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href="#Articles,_books,_business_relationships,_media_posts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Articles, books, business relationships, media posts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles,_books,_business_relationships,_media_posts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016_presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016_presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 2016 presidential campaign </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-2016_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 2016 presidential campaign subsection </button> <ul id="toc-2016_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background_and_increasing_political_visibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_and_increasing_political_visibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Background and increasing political visibility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_and_increasing_political_visibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Announcement_of_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Announcement_of_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Announcement of campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Announcement_of_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surge_in_polls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surge_in_polls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Surge in polls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surge_in_polls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_in_polls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_in_polls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Decline in polls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_in_polls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Withdrawal_from_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Withdrawal_from_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Withdrawal from campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Withdrawal_from_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_activities_during_the_2016_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_activities_during_the_2016_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Further activities during the 2016 election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_activities_during_the_2016_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Results </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Secretary of Housing and Urban Development </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Secretary of Housing and Urban Development subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nomination_and_confirmation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomination_and_confirmation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Nomination and confirmation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomination_and_confirmation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Tenure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Office_furnishing_scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Office_furnishing_scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Office furnishing scandal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Office_furnishing_scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remarks_on_transgender_use_of_homeless_shelters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remarks_on_transgender_use_of_homeless_shelters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Remarks on transgender use of homeless shelters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remarks_on_transgender_use_of_homeless_shelters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carson_Scholars_Fund" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carson_Scholars_Fund"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Carson Scholars Fund </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carson_Scholars_Fund-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Cornerstone_Institute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Cornerstone_Institute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 American Cornerstone Institute </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Cornerstone_Institute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegetarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Vegetarianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Awards and honors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ben Carson</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" > 39 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="بن كارسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بن كارسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Karson" title="Ben Karson – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ben Karson" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="بن کارسون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بن کارسون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Бен Карсън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бен Карсън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ben Carson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ben Carson" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ben Carson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ben Carson" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ben Carson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ben Carson" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="بن کارسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بن کارسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ben Carson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A4_%EC%B9%B4%EC%8A%A8" title="벤 카슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벤 카슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Բեն Կարսոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեն Կարսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ben Carson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ben Carson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="בן קרסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בן קרסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ben Carson" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ben Carson" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ben Carson" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="बेन कार्सन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बेन कार्सन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="بن كارسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بن كارسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Ben Carson" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ben Carson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="ベン・カーソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベン・カーソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ben Carson" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ben Carson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ben Carson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ben Carson" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Карсон, Бен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карсон, Бен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ben Carson" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ben Carson" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ben Carson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ben Carson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ben Carson" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бен Карсон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бен Карсон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ben Carson" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9F" title="בען קארסאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בען קארסאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%A3%AE" 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searchaux" style="display:none">American neurosurgeon and politician (born 1951)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Ben Carson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben_Carson_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ben_Carson_official_portrait.jpg/220px-Ben_Carson_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ben_Carson_official_portrait.jpg/330px-Ben_Carson_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ben_Carson_official_portrait.jpg/440px-Ben_Carson_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2154" data-file-height="2692" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 2017</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">17th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 2, 2017 – January 20, 2021</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pam_Patenaude" title="Pam Patenaude">Pam Patenaude</a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_D._Montgomery" title="Brian D. Montgomery">Brian D. Montgomery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Castro" title="Julian Castro">Julian Castro</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Fudge" title="Marcia Fudge">Marcia Fudge</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Benjamin Solomon Carson</div> (1951-09-18) September 18, 1951 (age 73) <a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit, Michigan</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (1981–1999, since 2014)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (1999–2014) <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> (until 1981)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Candy_Carson" title="Candy Carson">Candy Rustin</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1975)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>) <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">MD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Neurosurgeon</li><li>politician</li><li>academic</li><li>author</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> (2008) <a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal</a> (2006)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben_Carson_Signature.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ben Carson's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ben_Carson_Signature.png/128px-Ben_Carson_Signature.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ben_Carson_Signature.png/192px-Ben_Carson_Signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ben_Carson_Signature.png/256px-Ben_Carson_Signature.png 2x" data-file-width="2320" data-file-height="1080" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Medical career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgeron</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Medicine" title="Johns Hopkins School of Medicine">Johns Hopkins University</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine" title="National Academy of Medicine">National Academy of Medicine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sub-specialties</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_neurosurgery" title="Pediatric neurosurgery">Pediatric neurosurgery</a> <a href="/wiki/Achondroplasia" title="Achondroplasia">Achondroplasia</a> <a href="/wiki/Craniosynostosis" title="Craniosynostosis">Craniosynostosis</a> <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">Epilepsy</a> <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_neuralgia" title="Trigeminal neuralgia">Trigeminal neuralgia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Research</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Hemispherectomy" title="Hemispherectomy">Hemispherectomy</a> <a href="/wiki/Conjoined_twins" title="Conjoined twins">Conjoined twins separation</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Benjamin Solomon Carson Sr. (born September 18, 1951) is an American retired <a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">neurosurgeon</a>, academic, author, and politician who served as the 17th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a> from 2017 to 2021. A pioneer in the field of neurosurgery, he was a candidate for President of the United States in the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016">2016 Republican primaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Carson is one of the most prominent <a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">black conservatives in the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Carson became the director of pediatric <a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">neurosurgery</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Children%27s_Center" title="Johns Hopkins Children's Center">Johns Hopkins Children's Center</a> in 1984 at age 33, then the youngest chief of pediatric neurosurgery in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a> In 1987, he gained significant fame after leading a team of surgeons in the first known separation of <a href="/wiki/Conjoined_twins" title="Conjoined twins">conjoined twins</a> joined at the back of the head. Although the surgery was a success, the twins continued to experience neurological and medical complications.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> His additional accomplishments include performing the first successful neurosurgical procedure on a fetus inside the womb, developing new methods to treat brain-stem tumors, and revitalizing <a href="/wiki/Hemispherectomy" title="Hemispherectomy">hemispherectomy</a> techniques for controlling <a href="/wiki/Epileptic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic seizure">seizures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> He has written over 100 neurosurgical publications. He retired from medicine in 2013; at the time, he was professor of neurosurgery, <a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">oncology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">plastic surgery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">pediatrics</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Medicine" title="Johns Hopkins School of Medicine">Johns Hopkins School of Medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Carson gained national fame among political <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatives</a> after delivering a speech at the 2013 <a href="/wiki/National_Prayer_Breakfast" title="National Prayer Breakfast">National Prayer Breakfast</a> that was perceived as critical of the policies of President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Following widespread speculation of a presidential run, Carson officially announced his campaign for the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016">2016 Republican nomination for President</a> in May 2015. Carson performed strongly in early polls, leading to him being considered a frontrunner for the nomination during the fall of 2015.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> He withdrew from the race after <a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a>, following a string of disappointing primary results, and endorsed <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BTerrisWashPst03022016-14">[14]</a> Following his victory, President Trump nominated Carson as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, being confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> in a 58–41 vote on March 2, 2017.<a href="#cite_note-AlcindorConfirmed-15">[15]</a> Carson has received numerous honors for his neurosurgery work, including over 60 honorary doctorate degrees and numerous national merit citations.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In 2001, he was named by <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine as one of the nation's 20 foremost physicians and scientists and was selected by the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> as one of 89 "Living Legends" on its 200th anniversary.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> In 2008, Carson was bestowed the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>, the highest civilian award in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In 2010, he was elected into the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine" title="National Academy of Medicine">National Academy of Medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> He was the subject of the 2009 biographical television film <a href="/wiki/Gifted_Hands:_The_Ben_Carson_Story" title="Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story">Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story</a>, wherein he was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Cuba_Gooding_Jr." title="Cuba Gooding Jr.">Cuba Gooding Jr.</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> Carson's parents were Robert Solomon Carson Jr. (1914–1992), a <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> U.S. Army veteran, and Sonya Carson (née Copeland, 1928–2017).<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Both from large families in rural <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, Carson's parents met and married while living in rural Tennessee, when his mother was 13 and his father 28. After Robert's completion of military service, they moved from <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga, Tennessee</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit, Michigan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gates_2009-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carson_1990_p19-21">[21]</a> where they lived in a large house in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Village,_Detroit" title="Indian Village, Detroit">Indian Village</a> neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Carson's father, a <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a> minister, worked in a <a href="/wiki/Cadillac" title="Cadillac">Cadillac</a> automobile plant. His older brother, Curtis, was born in 1949, when his mother was 20.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In 1950, Carson's parents purchased a new 733-square foot single-family detached home on Deacon Street in the <a href="/wiki/Boynton%E2%80%93Oakwood_Heights_(Detroit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boynton–Oakwood Heights (Detroit)">Boynton</a> neighborhood of southwest Detroit,<a href="#cite_note-Glover_2015-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> where Carson was born on September 18, 1951. Carson's <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Public_Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit Public Schools">Detroit Public Schools</a> education began in 1956 with kindergarten at the Fisher School and continued through first, second, and the first half of third grade, during which time he was an average student.<a href="#cite_note-Carson_2012_p53-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Detroit_Board_of_Education_1972-28">[28]</a> When Carson was five years old, his mother learned that his father had a prior family and had not divorced his first wife.<a href="#cite_note-Carson_1992_pp31–55-29">[29]</a> In 1959, when he was eight, his parents separated and he moved with his mother and brother to live for two years with his mother's <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a> older sister and brother-in-law in multi-family dwellings in the <a href="/wiki/Dorchester,_Boston" title="Dorchester, Boston">Dorchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roxbury,_Boston" title="Roxbury, Boston">Roxbury</a> neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carson_1992_pp31–55-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_2015-30">[30]</a> In Boston, Carson's mother attempted suicide, had several psychiatric hospitalizations for depression, and for the first time began working outside the home, as a <a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">domestic worker</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Carson_1992_pp31–55-29">[29]</a> while Carson and his brother attended a two-classroom school at the Berea Seventh-day Adventist church where two teachers taught eight grades, and the vast majority of time was spent singing songs and playing games.<a href="#cite_note-Carson_2012_p53-27">[27]</a> In 1961, at the age of 10, Carson moved with his mother and brother back to southwest Detroit, where they lived in a multi-family dwelling in a primarily white neighborhood, <a href="/wiki/Springwells_Village" class="mw-redirect" title="Springwells Village">Springwells Village</a>, while renting out their house on Deacon Street, which his mother had received in her divorce settlement.<a href="#cite_note-Glover_2015-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carson_1992_pp31–55-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carson_2014_p48-31">[31]</a> When they returned to Detroit public schools, Carson and his brother's academic performance initially lagged far behind their new classmates, having, according to Carson, "essentially lost a year of school" by attending the small Seventh-day Adventist parochial school in Boston,<a href="#cite_note-Carson_2012_p53-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carson_1992_pp31–55-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carson_1992_p15-32">[32]</a> but they both improved when their mother limited their time watching television and required them to read and write book reports on two library books per week.<a href="#cite_note-Carson_1990_pp35–36-33">[33]</a> Carson attended the predominantly white Higgins Elementary School for fifth and sixth grades and the predominantly white Wilson Junior High School for seventh and the first half of eighth grade.<a href="#cite_note-Detroit_Board_of_Education_1972-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carson_1990_pp29,_40-34">[34]</a> In 1965, at the age of 13, he moved with his mother and brother back to their house on Deacon Street.<a href="#cite_note-Carson_1990_pp46–47-35">[35]</a> He attended the predominantly black Hunter Junior High School for the second half of eighth grade.<a href="#cite_note-Detroit_Board_of_Education_1972-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carson_1990_pp46–47-35">[35]</a> At the age of eight, Carson dreamt of becoming a missionary doctor, but five years later he aspired to the lucrative lifestyles of <a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">psychiatrists</a> portrayed on television, and his brother bought him a subscription to <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Today" title="Psychology Today">Psychology Today</a> for his 13th birthday.<a href="#cite_note-Carson_1990_p62-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carson_1999_p46-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_school">High school</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: High school">edit</a>]</div> By grade 9, the family's financial situation had improved. His mother surprised neighbors by paying cash to buy a new <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_(division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysler (division)">Chrysler</a> car,<a href="#cite_note-Carson_1992_pp179-38">[38]</a> and the only government assistance they still relied on was <a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program">food stamps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carson_1990,_2011_p48,_49–50-39">[39]</a> Carson attended the predominantly black Southwestern High School for grades nine through twelve, graduating third in his class academically.<a href="#cite_note-Detroit_Board_of_Education_1972-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carson_1990,_2011_pp69,_72,_73,_74-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carson_2015_p79-41">[41]</a> In high school, he played the <a href="/wiki/Euphonium" title="Euphonium">euphonium</a> in band and participated in forensics (public speaking),<a href="#cite_note-Carson_2015_pp61–64-42">[42]</a> chess club,<a href="#cite_note-Carson_2014_p35-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carson_2015a_pp46–47-44">[44]</a> and the U.S. Army <a href="/wiki/Junior_Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps">Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps</a> (JROTC) program where he reached its highest rank—cadet colonel.<a href="#cite_note-Carson_1990,_2011_pp69,_72,_73,_74-40">[40]</a> Carson served as a laboratory assistant in the high school's biology, chemistry, and physics school laboratories beginning in grades 10, 11, and 12, respectively,<a href="#cite_note-Carson_2015_pp56–57-45">[45]</a> and worked as a biology laboratory assistant at <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University" title="Wayne State University">Wayne State University</a> the summer between grades 11 and 12.<a href="#cite_note-Carson_2015_pp66–67-46">[46]</a> In his book <a href="/wiki/Gifted_Hands" title="Gifted Hands">Gifted Hands</a>, Carson relates that as a youth, he had a violent temper. "As a teenager, I would go after people with rocks, and bricks, and baseball bats, and hammers", Carson told NBC's <a href="/wiki/Meet_the_Press" title="Meet the Press">Meet the Press</a> in October 2015.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> He said he once tried to hit his mother on the head with a hammer over a clothing dispute, while in the ninth grade he tried to stab a friend who had changed the radio station. Fortunately, the blade broke in his friend's belt buckle.<a href="#cite_note-NYTwestpoint-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fritze-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-biography.yourdictionary.com-50">[50]</a> Carson said the intended victim, whose identity he wants to protect, was a classmate, a friend, or a close relative.<a href="#cite_note-Malaysia-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> After this incident, Carson said he began reading the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Book of Proverbs</a> and applying verses on anger. As a result, he states he "never had another problem with temper".<a href="#cite_note-achievement.org-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ben_Carson,_M.D._50–53-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dr._Ben_Carson-55">[55]</a> In his various books and at campaign events, he repeated these stories and said he once attacked a schoolmate with a <a href="/wiki/Combination_lock" title="Combination lock">combination lock</a>. Nine friends, classmates, and neighbors who grew up with him told CNN in 2015 they did not remember the anger or violence he has described.<a href="#cite_note-tale_of_two-56">[56]</a> In response, Carson posted on Facebook a 1997 <a href="/wiki/Parade_(magazine)" title="Parade (magazine)">Parade</a> magazine issue, in which his mother verified the stabbing incident. He then questioned the extent of the effort CNN had exerted in the investigation.<a href="#cite_note-Malaysia-51">[51]</a> Carson has said that he protected white students in a biology lab after a <a href="/wiki/1968_Detroit_riot" title="1968 Detroit riot">race riot</a> broke out at his high school in response to the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a> in 1968. The Wall Street Journal confirmed the riot but could not find anyone who remembered Carson sheltering white students.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ_deeper_questions-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="College">College</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: College">edit</a>]</div> Carson's <a href="/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a> college admission test scores ranked him somewhere in the 90th percentile.<a href="#cite_note-Carson_2014_Beyond-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carson_2015_p79-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carson_1990,_2011_p70-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carson_1999_p182-61">[61]</a> He wanted to attend college farther away than his brother who was at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carson_1990,_2011_p79-62">[62]</a> Carson says he narrowed his college choices to <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard</a> or <a href="/wiki/Yale_College" title="Yale College">Yale</a> but could only afford the $10 application fee to apply for only one of them.<a href="#cite_note-Carson_2015_p79-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carson_1990,_2011_p73-63">[63]</a> He said he decided to apply to Yale after seeing a team from Yale defeat a team from Harvard on the <a href="/wiki/College_Bowl" title="College Bowl">G.E. College Bowl</a> television show.<a href="#cite_note-Carson_1990,_2011_p74-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carson_1999_p200-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carson_2008_p82-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carson_2015_p79–80-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carson_2015b_p87-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-College_Bowl-69">[69]</a> Carson was accepted by Yale and offered a full scholarship covering tuition, room and board.<a href="#cite_note-Carson_1990,_2011_p74,_82-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carson_2015b_p41-71">[71]</a> In 1973, Carson graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in psychology from Yale "with a fairly respectable grade point average although far from the top of the class".<a href="#cite_note-Carson_1990,_2011_p103-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carson_2013-73">[73]</a> Carson does not say in his books whether he received a <a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_System" title="Selective Service System">college student deferment</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. He does say that his older brother, then a student at the University of Michigan, received a low number (26) in the <a href="/wiki/Draft_lottery_(1969)" class="mw-redirect" title="Draft lottery (1969)">first draft lottery</a> in 1969 and was able to enlist in the Navy for four years instead of being drafted,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> whereas he received a high number (333) in the second draft lottery in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-Carson_2012_p130-75">[75]</a> Carson said he would have readily accepted his responsibility to fight had he been drafted,<a href="#cite_note-Carson_2012_p130-75">[75]</a> but he "identified strongly with the anti-war protesters and the revolutionaries" and enthusiastically voted for anti-war Democratic presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In his book, America the Beautiful (2012), Carson said: "The Vietnam War was, in retrospect, not a noble conflict. It brought shame to our nation because of both the outcome and the cause."<a href="#cite_note-Carson_2012_p127-77">[77]</a> In the summers following his high school graduation until his second year in medical school, Carson worked at a variety of jobs: as a clerk in the payroll office of <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a>, supervisor of a six-person crew picking up trash along the highway under a federal jobs program for inner-city students, a clerk in the mailroom of <a href="/wiki/Young_%26_Rubicam" class="mw-redirect" title="Young & Rubicam">Young & Rubicam Advertising</a>, assembling fender parts and inspecting back window louvers on the assembly line at <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a>, a crane operator at Sennett Steel, and finally a radiology technician taking X-rays.<a href="#cite_note-Carson_1990,_2011_pp82–90,_104–107-78">[78]</a> At Yale, Carson had a part-time job on campus as a student police aide.<a href="#cite_note-Carson_2016_pp21–22-79">[79]</a> In his autobiography, Carson said he had been offered a scholarship to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">West Point</a>. It is likely he means he was offered an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point. Cadets receive a free education and room and board in exchange for a commitment to serve in the military for at least five years after graduation.<a href="#cite_note-witch_hunt-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[Note 1]</a> Carson also said the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> had offered him a scholarship. His staff later said the described scenario was similar to that of West Point, as he never actually applied for entry to the University of Michigan. <a href="#cite_note-82">[Note 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> In his autobiography, Gifted Hands, Carson recounted that exams for a Yale psychology course he took his junior year, "Perceptions 301", were inexplicably burned, forcing students to retake the exam. Carson said other students walked out in protest when they discovered the retest was significantly harder than the original examination, but that he alone finished the test. On doing so, Carson said he was congratulated by the course instructor, who told him the retest was a hoax intended to find "the most honest student in the class". Carson said the professor awarded him $10 and that a photographer for the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Daily_News" title="Yale Daily News">Yale Daily News</a> was present to take his picture, which appeared in the student newspaper with a story about the experiment. Doubts were raised about this story in 2015 during Carson's presidential campaign. The Wall Street Journal attempted to verify Carson's account, reporting that Yale undergraduate courses were identified with only two digits in the early 1970s, that Yale had offered no course called "Perceptions 301" at the time, and that Carson's photo had never appeared in the Yale Daily News.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ_deeper_questions-57">[57]</a> Carson, while acknowledging the class number was not correct, said: "You know, when you write a book with a co-writer and you say that there was a class, a lot of [the] time they'll put a number or something just to give it more meat. You know, obviously, decades later, I'm not going to remember the course number."<a href="#cite_note-abcn_'Thi-84">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_school">Medical school</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medical school">edit</a>]</div> Carson entered the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Health_System" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Michigan Health System">University of Michigan Medical School</a> in 1973, and at first he struggled academically, doing so poorly on his first set of comprehensive exams that his faculty adviser recommended he drop out of medical school or take a reduced academic load and take longer to finish.<a href="#cite_note-Carson_2008_p94-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> He continued with a regular academic load, and his grades improved to average in his first year of medical school. By his second year of medical school, Carson began to excel academically by seldom attending lectures and instead studying textbooks and lecture notes from 6 a.m. to 11 p.m.<a href="#cite_note-Carson_1990,_2011_p107-87">[85]</a> Carson graduated from the University of Michigan Medical School with an <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">M.D.</a> degree in 1977, and he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Omega_Alpha" title="Alpha Omega Alpha">Alpha Omega Alpha</a> Honor Medical Society.<a href="#cite_note-Carson_2013-73">[73]</a> Carson was then accepted by the <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Medicine" title="Johns Hopkins School of Medicine">Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine</a> neurosurgery program, where he served one year as a surgical intern and five years as a neurosurgery <a href="/wiki/Residency_(medicine)" title="Residency (medicine)">resident</a>, completing the final year as chief resident in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-Carson_1990,_2011_p125–126-88">[86]</a> He then spent one year (1983–1984) as a <a href="/wiki/Senior_registrar" title="Senior registrar">Senior Registrar</a> in neurosurgery at the <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Gairdner_Hospital" title="Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital">Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nedlands,_Western_Australia" title="Nedlands, Western Australia">Nedlands</a>, a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a>, Western Australia.<a href="#cite_note-Carson_1990,_2011_p135–136-89">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_career">Medical career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Medical career">edit</a>]</div> Upon returning to Johns Hopkins in 1984, Carson was appointed the university's director of pediatric neurosurgery.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> As a surgeon, he specialized in traumatic brain injuries, brain and spinal cord tumors, <a href="/wiki/Achondroplasia" title="Achondroplasia">achondroplasia</a>, neurological and congenital disorders, <a href="/wiki/Craniosynostosis" title="Craniosynostosis">craniosynostosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_neuralgia" title="Trigeminal neuralgia">trigeminal neuralgia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-91">[89]</a> While at Johns Hopkins, Carson figured in the revival of the <a href="/wiki/Hemispherectomy" title="Hemispherectomy">hemispherectomy</a>, a drastic surgical procedure in which part or all of one hemisphere of the brain is removed to control severe pediatric <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>. Encouraged by <a href="/wiki/John_M._Freeman" title="John M. Freeman">John M. Freeman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> he refined the procedure in the 1980s and performed it many times.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> In 1987, Carson was the lead neurosurgeon of a 70-member surgical team that separated <a href="/wiki/Conjoined_twins" title="Conjoined twins">conjoined twins</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_and_Benjamin_Binder" title="Patrick and Benjamin Binder">Patrick and Benjamin Binder</a>, who had been joined at the back of the head (<a href="/wiki/Craniopagus_twins" title="Craniopagus twins">craniopagus twins</a>). The separation surgery held promise in part because the twin boys had separate brains.<a href="#cite_note-Terris13Nov-95">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Children%27s_Center" title="Johns Hopkins Children's Center">Johns Hopkins Children's Center</a> surgical team rehearsed the surgery for weeks, practicing on two dolls secured together by <a href="/wiki/Velcro" title="Velcro">Velcro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Terris13Nov-95">[93]</a> Although there were few follow-up stories following the Binder twins' return to Germany seven months after the operation,<a href="#cite_note-Terris13Nov-95">[93]</a> both twins were reportedly "far from normal" two years after the procedure, with one in a <a href="/wiki/Persistent_vegetative_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Persistent vegetative state">vegetative state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Terris13Nov-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> Neither twin was ever able to talk or care for himself, and both eventually became institutionalized <a href="/wiki/Ward_(law)" title="Ward (law)">wards of the state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Terris13Nov-95">[93]</a> Patrick Binder died sometime between the late 2000s and early 2010s, according to his uncle, who was located by The Washington Post in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Terris13Nov-95">[93]</a> The Binder surgery served as a model for similar twin separations, with its procedure being refined in subsequent decades.<a href="#cite_note-Terris13Nov-95">[93]</a> Carson participated in four subsequent high-risk conjoined-twin separations, including a 1997 operation on craniopagus Zambian twins <a href="/wiki/Joseph_and_Luka_Banda" title="Joseph and Luka Banda">Joseph and Luka Banda</a>, which resulted in a normal neurological outcome.<a href="#cite_note-Terris13Nov-95">[93]</a> Two sets of twins died, including Iranian twins <a href="/wiki/Ladan_and_Laleh_Bijani" title="Ladan and Laleh Bijani">Ladan and Laleh Bijani</a>. Another separation resulted in the death of one twin and the survival of the other, who is legally blind and struggles to walk.<a href="#cite_note-Belluck22Nov-99">[97]</a> According to The Washington Post, the Binder surgery "launched the stardom" of Carson, who "walked out of the operating room that day into a spotlight that has never dimmed", beginning with a press conference that was covered worldwide and created name recognition leading to publishing deals and a <a href="/wiki/Motivational_speaker" title="Motivational speaker">motivational speaking</a> career.<a href="#cite_note-Terris13Nov-95">[93]</a> On the condition the film would have its premiere in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Terris13Nov-95">[93]</a> Carson agreed to a cameo appearance as "head surgeon" in the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Farrelly_brothers" title="Farrelly brothers">Farrelly brothers</a>' comedy <a href="/wiki/Stuck_on_You_(film)" title="Stuck on You (film)">Stuck on You</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Matt_Damon" title="Matt Damon">Matt Damon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greg_Kinnear" title="Greg Kinnear">Greg Kinnear</a> as conjoined twins who, unhappy after their surgical separation, continue life attached to each other by Velcro.<a href="#cite_note-Terris13Nov-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Griswold13Aug-100">[98]</a> In September 1992, Carson appeared in an advertisement opposing <a href="/wiki/1992_Maryland_Question_6" title="1992 Maryland Question 6">Maryland Question 6</a>, a referendum on a bill to codify the <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a> decision, in which he said he opposed abortion and would refer patients seeking the procedure to other doctors.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> He later condemned the advertisement and asked for it to be taken down, saying that he had not known that he was making a political advertisement<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> and did not support making abortion illegal.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> In March 2013, Carson announced he would retire as a surgeon, saying he would "much rather quit when I'm at the top of my game".<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> His retirement became official on July 1, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> In 2021, Carson joined Galectin Therapeutics to assist with development of the company's galectin-3 inhibitor, belapectin, as a treatment for NASH cirrhosis and in combination with immunotherapy for the treatment of cancers.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Articles,_books,_business_relationships,_media_posts">Articles, books, business relationships, media posts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Articles, books, business relationships, media posts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W._Bush_and_Ben_Carson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/George_W._Bush_and_Ben_Carson.jpg/220px-George_W._Bush_and_Ben_Carson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/George_W._Bush_and_Ben_Carson.jpg/330px-George_W._Bush_and_Ben_Carson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/George_W._Bush_and_Ben_Carson.jpg/440px-George_W._Bush_and_Ben_Carson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>Carson and President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in 2008</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Bushes_and_the_Carsons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_Bushes_and_the_Carsons.jpg/220px-The_Bushes_and_the_Carsons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_Bushes_and_the_Carsons.jpg/330px-The_Bushes_and_the_Carsons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/The_Bushes_and_the_Carsons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>Ben and Candy Carson with George and Laura Bush in 2008</figcaption></figure> Carson has written many articles in peer-reviewed journals<a href="#cite_note-Interview-108">[106]</a> and six bestselling books<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> published by <a href="/wiki/Zondervan" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a>, an international Christian media and publishing company. The first book was an autobiography published in 1992. Two others are about his personal philosophies of success and what he sees as the stabilizing influence of religion.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>, Carson had an "extensive relationship" from 2004 to 2014 with <a href="/wiki/Mannatech" title="Mannatech">Mannatech</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Multi-level_marketing" title="Multi-level marketing">multi-level marketing</a> company that produces <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplements</a> made from substances such as <a href="/wiki/Aloe_vera" title="Aloe vera">aloe vera</a> extract and <a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">larch-tree</a> bark.<a href="#cite_note-GrabowMannatech-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-MaremontMannatech-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-PF102915-114">[112]</a> Carson gave four paid speeches at company events. He has denied being paid by Mannatech to do anything else, saying he has been a "prolific speaker" who has addressed many groups.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> In a 2004 speech, he credited the company's products with the disappearance of his prostate cancer symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-GrabowMannatech-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-MaremontMannatech-113">[111]</a> The nature of this relationship became an issue in 2015 during Carson's presidential campaign. Carson's relationship with Mannatech continued after the company paid $7 million in 2009 to settle a <a href="/wiki/Deceptive_marketing" class="mw-redirect" title="Deceptive marketing">deceptive-marketing</a> lawsuit in Texas over claims that its products could cure <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a> and cancer.<a href="#cite_note-GrabowMannatech-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> His most recent paid speech for the company was in 2013, for which he was paid $42,000. His image appeared on the corporation's website in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-GrabowMannatech-112">[110]</a> and in the same year, he praised their "glyconutrient" supplements in a <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> special that was subsequently featured on the site.<a href="#cite_note-Geraghty2015-118">[116]</a> Carson delivered the keynote address at a Mannatech distributor convention in 2011, during which he said the company had donated funds to help him obtain a coveted endowed-chair post at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Johns Hopkins Medicine">Johns Hopkins Medicine</a>: "three years ago I had an endowed chair bestowed upon me and uh, it requires $2.5 million to do an endowed chair, and I'm proud to say that part of that $2.5 million came from Mannatech." In October 2015, Carson's campaign team said that "there was no contribution from Mannatech to Johns Hopkins" and that his statement had been "a legitimate mistake on his part. Confusion. He had been doing some fundraising for the hospital and some other chairs about that time, and he simply got things mixed up."<a href="#cite_note-WSJ_JH-119">[117]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a> GOP debate on October 28, 2015, Carson was asked about his relationship with Mannatech. He replied, "That's easy to answer. I didn't have any involvement with Mannatech. Total propaganda. I did a couple speeches for them. I did speeches for other people—they were paid speeches. It is absolutely absurd to say I had any kind of relation with them. Do I take the product? Yes. I think it is a good product."<a href="#cite_note-Ford-120">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/PolitiFact" title="PolitiFact">PolitiFact</a> rated Carson's denial of any involvement as "false", pointing to his paid speeches for Mannatech and his appearances in promotional videos in which he favorably reviewed its products, despite not being "an official spokesman or sales associate".<a href="#cite_note-PF102915-114">[112]</a> When the CNBC moderator commented that Carson was on Mannatech's website, Carson replied that he had not given his permission. Earlier, he had said he was unaware of the company's legal history.<a href="#cite_note-National_Review-121">[119]</a> On November 3, 2015, Mannatech said on its website that for compliance with <a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Campaign finance in the United States">federal campaign finance regulations</a>, the company had removed all references to Carson before he announced his bid for the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-Mannatech-122">[120]</a> In July 2013, Carson was hired by <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a> as a weekly opinion columnist.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> In October 2013, <a href="/wiki/Fox_News_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox News Channel">Fox News</a> hired Carson as a contributor to provide analysis and commentary across Fox News Channel's daytime and primetime programming, a relationship that lasted until the end of 2014.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> In 2014, some <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House</a> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> (who later formed the House <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a>) approached Carson about the possibility of his standing for <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> in the event that the incumbent Speaker, <a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">John Boehner</a>, had to step down because of intraparty disunion. Carson declined, citing preparations for his <a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson_presidential_campaign,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Carson presidential campaign, 2016">2016 presidential campaign</a>. Ultimately, Boehner <a href="/wiki/October_2015_Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election#Speakership_and_resignation_of_John_Boehner" title="October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election">resigned</a> in October 2015, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a> was <a href="/wiki/October_2015_Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election" title="October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election">elected</a> as the new Speaker.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> In financial disclosure forms, Carson and his wife reported income of between $8.9 million and $27 million from January 2014 to May 3, 2015, when he announced his presidential campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FloresIncome-126">[124]</a> Over that period, Carson received over $4 million from 141 paid speeches, between $1.1 million and $6 million in book <a href="/wiki/Royalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalties">royalties</a>, between $200,000 and $2 million as a contributor to The Washington Times and Fox News, and between $2 million and $10 million as a member of the boards of <a href="/wiki/Kellogg_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Kellogg Co.">Kellogg Co.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Costco" title="Costco">Costco</a> Wholesale Corp.<a href="#cite_note-FloresIncome-126">[124]</a> He resigned from Costco's board in mid-2015, after serving on it for more than 16 years.<a href="#cite_note-Boards-127">[125]</a> Carson was chairman of the Baltimore-based <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> company <a href="/wiki/Vaccinogen" title="Vaccinogen">Vaccinogen</a> from August 2014<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> until the announcement of his US presidential bid in May 2015.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> Carson had previously served on Vaccinogen's Medical Advisory Board.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2016_presidential_campaign">2016 presidential campaign</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2016 presidential campaign">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Ben Carson 2016 presidential campaign">Ben Carson 2016 presidential campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben_Carson_by_Gage_Skidmore_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ben_Carson_by_Gage_Skidmore_7.jpg/220px-Ben_Carson_by_Gage_Skidmore_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ben_Carson_by_Gage_Skidmore_7.jpg/330px-Ben_Carson_by_Gage_Skidmore_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ben_Carson_by_Gage_Skidmore_7.jpg/440px-Ben_Carson_by_Gage_Skidmore_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Carson speaking at a campaign event in August 2015</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_and_increasing_political_visibility">Background and increasing political visibility</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Background and increasing political visibility">edit</a>]</div> Carson, who had been registered as a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>, changed his registration to <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> in the 1990s after watching Republicans <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">impeach President Clinton</a> for perjury regarding an <a href="/wiki/Lewinsky_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewinsky scandal">extramarital affair</a> with <a href="/wiki/Monica_Lewinsky" title="Monica Lewinsky">Monica Lewinsky</a>. "I just saw so much hypocrisy in both parties", he said.<a href="#cite_note-Switches-131">[129]</a> In February 2013, Carson said he was not a member of any political party.<a href="#cite_note-NR-132">[130]</a> In his book America the Beautiful (2013), he wrote: "I believe it is a very good idea for physicians, scientists, engineers, and others trained to make decisions based on facts and empirical data to get involved in the political arena."<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> Carson was the keynote speaker at the <a href="/wiki/National_Prayer_Breakfast" title="National Prayer Breakfast">National Prayer Breakfast</a> on February 7, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> The speech garnered Carson considerable attention because the event is normally apolitical in nature, and the speech was critical of the philosophy and policies of President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, who was sitting 10 feet away.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> About the speech, Carson said: "I don't think it was particularly political ... You know, I'm a physician."<a href="#cite_note-Rea-137">[135]</a> Regarding the policies of President Obama, he said: "There are a number of policies that I don't believe lead to the growth of our nation and don't lead to the elevation of our nation. I don't want to sit here and say all of his policies are bad. What I would like to see more often in this nation is an open and intelligent conversation."<a href="#cite_note-Rea-137">[135]</a> Carson's sudden popularity among conservatives led to him being invited to the 2013 <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">Conservative Political Action Conference</a> (CPAC) as a speaker. He tied for seventh place in the <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">Washington Times</a>/CPAC 2013 <a href="/wiki/Straw_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Straw Poll">Straw Poll</a> with 4% of the 3,000 ballots cast.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> In the 2014 CPAC straw poll, he was in third place with 9% of the vote, behind <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">senators</a> <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> (with 11%) and <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> (31%).<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> In the presidential straw poll at the 2013 <a href="/wiki/Values_Voter_Summit" title="Values Voter Summit">Values Voter Summit</a>, he and <a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Rick Santorum</a> polled 13%, with winner Ted Cruz polling 42%, and in 2014 he polled 20% to Cruz's winning 25%.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> On November 4, 2014, the day of the <a href="/wiki/2014_midterms" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 midterms">2014 midterms</a>, he rejoined the Republican Party, saying it was "truly a pragmatic move" because he was considering running for <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">president in 2016</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Switches-131">[129]</a> In January 2015, <a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a> reported that the Draft Carson Committee had raised $13 million by the end of 2014, shortly after Carson performed well in a <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>/ORC poll of potential candidates in December 2014, coming second in two different versions. He polled 10% to <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a>'s 20%, but in the same poll with Romney removed from the list, Carson polled 11% to <a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a>'s 14%.<a href="#cite_note-Barnes1-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> mentioned that the Draft Carson Committee had chairmen in all of <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>'s <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Iowa" title="List of counties in Iowa">99 counties</a>, and that Carson had recently led two separate <a href="/wiki/Public_Policy_Polling" title="Public Policy Polling">Public Policy polls</a> for the state of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Announcement_of_campaign">Announcement of campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Announcement of campaign">edit</a>]</div> On May 2, 2015, Carson proclaimed that in two days he was going to make a major announcement on his decision on whether to enter the presidential race.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a> station <a href="/wiki/WKRC-TV" title="WKRC-TV">WKRC-TV</a> on May 3, 2015, Carson accidentally confirmed his candidacy for president.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> The interview was also broadcast live on <a href="/wiki/WPEC" title="WPEC">WPEC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> The next day, May 4, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Music_Hall_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="Music Hall Center for the Performing Arts">Music Hall Center for the Performing Arts</a> in his home town of Detroit,<a href="#cite_note-Politico-150">[148]</a> he officially announced his run for the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016">Republican nomination</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 U.S. presidential election</a>. The announcement speech was preceded by a choir singing "<a href="/wiki/Lose_Yourself" title="Lose Yourself">Lose Yourself</a>" with Carson sitting in the audience. After the song, Carson took the stage and announced his candidacy alongside a speech on his <a href="/wiki/Rags_to_riches" title="Rags to riches">rags to riches</a> life story, at one point stating: "I remember when our favorite drug dealer was killed."<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surge_in_polls">Surge in polls</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Surge in polls">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben_Carson_by_Gage_Skidmore_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ben_Carson_by_Gage_Skidmore_9.jpg/220px-Ben_Carson_by_Gage_Skidmore_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ben_Carson_by_Gage_Skidmore_9.jpg/330px-Ben_Carson_by_Gage_Skidmore_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ben_Carson_by_Gage_Skidmore_9.jpg/440px-Ben_Carson_by_Gage_Skidmore_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5084" data-file-height="3389" /></a><figcaption>Carson at a rally in August 2015</figcaption></figure> In October 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Super_PAC" title="Super PAC">Super PAC</a> supporting Carson, The 2016 Committee (formerly the Draft Carson Committee), announced it had received donations in mostly $100 increments from more than 200 small businesses around the country over the course of one week. <a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a> reported that "Carson's outsider status is growing his small business support base." Ben Walters, a fundraiser for The 2016 Committee, expressed optimism about Carson's small business support base: "It's unbelievable the diversity of businesses that we are bringing on. We are seeing everything from doctors' offices and folks in the healthcare profession to motorcycle repair shops and bed and breakfasts."<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> In October, it was noted that Carson's "improbable" political career had surged in polls and fundraising, while he continued to participate in <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party presidential debates, 2016">nationally televised Republican debates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_in_polls">Decline in polls</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Decline in polls">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sean_Hannity_%26_Ben_Carson_(24032441754).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sean_Hannity_%26_Ben_Carson_%2824032441754%29.jpg/220px-Sean_Hannity_%26_Ben_Carson_%2824032441754%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sean_Hannity_%26_Ben_Carson_%2824032441754%29.jpg/330px-Sean_Hannity_%26_Ben_Carson_%2824032441754%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sean_Hannity_%26_Ben_Carson_%2824032441754%29.jpg/440px-Sean_Hannity_%26_Ben_Carson_%2824032441754%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4145" data-file-height="2763" /></a><figcaption>Carson and <a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Sean Hannity</a> in January 2016</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben_Carson_by_Gage_Skidmore_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ben_Carson_by_Gage_Skidmore_8.jpg/220px-Ben_Carson_by_Gage_Skidmore_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ben_Carson_by_Gage_Skidmore_8.jpg/330px-Ben_Carson_by_Gage_Skidmore_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ben_Carson_by_Gage_Skidmore_8.jpg/440px-Ben_Carson_by_Gage_Skidmore_8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4090" data-file-height="2727" /></a><figcaption>Carson speaking before the Nevada caucuses in February 2016</figcaption></figure> The campaign brought considerable attention to Carson's past. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a> described Carson's narrative of "overcoming impossible odds as a child growing up in an impoverished, single-parent household to reach international prominence as a pediatric neurosurgeon" as "a key part of his presidential campaign".<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> said the narrative came under "the harsh scrutiny of presidential politics, where rivals and media hunt for embellishments and omissions that can hobble a campaign".<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> CNN characterized the core narrative as "acts of violence as an angry young man", followed by a spiritual epiphany that transformed Carson into the "composed figure" he now portrays.<a href="#cite_note-tale_of_two-56">[56]</a> Media challenges to a number of Carson's statements included allegations of discrepancies between documented facts and certain assertions in his autobiography Gifted Hands—allegations dismissed by Carson as a media "witch hunt".<a href="#cite_note-witch_hunt-80">[80]</a> In November 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press" title="Detroit Free Press">Detroit Free Press</a> republished an article from 1988 "to try to bring some clarity to the claims currently being brought into question".<a href="#cite_note-88freepress-157">[155]</a> In November 2015, Carson's campaign aired a 60-second TV advertisement in which excerpts from Carson's stump speech were intercut with a rap by an artist named Aspiring Mogul.<a href="#cite_note-RapAd-158">[156]</a> They spent $150,000 on the ads, which were aired in Atlanta, Detroit and Miami.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> Carson defended the ad, saying "Well, there are people in the campaign who felt that was a good way to do things ... I support them in doing that, but I probably would have taken a little different approach."<a href="#cite_note-RapAd-158">[156]</a> Later, he said the advertisement was done without his knowledge, that "it was done by people who have no concept of the black community and what they were doing", and that he was "horrified" by it.<a href="#cite_note-Horrified-160">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported in 2015, "Carson has acknowledged being something of a novice on foreign affairs." Regarding the <a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">Ukrainian crisis</a>, Carson would send arms to Ukraine to aid it in its fight against pro-Russian rebels. He also believes the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>, current NATO members, should "get involved in NATO".<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> In a November 2015 Republican debate, Carson declared his intentions to make <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIS</a> "look like losers" as he would "destroy their caliphate". Carson also advocated capturing a "big energy field" outside of <a href="/wiki/Anbar_(town)" title="Anbar (town)">Anbar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, which he said could be accomplished "fairly easily". Regarding the Middle East, he also claimed that "the Chinese are there".<a href="#cite_note-ISlosers-162">[160]</a> Carson said he is not opposed to a <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian state">Palestinian state</a>, but he questioned why it needs "to be within the confines of Israeli territory ... Is that necessary, or can you sort of slip that area down into Egypt?"<a href="#cite_note-BG.greatest-hits-163">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Withdrawal_from_campaign">Withdrawal from campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Withdrawal from campaign">edit</a>]</div> On March 2, following the <a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Tuesday 2016">Super Tuesday 2016</a> primaries, Carson announced that he did "not see a political path forward" and would not attend the next Republican debate in Detroit.<a href="#cite_note-BTerrisWashPst03022016-14">[14]</a> He said, "[T]his grassroots movement on behalf of 'We the People' will continue", indicating that he would give more details later in the week.<a href="#cite_note-BTerrisWashPst03022016-14">[14]</a> He suspended his campaign on March 4 and announced he would be the new national chairman of My Faith Votes, a group that encourages Christians to exercise their civic duty to vote.<a href="#cite_note-BTerrisWashPst03022016-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-TKopanCNN03042016-164">[162]</a> In total, Ben Carson's campaign spent $58 million. However, most of the money went to political consultants and fundraising rather than advertising. Carson questioned whether his campaign was economically sabotaged from within.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_activities_during_the_2016_election">Further activities during the 2016 election</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carson&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further activities during the 2016 election">edit</a>]</div> On March 11, 2016, a week after Carson ended his presidential campaign, he endorsed Trump, calling him part of "the voice of the people to be heard".<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> Carson's subsequent comments that Americans would have to sustain Trump for only four years if he was not a good president drew criticism, and he admitted that he would have preferred another candidate, though he thought Trump had the best chance of winning the general election.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> On the other hand, at the press conference Carson said Trump had a "cerebral" side.<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-170">[168]</a> On April 25, Carson expressed opposition to <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a> replacing <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_twenty-dollar_bill" title="United States twenty-dollar bill">$20 bill</a> the day after dubbing the replacement "political expediency", though he indicated interest in Tubman having another tribute.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> In late April, Carson wrote to the <a href="/wiki/Nevada_Republican_Party" title="Nevada Republican Party">Nevada Republican Party</a>, requesting the two delegates he won in <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> be released and free to support whoever they want.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> On May 4, after Trump wrapped up the Republican nomination, he hinted that Carson would be among those who would vet his vice-presidential pick.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> The same day, in an interview Carson expressed interest in <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> serving as <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General of the United States">Attorney General of the United States</a>, a position that Carson said would allow Cruz to prosecute <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, and then as a <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court Justice">Supreme Court Justice</a> nominee from the Trump administration.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> On May 6, Carson said in an interview that Trump would consider a Democrat as his running mate, conflicting with Trump's assertion that he would not. A Carson spokesperson later said Carson expected Trump to select a Republican.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> Carson was said by aide Armstrong Williams in a May 10 interview to have withdrawn from the Trump campaign's vetting team, though the campaign confirmed he was still involved.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> Later that month, Carson revealed a list of potential vice-presidential candidates in an interview with <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> On May 16, Carson said the media could not keep opinion out of reporting and cited <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cronkite" title="Walter Cronkite">Walter Cronkite</a> as a fair journalist who was, in his words, a "left-wing radical".<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention</a>, Carson appeared with former New York City Mayor <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a> in support of the pro-Donald Trump <a href="/wiki/Great_America_PAC" title="Great America PAC">Great America PAC</a> at an event in Cleveland.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Results">Results</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carson&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Results">edit</a>]</div> In total, Carson received 857,039 votes during the Republican primaries; this total represented 2.75% of the votes cast. The only jurisdiction he carried in the primaries was in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Alaska_Republican_presidential_caucuses" title="2016 Alaska Republican presidential caucuses">Alaska caucuses</a> in which he won a single state house district, but this did not result in any delegates for his campaign from Alaska since the required threshold of votes statewide was not met. He received the support of seven delegates at the Republican National Convention in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-180">[178]</a> Trump received the Republican nomination<a href="#cite_note-auto-180">[178]</a> and went on to be elected president on November 8, 2016.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carson&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomination_and_confirmation">Nomination and confirmation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carson&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Nomination and confirmation">edit</a>]</div> After Donald Trump's win in the 2016 election, Carson joined <a href="/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidential transition of Donald Trump">Trump's transition team</a> as vice chairman. Carson was also offered a cabinet position in the administration. He declined, in part because of his lack of experience, with an aide stating, "The last thing he would want to do was take a position that could cripple the presidency."<a href="#cite_note-Hill-182">[180]</a> Although it was reported that the position was for <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a>, Carson's business manager has disputed this, stating, "Dr. Carson was never offered a specific position, but everything was open to him."<a href="#cite_note-Hill-182">[180]</a> He was eventually offered the position of <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a>, which he accepted.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> On December 5, 2016, President Trump announced that he would nominate Carson to the position of Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> During the confirmation process, Carson was scrutinized by some housing advocates for what they perceived as his lack of relevant experience.<a href="#cite_note-AlcindorConfirmed-15">[15]</a> On January 24, 2017, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Banking,_Housing,_and_Urban_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs">Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs</a> voted unanimously to approve the nomination.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> Senate Democrats attempted to defeat Carson's nomination via filibuster, but that vote failed on March 1, 2017,<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> and he was then confirmed by the Senate by a 58–41 vote the next day.<a href="#cite_note-AlcindorConfirmed-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenure">Tenure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carson&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tenure">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_State_of_the_Union_(47009455851).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/2019_State_of_the_Union_%2847009455851%29.jpg/220px-2019_State_of_the_Union_%2847009455851%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/2019_State_of_the_Union_%2847009455851%29.jpg/330px-2019_State_of_the_Union_%2847009455851%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/2019_State_of_the_Union_%2847009455851%29.jpg/440px-2019_State_of_the_Union_%2847009455851%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Carson at the <a href="/wiki/2019_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2019 State of the Union Address">2019 State of the Union</a></figcaption></figure> In December 2017, The Economist described the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">Department of Housing and Urban Development</a> (HUD), led by Ben Carson, as "directionless".<a href="#cite_note-:20-187">[185]</a> Most of the top HUD positions were unfilled and Carson's leadership was "inconspicuous and inscrutable".<a href="#cite_note-:20-187">[185]</a> Of the policies HUD was enacting, The Economist wrote, "it is hard not to conclude that the governing principle at HUD is to take whatever the Obama administration was doing, and do the opposite."<a href="#cite_note-:20-187">[185]</a> HUD scaled back the enforcement of fair housing laws, halted several fair housing investigations started by the Obama administration<a href="#cite_note-:21-188">[186]</a> and removed the words "inclusive" and "free from discrimination" from its mission statement.<a href="#cite_note-:21-188">[186]</a> HUD saw an exodus of career officials during Carson's tenure.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> On March 6, his first day as secretary, while addressing Housing and Urban Development (HUD) employees, Carson saluted the work ethic of immigrants, and during his comments, he likened <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slaves</a> to involuntary immigrants. A HUD spokesman said that no one present thought Carson "was equating voluntary immigration with involuntary servitude".<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> In the same speech, Carson was criticized by some for saying that the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">human brain</a> "was incapable of forgetting and could be <a href="/wiki/Transcranial_direct-current_stimulation" title="Transcranial direct-current stimulation">electrically stimulated</a> into <a href="/wiki/Eidetic_memory" title="Eidetic memory">perfect recall</a>".<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> Under the federal budget proposed by President Trump in 2017, HUD's budget for the fiscal year 2018 would be cut by $6.2 billion (13%) and the <a href="/wiki/Community_Development_Block_Grant" title="Community Development Block Grant">Community Development Block Grant</a>, a program which Carson praised in a trip to Detroit as HUD secretary, would be eliminated.<a href="#cite_note-Guillen-192">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> Carson issued a statement supporting the proposed cuts.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> Carson suggested that federal funds for housing in Detroit could be part of an expected infrastructure bill.<a href="#cite_note-Guillen-192">[190]</a> In April 2017, while speaking in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Low_Income_Housing_Coalition" title="National Low Income Housing Coalition">National Low Income Housing Coalition</a> conference, Carson said that housing funding would be included in an upcoming infrastructure bill from the Trump administration.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> In May 2017, Carson referred to poverty as "a state of mind."<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> In July 2017, during his keynote address at the LeadingAge Florida annual convention, Carson stated his concern about "seniors who become destitute" and reported that the Department of Housing and Urban Development had increased public housing programs for the elderly by an unspecified number.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_History_Month_Program_2019_(32409065997).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Black_History_Month_Program_2019_%2832409065997%29.jpg/220px-Black_History_Month_Program_2019_%2832409065997%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Black_History_Month_Program_2019_%2832409065997%29.jpg/330px-Black_History_Month_Program_2019_%2832409065997%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Black_History_Month_Program_2019_%2832409065997%29.jpg/440px-Black_History_Month_Program_2019_%2832409065997%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption>Carson speaks in 2019</figcaption></figure> In summer 2017, Carson allowed his son, Baltimore businessman, Ben Carson Jr., to participate in organizing a HUD "listening tour" in Baltimore. Internal documents obtained by The Washington Post under the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a> showed that the younger Carson "put people he'd invited in touch with his father's deputies, joined agency staff on official conference calls about the listening tour and copied his wife on related email exchanges".<a href="#cite_note-EilperinGillum-199">[197]</a> The son's involvement prompted HUD staff to express concern; the department's deputy general counsel for operations wrote in a memorandum "that this gave the appearance that the Secretary may be using his position for his son's private gain".<a href="#cite_note-EilperinGillum-199">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> Carson's wife, son, and daughter-in-law also attended official meetings.<a href="#cite_note-EilperinGillum-199">[197]</a> In February 2018, the HUD <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">inspector general's office</a> confirmed that it was looking into the role Carson's family played at the department.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> During congressional testimony in May 2019, while being questioned by U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Katie_Porter" title="Katie Porter">Katie Porter</a>,<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> Carson did not know what the term <a href="/wiki/Real_estate_owned" title="Real estate owned">REO</a> ("Real Estate Owned" refers to housing owned by a bank or lending institution post-foreclosure) stood for and confused it with the cookie, <a href="/wiki/Oreo" title="Oreo">Oreo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cnn.oreos-203">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-wp.oreos-204">[202]</a> In response, Carson went on the Fox Business Network where he accused Democrats of adhering to "<a href="/wiki/Saul_Alinsky" title="Saul Alinsky">Saul Alinsky</a>" tactics.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> On March 1, 2020, the office of <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Vice President Mike Pence</a> announced Carson's addition to the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Coronavirus_Task_Force" title="White House Coronavirus Task Force">White House Coronavirus Task Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> On November 9, 2020, Carson tested positive for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> after attending <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">President Trump</a>'s <a href="/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_outbreak#Election_Night_party" title="White House COVID-19 outbreak">Election Night party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> He initially treated himself with a homeopathic <a href="/wiki/Oleander" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleander">oleander</a> extract on the recommendation of <a href="/wiki/Mike_Lindell" title="Mike Lindell">Mike Lindell</a>, the founder of My Pillow, Inc., which Carson said caused his symptoms to disappear. Oleander was previously rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> as a treatment for COVID-19 and Carson received criticism for promoting an unscientific homeopathic treatment.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> He disclosed on November 20 that he subsequently became "extremely sick" and attributed his recovery to <a href="/wiki/Regeneron_Pharmaceuticals" title="Regeneron Pharmaceuticals">Regeneron's</a> experimental antibody therapy. He said that President Trump had given him access to the drug.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Office_furnishing_scandal">Office furnishing scandal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carson&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Office furnishing scandal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson_office_furnishing_scandal" title="Ben Carson office furnishing scandal">Ben Carson office furnishing scandal</a></div> Carson received criticism for spending up to $31,000 on a dining set in his office in late 2017.<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> This expenditure was discovered after Helen Foster, a career HUD official, filed a complaint alleging that she had been demoted from her position because she refused to spend more than the legal $5,000 limit for office redecorations.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> Carson and his spokesman said that he had little or no involvement in the purchase of the dining set. Later, email communications revealed that Carson and his wife selected the dining set.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> On March 20, 2018, Carson testified before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Appropriations" title="United States House Committee on Appropriations">United States House Committee on Appropriations</a> that he had "dismissed" himself from the decision to buy the $31,000 dining room set and "left it to my wife, you know, to choose something".<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> On September 12, 2019, HUD's inspector general released a report clearing Carson of misconduct.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Remarks_on_transgender_use_of_homeless_shelters">Remarks on transgender use of homeless shelters</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carson&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Remarks on transgender use of homeless shelters">edit</a>]</div> Carson was accused by members of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">the Department of Housing and Urban Development</a> of making transphobic remarks at a meeting in San Francisco in September 2019. He warned that "big, hairy men" might infiltrate homeless shelters for women, prompting one woman to walk out. Reps. <a href="/wiki/Joe_Kennedy_III" title="Joe Kennedy III">Joe Kennedy III</a> of Massachusetts and <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Wexton" title="Jennifer Wexton">Jennifer Wexton</a> of Virginia called for his resignation, but Carson said the accusations were a "mischaracterization". A HUD spokesperson responded that Carson "does not use derogatory language to refer to transgendered individuals. Any reporting to the contrary is false."<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carson_Scholars_Fund">Carson Scholars Fund</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carson&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Carson Scholars Fund">edit</a>]</div> In 1994, Carson and his wife started the Carson Scholars Fund which awards scholarships to students in grades 4–11 for "academic excellence and humanitarian qualities".<a href="#cite_note-CSF-222">[220]</a> Recipients of the Carson Scholars Fund receive a $1,000 scholarship towards their college education. It has awarded 6,700 scholarships.<a href="#cite_note-CSF-222">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> In recognition for his work with the Carson Scholars Fund and other charitable giving throughout his lifetime, Carson was awarded the <a href="/wiki/William_E._Simon_Prize_for_Philanthropic_Leadership" title="William E. Simon Prize for Philanthropic Leadership">William E. Simon Prize for Philanthropic Leadership</a> in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Cornerstone_Institute">American Cornerstone Institute</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carson&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: American Cornerstone Institute">edit</a>]</div> In 2021, Carson founded the American Cornerstone Institute, or ACI, a <a href="/wiki/Conservative_think_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative think tank">conservative think tank</a> advancing policies that promote "faith, liberty, community, and life."<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> The ACI's mission statement is "dedicated to promoting and preserving individual and religious liberty, helping our country's most vulnerable find new hope, and developing methods to decrease the federal government's role in society and to improve efficiency to best serve all our nation's citizens."<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> The American Cornerstone Institute is a member of the advisory board of <a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carson&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> Carson and his wife, fellow Detroit native <a href="/wiki/Candy_Carson" title="Candy Carson">Lacena "Candy" Rustin</a>, met in 1971 as students at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> and married in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-pop_the_question-229">[227]</a> They began living in <a href="/wiki/West_Friendship,_Maryland" title="West Friendship, Maryland">West Friendship, Maryland</a>, in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> Together, the couple have three sons, as well as several grandchildren. Their oldest son was born in <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a>, Australia.<a href="#cite_note-perth-231">[229]</a> In 2001, Ben and Candy Carson bought a 48-acre property in <a href="/wiki/Upperco,_Maryland" title="Upperco, Maryland">Upperco, Maryland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-232">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-life_story-233">[231]</a> After being diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a>, Carson underwent a two-hour operation at the Johns Hopkins Hospital on August 7, 2002.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> In 2013, Carson, his wife, and Carson's mother moved to <a href="/wiki/West_Palm_Beach,_Florida" title="West Palm Beach, Florida">West Palm Beach, Florida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> Surrounding his confirmation as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, Carson bought a $1.22 million home in <a href="/wiki/Vienna,_Virginia" title="Vienna, Virginia">Vienna, Virginia</a>, in February 2017 and sold his West Palm Beach home for over $900,000 in May 2017, after buying a $4.4 million home in nearby <a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach_Gardens,_Florida" title="Palm Beach Gardens, Florida">Palm Beach Gardens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Realtor-237">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> He sold his home in Virginia in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Realtor-237">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carson&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben_Carson_by_Gage_Skidmore_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ben_Carson_by_Gage_Skidmore_10.jpg/220px-Ben_Carson_by_Gage_Skidmore_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ben_Carson_by_Gage_Skidmore_10.jpg/330px-Ben_Carson_by_Gage_Skidmore_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ben_Carson_by_Gage_Skidmore_10.jpg/440px-Ben_Carson_by_Gage_Skidmore_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Carson speaking at a church service in Des Moines, Iowa</figcaption></figure> Carson and his wife are members of the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a> (SDA).<a href="#cite_note-notable-240">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-redland_baptist-241">[239]</a> Carson was baptized at Burns Seventh-day Adventist Church in Detroit. A few years later, he told the pastor at a church he was attending in <a href="/wiki/Inkster,_Michigan" title="Inkster, Michigan">Inkster, Michigan</a>, that he had not fully understood his first baptism and wanted to be baptized again. He has served as a local elder and <a href="/wiki/Sabbath_School" title="Sabbath School">Sabbath School</a> teacher in the Seventh-day Adventist Church and is a member of Spencerville Seventh-day Adventist Church.<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> Although Carson is an Adventist, the church has officially cautioned church employees to remain politically neutral.<a href="#cite_note-SDA_caution-243">[241]</a> In keeping with his Seventh-day Adventist faith, Carson announced in 2014 his belief "that the United States will play a big role" in the coming apocalypse. He went on to say, "I hope by that time I'm not around anymore."<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> Carson has stated that he does not believe in hell as understood by some Christians: "You know, I see God as a very loving individual. And why would he torment somebody forever who only had a life of 60 or 70 or 80 years? Even if they were evil. Even if they were only evil for 80 years?" This is fully in line with Adventist teaching, which promotes <a href="/wiki/Annihilationism" title="Annihilationism">annihilationism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-annih-245">[243]</a> Carson endorsed <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_theology" title="Seventh-day Adventist theology">Seventh-day Adventist theology</a>, which includes belief in a <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">literal reading</a> of the first chapters of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KraussNewYorker-246">[244]</a> In a 2013 interview with <a href="/wiki/Adventist_News_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist News Network">Adventist News Network</a>, Carson said: "You know, I'm proud of the fact that I believe what God has said, and I've said many times that I'll defend it before anyone. If they want to criticize the fact that I believe in a literal, six-day creation, let's have at it because I will poke all kinds of holes in what they believe."<a href="#cite_note-ANN_chat-247">[245]</a> Carson's Adventism was raised as an issue by his then-primary rival <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>.<a href="#cite_note-trumpsda-248">[246]</a> Some Adventists have argued that Carson's political positions on <a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">gun rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">religious liberty</a> conflict with historic Adventist teachings in favor of nonviolence, pacifism, and the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SDA_caution-243">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-gunadventist-249">[247]</a> In 1998, Carson was invited to give the commencement address at the prominent <a href="/wiki/Andrews_University" title="Andrews University">Andrews University</a>, the flagship institution of the Seventh Day Adventist school system. During his speech, Carson voiced sympathies for the long discredited belief that the <a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex">pyramids of Giza</a> were built by the biblical figure <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph%27s_Granaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph's Granaries">to store grain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[Note 3]</a> When questioned about it again in 2015, Carson stood by this assertion.<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carson&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Vegetarianism">edit</a>]</div> Consistent with the practice of many Adventists, Carson was a part-time lacto-ovo vegetarian (he ate dishes containing milk, eggs, or cheese, but also occasionally poultry).<a href="#cite_note-Hopkinson2015-253">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kim1990-254">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carson1999-255">[252]</a> He has said his main reason for becoming vegetarian was health concerns, including avoiding parasites and heart disease, and he emphasizes the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">environmental benefits of vegetarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kim1990-254">[251]</a> His transition was made easier because he had eaten little meat for aesthetic reasons as a child,<a href="#cite_note-Kim1990-254">[251]</a> and he readily adopted his wife's vegetarianism because she does much of the cooking in their household.<a href="#cite_note-Kim1990-254">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carson1999-255">[252]</a> Speaking in 1990, he said that with the increasing availability of <a href="/wiki/Meat_substitute" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat substitute">meat substitutes</a>, "It might take 20 years. But eventually there will no longer be a reason for most people to eat meat. And animals will breathe a sigh of relief."<a href="#cite_note-Kim1990-254">[251]</a> To avoid causing others discomfort, he is willing to occasionally eat chicken or turkey, although he finds eating pork highly unpleasant.<a href="#cite_note-Carson1999-255">[252]</a> In August 2015, Carson stated he does "occasionally enjoy a nice steak or a hamburger" and does not "have anything against meat" at a <a href="/wiki/Town_hall_meeting" title="Town hall meeting">town hall meeting</a> in Iowa.<a href="#cite_note-Holdmeyer2015-256">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-RFDTV2015-257">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carson&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Awards and honors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben_Carson_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Ben_Carson_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="202" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="202" /></a><figcaption>Carson at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> in 2008 for the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a></figcaption></figure> Carson is a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-258">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Omega_Alpha" title="Alpha Omega Alpha">Alpha Omega Alpha</a> Honor Medical Society,<a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Alger_Association_of_Distinguished_Americans" title="Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans">Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a> Carson has been awarded 38 honorary doctorate degrees and dozens of national merit citations.<a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a> He is an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/emeritus" class="extiw" title="wikt:emeritus">emeritus</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">fellow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Corporation" title="Yale Corporation">Yale Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-263">[260]</a> <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Public_Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit Public Schools">Detroit Public Schools</a> opened the Dr. Benjamin Carson High School of Science and Medicine<a href="#cite_note-264">[261]</a> for students interested in pursuing healthcare careers. The school is partnering with <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Receiving_Hospital" title="Detroit Receiving Hospital">Detroit Receiving Hospital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a> <ul><li>In 2000, he received the Award for Greatest Public Service Benefiting the Disadvantaged, an award given out annually by <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Awards_for_Public_Service" title="Jefferson Awards for Public Service">Jefferson Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[263]</a></li> <li>In 2001, he was elected by the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> on the occasion of its 200th anniversary to be one of the 89 who earned the designation <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Living_Legend" title="Library of Congress Living Legend">Library of Congress Living Legend</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a></li> <li>In 2004, he was appointed to serve on <a href="/wiki/The_President%27s_Council_on_Bioethics" class="mw-redirect" title="The President's Council on Bioethics">The President's Council on Bioethics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[265]</a></li> <li>In 2005, Carson was awarded the <a href="/wiki/William_E._Simon_Prize_for_Philanthropic_Leadership" title="William E. Simon Prize for Philanthropic Leadership">William E. Simon Prize for Philanthropic Leadership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[266]</a></li> <li>In 2006, he received the <a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>, their highest honor for outstanding achievement.<a href="#cite_note-270">[267]</a></li> <li>In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> awarded Carson the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>, the nation's highest civilian honor.<a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a></li> <li>In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Ford%27s_Theatre" title="Ford's Theatre">Ford's Theatre</a> Society awarded Carson the Ford's Theatre Lincoln Medal, for exemplifying the qualities embodied by President Abraham Lincoln—including courage, integrity, tolerance, equality, and creative expression—through superior achievements.<a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[270]</a></li> <li>In 2008, <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a> named Carson as one of "America's Best Leaders".<a href="#cite_note-274">[271]</a></li> <li>In 2010, he was elected into the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Medicine">Institute of Medicine</a>, considered one of the highest honors in the fields of health and medicine.<a href="#cite_note-275">[272]</a></li> <li>In 2012, Carson was the Influential Marylander Award recipient from <a href="/wiki/Daily_Record_(Maryland)" title="Daily Record (Maryland)">The Daily Record</a>, Baltimore's legal and business newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a></li> <li>In 2014, a poll of Americans conducted by <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> ranked Carson sixth on a list of the <a href="/wiki/Gallup%27s_most_admired_man_and_woman_poll" title="Gallup's most admired man and woman poll">most admired persons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[274]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carson&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gifted_Hands" title="Gifted Hands">Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zondervan" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a>. 1992. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-54651-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-54651-1"><bdi>978-0-310-54651-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gifted+Hands%3A+The+Ben+Carson+Story&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-310-54651-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> (with <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Murphey" title="Cecil Murphey">Cecil Murphey</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thinkbigunleashi00cars_1">Think Big: Unleashing Your Potential for Excellence</a>. Zondervan. 1996. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-21459-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-21459-9"><bdi>0-310-21459-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Think+Big%3A+Unleashing+Your+Potential+for+Excellence&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-310-21459-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthinkbigunleashi00cars_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bigpicturegettin00cars">The Big Picture: Getting Perspective on What's Really Important in Life</a>. Zondervan. 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-22583-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-22583-6"><bdi>978-0-310-22583-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Picture%3A+Getting+Perspective+on+What%27s+Really+Important+in+Life&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-310-22583-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbigpicturegettin00cars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> (with Gregg Lewis)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/takerisklearning00cars">Take the Risk: Learning to Identify, Choose, and Live with Acceptable Risk</a>. Zondervan. 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-25973-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-25973-2"><bdi>978-0-310-25973-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Take+the+Risk%3A+Learning+to+Identify%2C+Choose%2C+and+Live+with+Acceptable+Risk&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-310-25973-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftakerisklearning00cars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americabeautiful0000cars_y9s0">America the Beautiful: Rediscovering What Made This Nation Great</a>. Thomas Nelson. 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-33091-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-33091-2"><bdi>978-0-310-33091-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+the+Beautiful%3A+Rediscovering+What+Made+This+Nation+Great&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-310-33091-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericabeautiful0000cars_y9s0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> (with <a href="/wiki/Candy_Carson" title="Candy Carson">Candy Carson</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onenationwhatwec0000cars">One Nation: What We Can All Do to Save America's Future</a>. Sentinel. 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59523-112-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59523-112-3"><bdi>978-1-59523-112-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Nation%3A+What+We+Can+All+Do+to+Save+America%27s+Future&rft.pub=Sentinel&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-59523-112-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonenationwhatwec0000cars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> (with Candy Carson), on <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_York_Times_Best-Seller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The New York Times Best-Seller (page does not exist)">The New York Times bestsellers</a> list for 20 straight weeks, five of them as number one<a href="#cite_note-Barnes1-143">[141]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onevotemakeyourv0000cars">One Vote: Make Your Voice Heard</a>. Tyndale House. 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4964-0632-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4964-0632-3"><bdi>978-1-4964-0632-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Vote%3A+Make+Your+Voice+Heard&rft.pub=Tyndale+House&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4964-0632-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonevotemakeyourv0000cars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> (with Candy Carson)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonLewisLewis2015" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Lewis, Gregg; Lewis, Deborah Shaw (2015). You Have a Brain: A Teen's Guide to T.H.I.N.K. B.I.G. Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-74599-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-74599-0"><bdi>978-0-310-74599-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=You+Have+a+Brain%3A+A+Teen%27s+Guide+to+T.H.I.N.K.+B.I.G.&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-310-74599-0&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Gregg&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Deborah+Shaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> (with Gregg Lewis, Deborah Shaw Lewis)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">My Life: Based on the Book Gifted Hands. Zondervan. 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-34451-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-34451-3"><bdi>978-0-310-34451-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life%3A+Based+on+the+Book+Gifted+Hands&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-310-34451-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> (with Cecil Murphey)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_CarsonCarson2015" class="citation book cs1">Ben Carson, MD; Carson, Candy (2015). A More Perfect Union: What We the People Can Do to Reclaim Our Constitutional Liberties. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-698-19500-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-698-19500-4"><bdi>978-0-698-19500-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+More+Perfect+Union%3A+What+We+the+People+Can+Do+to+Reclaim+Our+Constitutional+Liberties&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-698-19500-4&rft.aulast=Ben+Carson&rft.aufirst=MD&rft.au=Carson%2C+Candy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> (with Candy Carson)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Carson2022" class="citation book cs1">Ben Carson, MD (2022). Created Equal: The Painful Past, Confusing Present, and Hopeful Future of Race in America. Center Street. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-546-00264-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-546-00264-2"><bdi>978-1-546-00264-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Created+Equal%3A+The+Painful+Past%2C+Confusing+Present%2C+and+Hopeful+Future+of+Race+in+America&rft.pub=Center+Street&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-546-00264-2&rft.aulast=Ben+Carson&rft.aufirst=MD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_CarsonCarson2024" class="citation book cs1">Ben Carson, MD; Carson, Candy (2024). The Perilous Fight: Overcoming Our Culture's War on the American Family. Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-36837-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-36837-3"><bdi>978-0-310-36837-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perilous+Fight%3A+Overcoming+Our+Culture%27s+War+on+the+American+Family&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-0-310-36837-3&rft.aulast=Ben+Carson&rft.aufirst=MD&rft.au=Carson%2C+Candy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> (with Candy Carson)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carson&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">List of African-American United States Cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_Republicans" title="List of African-American Republicans">List of African-American Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2016 Republican Party presidential candidates">2016 Republican Party presidential candidates</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carson&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> He could have been offered a scholarship for incidentals by a private donor if he applied for admission and then attended. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> He could have been offered a scholarship by a private donor if he applied for admission and attended. </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> The pyramids were built as tombs for <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a> Egyptian kings. The story of Joseph is usually dated as set in the time of Egypt's <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a>, five centuries after the time most scholars belief the pyramids of Giza were built. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carson&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Solomon, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/nov/4/ben-carson-officially-switches-parties-returns-gop/">Ben Carson officially changes political parties, rejoins GOP</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a> (November 4, 2014). </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDooley2017" class="citation web cs1">Dooley, Erin (March 2, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/ben-carson-trumps-pick-hud-secretary/story?id=30743236">"Everything you need to know about HUD Secretary Ben Carson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161205182915/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/ben-carson-trumps-pick-hud-secretary/story?id=30743236">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Everything+you+need+to+know+about+HUD+Secretary+Ben+Carson&rft.date=2017-03-02&rft.aulast=Dooley&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2Fben-carson-trumps-pick-hud-secretary%2Fstory%3Fid%3D30743236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrison2012" class="citation web cs1">Garrison, Greg (April 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al.com/spotnews/2012/04/pioneer_surgeon_ben_carson_wil.html">"Pioneer surgeon Ben Carson will speak at Birmingham-Southern tonight"</a>. al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210404151528/https://www.al.com/spotnews/2012/04/pioneer_surgeon_ben_carson_wil.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=al&rft.atitle=Pioneer+surgeon+Ben+Carson+will+speak+at+Birmingham-Southern+tonight&rft.date=2012-04-26&rft.aulast=Garrison&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al.com%2Fspotnews%2F2012%2F04%2Fpioneer_surgeon_ben_carson_wil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msm.edu/Education/PipelinePrograms/Documents/Ben_Carson_Brochure.pdf">Ben Carson Brochure</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Morehouse_School_of_Medicine" title="Morehouse School of Medicine">Morehouse School of Medicine</a>. p. 2. <q>He is internationally recognized as a pioneer in his field. In his operation on the Binder Siamese twins in 1987, he succeeded where all predecessors had failed, in separating twins joined at the head.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ben+Carson+Brochure&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Morehouse+School+of+Medicine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msm.edu%2FEducation%2FPipelinePrograms%2FDocuments%2FBen_Carson_Brochure.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigueur2015" class="citation news cs1">Rigueur, Leah Wright (September 10, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2015/09/10/what-explains-ben-carson-the-long-tradition-of-black-conservatism/">"What explains Ben Carson? The long tradition of black conservatism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved April 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=What+explains+Ben+Carson%3F+The+long+tradition+of+black+conservatism.&rft.date=2015-09-10&rft.aulast=Rigueur&rft.aufirst=Leah+Wright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fmonkey-cage%2Fwp%2F2015%2F09%2F10%2Fwhat-explains-ben-carson-the-long-tradition-of-black-conservatism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelluckEder2015" class="citation news cs1">Belluck, Pam; Eder, Steve (November 22, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/23/us/politics/with-ben-carson-the-doctor-and-the-politician-can-vary-sharply.html">"With Ben Carson, the Doctor and the Politician Can Vary Sharply"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved July 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=With+Ben+Carson%2C+the+Doctor+and+the+Politician+Can+Vary+Sharply&rft.date=2015-11-22&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Belluck&rft.aufirst=Pam&rft.au=Eder%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F11%2F23%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fwith-ben-carson-the-doctor-and-the-politician-can-vary-sharply.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameronReitzCarsonLong1989" class="citation journal cs1">Cameron, D. E.; Reitz, B. A.; Carson, B. S.; Long, D. M.; Dufresne, C. R.; Vander Kolk, C. A.; Maxwell, L. G.; Tilghman, D. M.; Nichols, D. G.; Wetzel, R. C. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-5223%2819%2934279-5">"Separation of craniopagus Siamese twins using cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermic circulatory arrest"</a>. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 98 (5 Pt 2). 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Ben Carson"</a>. PBS. December 5, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=16+Things+to+Know+About+...+Ben+Carson&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2016-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fweta%2Fwashingtonweek%2Fblog-post%2F16-things-know-about-ben-carson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washington.edu/news/2007/03/29/acclaimed-physician-benjamin-carson-to-give-neurosurgery-lecture-april-11/">"Acclaimed physician Benjamin Carson to give Neurosurgery lecture April 11"</a>. UW News. 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Retrieved December 3, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Adventist+Review&rft.atitle=Sonya+Carson%2C+Ben+Carson%27s+Mother%2C+Passes+at+88&rft.date=2017-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adventistreview.org%2Fchurch-news%2Fstory5649-sonya-carson-ben-carsons-mother-passes-at-88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gates_2009-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Gates_2009_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates2009" class="citation book cs1">Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofourroo00gate/page/180">"Benjamin Carson"</a>. In Search of Our Roots: How 19 Extraordinary African Americans Reclaimed Their Past. New York: Crown Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofourroo00gate/page/180">180</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-38240-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-38240-5"><bdi>978-0-307-38240-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Benjamin+Carson&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Our+Roots%3A+How+19+Extraordinary+African+Americans+Reclaimed+Their+Past&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-307-38240-5&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Henry+Louis+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofourroo00gate%2Fpage%2F180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_1990_p19-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_1990_p19_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonMurphey2011" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Murphey, Cecil (2011) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftedhands00benj/page/19">Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story, 20th Anniversary edition</a>. 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Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americabeautiful0000cars/page/53">53</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-33071-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-33071-4"><bdi>978-0-310-33071-4</bdi></a>. <q>parochial school, which had only two classrooms. There were four grades in each classroom, and all eight grades were taught by only two teachers. Consequently, the vast majority of our time was spent singing songs and playing games. By the time my mother, Curtis, and I moved back to Detroit, I had essentially lost a year of school while in Boston, my academic performance lagging far behind that of my new classmates.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+the+Beautiful%3A+Rediscovering+What+Made+This+Country+Great&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-310-33071-4&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Carson%2C+Candy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericabeautiful0000cars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Detroit_Board_of_Education_1972-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Detroit_Board_of_Education_1972_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Detroit_Board_of_Education_1972_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Detroit_Board_of_Education_1972_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Detroit_Board_of_Education_1972_28-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDetroit_Board_of_Education1972" class="citation book cs1">Detroit Board of Education (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d2olAQAAIAAJ">Detroit Public Schools Directory</a>. Detroit, Mich.: Board of Education. pp. 144–45, 148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Detroit+Public+Schools+Directory&rft.place=Detroit%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=144-45%2C+148&rft.pub=Board+of+Education&rft.date=1972&rft.au=Detroit+Board+of+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd2olAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_1992_pp31–55-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carson_1992_pp31–55_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carson_1992_pp31–55_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carson_1992_pp31–55_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carson_1992_pp31–55_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carson_1992_pp31–55_29-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonMurphey1992" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Murphey, Cecil (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thinkbigunleashi00cars_2/page/31">"My Mother, Sonya Carson"</a>. Think Big: Unleashing Your Potential for Excellence. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thinkbigunleashi00cars_2/page/31">31–55</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-57410-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-57410-2"><bdi>0-310-57410-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=My+Mother%2C+Sonya+Carson&rft.btitle=Think+Big%3A+Unleashing+Your+Potential+for+Excellence&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=31-55&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-310-57410-2&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Murphey%2C+Cecil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthinkbigunleashi00cars_2%2Fpage%2F31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_2015-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2015_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2015" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Akilah (October 28, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2015/10/27/ben-carson-recalls-his-boston-beginnings-unfavorable-light/CoFHhaao6sTueulauBaCYN/story.html">"For Ben Carson, bleak memories of his time in Boston. Candidate tells of long-ago blight and violence, but others from Dorchester, Roxbury look back more fondly"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. p. A1. Retrieved January 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=For+Ben+Carson%2C+bleak+memories+of+his+time+in+Boston.+Candidate+tells+of+long-ago+blight+and+violence%2C+but+others+from+Dorchester%2C+Roxbury+look+back+more+fondly&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2015-10-28&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Akilah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fmetro%2F2015%2F10%2F27%2Fben-carson-recalls-his-boston-beginnings-unfavorable-light%2FCoFHhaao6sTueulauBaCYN%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_2014_p48-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_2014_p48_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonCarson2014" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Carson, Candy (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onenationwhatwec0000cars/page/48">One Nation: What We Can All Do to Save America's Future</a>. New York: Sentinel. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onenationwhatwec0000cars/page/48">48</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59523-112-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59523-112-3"><bdi>978-1-59523-112-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Nation%3A+What+We+Can+All+Do+to+Save+America%27s+Future&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Sentinel&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-59523-112-3&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Carson%2C+Candy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonenationwhatwec0000cars%2Fpage%2F48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_1992_p15-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_1992_p15_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonMurphey1992" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Murphey, Cecil (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thinkbigunleashi00cars_2/page/15">Think Big: Unleashing Your Potential for Excellence</a>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thinkbigunleashi00cars_2/page/15">15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-57410-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-57410-2"><bdi>0-310-57410-2</bdi></a>. <q>In Boston we attended a parochial school, but I hadn't learned much because of a teacher who seemed more interested in talking to another female teacher than in teaching us.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Think+Big%3A+Unleashing+Your+Potential+for+Excellence&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-310-57410-2&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Murphey%2C+Cecil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthinkbigunleashi00cars_2%2Fpage%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_1990_pp35–36-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_1990_pp35–36_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonMurphey2011" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Murphey, Cecil (2011) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftedhands00benj/page/35">Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story, 20th Anniversary edition</a>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftedhands00benj/page/35">35–36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-54650-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-54650-4"><bdi>978-0-310-54650-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gifted+Hands%3A+The+Ben+Carson+Story%2C+20th+Anniversary+edition&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=35-36&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-310-54650-4&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Murphey%2C+Cecil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgiftedhands00benj%2Fpage%2F35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_1990_pp29,_40-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_1990_pp29,_40_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonMurphey2011" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Murphey, Cecil (2011) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftedhands00benj/page/29">Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story, 20th Anniversary edition</a>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftedhands00benj/page/29">29, 40</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-54650-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-54650-4"><bdi>978-0-310-54650-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gifted+Hands%3A+The+Ben+Carson+Story%2C+20th+Anniversary+edition&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=29%2C+40&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-310-54650-4&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Murphey%2C+Cecil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgiftedhands00benj%2Fpage%2F29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_1990_pp46–47-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carson_1990_pp46–47_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carson_1990_pp46–47_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonMurphey2011" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Murphey, Cecil (2011) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftedhands00benj/page/46">Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story, 20th Anniversary edition</a>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftedhands00benj/page/46">46–47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-54650-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-54650-4"><bdi>978-0-310-54650-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gifted+Hands%3A+The+Ben+Carson+Story%2C+20th+Anniversary+edition&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=46-47&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-310-54650-4&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Murphey%2C+Cecil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgiftedhands00benj%2Fpage%2F46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_1990_p62-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_1990_p62_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonMurphey2011" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Murphey, Cecil (2011) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftedhands00benj/page/62">Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story, 20th Anniversary edition</a>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftedhands00benj/page/62">62</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-54650-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-54650-4"><bdi>978-0-310-54650-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gifted+Hands%3A+The+Ben+Carson+Story%2C+20th+Anniversary+edition&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-310-54650-4&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Murphey%2C+Cecil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgiftedhands00benj%2Fpage%2F62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_1999_p46-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_1999_p46_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonLewis1999" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Lewis, Gregg (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bigpicturegettin00cars">The Big Picture: Getting Perspective on What's Really Important in Life</a>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bigpicturegettin00cars/page/46">46</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-23834-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-23834-X"><bdi>0-310-23834-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Picture%3A+Getting+Perspective+on+What%27s+Really+Important+in+Life&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-310-23834-X&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Gregg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbigpicturegettin00cars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_1992_pp179-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_1992_pp179_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonMurphey1992" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Murphey, Cecil (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thinkbigunleashi00cars_2/page/179">Think Big: Unleashing Your Potential for Excellence</a>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thinkbigunleashi00cars_2/page/179">179</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-57410-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-57410-2"><bdi>0-310-57410-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Think+Big%3A+Unleashing+Your+Potential+for+Excellence&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-310-57410-2&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Murphey%2C+Cecil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthinkbigunleashi00cars_2%2Fpage%2F179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_1990,_2011_p48,_49–50-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_1990,_2011_p48,_49–50_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonMurphey2011" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Murphey, Cecil (2011) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftedhands00benj/page/48">Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story, 20th Anniversary edition</a>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftedhands00benj/page/48">48, 49–50</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-54650-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-54650-4"><bdi>978-0-310-54650-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gifted+Hands%3A+The+Ben+Carson+Story%2C+20th+Anniversary+edition&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=48%2C+49-50&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-310-54650-4&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Murphey%2C+Cecil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgiftedhands00benj%2Fpage%2F48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_1990,_2011_pp69,_72,_73,_74-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carson_1990,_2011_pp69,_72,_73,_74_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carson_1990,_2011_pp69,_72,_73,_74_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonMurphey2011" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Murphey, Cecil (2011) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftedhands00benj/page/69">Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story, 20th Anniversary edition</a>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftedhands00benj/page/69">69, 72–74</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-54650-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-54650-4"><bdi>978-0-310-54650-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gifted+Hands%3A+The+Ben+Carson+Story%2C+20th+Anniversary+edition&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=69%2C+72-74&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-310-54650-4&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Murphey%2C+Cecil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgiftedhands00benj%2Fpage%2F69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson2014" class="citation web cs1">Carson, Ben (February 19, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.creators.com/opinion/ben-carson/beyond-affirmative-action.html">"Beyond Affirmative Action"</a>. Hermosa Beach, Calif.: Creators Syndicate. Retrieved January 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beyond+Affirmative+Action&rft.place=Hermosa+Beach%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=Creators+Syndicate&rft.date=2014-02-19&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.creators.com%2Fopinion%2Fben-carson%2Fbeyond-affirmative-action.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_2015_p79-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carson_2015_p79_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carson_2015_p79_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carson_2015_p79_41-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonLewisLewis2015" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Lewis, Gregg; Lewis, Deborah Shaw (2015). You Have a Brain: A Teen's Guide to T.H.I.N.K. B.I.G. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-74599-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-74599-0"><bdi>978-0-310-74599-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=You+Have+a+Brain%3A+A+Teen%27s+Guide+to+T.H.I.N.K.+B.I.G.&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-310-74599-0&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Gregg&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Deborah+Shaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_2015_pp61–64-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_2015_pp61–64_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonLewisLewis2015" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Lewis, Gregg; Lewis, Deborah Shaw (2015). You Have a Brain: A Teen's Guide to T.H.I.N.K. B.I.G. 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New York: Sentinel. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onenationwhatwec0000cars/page/35">35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59523-112-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59523-112-3"><bdi>978-1-59523-112-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Nation%3A+What+We+Can+All+Do+to+Save+America%27s+Future&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Sentinel&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-59523-112-3&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Carson%2C+Candy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonenationwhatwec0000cars%2Fpage%2F35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_2015a_pp46–47-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_2015a_pp46–47_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonCarson2015" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Carson, Candy (2015). 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Retrieved November 7, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+tale+of+two+Ben+Carsons&rft.date=2015-11-07&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Reston%2C+Maeve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2015%2F11%2F05%2Fpolitics%2Fben-carson-2016-childhood-violence%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJ_deeper_questions-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_deeper_questions_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_deeper_questions_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein2015" class="citation web cs1">Epstein, Reid J. (November 6, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/ben-carsons-past-faces-deeper-questions-1446861864?alg=y">"Ben Carson's Past Faces Deeper Questions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. Retrieved November 7, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Ben+Carson%27s+Past+Faces+Deeper+Questions&rft.date=2015-11-06&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Reid+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fben-carsons-past-faces-deeper-questions-1446861864%3Falg%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowery" class="citation news cs1">Lowery, Wesley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/11/08/ben-carson-says-its-time-really-to-move-on-from-questions-about-his-biography/">"Ben Carson says it's 'time to really move on' from questions about his biography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved November 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ben+Carson+says+it%27s+%27time+to+really+move+on%27+from+questions+about+his+biography&rft.aulast=Lowery&rft.aufirst=Wesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpost-politics%2Fwp%2F2015%2F11%2F08%2Fben-carson-says-its-time-really-to-move-on-from-questions-about-his-biography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_2014_Beyond-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_2014_Beyond_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson2014" class="citation web cs1">Carson, Ben (February 19, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.creators.com/opinion/ben-carson/beyond-affirmative-action.html">"Beyond Affirmative Action"</a>. Hermosa Beach, Calif.: Creators Syndicate. Retrieved January 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beyond+Affirmative+Action&rft.place=Hermosa+Beach%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=Creators+Syndicate&rft.date=2014-02-19&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.creators.com%2Fopinion%2Fben-carson%2Fbeyond-affirmative-action.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_1990,_2011_p70-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_1990,_2011_p70_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonMurphey2011" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Murphey, Cecil (2011) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftedhands00benj/page/70">Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story, 20th Anniversary edition</a>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftedhands00benj/page/70">70</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-54650-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-54650-4"><bdi>978-0-310-54650-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gifted+Hands%3A+The+Ben+Carson+Story%2C+20th+Anniversary+edition&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-310-54650-4&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Murphey%2C+Cecil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgiftedhands00benj%2Fpage%2F70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_1999_p182-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_1999_p182_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonLewis1999" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Lewis, Gregg (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bigpicturegettin00cars">The Big Picture: Getting Perspective on What's Really Important in Life</a>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bigpicturegettin00cars/page/182">182</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-23834-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-23834-X"><bdi>0-310-23834-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Picture%3A+Getting+Perspective+on+What%27s+Really+Important+in+Life&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-310-23834-X&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Gregg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbigpicturegettin00cars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_1990,_2011_p79-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_1990,_2011_p79_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonMurphey2011" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Murphey, Cecil (2011) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftedhands00benj/page/79">Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story, 20th Anniversary edition</a>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftedhands00benj/page/79">79</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-54650-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-54650-4"><bdi>978-0-310-54650-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gifted+Hands%3A+The+Ben+Carson+Story%2C+20th+Anniversary+edition&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-310-54650-4&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Murphey%2C+Cecil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgiftedhands00benj%2Fpage%2F79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_1990,_2011_p73-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_1990,_2011_p73_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonMurphey2011" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Murphey, Cecil (2011) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftedhands00benj/page/73">Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story, 20th Anniversary edition</a>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftedhands00benj/page/73">73</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-54650-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-54650-4"><bdi>978-0-310-54650-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gifted+Hands%3A+The+Ben+Carson+Story%2C+20th+Anniversary+edition&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-310-54650-4&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Murphey%2C+Cecil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgiftedhands00benj%2Fpage%2F73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_1990,_2011_p74-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_1990,_2011_p74_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonMurphey2011" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Murphey, Cecil (2011) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftedhands00benj/page/74">Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story, 20th Anniversary edition</a>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftedhands00benj/page/74">74</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-54650-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-54650-4"><bdi>978-0-310-54650-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gifted+Hands%3A+The+Ben+Carson+Story%2C+20th+Anniversary+edition&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-310-54650-4&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Murphey%2C+Cecil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgiftedhands00benj%2Fpage%2F74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_1999_p200-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_1999_p200_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonLewis1999" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Lewis, Gregg (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bigpicturegettin00cars">The Big Picture: Getting Perspective on What's Really Important in Life</a>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bigpicturegettin00cars/page/200">200</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-23834-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-23834-X"><bdi>0-310-23834-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Picture%3A+Getting+Perspective+on+What%27s+Really+Important+in+Life&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-310-23834-X&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Gregg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbigpicturegettin00cars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_2008_p82-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_2008_p82_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonLewis2008" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Lewis, Gregg (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/takerisklearning00cars/page/82">Take the Risk: Learning to Identify, Choose, and Live with Acceptable Risk</a>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/takerisklearning00cars/page/82">82</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-25973-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-25973-2"><bdi>978-0-310-25973-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Take+the+Risk%3A+Learning+to+Identify%2C+Choose%2C+and+Live+with+Acceptable+Risk&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-310-25973-2&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Gregg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftakerisklearning00cars%2Fpage%2F82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_2015_p79–80-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_2015_p79–80_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonLewisLewis2015" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Lewis, Gregg; Lewis, Deborah Shaw (2015). You Have a Brain: A Teen's Guide to T.H.I.N.K. B.I.G. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. pp. 79–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-74599-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-74599-0"><bdi>978-0-310-74599-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=You+Have+a+Brain%3A+A+Teen%27s+Guide+to+T.H.I.N.K.+B.I.G.&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=79-80&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-310-74599-0&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Gregg&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Deborah+Shaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_2015b_p87-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_2015b_p87_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonMurphey2015" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Murphey, Cecil (2015). My Life: Based on the Book Gifted Hands. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-34451-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-34451-3"><bdi>978-0-310-34451-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life%3A+Based+on+the+Book+Gifted+Hands&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-310-34451-3&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Murphey%2C+Cecil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-College_Bowl-69"><a href="#cite_ref-College_Bowl_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1968/11/22/archives/yale-harvard-to-meet-in-brainpower-contest.html">"Yale, Harvard to Meet in Brainpower Contest"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. November 22, 1968. p. 58. Retrieved January 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Yale%2C+Harvard+to+Meet+in+Brainpower+Contest&rft.pages=58&rft.date=1968-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1968%2F11%2F22%2Farchives%2Fyale-harvard-to-meet-in-brainpower-contest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1968/11/24/archives/elis-dump-crimson-on-college-bowl.html">"Elis Dump Crimson on 'College Bowl'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. November 24, 1968. p. 85. Retrieved January 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Elis+Dump+Crimson+on+%27College+Bowl%27&rft.pages=85&rft.date=1968-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1968%2F11%2F24%2Farchives%2Felis-dump-crimson-on-college-bowl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedved2004" class="citation book cs1">Medved, Michael (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rightturnsunconv00medv/page/103">Right Turns: Unconventional Lessons from a Controversial Life</a>. New York: Crown Forum. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rightturnsunconv00medv/page/103">103</a>–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4000-5187-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-4000-5187-8"><bdi>1-4000-5187-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Right+Turns%3A+Unconventional+Lessons+from+a+Controversial+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=103-105&rft.pub=Crown+Forum&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-4000-5187-8&rft.aulast=Medved&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frightturnsunconv00medv%2Fpage%2F103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_1990,_2011_p74,_82-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_1990,_2011_p74,_82_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonMurphey2011" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Murphey, Cecil (2011) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftedhands00benj/page/74">Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story, 20th Anniversary edition</a>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftedhands00benj/page/74">74, 82</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-54650-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-54650-4"><bdi>978-0-310-54650-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gifted+Hands%3A+The+Ben+Carson+Story%2C+20th+Anniversary+edition&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=74%2C+82&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-310-54650-4&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Murphey%2C+Cecil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgiftedhands00benj%2Fpage%2F74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_2015b_p41-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_2015b_p41_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonMurphey2015" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Murphey, Cecil (2015). My Life: Based on the Book Gifted Hands. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-34451-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-34451-3"><bdi>978-0-310-34451-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life%3A+Based+on+the+Book+Gifted+Hands&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-310-34451-3&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Murphey%2C+Cecil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_1990,_2011_p103-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_1990,_2011_p103_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonMurphey2011" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Murphey, Cecil (2011) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftedhands00benj/page/103">Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story, 20th Anniversary edition</a>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftedhands00benj/page/103">103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-54650-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-54650-4"><bdi>978-0-310-54650-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gifted+Hands%3A+The+Ben+Carson+Story%2C+20th+Anniversary+edition&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-310-54650-4&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Murphey%2C+Cecil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgiftedhands00benj%2Fpage%2F103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_2013-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carson_2013_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carson_2013_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson2013" class="citation web cs1">Carson, Benjamin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828131223/http://www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu/papers/carson.html">"The Benjamin S. Carson Collection"</a>. Baltimore: The Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives of The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu/papers/carson.html">the original</a> on August 28, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Benjamin+S.+Carson+Collection&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=The+Alan+Mason+Chesney+Medical+Archives+of+The+Johns+Hopkins+Medical+Institutions&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu%2Fpapers%2Fcarson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonLewisLewis2015" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Lewis, Gregg; Lewis, Deborah Shaw (2015). You Have a Brain: A Teen's Guide to T.H.I.N.K. B.I.G. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. pp. 82–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-74599-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-74599-0"><bdi>978-0-310-74599-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=You+Have+a+Brain%3A+A+Teen%27s+Guide+to+T.H.I.N.K.+B.I.G.&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=82-83&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-310-74599-0&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Gregg&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Deborah+Shaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_2012_p130-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carson_2012_p130_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carson_2012_p130_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonCarson2012" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Carson, Candy (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americabeautiful0000cars">America the Beautiful: Rediscovering What Made This Country Great</a>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americabeautiful0000cars/page/130">130</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-33071-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-33071-4"><bdi>978-0-310-33071-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+the+Beautiful%3A+Rediscovering+What+Made+This+Country+Great&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-310-33071-4&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Carson%2C+Candy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericabeautiful0000cars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonCarson2012" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Carson, Candy (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americabeautiful0000cars">America the Beautiful: Rediscovering What Made This Country Great</a>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americabeautiful0000cars/page/156">156</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-33071-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-33071-4"><bdi>978-0-310-33071-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+the+Beautiful%3A+Rediscovering+What+Made+This+Country+Great&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-310-33071-4&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Carson%2C+Candy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericabeautiful0000cars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_2012_p127-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_2012_p127_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonCarson2012" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Carson, Candy (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americabeautiful0000cars">America the Beautiful: Rediscovering What Made This Country Great</a>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americabeautiful0000cars/page/127">127</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-33071-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-33071-4"><bdi>978-0-310-33071-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+the+Beautiful%3A+Rediscovering+What+Made+This+Country+Great&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-310-33071-4&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Carson%2C+Candy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericabeautiful0000cars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_1990,_2011_pp82–90,_104–107-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_1990,_2011_pp82–90,_104–107_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonMurphey2011" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Murphey, Cecil (2011) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftedhands00benj/page/82">Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story, 20th Anniversary edition</a>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftedhands00benj/page/82">82–90, 104–07</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-54650-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-54650-4"><bdi>978-0-310-54650-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gifted+Hands%3A+The+Ben+Carson+Story%2C+20th+Anniversary+edition&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=82-90%2C+104-07&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-310-54650-4&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Murphey%2C+Cecil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgiftedhands00benj%2Fpage%2F82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_2016_pp21–22-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_2016_pp21–22_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson2016" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Candy (2016). A Doctor in the House: My Life with Ben Carson. New York: Sentinel. pp. 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59523-124-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59523-124-6"><bdi>978-1-59523-124-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Doctor+in+the+House%3A+My+Life+with+Ben+Carson&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=Sentinel&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-59523-124-6&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Candy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-witch_hunt-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-witch_hunt_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-witch_hunt_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151107140551/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/11/07/carson-defends-west-point-claim-and-criticizes-media-attention-on-issue/">"Carson says West Point story, others about his past are bias, and amount to a 'witch hunt.'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox News Channel">Fox News Channel</a>. November 7, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/11/07/carson-defends-west-point-claim-and-criticizes-media-attention-on-issue/">the original</a> on November 7, 2015. Retrieved November 7, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carson+says+West+Point+story%2C+others+about+his+past+are+bias%2C+and+amount+to+a+%27witch+hunt.%27&rft.pub=Fox+News+Channel&rft.date=2015-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2F2015%2F11%2F07%2Fcarson-defends-west-point-claim-and-criticizes-media-attention-on-issue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigelFahrenthold" class="citation web cs1">Weigel, David; Fahrenthold, David A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/newly-minted-frontrunner-ben-carson-faces-new-scrutiny-of-his-life-story/2015/11/06/8877e032-84b8-11e5-8ba6-cec48b74b2a7_story.html">"New front-runner Ben Carson faces closer scrutiny of his life story"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=New+front-runner+Ben+Carson+faces+closer+scrutiny+of+his+life+story&rft.aulast=Weigel&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Fahrenthold%2C+David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fnewly-minted-frontrunner-ben-carson-faces-new-scrutiny-of-his-life-story%2F2015%2F11%2F06%2F8877e032-84b8-11e5-8ba6-cec48b74b2a7_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-abcn_'Thi-84"><a href="#cite_ref-abcn_'Thi_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/week-transcript-donald-trump-ben-carson/story?id=35044135">"'This Week' Transcript: Ben Carson and Donald Trump"</a>. ABC News. November 8, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=%27This+Week%27+Transcript%3A+Ben+Carson+and+Donald+Trump&rft.date=2015-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2Fweek-transcript-donald-trump-ben-carson%2Fstory%3Fid%3D35044135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_2008_p94-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_2008_p94_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonLewis2008" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Lewis, Gregg (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/takerisklearning00cars/page/94">Take the Risk: Learning to Identify, Choose, and Live with Acceptable Risk</a>. 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Carson, M.D. Biography and Interview"</a>. www.achievement.org. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.achievement.org&rft.atitle=Benjamin+S.+Carson%2C+M.D.+Biography+and+Interview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.achievement.org%2Fachiever%2Fbenjamin-s-carson%2F%23interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_1990,_2011_p107-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_1990,_2011_p107_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonMurphey2011" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Ben; Murphey, Cecil (2011) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giftedhands00benj/page/107">Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story, 20th Anniversary edition</a>. 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Retrieved July 28, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=5+faith+facts+about+Ben+Carson%3A+retired+neurosurgeon%2C+Seventh-day+Adventist&rft.pub=Religion+News+Service&rft.date=2016-02-01&rft.aulast=Banks&rft.aufirst=Adelle+M.&rft.au=Grossman%2C+Cathy+Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freligionnews.com%2F2016%2F02%2F01%2Fben-carson-religion-adventist-evangelical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SDA_caution-243">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SDA_caution_243-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SDA_caution_243-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventistreview.org/church-news/story2602-adventist-church-in-north-america-issues-statement-on-ben-carsons-u.s.-presidential-bid">Adventist Church in North America Issues Statement on Ben Carson's U.S. Presidential Bid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adventist_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist Review">Adventist Review</a>, May 4, 2015, retrieved October 16, 2015, <q>The Seventh-day Adventist Church values Dr. Carson as we do all members. However, it is important for the church to maintain its long-standing historical support for the separation of church and state by not endorsing or opposing any candidate.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adventist+Church+in+North+America+Issues+Statement+on+Ben+Carson%27s+U.S.+Presidential+Bid&rft.pub=Adventist+Review&rft.date=2015-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adventistreview.org%2Fchurch-news%2Fstory2602-adventist-church-in-north-america-issues-statement-on-ben-carsons-u.s.-presidential-bid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorn2015" class="citation web cs1">Corn, David (October 2, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/09/ben-carson-sabbath-persecution-satan-conspiracy">"Ben Carson and the Satanic Sabbath persecution conspiracy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a>. Retrieved April 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=Ben+Carson+and+the+Satanic+Sabbath+persecution+conspiracy&rft.date=2015-10-02&rft.aulast=Corn&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherjones.com%2Fpolitics%2F2015%2F09%2Fben-carson-sabbath-persecution-satan-conspiracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-annih-245"><a href="#cite_ref-annih_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn" class="citation news cs1">Quinn, Sally. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/12/01/why-ben-carson-doesnt-believe-in-hell/">"Why Ben Carson doesn't believe in hell"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Why+Ben+Carson+doesn%27t+believe+in+hell&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpost-politics%2Fwp%2F2015%2F12%2F01%2Fwhy-ben-carson-doesnt-believe-in-hell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KraussNewYorker-246"><a href="#cite_ref-KraussNewYorker_246-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauss2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Krauss, Lawrence (September 28, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/ben-carsons-scientific-ignorance">"Ben Carson's Scientific Ignorance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. Retrieved October 3, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Ben+Carson%27s+Scientific+Ignorance&rft.date=2015-09-28&rft.aulast=Krauss&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fnews-desk%2Fben-carsons-scientific-ignorance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANN_chat-247"><a href="#cite_ref-ANN_chat_247-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.adventist.org/en/all-news/news/go/2013-04-05/church-chat-carson-handles-spotlight-prayerfully-humbly/">Church Chat: Carson handles spotlight 'prayerfully, humbly'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adventist_News_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist News Network">Adventist News Network</a>, April 5, 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-trumpsda-248"><a href="#cite_ref-trumpsda_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Vanessa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/10/25/donald-trump-no-apology-for-questioning-ben-carsons-seventh-day-adventist-faith/">"Donald Trump: No apology for questioning Ben Carson's Seventh-day Adventist faith"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump%3A+No+apology+for+questioning+Ben+Carson%27s+Seventh-day+Adventist+faith&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpost-politics%2Fwp%2F2015%2F10%2F25%2Fdonald-trump-no-apology-for-questioning-ben-carsons-seventh-day-adventist-faith%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gunadventist-249"><a href="#cite_ref-gunadventist_249-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Posner2015" class="citation web cs1">Sarah Posner (October 12, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religiondispatches.org/on-guns-and-religious-liberty-ben-carson-leaves-fellow-adventists-mystified/">"On Guns and Religious Liberty, Ben Carson "Not an Authentic Adventist""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Religion_Dispatches" title="Religion Dispatches">Religion Dispatches</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religion+Dispatches&rft.atitle=On+Guns+and+Religious+Liberty%2C+Ben+Carson+%22Not+an+Authentic+Adventist%22&rft.date=2015-10-12&rft.au=Sarah+Posner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freligiondispatches.org%2Fon-guns-and-religious-liberty-ben-carson-leaves-fellow-adventists-mystified%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/presidential-candidate-ben-carson-stands-belief-pyramids-built-store-grain">"Ben Carson stands by statement that Egyptian pyramids built to store grain"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS_NewsHour" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS NewsHour">PBS NewsHour</a>. November 5, 2015. Retrieved April 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+NewsHour&rft.atitle=Ben+Carson+stands+by+statement+that+Egyptian+pyramids+built+to+store+grain&rft.date=2015-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fpolitics%2Fpresidential-candidate-ben-carson-stands-belief-pyramids-built-store-grain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatten2015" class="citation web cs1">Batten, Thomas (November 5, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/nov/05/fact-check-ben-carson-claim-pyramids-store-grain">"Fact check: Ben Carson's claim that the pyramids were used to store grain"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved April 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Fact+check%3A+Ben+Carson%27s+claim+that+the+pyramids+were+used+to+store+grain&rft.date=2015-11-05&rft.aulast=Batten&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2015%2Fnov%2F05%2Ffact-check-ben-carson-claim-pyramids-store-grain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hopkinson2015-253"><a href="#cite_ref-Hopkinson2015_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkinson2015" class="citation web cs1">Hopkinson, Jenny (May 14, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/tipsheets/morning-agriculture/2015/05/house-poised-for-action-on-cool-senate-readies-to-take-a-swing-at-wotus-ben-carson-the-vegetarian-option-212543">"House poised for action on COOL — Senate readies to take a swing at WOTUS — Ben Carson: The vegetarian option"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. Retrieved October 31, 2015. <q>Carson's spokesman said that Carson is a "lacto-ovo vegetarian, meaning he will eat dishes with milk, eggs or cheese, and occasionally (but not preferably) chicken. His preference is for hearty vegetable/pasta/cheese dishes, eggplant, lasagna, etc."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=House+poised+for+action+on+COOL+%E2%80%94+Senate+readies+to+take+a+swing+at+WOTUS+%E2%80%94+Ben+Carson%3A+The+vegetarian+option&rft.date=2015-05-14&rft.aulast=Hopkinson&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Ftipsheets%2Fmorning-agriculture%2F2015%2F05%2Fhouse-poised-for-action-on-cool-senate-readies-to-take-a-swing-at-wotus-ben-carson-the-vegetarian-option-212543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kim1990-254">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kim1990_254-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kim1990_254-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kim1990_254-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kim1990_254-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kim1990_254-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim1990" class="citation news cs1">Kim, Junu Bryan (June 1990). 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Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-22583-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-22583-3"><bdi>0-310-22583-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Picture%3A+Getting+Perspective+on+What%27s+Really+Important+in+Life&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-310-22583-3&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Gregg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbigpicturegettin00cars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holdmeyer2015-256"><a href="#cite_ref-Holdmeyer2015_256-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoldmeyer2015" class="citation web cs1">Holdmeyer, Frank (August 25, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agri-pulse.com/articles/5903-ben-carson-likes-his-burgers-and-his-bees">"Ben Carson likes his burgers"</a>. 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Retrieved June 1, 2015. <q>Earlier this year, at a Lincoln birthday celebration at the White House, we honored two Lincoln Medal recipients: Sandra Day O'Connor and Benjamin Carson.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Press+Secretary&rft.atitle=President+and+Mrs.+Bush+Attend+Ford%27s+Theatre+Gala&rft.date=2008-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2008%2F06%2F20080601.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150330123454/https://www.hopkinschildrens.org/newsDetail.aspx?id=3068">"Benjamin Carson, M.D., Awarded The Ford's Theatre Lincoln Medal"</a>. 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January 28, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maryland+Daily+Record&rft.atitle=2012+Influential+Marylanders&rft.date=2015-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthedailyrecord.com%2Finfluential-marylanders%2F2012-influential-marylanders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones,_Jeffrey_M.2014" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Jeffrey M. (December 29, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/180365/barack-obama-hillary-clinton-extend-run-admired.aspx">"Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton Extend Run as Most Admired"</a>. Gallup. Retrieved January 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barack+Obama%2C+Hillary+Clinton+Extend+Run+as+Most+Admired&rft.pub=Gallup&rft.date=2014-12-29&rft.au=Jones%2C+Jeffrey+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F180365%2Fbarack-obama-hillary-clinton-extend-run-admired.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Carson" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Carson&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ben_Carson" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801214555/https://www.hud.gov/about/Secretary">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?47822">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialogue.adventist.org/2360/ben-carson-dialogue-with-an-adventist-neurosurgeon">Ben Carson:Dialogue with an Adventist Neurosurgeon</a> College and University Dialogue Retrieved October 12, 2018</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Castro" title="Julian Castro">Julian Castro</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a> 2017–2021 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Matt_Ammon" title="Matt Ammon">Matt Ammon</a> Acting</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Ross" title="Wilbur Ross">Wilbur Ross</a></div>as Former US Cabinet Member </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of precedence of the United States</a> as Former US Cabinet Member </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a></div>as Former US Cabinet Member </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Price_(American_politician)" title="Tom Price (American politician)">Tom Price</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Azar" title="Alex Azar">Alex Azar</a> (2018–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ben Carson</a> (2017–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Chao" title="Elaine Chao">Elaine Chao</a> (2017–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a> (2017–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Brouillette" title="Dan Brouillette">Dan Brouillette</a> (2019–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betsy_DeVos" title="Betsy DeVos">Betsy DeVos</a> (2017–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs">Secretary of Veterans Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Shulkin" title="David Shulkin">David Shulkin</a> (2017–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wilkie" title="Robert Wilkie">Robert Wilkie</a> (2018–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kelly" title="John F. Kelly">John F. Kelly</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirstjen_Nielsen" title="Kirstjen Nielsen">Kirstjen Nielsen</a> (2017–2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency">Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Pruitt" title="Scott Pruitt">Scott Pruitt</a> (2017–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_R._Wheeler" title="Andrew R. Wheeler">Andrew R. Wheeler</a> (2018–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mick_Mulvaney" title="Mick Mulvaney">Mick Mulvaney</a> (2017–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Vought" title="Russell Vought">Russell Vought</a> (2020–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Coats" title="Dan Coats">Dan Coats</a> (2017–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ratcliffe_(American_politician)" title="John Ratcliffe (American politician)">John Ratcliffe</a> (2020–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Director of the Central Intelligence Agency">Director of the Central Intelligence Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a> (2017–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gina_Haspel" title="Gina Haspel">Gina Haspel</a> (2018–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Trade Representative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lighthizer" title="Robert Lighthizer">Robert Lighthizer</a> (2017–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikki_Haley" title="Nikki Haley">Nikki Haley</a> (2017–2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Small_Business_Administration" title="Administrator of the Small Business Administration">Administrator of the Small Business Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linda_McMahon" title="Linda McMahon">Linda McMahon</a> (2017–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovita_Carranza" title="Jovita Carranza">Jovita Carranza</a> (2020–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Reince Priebus</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kelly" title="John F. Kelly">John F. Kelly</a> (2017–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Meadows" title="Mark Meadows">Mark Meadows</a> (2020–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Political_appointments_of_Donald_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Political appointments of Donald Trump">Political appointments of Donald Trump</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_2012)_2016_United_States_presidential_election_(2020_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:2016 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:2016 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2016 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_2012)_2016_United_States_presidential_election_(2020_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">← 2012</a>) <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (R), 304 electoral votes; <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a> (D), 227 electoral votes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundraising_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Fundraising in the 2016 United States presidential election">Fundraising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_the_2016_United_States_presidential_candidates_by_political_affiliation" title="Political positions of the 2016 United States presidential candidates by political affiliation">Positions</a></li> <li>Polls <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election">national</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election_by_demographic" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election by demographic">by demo.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election">statewide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-2016_statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Pre-2016 statewide opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election">pre-2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January%E2%80%93August_2016_statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="January–August 2016 statewide opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election">early 2016</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="International opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election">international</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Social media in the 2016 United States presidential election">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2016 United States presidential election">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2016 United States presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_endorsements_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Newspaper endorsements in the 2016 United States presidential election">Newspaper endorsements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_endorsements_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_primaries" title="Newspaper endorsements in the 2016 United States presidential primaries">primary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_pairing_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Vote pairing in the 2016 United States presidential election">Vote pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_recounts" title="2016 United States presidential election recounts">Recounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">Russian interference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithless_electors_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Faithless electors in the 2016 United States presidential election">Faithless electors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count" title="2017 United States Electoral College vote count">Electoral College vote count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidential transition of Donald Trump">Transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="First inauguration of Donald Trump">inauguration</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> ▌<a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">AIP</a> · ▌<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">CPNY</a> · ▌<a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Right_to_Life_Party" title="New York State Right to Life Party">RTLP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2016 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">Debates and forums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Endorsements in the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">Endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li>Polls (<a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">national</a> · <a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">statewide</a> · <a href="/wiki/Straw_polls_for_the_2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Straw polls for the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">straw</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">Results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2016 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">VP candidate selection</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2016 Republican Party presidential candidates">Candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political positions of Donald Trump">positions</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_Donald_Trump#Protests_during_Trump's_campaign" title="Protests against Donald Trump">protests</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">GOP opposition</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Jeb Bush 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Jeb_Bush" title="Political positions of Jeb Bush">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ben Carson</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Ben Carson 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chris_Christie" title="Chris Christie">Chris Christie</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chris_Christie_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Chris Christie 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Ted Cruz 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ted_Cruz_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Ted Cruz 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ted_Cruz" title="Political positions of Ted Cruz">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mark_Everson" title="Mark Everson">Mark Everson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carly_Fiorina" title="Carly Fiorina">Carly Fiorina</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Carly_Fiorina_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Carly Fiorina 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Jim Gilmore</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore_2016_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Gilmore 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Lindsey Graham</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Lindsey Graham 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Mike Huckabee</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Mike Huckabee 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Mike_Huckabee" title="Political positions of Mike Huckabee">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Jindal" title="Bobby Jindal">Bobby Jindal</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Jindal_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Bobby Jindal 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Kasich" title="John Kasich">John Kasich</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/John_Kasich_2016_presidential_campaign" title="John Kasich 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_John_Kasich_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of John Kasich 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_McMillan" title="Jimmy McMillan">Jimmy McMillan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Pataki" title="George Pataki">George Pataki</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/George_Pataki_2016_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="George Pataki 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Rand Paul 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Rand_Paul" title="Political positions of Rand Paul">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Rick Perry 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Rick_Perry" title="Political positions of Rick Perry">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Marco Rubio 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Marco_Rubio" title="Political positions of Marco Rubio">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Rick Santorum</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Rick Santorum 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Scott_Walker_(politician)" title="Scott Walker (politician)">Scott Walker</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Scott_Walker_2016_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott Walker 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> ▌<a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Party_(New_York)" title="Women's Equality Party (New York)">WEP</a> · ▌<a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">WFP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_the_2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primary_candidates" title="Political positions of the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primary candidates">Political positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Endorsements in the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums">Debates and forums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li>Polls <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">national</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">statewide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_polls_for_the_2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Straw polls for the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">straw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_superdelegates_at_the_2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="List of superdelegates at the 2016 Democratic National Convention">superdelegates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2016 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">VP candidate selection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential candidates">Candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd>endorsements <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign_political_endorsements" title="List of Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign political endorsements">political</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign_non-political_endorsements" title="List of Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign non-political endorsements">non-political</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign_celebrity_endorsements" title="List of Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign celebrity endorsements">celebrities</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign_screen_and_stage_performer_endorsements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign screen and stage performer endorsements">performers</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Hillary_Clinton" title="Political positions of Hillary Clinton">positions</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democrats_who_opposed_the_Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="List of Democrats who opposed the Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">Democratic opposition</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Chafee" title="Lincoln Chafee">Lincoln Chafee</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Chafee_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Lincoln Chafee 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rocky_De_La_Fuente" title="Rocky De La Fuente">Rocky De La Fuente</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rocky_De_La_Fuente_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Rocky De La Fuente 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_T._Farrell_Jr." title="Paul T. Farrell Jr.">Paul T. Farrell Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Lawrence Lessig 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Malley" title="Martin O'Malley">Martin O'Malley</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Malley_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Martin O'Malley 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bernie_Sanders_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Bernie_Sanders" title="Political positions of Bernie Sanders">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jim_Webb" title="Jim Webb">Jim Webb</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Jim_Webb_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Jim Webb 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Willie_Wilson_(businessman)" title="Willie Wilson (businessman)">Willie Wilson</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a> ▌<a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Party of New York State">IPNY</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Libertarian_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2016 Libertarian Party presidential debates and forums">Debates and forums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Libertarian_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Libertarian Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2016 Libertarian National Convention">Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Gary Johnson 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gary_Johnson_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Gary Johnson 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Gary_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Political positions of Gary Johnson">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld" title="Bill Weld">Bill Weld</a></dd> <dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee" title="John McAfee">John McAfee</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Austin_Petersen" title="Austin Petersen">Austin Petersen</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #17aa5c;"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Green_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2016 Green Party presidential debates and forums">Debates and forums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Green Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Green_National_Convention" title="2016 Green National Convention">Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Jill Stein 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jill_Stein_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Jill Stein 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ajamu_Baraka" title="Ajamu Baraka">Ajamu Baraka</a></dd> <dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Darryl_Cherney" title="Darryl Cherney">Darryl Cherney</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;">Independents ▌ <a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Party of Minnesota">IPMN</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Better_for_America" title="Better for America">Better for America</a></li> <li>Candidate: <a href="/wiki/Evan_McMullin" title="Evan McMullin">Evan McMullin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evan_McMullin_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Evan McMullin 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Evan_McMullin_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Evan McMullin 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li></ul></li> <li>Running mate: <a href="/wiki/Mindy_Finn" title="Mindy Finn">Mindy Finn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Third-party_and_independent_candidates_for_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Third-party and independent candidates for the 2016 United States presidential election">third-party and independent candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #355E39;"><a href="/wiki/American_Delta_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="American Delta Party">American Delta Party</a> ▌<a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Rocky_De_La_Fuente" title="Rocky De La Fuente">Rocky De La Fuente</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_De_La_Fuente_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Rocky De La Fuente 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Steinberg_(lawyer)" title="Michael Steinberg (lawyer)">Michael Steinberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CC66FF;">American Party (South Carolina)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Skewes" title="Peter Skewes">Peter Skewes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F37120;"><a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Mike_Maturen" title="Mike Maturen">Mike Maturen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #800080;">America's Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hoefling" title="Tom Hoefling">Tom Hoefling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #A356DE;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Constitution_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Constitution Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_National_Convention#2016_convention" title="Constitution Party National Convention">Convention</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd>Darrell Castle <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Darrell_Castle_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Darrell Castle 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Scott_Bradley_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott Bradley (politician)">Scott Bradley</a></dd> <dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hoefling" title="Tom Hoefling">Tom Hoefling</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;">Nutrition Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Rod_Silva_(businessman)" title="Rod Silva (businessman)">Rod Silva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a> ▌<a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">PSL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Banks" title="Dennis Banks">Dennis Banks</a></li> <li>PSL VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Puryear" title="Eugene Puryear">Eugene Puryear</a>*</li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Monica_Moorehead" title="Monica Moorehead">Monica Moorehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_Hedges" title="James Hedges">James Hedges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(United_States)" title="Socialist Action (United States)">Socialist Action</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Mackler" title="Jeff Mackler">Jeff Mackler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D30101;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jerry_White_(socialist)" title="Jerry White (socialist)">Jerry White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party USA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Mimi_Soltysik" title="Mimi Soltysik">Mimi Soltysik</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mimi_Soltysik_2016_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimi Soltysik 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Angela_Nicole_Walker" title="Angela Nicole Walker">Angela Nicole Walker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Alyson_Kennedy" title="Alyson Kennedy">Alyson Kennedy</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Osborne_Hart" title="Osborne Hart">Osborne Hart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;">Pacifist Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Bradford_Lyttle" title="Bradford Lyttle">Bradford Lyttle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF33AA;"><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Monica_Moorehead" title="Monica Moorehead">Monica Moorehead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;">Other Independent candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Kotlikoff" title="Laurence Kotlikoff">Laurence Kotlikoff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* : These candidates were constitutionally ineligible to serve as President or Vice President.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_elections" title="2016 United States elections">Other 2016 elections</a>: <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2016 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2016 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spingarn_Medal_winners" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spingarn_Medal" title="Template:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spingarn_Medal" title="Template talk:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spingarn_Medal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spingarn_Medal_winners" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal</a> winners</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1915: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Everett_Just" title="Ernest Everett Just">Ernest Everett Just</a></li> <li>1916: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Young_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="Charles Young (United States Army officer)">Charles Young</a></li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Burleigh" title="Harry Burleigh">Harry Burleigh</a></li> <li>1918: <a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Braithwaite" title="William Stanley Braithwaite">William Stanley Braithwaite</a></li> <li>1919: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Archibald Grimké">Archibald Grimké</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sidney_Gilpin" title="Charles Sidney Gilpin">Charles Sidney Gilpin</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary Burnett Talbert</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li>1924: <a href="/wiki/Roland_Hayes" title="Roland Hayes">Roland Hayes</a></li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Weldon_Johnson" title="James Weldon Johnson">James Weldon Johnson</a></li> <li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Carter_G._Woodson" title="Carter G. Woodson">Carter G. Woodson</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Overton" title="Anthony Overton">Anthony Overton</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Chesnutt" title="Charles W. Chesnutt">Charles W. Chesnutt</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Wyatt_Johnson" title="Mordecai Wyatt Johnson">Mordecai Wyatt Johnson</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Hunt" title="Henry A. Hunt">Henry A. Hunt</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Berry_Harrison" title="Richard Berry Harrison">Richard Berry Harrison</a></li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Russa_Moton" title="Robert Russa Moton">Robert Russa Moton</a></li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Max_Yergan" title="Max Yergan">Max Yergan</a></li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/William_T._B._Williams" title="William T. B. Williams">William T. B. Williams</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/John_Hope_(educator)" title="John Hope (educator)">John Hope</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter Francis White</a></li> <li>1938: no award</li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li>1940: <a href="/wiki/Louis_T._Wright" title="Louis T. Wright">Louis T. Wright</a></li> <li>1941: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Richard Wright</a></li> <li>1942: <a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/William_H._Hastie" title="William H. Hastie">William H. Hastie</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Drew" title="Charles R. Drew">Charles R. Drew</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Lavon_Julian" title="Percy Lavon Julian">Percy Lavon Julian</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Channing_Heggie_Tobias" title="Channing Heggie Tobias">Channing Heggie Tobias</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Houston" title="Charles Hamilton Houston">Charles Hamilton Houston</a></li> <li>1951: <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Keaton_Staupers" title="Mabel Keaton Staupers">Mabel Keaton Staupers</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry T. Moore</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Williams" title="Paul R. Williams">Paul R. Williams</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_K._Lawless" title="Theodore K. Lawless">Theodore K. Lawless</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Carl_J._Murphy" title="Carl J. Murphy">Carl J. Murphy</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(activist)" title="Daisy Bates (activist)">Daisy Bates</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_B._Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth B. Clark">Kenneth B. Clark</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Weaver" title="Robert C. Weaver">Robert C. Weaver</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/John_H._Johnson" title="John H. Johnson">John H. Johnson</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Mitchell_Jr." title="Clarence Mitchell Jr.">Clarence Mitchell Jr.</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Lawrence" title="Jacob Lawrence">Jacob Lawrence</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Sullivan" title="Leon Sullivan">Leon Sullivan</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks">Gordon Parks</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Riles" title="Wilson Riles">Wilson Riles</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Damon_Keith" title="Damon Keith">Damon Keith</a></li> <li>1975: no award</li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Hank_Aaron" title="Hank Aaron">Hank Aaron</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Ailey" title="Alvin Ailey">Alvin Ailey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alex_Haley" title="Alex Haley">Alex Haley</a></li> <li>1978: no award</li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Rayford_Logan" title="Rayford Logan">Rayford Logan</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Young" title="Coleman Young">Coleman Young</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Elijah Mays</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a></li> <li>1984: no award</li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bradley_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Bradley (American politician)">Tom Bradley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hooks" title="Benjamin Hooks">Benjamin Hooks</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Sutton" title="Percy Sutton">Percy Sutton</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Patterson" title="Frederick D. Patterson">Frederick D. Patterson</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wilder" title="Douglas Wilder">Douglas Wilder</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin" title="John Hope Franklin">John Hope Franklin</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/A._Leon_Higginbotham_Jr." title="A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.">A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rowan" title="Carl Rowan">Carl Rowan</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Myrlie_Evers-Williams" title="Myrlie Evers-Williams">Myrlie Evers-Williams</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Earl_G._Graves_Sr." title="Earl G. Graves Sr.">Earl G. Graves Sr.</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Carter" title="Robert L. Carter">Robert L. Carter</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hill_(attorney)" title="Oliver Hill (attorney)">Oliver Hill</a></li> <li>2006: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ben Carson</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">John Conyers</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Cicely_Tyson" title="Cicely Tyson">Cicely Tyson</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Muse_Freeman" title="Frankie Muse Freeman">Frankie Muse Freeman</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_R._Jones" title="Nathaniel R. Jones">Nathaniel R. Jones</a></li> <li>2017: no award</li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Willie_Brown_(politician)" title="Willie Brown (politician)">Willie Brown</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gaspard" title="Patrick Gaspard">Patrick Gaspard</a></li> <li>2020: no award</li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Cato_T._Laurencin" title="Cato T. Laurencin">Cato T. Laurencin</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">Jim Clyburn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/42px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/18px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/27px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/35px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/8px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/16px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/21px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/42px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Michigan" title="Portal:Michigan">Michigan</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/21px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/42px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816459#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816459#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816459#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110700201">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/71503552">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/263884/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvHgt4QqyQ8KFGxF39Rrq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/121223035">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90607854">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125368535">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125368535">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0004541&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5612725">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/791988">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90816516">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199638768">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810592858105606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007314977705171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515155606706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14511575">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07102552?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7005404475">Scopus</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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