politis of the University of Thessaloniki discovered a complete manuscript, codex Zavordensis 95, in the Zavorda Monastery (Greek: Ζάβορδα) in <a href="/wiki/Grevena" title="Grevena">Grevena</a>, Greece, where it still resides.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His most important theological work is the <i>Amphilochia</i>, a collection of some 300 questions and answers on difficult points in Scripture, addressed to Amphilochius, archbishop of Cyzicus. Other similar works are his treatise in four books against the <a href="/wiki/Manichaean" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichaean">Manichaeans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paulicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulicians">Paulicians</a>, and his controversy with the Latins on the Procession of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911483–484_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911483–484-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Photios also addressed a long letter of theological advice to the newly converted Boris I of Bulgaria. Numerous other <i>Epistles</i> also survive. </p><p>Photios is also the writer of two "mirrors of princes", addressed to Boris-Michael of Bulgaria (Epistula 1, ed. Terzaghi) and to Leo VI the Wise (Admonitory Chapters of Basil I).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Photios' <a href="/wiki/Epitome" title="Epitome">epitome</a> of <a href="/wiki/Philostorgius" title="Philostorgius">Philostorgius</a>' <i>Church History</i> is the principal source for the work, which is now lost. </p><p>The first English translation, by Holy Transfiguration Monastery, of the "<a href="/wiki/Mystagogy_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Mystagogy of the Holy Spirit">Mystagogy of the Holy Spirit</a>" by Photios was published in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another translation was published in 1987 with a preface by <a href="/wiki/Archimandrite" title="Archimandrite">Archimandrite</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a>) Chrysostomos of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Etna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photios_I_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_philosophy" title="Byzantine philosophy">Byzantine philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Filioque clause">Filioque clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Magnaura" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Magnaura">University of Magnaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Photius)" title="Bibliotheca (Photius)">Bibliotheca (Photius)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photios_I_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <p><span id="cnote_a"><b><a href="#ref_a">^</a></b></span> <b>a:</b> The exact dates of Photios's birth and death are not known. Most sources list circa 810 and others circa 820 as his year of birth. He died some time between 890 and 895 (probably 891 or 893).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p><p><span id="cnote_b"><b><a href="#ref_b">^</a></b></span> <b>b:</b> The case of pseudo-Simeon's <i>Chronicle</i> is characteristic: the author argues that Photios was educated after an agreement he concluded with a Jewish magician who offered him knowledge and secular recognition, in case he renounced his faith.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p><p><span id="cnote_c"><b><a href="#ref_c">^</a></b></span> <b>c:</b> David Marshall Lang argues that "Photius [...] was only one of many Byzantine scholars of Armenian descent".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Charanis" title="Peter Charanis">Peter Charanis</a> notes that "<a href="/wiki/Patriarch_John_VII_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch John VII of Constantinople">John the Grammarian</a>, Photius, Caesar Bardas and <a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo the Philosopher</a> seem to have been the prime movers. All four were, at least in part, of Armenian descent [...] as for Photius, the fact is that his mother Irene, was the sister of <a href="/wiki/Arshavir" title="Arshavir">Arshavir</a>, the Arshavir who had married Calomaria the sister of Bardas and the empress Theodora."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Adontz" title="Nicholas Adontz">Nicholas Adontz</a> stresses that "Arshavir, Photius' uncle, must not be confused with Arshavir, the brother of John the Grammarian".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p><p><span id="cnote_d"><b><a href="#ref_d">^</a></b></span> <b>d:</b> G. N. Wilson regards <a href="/wiki/Leo_the_Mathematician" title="Leo the Mathematician">Leo the Mathematician</a> as Photios's teacher, but <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lemerle" title="Paul Lemerle">Paul Lemerle</a> notes that Leo was not one of the persons with whom Photios had a correspondence.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photios_I_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photios_I_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-titles-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-titles_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goarch.org/chapel/saints?contentid=527">"Photius the Great, Patriarch of Constantinople"</a>. <i>Online Chapel</i>. The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Chapel&rft.atitle=Photius+the+Great%2C+Patriarch+of+Constantinople&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarch.org%2Fchapel%2Fsaints%3Fcontentid%3D527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fr. Justin Taylor, essay "Canon Law in the Age of the Fathers" (published in Jordan Hite, T.O.R., & Daniel J. Ward, O.S.B., "Readings, Cases, Materials in Canon Law: A Textbook for Ministerial Students, Revised Edition" [Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 1990]), p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1981" class="citation book cs1">White, Despina Stratoudaki (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photius.com/photios/photios15.html"><i>The Life of Patriarch Photios</i></a>. Holy Cross Orthodox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-91658626-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-91658626-3"><bdi>978-0-91658626-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Patriarch+Photios&rft.pub=Holy+Cross+Orthodox+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-91658626-3&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Despina+Stratoudaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphotius.com%2Fphotios%2Fphotios15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLouth2007">Louth 2007</a>, Chapter Seven: "Renaissance of Learning: East and West", p. 159; <a href="#CITEREFMango1980">Mango 1980</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1983">Treadgold 1983</a>, p. 1100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJenkins1987">Jenkins 1987</a>, Chapter Thirteen: "Ignatius, Photius, and Pope Nicholas I", p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODCC_self-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODCC_self_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODCC_self_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODCC_self_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODCC_self_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, "Photius".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDurant1972">Durant 1972</a>, p. 529.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911484-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911484_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 484.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Photios. <i>Epistola II</i>, CII, 609; <a href="#CITEREFTougher1997">Tougher 1997</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1997">Tougher 1997</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGren2002">Gren 2002</a>, p. 110: "Something of it, though, has been saved for posterity in the extracts made later by the Greek Byzantine patriarch Photios..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunlop1954">Dunlop 1954</a>, p. 194; <a href="#CITEREFFortescue2001">Fortescue 2001</a>, Chapter IV: "The Schism of Photius", pp. 146–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tat102-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tat102_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tat102_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTatakesMoutafakis2003">Tatakes & Moutafakis 2003</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango1980">Mango 1980</a>, pp. 168–169; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1983">Treadgold 1983</a>, p. 1100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vlasto-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vlasto_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVlasto1970" class="citation book cs1">Vlasto, A. P. (1970). <i>The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Entry+of+the+Slavs+into+Christendom%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Medieval+History+of+the+Slavs&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Vlasto&rft.aufirst=A.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911483-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911483_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911483_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911483_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911483_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911483_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911483_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 483.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlexidas2007">Plexidas 2007</a>, "Introduction", p. 17; <a href="#CITEREFShepard2002">Shepard 2002</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1991">Norwich 1991</a>, pp. 63–64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanin1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Janin" title="Raymond Janin">Janin, Raymond</a> (1953). <i>La Géographie Ecclésiastique de l'Empire Byzantin. 1. Part: Le Siège de Constantinople et le Patriarcat Oecuménique. 3rd Vol. : Les Églises et les Monastères</i>. Paris: Institut Français d'Etudes Byzantines.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+G%C3%A9ographie+Eccl%C3%A9siastique+de+l%27Empire+Byzantin.+1.+Part%3A+Le+Si%C3%A8ge+de+Constantinople+et+le+Patriarcat+Oecum%C3%A9nique.+3rd+Vol.+%3A+Les+%C3%89glises+et+les+Monast%C3%A8res&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Institut+Fran%C3%A7ais+d%27Etudes+Byzantines&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Janin&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1997">Tougher 1997</a>, p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik194839–69-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik194839–69_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDvornik1948">Dvornik 1948</a>, pp. 39–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik194870–90-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik194870–90_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDvornik1948">Dvornik 1948</a>, pp. 70–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortescue2001">Fortescue 2001</a>, pp. 147–148; <a href="#CITEREFLouth2007">Louth 2007</a>, p. 171; <a href="#CITEREFTougher1997">Tougher 1997</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChadwick2003">Chadwick 2003</a>, Chapter 3: "Early Christian Diversity: The Quest for Coherence", p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, Chapter Fourteen: "External Gains, 842–912", p. 457.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1997">Tougher 1997</a>, pp. 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBougard2002" class="citation book cs1">Bougard, Francois (2002). "Hadrian III". In Levillain, Philippe; O'Malley, John W. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7VDcmDeLuV4C"><i>The Papacy: Gaius-Proxies</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 682. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92230-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92230-2"><bdi>978-0-415-92230-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hadrian+III&rft.btitle=The+Papacy%3A+Gaius-Proxies&rft.pages=682&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92230-2&rft.aulast=Bougard&rft.aufirst=Francois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7VDcmDeLuV4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormick2001" class="citation book cs1">McCormick, Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w_qk37HzM7wC"><i>Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce AD 300-900</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 958–959. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66102-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66102-7"><bdi>978-0-521-66102-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+European+Economy%3A+Communications+and+Commerce+AD+300-900&rft.pages=958-959&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66102-7&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw_qk37HzM7wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen2006">Green 2006</a>, pp. 123–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVlyssidou1997">Vlyssidou 1997</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 461.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sensusfidelium.us/apologetics/history-of-heresies-their-refutation-st-alphonsus/the-errors-of-the-greeks-condemned-in-three-general-councils/">"The Errors of the Greeks Condemned in Three General Councils"</a>. 17 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Errors+of+the+Greeks+Condemned+in+Three+General+Councils&rft.date=2018-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsensusfidelium.us%2Fapologetics%2Fhistory-of-heresies-their-refutation-st-alphonsus%2Fthe-errors-of-the-greeks-condemned-in-three-general-councils%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1997">Tougher 1997</a>, pp. 73–76, 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1997">Tougher 1997</a>, pp. 85–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1997">Tougher 1997</a>, pp. 87–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1997">Tougher 1997</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMateos1962" class="citation book cs1">Mateos, Juan, ed. (1962). <i>Le Typicon de la Grande Église</i>. Vol. 1. Rome: <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Oriental_Institute" title="Pontifical Oriental Institute">Pontifical Oriental Institute</a>. pp. 228–229.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Typicon+de+la+Grande+%C3%89glise&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=228-229&rft.pub=Pontifical+Oriental+Institute&rft.date=1962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1948389-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik1948389_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDvornik1948">Dvornik 1948</a>, p. 389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2024/02/06/100442-saint-photius-patriarch-of-constantinople">"Saint Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople"</a>. <i>www.oca.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oca.org&rft.atitle=Saint+Photius%2C+Patriarch+of+Constantinople&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2Fsaints%2Flives%2F2024%2F02%2F06%2F100442-saint-photius-patriarch-of-constantinople&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goarch.org/chapel/saints?contentid=527">"Saints and Feasts: Photios, Patriarch of Constantinople"</a>. <i>Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greek+Orthodox+Archdiocese+of+America&rft.atitle=Saints+and+Feasts%3A+Photios%2C+Patriarch+of+Constantinople&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarch.org%2Fchapel%2Fsaints%3Fcontentid%3D527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELouth2007Chapter_Seven:_"Renaissance_of_Learning:_East_and_West",_p._171-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouth2007Chapter_Seven:_"Renaissance_of_Learning:_East_and_West",_p._171_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLouth2007">Louth 2007</a>, Chapter Seven: "Renaissance of Learning: East and West", p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher199768-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher199768_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1997">Tougher 1997</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tat103-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tat103_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTatakesMoutafakis2003">Tatakes & Moutafakis 2003</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue2001138-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue2001138_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortescue2001">Fortescue 2001</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12043b.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Photius of Constantinople"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+Photius+of+Constantinople&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F12043b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJokisch2007">Jokisch 2007</a>, pp. 365–386.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJokisch2007">Jokisch 2007</a>, pp. 365–386; <a href="#CITEREFLemerle1986">Lemerle 1986</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemerle1986">Lemerle 1986</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roger-pearse.com/weblog/2011/01/15/the-lexicon-of-photius">The Lexicon of Photius</a>" by Roger Pearse, January 15, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911483–484-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911483–484_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, pp. 483–484.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaidas2005">Paidas 2005</a>, passim.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhotius1983" class="citation book cs1">Photius (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5tPYAAAAMAAJ"><i>On the Mystagogy of the Holy Spirit</i></a>. Studion Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-943670-00-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-943670-00-4"><bdi>0-943670-00-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Mystagogy+of+the+Holy+Spirit&rft.pub=Studion+Publishers&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-943670-00-4&rft.au=Photius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5tPYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhotiusJoseph_P._Farrell1987" class="citation book cs1">Photius; Joseph P. Farrell (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y8XYAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Mystagogy of the Holy Spirit</i></a>. Holy Cross Orthodox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-916586-88-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-916586-88-X"><bdi>0-916586-88-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mystagogy+of+the+Holy+Spirit&rft.pub=Holy+Cross+Orthodox+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-916586-88-X&rft.au=Photius&rft.au=Joseph+P.+Farrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy8XYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango1980">Mango 1980</a>, p. 169; <a href="#CITEREFPlexidas2007">Plexidas 2007</a>, "Introduction", p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Symeon Metaphrastes (?). <i>Chronicle</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_20_0950-1050-_Symeon_Metaphrastes.html">PG 109, 732 BC</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPlexidas2007">Plexidas 2007</a>, "Introduction", p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLang1988">Lang 1988</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCharanis1963">Charanis 1963</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdontz1950">Adontz 1950</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemerle1986">Lemerle 1986</a>, p. 159; <a href="#CITEREFPlexidas2007">Plexidas 2007</a>, "Introduction", p. 16.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photios_I_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recent years have seen the first translations into English of a number of primary sources about Photios and his times. </p> <ul><li>Featherstone, Jeffrey Michael and Signes-Codoñer, Juan (translators). <i>Chronographiae quae Theophanis Continuati nomine fertur Libri I-IV</i> (Chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Theophanes_Continuatus" title="Theophanes Continuatus">Theophanes Continuatus</a> Books I-IV, comprising the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V the Armenian</a> to <a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a>), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2015.</li> <li>Kaldellis, A. (trans.). <i>On the reigns of the emperors</i> (the history of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Genesius" title="Joseph Genesius">Joseph Genesios</a>), Canberra: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies; Byzantina Australiensia 11, 1998.</li> <li>Ševčenko, Ihor (trans.). <i>Chronographiae quae Theophanis Continuati nomine fertur Liber quo Vita Basilii Imperatoris amplectitur</i> (Chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Theophanes_Continuatus" title="Theophanes Continuatus">Theophanes Continuatus</a> comprising the Life of Basil I), Berlin: De Gruyter, 2011.</li> <li>Wahlgren, Staffan (translator, writer of introduction and commentary). <i>The Chronicle of the Logothete</i>, Liverpool University Press; Translated Texts for Byzantinists, vol. 7, 2019.</li> <li>Wortley, John (trans.). <i>A synopsis of Byzantine history, 811-1057</i> (the history of <a href="/wiki/John_Scylitzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John Scylitzes">John Scylitzes</a>, active 1081), Cambridge University Press, 2010.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photios_I_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdontz1950" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Adontz" title="Nicholas Adontz">Adontz, Nicholas</a> (1950). "Role of the Armenians in Byzantine Science". <i>Armenian Review</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 55–73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Armenian+Review&rft.atitle=Role+of+the+Armenians+in+Byzantine+Science&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=55-73&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Adontz&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick2003" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, Henry (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=staKxp3zWVEC"><i>East and West: The Making of a Rift in the Church: From Apostolic Times until the Council of Florence</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926457-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926457-5"><bdi>978-0-19-926457-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+and+West%3A+The+Making+of+a+Rift+in+the+Church%3A+From+Apostolic+Times+until+the+Council+of+Florence&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926457-5&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DstaKxp3zWVEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharanis1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Charanis" title="Peter Charanis">Charanis, Peter</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.attalus.org/armenian/chartoc.html"><i>The Armenians in the Byzantine Empire</i></a>. Lisbon: <a href="/wiki/Calouste_Gulbenkian_Foundation" title="Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation">Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian</a> Armenian Library. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17186882">17186882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenians+in+the+Byzantine+Empire&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pub=Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Calouste+Gulbenkian+Armenian+Library&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17186882&rft.aulast=Charanis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.attalus.org%2Farmenian%2Fchartoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dhu_QgAACAAJ"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280290-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280290-9"><bdi>0-19-280290-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-280290-9&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Frank+Leslie&rft.au=Livingstone%2C+Elizabeth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddhu_QgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorfmann-Lazarev2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Dorfmann-Lazarev, Igor (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K6-Q33akAkcC"><i>Arméniens et Byzantins à l'Époque de Photius: Deux Débats Théologiques Après le Triomphe de l'Orthodoxie</i></a>. Vol. 609 (Subsidia Tomus 117). Louvain, Belgium: Éditions Peeters (Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-429-1412-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-429-1412-2"><bdi>90-429-1412-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arm%C3%A9niens+et+Byzantins+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%89poque+de+Photius%3A+Deux+D%C3%A9bats+Th%C3%A9ologiques+Apr%C3%A8s+le+Triomphe+de+l%27Orthodoxie&rft.place=Louvain%2C+Belgium&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Peeters+%28Corpus+Scriptorum+Christianorum+Orientalium%29&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-429-1412-2&rft.aulast=Dorfmann-Lazarev&rft.aufirst=Igor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK6-Q33akAkcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunlop1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Morton_Dunlop" title="Douglas Morton Dunlop">Dunlop, Douglas Morton</a> (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JBRpAAAAMAAJ"><i>The History of the Jewish Khazars</i></a>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Jewish+Khazars&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Dunlop&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Morton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJBRpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurant1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Durant, Will</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6v5wAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Age of Faith</i></a>. New York: Simon and Schuster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Faith&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6v5wAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDvornik1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Dvornik" title="Francis Dvornik">Dvornik, Francis</a> (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X_A8AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Photian Schism: History and Legend</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Photian+Schism%3A+History+and+Legend&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Dvornik&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX_A8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortescue2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Fortescue_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrian Fortescue (priest)">Fortescue, Adrian</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gu5d7_bByvIC"><i>The Orthodox Eastern Church</i></a>. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9715986-1-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9715986-1-4"><bdi>0-9715986-1-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Eastern+Church&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press+LLC&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-9715986-1-4&rft.aulast=Fortescue&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGu5d7_bByvIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2006" class="citation journal cs1">Green, Timothy (2006). "Failure of a Mission? Photius and the Armenian Church". <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Mus%C3%A9on" title="Le Muséon">Le Muséon</a></i>. <b>119</b> (1–2): 123–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2143%2FMUS.119.1.2011771">10.2143/MUS.119.1.2011771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Mus%C3%A9on&rft.atitle=Failure+of+a+Mission%3F+Photius+and+the+Armenian+Church&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=123-168&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2FMUS.119.1.2011771&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGren2002" class="citation book cs1">Gren, Erik (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1bUMAQAAMAAJ"><i>Orientalia Suecana, Volumes 51–52</i></a>. Stockholm, Sweden: Almquist & Wiksell Periodical Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orientalia+Suecana%2C+Volumes+51%E2%80%9352&rft.place=Stockholm%2C+Sweden&rft.pub=Almquist+%26+Wiksell+Periodical+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Gren&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1bUMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Romilly_James_Heald_Jenkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Romilly James Heald Jenkins">Jenkins, Romilly James Heald</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O5JqH_NXQBsC"><i>Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries, AD 610–1071</i></a>. Toronto: Medieval Academy of America (University of Toronto Press). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-6667-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-6667-4"><bdi>0-8020-6667-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium%3A+The+Imperial+Centuries%2C+AD+610%E2%80%931071&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Medieval+Academy+of+America+%28University+of+Toronto+Press%29&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-8020-6667-4&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Romilly+James+Heald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO5JqH_NXQBsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJokisch2007" class="citation book cs1">Jokisch, Benjamin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=28MqaXePqc0C"><i>Islamic Imperial Law: Harun-al-Rashid's Codification Project</i></a>. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019048-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019048-9"><bdi>978-3-11-019048-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Imperial+Law%3A+Harun-al-Rashid%27s+Codification+Project&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-11-019048-9&rft.aulast=Jokisch&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D28MqaXePqc0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang1988" class="citation book cs1">Lang, David Marshall (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T-ttAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Armenians: A People in Exile</i></a>. London: Unwin Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780044402893" title="Special:BookSources/9780044402893"><bdi>9780044402893</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenians%3A+A+People+in+Exile&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Unwin+Paperbacks&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780044402893&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=David+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT-ttAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemerle1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lemerle" title="Paul Lemerle">Lemerle, Paul</a> (1986). <i>Byzantine Humanism</i>. Canberra: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Humanism&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Australian+Association+for+Byzantine+Studies&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Lemerle&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouth2007" class="citation book cs1">Louth, Andrew (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WlpPjOlVzQwC"><i>Greek East and Latin West: The Church, AD 681–1071</i></a>. Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir’s Seminary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-320-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-320-5"><bdi>978-0-88141-320-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+East+and+Latin+West%3A+The+Church%2C+AD+681%E2%80%931071&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+NY&rft.pub=St+Vladimir%E2%80%99s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-88141-320-5&rft.aulast=Louth&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWlpPjOlVzQwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMango1980" class="citation book cs1">Mango, Cyril A. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tBxIAAAAMAAJ"><i>Byzantium: The Empire of New Rome</i></a>. New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-16768-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-16768-9"><bdi>0-684-16768-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium%3A+The+Empire+of+New+Rome&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-684-16768-9&rft.aulast=Mango&rft.aufirst=Cyril+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtBxIAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorwich1991" class="citation book cs1">Norwich, John Julius (1991). <i>Byzantium: The Apogee</i>. London: BCA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium%3A+The+Apogee&rft.place=London&rft.pub=BCA&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Norwich&rft.aufirst=John+Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaidas2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paidas, Konstantinos D. S. (2005). <i>He Thematike ton Byzantinon "Katoptron Hegemonos" tes Proimes kai Meses Byzantines Periodo (398–1085). Symbole sten Politike Theoria ton Byzantinon</i> (in Greek). Athens, Greece.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=He+Thematike+ton+Byzantinon+%22Katoptron+Hegemonos%22+tes+Proimes+kai+Meses+Byzantines+Periodo+%28398%E2%80%931085%29.+Symbole+sten+Politike+Theoria+ton+Byzantinon&rft.place=Athens%2C+Greece&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Paidas&rft.aufirst=Konstantinos+D.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlexidas2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Plexidas, Ioannis (2007). <i>The Prince of Photios</i> (in Greek). Athens: Armos. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-527-396-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-527-396-5"><bdi>978-960-527-396-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prince+of+Photios&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Armos&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-960-527-396-5&rft.aulast=Plexidas&rft.aufirst=Ioannis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepard2002" class="citation book cs1">Shepard, Jonathan (2002). "Spreading the Word: Byzantine Missions". In Cyril A. Mango (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6-kHUyyUIsC"><i>The Oxford History of Byzantium</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814098-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814098-3"><bdi>0-19-814098-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spreading+the+Word%3A+Byzantine+Missions&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-814098-3&rft.aulast=Shepard&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ6-kHUyyUIsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatakesMoutafakis2003" class="citation book cs1">Tatakes, Vasileios N.; Moutafakis, Nicholas J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lPzcOwnCgVIC"><i>Byzantine Philosophy</i></a>. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87220-563-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87220-563-0"><bdi>0-87220-563-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Philosophy&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing+Company%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-87220-563-0&rft.aulast=Tatakes&rft.aufirst=Vasileios+N.&rft.au=Moutafakis%2C+Nicholas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlPzcOwnCgVIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Taylor, Fr. Justin (1990), essay "Canon Law in the Age of the Fathers" (published in "Readings, Cases, Materials in Canon Law: A Textbook for Ministerial Students, Revised Edition" [Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press] by Jordan Hite, T.O.R., & Daniel J. Ward, O.S.B.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTougher1997" class="citation book cs1">Tougher, Shaun (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iPquae5A4zIC"><i>The Reign of Leo VI (886–912): Politics and People</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10811-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10811-0"><bdi>978-90-04-10811-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+Leo+VI+%28886%E2%80%93912%29%3A+Politics+and+People&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10811-0&rft.aulast=Tougher&rft.aufirst=Shaun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiPquae5A4zIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreadgold1983" class="citation journal cs1">Treadgold, Warren T. (October 1983). "Review: Patriarch Photios of Constantinople: His Life, Scholarly Contributions, and Correspondence together with a Translation of Fifty-Two of His Letters by Despina Stratoudaki White; The Patriarch and the Prince: The Letter of Patriarch Photios of Constantinople to Khan Boris of Bulgaria by Despina Stratoudaki White; Joseph R. Berrigan, Jr". <i><a href="/wiki/Speculum_(journal)" title="Speculum (journal)">Speculum</a></i>. <b>58</b> (4). Medieval Academy of America: 1100–1102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2853829">10.2307/2853829</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2853829">2853829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Patriarch+Photios+of+Constantinople%3A+His+Life%2C+Scholarly+Contributions%2C+and+Correspondence+together+with+a+Translation+of+Fifty-Two+of+His+Letters+by+Despina+Stratoudaki+White%3B+The+Patriarch+and+the+Prince%3A+The+Letter+of+Patriarch+Photios+of+Constantinople+to+Khan+Boris+of+Bulgaria+by+Despina+Stratoudaki+White%3B+Joseph+R.+Berrigan%2C+Jr.&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1100-1102&rft.date=1983-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2853829&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2853829%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Treadgold&rft.aufirst=Warren+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreadgold1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Treadgold" title="Warren Treadgold">Treadgold, Warren</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC"><i>A History of the Byzantine State and Society</i></a>. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2630-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2630-2"><bdi>0-8047-2630-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Byzantine+State+and+Society&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8047-2630-2&rft.aulast=Treadgold&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnYbnr5XVbzUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVlyssidou1997" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vlyssidou, Vassiliki N. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr/index.php/bz/article/view/3612/3472">"About the Deposition of Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos (907)"</a>. <i>Byzantine Symmeikta</i> (in Greek). <b>11</b>: 23–36<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byzantine+Symmeikta&rft.atitle=About+the+Deposition+of+Patriarch+Nicholas+Mystikos+%28907%29&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=23-36&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Vlyssidou&rft.aufirst=Vassiliki+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr%2Findex.php%2Fbz%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3612%2F3472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Photius" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Photius">Photius</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 483–484.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Photius&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=483-484&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotios+I+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photios_I_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photios_I_of_Constantinople" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Photios I of Constantinople">Photios I of Constantinople</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=100442">Saint Photios the Great</a> Orthodox Icon and Synaxarion (February 6)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photius.com/photios">Patriarch Photios of Constantinople</a> Life and translations of his works</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.attalus.org/translate/memnon1.html">The Excerpta of Photius</a> Photios's summary of Books 9–16 of Memnon of Heraclea's history of Heraclea Pontica</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tertullian.org/fathers/photius_01toc.htm">The Myrobiblion at The Tertullian Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12043b.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia – Photius</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_20_0820-0893-_Photius_Constantinopolitanus.html">Greek Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://myriobiblos.gr/texts/english/photios_mystagogy.html">Saint Photius the Great, <i>Mystagogy of the Holy Spirit</i></a> (English translation)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dcthree.github.io/photios">Ongoing English Translation of the Lexicon</a></li> <li><i>Photii biblioteca ex recensione Immanuelis Bekkeri</i>, Berolini typis et impensis Ge. Reimeri, 1824–25, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5489656d.r=.langEN">vol. 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k54905643.r=.langEN">vol. 2</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/16381">Works by Photios I of Constantinople</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Titles of Chalcedonian Christianity</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Ignatios_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Ignatios of Constantinople">Ignatios</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Constantinople_patriarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Constantinople patriarchs">Patriarch of Constantinople</a> </b><br />858–867 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Ignatios_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Ignatios of Constantinople">Ignatios</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Constantinople_patriarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Constantinople patriarchs">Patriarch of Constantinople</a> </b><br />877–886 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Stephen_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Stephen I of Constantinople">Stephen I</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bishops_of_Byzantium_and_Patriarchs_of_Constantinople" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patriarchs_of_Constantinople" title="Template:Patriarchs of Constantinople"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Patriarchs_of_Constantinople" title="Template talk:Patriarchs of Constantinople"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Patriarchs_of_Constantinople" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Patriarchs of Constantinople"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bishops_of_Byzantium_and_Patriarchs_of_Constantinople" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Bishops of Byzantium and Patriarchs of <span class="locality">Constantinople</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Bishops of <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> period, 38–330 AD)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stachys_the_Apostle" title="Stachys the Apostle">Stachys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesimus" title="Onesimus">Onesimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarpus_I_of_Byzantium" title="Polycarpus I of Byzantium">Polycarpus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch_of_Byzantium" title="Plutarch of Byzantium">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedecion_of_Byzantium" title="Sedecion of Byzantium">Sedecion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Byzantium" title="Diogenes of Byzantium">Diogenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleutherius_of_Byzantium" title="Eleutherius of Byzantium">Eleutherius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_of_Byzantium" title="Felix of Byzantium">Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarpus_II_of_Byzantium" title="Polycarpus II of Byzantium">Polycarpus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenodorus_of_Byzantium" title="Athenodorus of Byzantium">Athenodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euzois_of_Byzantium" title="Euzois of Byzantium">Euzois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_of_Byzantium" title="Laurence of Byzantium">Laurence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alypius_of_Byzantium" title="Alypius of Byzantium">Alypius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax_of_Byzantium" title="Pertinax of Byzantium">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympianus_of_Byzantium" title="Olympianus of Byzantium">Olympianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_I_of_Byzantium" title="Marcus I of Byzantium">Marcus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphus_of_Byzantium" title="Philadelphus of Byzantium">Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyriacus_I_of_Byzantium" title="Cyriacus I of Byzantium">Cyriacus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castinus_of_Byzantium" title="Castinus of Byzantium">Castinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenius_I_of_Byzantium" title="Eugenius I of Byzantium">Eugenius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_of_Byzantium" title="Titus of Byzantium">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dometius_of_Byzantium" title="Dometius of Byzantium">Dometius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufinus_of_Byzantium" title="Rufinus of Byzantium">Rufinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_of_Byzantium" title="Probus of Byzantium">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrophanes_of_Byzantium" title="Metrophanes of Byzantium">Metrophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Constantinople" title="Alexander of Constantinople">Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Archbishops of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a><br />(Roman period, 330–451 AD)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Constantinople" title="Alexander of Constantinople">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Nicomedia" title="Eusebius of Nicomedia">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Macedonius I of Constantinople">Macedonius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxius_of_Antioch" title="Eudoxius of Antioch">Eudoxius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evagrius_of_Constantinople" title="Evagrius of Constantinople">Evagrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demophilus_of_Constantinople" title="Demophilus of Constantinople">Demophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_I_of_Constantinople" title="Maximus I of Constantinople">Maximus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectarius_of_Constantinople" title="Nectarius of Constantinople">Nectarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John I Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsacius_of_Tarsus" title="Arsacius of Tarsus">Arsacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atticus_of_Constantinople" title="Atticus of Constantinople">Atticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisinnius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Sisinnius I of Constantinople">Sisinnius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximianus_of_Constantinople" title="Maximianus of Constantinople">Maximianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus_of_Constantinople" title="Proclus of Constantinople">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavian_of_Constantinople" title="Flavian of Constantinople">Flavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Constantinople" title="Anatolius of Constantinople">Anatolius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Patriarchs of Constantinople<br />(<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> period, 451–1453 AD)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Constantinople" title="Anatolius of Constantinople">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennadius_of_Constantinople" title="Gennadius of Constantinople">Gennadius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acacius_of_Constantinople" title="Acacius of Constantinople">Acacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fravitta_of_Constantinople" title="Fravitta of Constantinople">Fravitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemius_of_Constantinople" title="Euphemius of Constantinople">Euphemius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Macedonius II of Constantinople">Macedonius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_I_of_Constantinople" title="Timothy I of Constantinople">Timothy I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Cappadocia" title="John of Cappadocia">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Constantinople" title="Epiphanius of Constantinople">Epiphanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthimus_I_of_Constantinople" title="Anthimus I of Constantinople">Anthimus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menas_of_Constantinople" title="Menas of Constantinople">Menas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychius_of_Constantinople" title="Eutychius of Constantinople">Eutychius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scholasticus" title="John Scholasticus">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_of_Constantinople" title="John IV of Constantinople">John IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyriacus_II_of_Constantinople" title="Cyriacus II of Constantinople">Cyriacus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_I_of_Constantinople" title="Thomas I of Constantinople">Thomas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Sergius I of Constantinople">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Constantinople" title="Pyrrhus of Constantinople">Pyrrhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_II_of_Constantinople" title="Paul II of Constantinople">Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Constantinople" title="Peter of Constantinople">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_II_of_Constantinople" title="Thomas II of Constantinople">Thomas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_of_Constantinople" title="John V of Constantinople">John V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Constantinople" title="Constantine I of Constantinople">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_of_Constantinople" title="Theodore I of Constantinople">Theodore I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Constantinople" title="George I of Constantinople">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_III_of_Constantinople" title="Paul III of Constantinople">Paul III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callinicus_I_of_Constantinople" title="Callinicus I of Constantinople">Callinicus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyros_of_Constantinople" title="Kyros of Constantinople">Cyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Constantinople" title="John VI of Constantinople">John VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanus_I_of_Constantinople" title="Germanus I of Constantinople">Germanus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_of_Constantinople" title="Anastasius of Constantinople">Anastasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Constantinople" title="Constantine II of Constantinople">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicetas_I_of_Constantinople" title="Nicetas I of Constantinople">Nicetas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Paul IV of Constantinople">Paul IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarasios_of_Constantinople" title="Tarasios of Constantinople">Tarasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I_of_Constantinople" title="Nikephoros I of Constantinople">Nicephorus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodotus_I_of_Constantinople" title="Theodotus I of Constantinople">Theodotus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_I_of_Constantinople" title="Antony I of Constantinople">Antony I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_of_Constantinople" title="John VII of Constantinople">John VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Methodios I of Constantinople">Methodius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatios_of_Constantinople" title="Ignatios of Constantinople">Ignatios</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Photios I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Constantinople" title="Stephen I of Constantinople">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_II_of_Constantinople" title="Antony II of Constantinople">Antony II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mystikos" title="Nicholas Mystikos">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthymius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Euthymius I of Constantinople">Εuthymius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_II_of_Constantinople" title="Stephen II of Constantinople">Stephen II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryphon_of_Constantinople" title="Tryphon of Constantinople">Tryphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_of_Constantinople" title="Theophylact of Constantinople">Theophylact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyeuctus_of_Constantinople" title="Polyeuctus of Constantinople">Polyeuctus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I_of_Constantinople" title="Basil I of Constantinople">Βasil I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_III_of_Constantinople" title="Antony III of Constantinople">Αntony III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Constantinople" title="Nicholas II of Constantinople">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisinnius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Sisinnius II of Constantinople">Sisinnius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Sergius II of Constantinople">Sergius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Constantinople" title="Eustathius of Constantinople">Eustathius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexius_of_Constantinople" title="Alexius of Constantinople">Alexius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Cerularius" title="Michael I Cerularius">Michael I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Leichoudes" title="Constantine Leichoudes">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_of_Constantinople" title="John VIII of Constantinople">John VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmas_I_of_Constantinople" title="Cosmas I of Constantinople">Cosmas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustratius_Garidas" title="Eustratius Garidas">Eustratius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_III_of_Constantinople" title="Nicholas III of Constantinople">Nicholas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IX_of_Constantinople" title="John IX of Constantinople">John IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_of_Constantinople" title="Leo of Constantinople">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II_of_Constantinople" title="Michael II of Constantinople">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmas_II_of_Constantinople" title="Cosmas II of Constantinople">Cosmas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Nicholas IV of Constantinople">Nicholas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodotus_II_of_Constantinople" title="Theodotus II of Constantinople">Theodotus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neophytus_I_of_Constantinople" title="Neophytus I of Constantinople">Neophytus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Constantine IV of Constantinople">Constantine IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Chrysoberges" title="Luke Chrysoberges">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III_of_Constantinople" title="Michael III of Constantinople">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_of_Constantinople" title="Chariton of Constantinople">Chariton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Theodosius I of Constantinople">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II_of_Constantinople" title="Basil II of Constantinople">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicetas_II_of_Constantinople" title="Nicetas II of Constantinople">Nicetas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius_of_Constantinople" title="Leontius of Constantinople">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dositheus_of_Constantinople" title="Dositheus of Constantinople">Dositheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Constantinople" title="George II of Constantinople">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_X_of_Constantinople" title="John X of Constantinople">John X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Michael IV of Constantinople">Michael IV</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_of_Constantinople" title="Theodore II of Constantinople">Theodore II</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_II_of_Constantinople" title="Maximus II of Constantinople">Maximus II</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Constantinople" title="Manuel I of Constantinople">Μanuel I</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanus_II_of_Constantinople" title="Germanus II of Constantinople">Germanus II</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Methodius II of Constantinople">Methodius II</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_of_Constantinople" title="Manuel II of Constantinople">Manuel II</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenios_Autoreianos" title="Arsenios Autoreianos">Arsenius</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicephorus_II_of_Constantinople" title="Nicephorus II of Constantinople">Nicephorus II</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanus_III_of_Constantinople" title="Germanus III of Constantinople">Germanus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I_of_Constantinople" title="Joseph I of Constantinople">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_XI_of_Constantinople" title="John XI of Constantinople">John XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_II_of_Constantinople" title="Gregory II of Constantinople">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Athanasius I of Constantinople">Athanasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_XII_of_Constantinople" title="John XII of Constantinople">John XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephon_I_of_Constantinople" title="Nephon I of Constantinople">Nephon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_XIII_of_Constantinople" title="John XIII of Constantinople">John XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerasimus_I_of_Constantinople" title="Gerasimus I of Constantinople">Gerasimus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaias_of_Constantinople" title="Isaias of Constantinople">Isaias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_XIV_of_Constantinople" title="John XIV of Constantinople">John XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_I_of_Constantinople" title="Isidore I of Constantinople">Isidore I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callistus_I_of_Constantinople" title="Callistus I of Constantinople">Callistus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philotheus_I_of_Constantinople" title="Philotheus I of Constantinople">Philotheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macarius_of_Constantinople" title="Macarius of Constantinople">Macarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilus_of_Constantinople" title="Nilus of Constantinople">Nilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Antony IV of Constantinople">Antony IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callistus_II_of_Constantinople" title="Callistus II of Constantinople">Callistus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_I_of_Constantinople" title="Matthew I of Constantinople">Matthew I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthymius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Euthymius II of Constantinople">Euthymius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_II_of_Constantinople" title="Joseph II of Constantinople">Joseph II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrophanes_II_of_Constantinople" title="Metrophanes II of Constantinople">Metrophanes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_III_of_Constantinople" title="Gregory III of Constantinople">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Athanasius II of Constantinople">Athanasius II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Patriarchs of Constantinople<br />(<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> period, 1453–1923 AD)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gennadius_Scholarius" title="Gennadius Scholarius">Gennadius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_II_of_Constantinople" title="Isidore II of Constantinople">Isidore II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joasaph_I_of_Constantinople" title="Joasaph I of Constantinople">Joasaph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophronius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Sophronius I of Constantinople">Sophronius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_II_of_Constantinople" title="Mark II of Constantinople">Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symeon_I_of_Constantinople" title="Symeon I of Constantinople">Symeon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Dionysius I of Constantinople">Dionysius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_I_of_Constantinople" title="Raphael I of Constantinople">Raphael I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_III_of_Constantinople" title="Maximus III of Constantinople">Maximus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephon_II_of_Constantinople" title="Nephon II of Constantinople">Nephon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Maximus IV of Constantinople">Maximus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_I_of_Constantinople" title="Joachim I of Constantinople">Joachim I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachomius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Pachomius I of Constantinople">Pachomius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoleptus_I_of_Constantinople" title="Theoleptus I of Constantinople">Theoleptus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremias_I_of_Constantinople" title="Jeremias I of Constantinople">Jeremias I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannicius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Joannicius I of Constantinople">Joannicius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Dionysius II of Constantinople">Dionysius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joasaph_II_of_Constantinople" title="Joasaph II of Constantinople">Joasaph II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrophanes_III_of_Constantinople" title="Metrophanes III of Constantinople">Metrophanes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremias_II_of_Constantinople" title="Jeremias II of Constantinople">Jeremias II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachomius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Pachomius II of Constantinople">Pachomius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoleptus_II_of_Constantinople" title="Theoleptus II of Constantinople">Theoleptus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_II_of_Constantinople" title="Matthew II of Constantinople">Matthew II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_I_of_Constantinople" title="Gabriel I of Constantinople">Gabriel I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_I_of_Constantinople" title="Theophanes I of Constantinople">Theophanes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meletius_I_Pegas" title="Meletius I Pegas">Meletius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neophytus_II_of_Constantinople" title="Neophytus II of Constantinople">Neophytus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_II_of_Constantinople" title="Raphael II of Constantinople">Raphael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Lucaris" title="Cyril Lucaris">Cyril I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_II_of_Constantinople" title="Timothy II of Constantinople">Timothy II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Gregory IV of Constantinople">Gregory IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthimus_II_of_Constantinople" title="Anthimus II of Constantinople">Anthimus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_II_of_Constantinople" title="Cyril II of Constantinople">Cyril II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_III_of_Constantinople" title="Athanasius III of Constantinople">Athanasius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neophytus_III_of_Constantinople" title="Neophytus III of Constantinople">Neophytus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Parthenius I of Constantinople">Parthenius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Parthenius II of Constantinople">Parthenius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannicius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Joannicius II of Constantinople">Joannicius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_III_of_Constantinople" title="Cyril III of Constantinople">Cyril III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paisius I of Constantinople">Paisius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenius_III_of_Constantinople" title="Parthenius III of Constantinople">Parthenius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_II_of_Constantinople" title="Gabriel II of Constantinople">Gabriel II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenius_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Parthenius IV of Constantinople">Parthenius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_III_of_Constantinople" title="Dionysius III of Constantinople">Dionysius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Constantinople" title="Clement of Constantinople">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodius_III_of_Constantinople" title="Methodius III of Constantinople">Methodius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Dionysius IV of Constantinople">Dionysius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerasimus_II_of_Constantinople" title="Gerasimus II of Constantinople">Gerasimus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Athanasius IV of Constantinople">Athanasius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_of_Constantinople" title="James of Constantinople">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callinicus_II_of_Constantinople" title="Callinicus II of Constantinople">Callinicus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neophytus_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Neophytus IV of Constantinople">Neophytus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_III_of_Constantinople" title="Gabriel III of Constantinople">Gabriel III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neophytus_V_of_Constantinople" title="Neophytus V of Constantinople">Neophytus V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprianus_of_Constantinople" title="Cyprianus of Constantinople">Cyprianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_V_of_Constantinople" title="Athanasius V of Constantinople">Athanasius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Cyril IV of Constantinople">Cyril IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmas_III_of_Constantinople" title="Cosmas III of Constantinople">Cosmas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremias_III_of_Constantinople" title="Jeremias III of Constantinople">Jeremias III</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Callinicus_III_of_Constantinople" title="Callinicus III of Constantinople">Callinicus III</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Paisius II of Constantinople">Paisius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraphim_I_of_Constantinople" title="Seraphim I of Constantinople">Seraphim I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neophytus_VI_of_Constantinople" title="Neophytus VI of Constantinople">Neophytus VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_V_of_Constantinople" title="Cyril V of Constantinople">Cyril V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callinicus_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Callinicus IV of Constantinople">Callinicus IV (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraphim_II_of_Constantinople" title="Seraphim II of Constantinople">Seraphim II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannicius_III_of_Constantinople" title="Joannicius III of Constantinople">Joannicius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_of_Constantinople" title="Samuel of Constantinople">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meletius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Meletius II of Constantinople">Meletius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Theodosius II of Constantinople">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophronius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Sophronius II of Constantinople">Sophronius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Gabriel IV of Constantinople">Gabriel IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius_of_Constantinople" title="Procopius of Constantinople">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neophytus_VII_of_Constantinople" title="Neophytus VII of Constantinople">Neophytus VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerasimus_III_of_Constantinople" title="Gerasimus III of Constantinople">Gerasimus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_V_of_Constantinople" title="Gregory V of Constantinople">Gregory V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callinicus_V_of_Constantinople" title="Callinicus V of Constantinople">Callinicus V (IV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremias_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Jeremias IV of Constantinople">Jeremias IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_VI_of_Constantinople" title="Cyril VI of Constantinople">Cyril VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Eugenius II of Constantinople">Eugenius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthimus_III_of_Constantinople" title="Anthimus III of Constantinople">Anthimus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysanthus_of_Constantinople" title="Chrysanthus of Constantinople">Chrysanthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathangelus_of_Constantinople" title="Agathangelus of Constantinople">Agathangelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Constantius I of Constantinople">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Constantius II of Constantinople">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_VI_of_Constantinople" title="Gregory VI of Constantinople">Gregory VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthimus_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Anthimus IV of Constantinople">Anthimus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthimus_V_of_Constantinople" title="Anthimus V of Constantinople">Anthimus V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanus_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Germanus IV of Constantinople">Germanus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meletius_III_of_Constantinople" title="Meletius III of Constantinople">Meletius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthimus_VI_of_Constantinople" title="Anthimus VI of Constantinople">Anthimus VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_VII_of_Constantinople" title="Cyril VII of Constantinople">Cyril VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_II_of_Constantinople" title="Joachim II of Constantinople">Joachim II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophronius_III_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophronius III of Constantinople">Sophronius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_III_of_Constantinople" title="Joachim III of Constantinople">Joachim III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Joachim IV of Constantinople">Joachim IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_V_of_Constantinople" title="Dionysius V of Constantinople">Dionysius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neophytus_VIII_of_Constantinople" title="Neophytus VIII of Constantinople">Neophytus VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthimus_VII_of_Constantinople" title="Anthimus VII of Constantinople">Anthimus VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V_of_Constantinople" title="Constantine V of Constantinople">Constantine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanus_V_of_Constantinople" title="Germanus V of Constantinople">Germanus V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meletius_Metaxakis" title="Meletius Metaxakis">Meletius IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Patriarchs of Constantinople<br />(<a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> period, since 1923 AD)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_VII_of_Constantinople" title="Gregory VII of Constantinople">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI_of_Constantinople" title="Constantine VI of Constantinople">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_III_of_Constantinople" title="Basil III of Constantinople">Basil III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Photius II of Constantinople">Photius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_I_of_Constantinople" title="Benjamin I of Constantinople">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_V_of_Constantinople" title="Maximus V of Constantinople">Maximus V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_I_of_Constantinople" title="Athenagoras I of Constantinople">Athenagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Demetrios I of Constantinople">Demetrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomew I of Constantinople">Bartholomew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>†</small></sup> in exile at <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(44 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1486)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1756)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243187#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243187#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243187#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000079708327">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/14775071">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/268705449">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/263386225">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315655815">4</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1861086/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgCMvRHgQd43vwJDy8XBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118594095">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80125110">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119196090">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119196090">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Photius : Constantinopolitanus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV043630">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35421930">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981001296&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX929747">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069110670">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90192310">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000133757&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000215852">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=54230">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/1zcfjxlk1z14mfw">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810616545105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/44744">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266564205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000104415">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512677206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14934319">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/946953">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118594095.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118594095">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027071111">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photios_I_of_Constantinople&oldid=1260473781">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photios_I_of_Constantinople&oldid=1260473781</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th-century_deaths" title="Category:9th-century deaths">9th-century deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th-century_births" title="Category:9th-century births">9th-century births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th-century_Byzantine_writers" title="Category:9th-century Byzantine writers">9th-century Byzantine writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anthologists" title="Category:Anthologists">Anthologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_anti-Gnosticism" title="Category:Christian anti-Gnosticism">Christian anti-Gnosticism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_theologians" title="Category:Byzantine theologians">Byzantine theologians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_writers" title="Category:Byzantine writers">Byzantine writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_saints_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Category:Byzantine saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Byzantine saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Critics_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Category:Critics of the Catholic Church">Critics of the Catholic Church</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_religious_writers" title="Category:Greek religious writers">Greek religious writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_excommunicated_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Category:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church">People excommunicated by the Catholic Church</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th-century_patriarchs_of_Constantinople" title="Category:9th-century patriarchs of Constantinople">9th-century patriarchs of Constantinople</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th-century_Christian_saints" title="Category:9th-century Christian saints">9th-century Christian saints</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_letter_writers" title="Category:Byzantine letter writers">Byzantine letter writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Filioque" title="Category:Filioque">Filioque</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th-century_Christian_theologians" title="Category:9th-century Christian theologians">9th-century Christian theologians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_jurists" title="Category:Byzantine jurists">Byzantine jurists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th-century_jurists" title="Category:9th-century jurists">9th-century jurists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protospatharioi" title="Category:Protospatharioi">Protospatharioi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th-century_Greek_philosophers" title="Category:9th-century Greek philosophers">9th-century Greek philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th-century_Greek_writers" title="Category:9th-century Greek writers">9th-century Greek writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th-century_Greek_scientists" title="Category:9th-century Greek scientists">9th-century Greek scientists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th-century_Greek_mathematicians" title="Category:9th-century Greek mathematicians">9th-century Greek mathematicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:810s_births" title="Category:810s births">810s births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:893_deaths" title="Category:893 deaths">893 deaths</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">CS1 maint: url-status</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Greek-language_sources_(el)" title="Category:CS1 Greek-language sources (el)">CS1 Greek-language sources (el)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 November 2024, at 23:34<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photios_I_of_Constantinople&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-xvq5z","wgBackendResponseTime":190,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.085","walltime":"1.399","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6084,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":195431,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8765,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":153011,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1173.125 1 -total"," 20.18% 236.691 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.65% 160.108 30 Template:Cite_book"," 11.92% 139.816 1 Template:Langx"," 10.86% 127.376 3 Template:Navbox"," 9.28% 108.887 1 Template:Patriarchs_of_Constantinople"," 8.44% 99.017 5 Template:Cite_web"," 6.62% 77.708 14 Template:Sfn"," 6.41% 75.256 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.83% 68.377 1 Template:Commons_category"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.680","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23801071,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdontz1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBougard2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChadwick2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharanis1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorfmann-Lazarev2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunlop1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDurant1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDvornik1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFortescue2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGren2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanin1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJokisch2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLang1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemerle1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouth2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMango1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMateos1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCormick2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorwich1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaidas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhotius1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhotiusJoseph_P._Farrell1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlexidas2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShepard2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTatakesMoutafakis2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTougher1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreadgold1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVlasto1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVlyssidou1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite1981\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"A History of the Byzantine State and Society\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 29,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 5,\n [\"Cnote\"] = 4,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Cref\"] = 3,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Photios 01 Of Constantinople\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 46,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox saint\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Patriarchs of Constantinople\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 2,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-rel\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 14,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Social and political philosophy\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-74f675c4bb-k2t79","timestamp":"20241130233444","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Photios I of Constantinople","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Photios_I_of_Constantinople","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q243187","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q243187","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-04-25T13:03:39Z","dateModified":"2024-11-30T23:34:42Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/99\/Facial_Chronicle_-_b.13%2C_p.414_-_Photios_baptising_king_of_Bulgars.gif","headline":"9th Century Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople"}</script> </body> </html>