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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" 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accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E8%86%A0%E7%90%83" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%A0%E7%90%83&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25E8%2586%25A0%25E7%2590%2583%26action%3Dedit"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25E8%2586%25A0%25E7%2590%2583%26action%3Dedit"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1199270" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">←<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E7%90%83" title="膠球">膠球</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>根据以下的原因，您并无权限去编辑该页面： </p> <ul class="permissions-errors"><li class="mw-permissionerror-blockedtext"> <table id="mw-blocked-text" style="border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,rgba(0,0,0,0.4)); border-radius: 3px; width:100%; margin:0 auto 6px auto; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin: 1.3em 0 1.3em 0;"><div style="font-size:1.6em; color:var(--color-error,rgba(221,51,51,1));"><b>您現在使用的IP地址目前不能編輯維基百科</b></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; padding: 0 2em; border-radius: 3px;"><b>您可以瀏覽頁面</b>，但不能編輯或建立頁面</div></div> </div> <div style="margin:auto; width:70%;"> <div style="text-align:justify;"> <p>目前，IP地址區段「<u>8.222.0.0/16</u>」已被‪Jimmy-abot‬<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BLOCK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BLOCK">封禁</a></b>，而您所使用的IP地址正位於被封禁的範圍內。該IP地址區段被封禁的 </p> <div style="margin:1em; background: var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0); padding:0.6em 2em; border:0px var(--border-color-notice,#666) solid; border-radius: 3px;" id="mw-blocked-text-reason"> <div style="color: var(--color-progressive--active,rgba(42,75,141,1))">封禁理由：</div> <div style="color: var(--color-error,rgba(221,51,51,1)); margin:0.5em 1em"> <table class="user-block" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base,#AAA); padding: 0.5em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banned_proxys.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banned_proxys.svg/50px-Banned_proxys.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banned_proxys.svg/75px-Banned_proxys.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banned_proxys.svg/100px-Banned_proxys.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>您正在使用的<a href="/wiki/IP%E4%BD%8D%E5%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="IP位址">IP地址</a>被判定用于代理工具，因此这一IP已经被封禁。 <p>为防止破坏，<b><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/No_open_proxies/zh" class="extiw" title="m:No open proxies/zh">维基媒体基金会禁止使用部分代理工具来编辑维基百科</a></b>。 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <p><b>为什么？</b> </p><p>您当前访问维基百科使用的IP被我们判定为代理（包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E7%A0%B4%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%AE%A1%E6%9F%A5" title="突破网络审查">突破网络审查</a>）工具所使用的IP。因代理工具可以隐藏用户的真实IP，使破坏者可以以人工或程序对维基百科进行破坏，故禁止使用公共代理工具进行编辑。 </p><p><b>怎么办？</b> </p> <ul><li>直接访问维基百科，不经过代理服务。</li> <li>如果您在中国大陆而必须使用代理服务器，或是有特殊需要，请您 <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock-zh/Blocked_proxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Unblock-zh/Blocked proxy"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive" role="button">使用网站</span></a></span> 或者 <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IPBEMAIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IPBEMAIL"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive" role="button">使用电邮</span></a></span> 申请IP封禁豁免。带有此权限的用户可以使用被封禁的代理编辑维基百科。</li> <li>如果您相信自己并未运行或使用代理，那很可能是因为上一个从<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E4%BE%9B%E5%BA%94%E5%95%86" title="互联网服务供应商">互联网服务供应商</a>分配到此IP地址的用户运行了代理。那么请在您的<a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:讨论页">讨论页</a>使用{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>}}模板申请解除封禁。极少数情况下，您的网络设备或服务提供商可能未进行正确配置，或已被恶意软件（如病毒）入侵。</li> <li>您如果无法自行解决问题，可至<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93" title="Wikipedia:IRC聊天频道">IRC聊天频道</a>寻求其他编者的帮助。</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="color: var(--color-progressive--active,rgba(42,75,141,1))">這次封禁的結束時間是：<b>2025年7月23日 (三) 10:52 (<a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>)</b></div> </div> <p>如您对此封禁有疑问或异议，您可以： </p> <div style="margin:1em; background: var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0); color: var(--color-progressive--active,rgba(42,75,141,1)); padding:0.6em 2em; border:0px var(--border-color-notice,#666 solid); border-radius: 3px;"> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.4em;"><b>网站申诉</b>：前往<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unblock-zh.org/new/zhwp">-{R|https://unblock-zh.org/new/zhwp}-</a>，如果您没有账户，请选择“无法创建账户”。如果您有账户，请选择“已有账户，但无法编辑”。在页面下方的“IP地址和IPBE”一节，请您选择“检测并提供我的IP地址信息，同时申请IPBE权限”。如果您使用代理/翻墙工具，请确保您开启全局模式，以保证我们获得您的准确IP信息。管理员将手工处理您的请求。</div> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.4em;"><b>邮件申诉</b>：将您的用户名和申诉理由写入电子邮件，发送至 <b><samp>unblock-zh<span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="@"><img alt="@" 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在[[粒子物理学]]中，'''胶球'''是一种[[假想粒子|假想]]中的[[复合粒子]]，它仅仅由胶子组成，而不包含任何[[价夸克]]。胶子的这种特殊的束缚态是可能的，因为胶子带有[[色荷]]，因此能够通过[[强核力]]相互作用。因为胶球总是与其它普通的[[介子]]束缚态一同产生，所以其很难在[[粒子加速器]]中被探测到。理论研究表明通过现有的[[对撞机]]技术，人们完全有能力达到胶球能够被产生的能量水平。但是，由于上述的探测困难，直至2012年，胶球依然没有被观测到并确定地认证。<br> 根据[[量子色动力学]]（QCD），胶球可以为两类，一类是常规胶球，具有与普通介子一样的常规量子数，另一类是奇特胶球，携带与普通介子不同的奇特量子数。基于QCD的要求，两胶子胶球的C宇称必定为正；三胶子胶球C宇称可正可负。奇异子（Odderon）C宇称为-1，与其对应的为坡密子（Pomeron）C宇称为+1。胶球是粒子物理标准模型中最重要的预测之一，是标准模型预测的唯一的总角动量（''J<sup>PC</sup>''）为2或3的粒子。 ==格点计算模拟结果== 理论学家通过多种理论方案研究胶球问题，例如：格点QCD理论、库仑规范理论、流管模型、口袋模型、AdS／QCD和QCD求和规则等方法。理论上预言最轻的标量两胶子胶球（''J<sup>PC</sup>''=0<sup>++</sup>）的质量介于1~2 GeV之间，其他量子数胶球质量会高于2 GeV。 {{link-en|格点场论|Lattice field theory}}提供了一种从第一原则理论上研究胶球的能谱的方法。莫宁斯塔和皮尔登在1999年成功计算了[[量子色动力学|QCD]]中的几种最轻的，没有动力学[[夸克]]的胶球。其中3中最轻的胶球如下表所示。动力学夸克的存在会轻微影响下表中的数据，但同时也会是计算更加困难。之后的QCD（格点和求和法则）计算发现最轻的胶球的质量的数量级应该在1000–1700 MeV范围之内。 {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! ''[[总角动量|J]]'' <sup>''[[宇称|P]]''''[[C宇称|C]]''</sup> ! [[质量]] |- | 0<sup>++</sup> | 1730 ±80 [[电子伏特|MeV]] |- | 2<sup>++</sup> | 2400 ±120 MeV |- | 0<sup>−+</sup> | 2590 ±130 MeV |- |} ==候选粒子实验== 粒子加速器实验通常能够识别的不稳定的复合粒子的精度约为10 MeV/c^2，但是并不能够精确的确定粒子的性质。在一些实验中有一些可能的粒子被检测到，但它们在一些研究中被认为是可疑的。尽管证据是不明确的，但一些候选的粒子共振态，可能是胶球。矢量，伪矢量或张量胶球的候选粒子： * X(3020)由BaBar国际协作观察到一个激发态的 2-+, 1+- or 1-- ，一个质量约 3.02 GeV/c^2的胶球。<ref name="arxiv.org">Y.K. Hsiao, C.Q. Geng, "Identifying Glueball at 3.02 GeV in Baryonic B Decays" (Version 2: October 9, 2013) http://arxiv.org/abs/1302.3331 {{Wayback|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/1302.3331 |date=20200711101204 }}</ref> 标量胶球的候选粒子： * f<sub>0</sub>(500) 也被称为σ -- 这个粒子的性质或數據与1000 MeV或1500 MeV的胶球可能是一致的。<ref name=ochs> {{cite journal | author=Wolfgang Ochs | authorlink= Wolfgang Ochs | date=2013 | title=The status of glueballs | journal=[[Journal of Physics G]] | volume=40 | pages=043001 | doi=10.1088/0954-3899/40/4/043001 | issue=4 |arxiv = 1301.5183 |bibcode = 2013JPhG...40d3001O }} </ref> * f<sub>0</sub>(980) -- 这种复合粒子的结构与光胶球的一致。<ref name="ochs"/> * f<sub>0</sub>(1370) -- 这个共振态存在是有争议的，是一个胶球介子混合态的候选粒子。<ref name="ochs"/> * f<sub>0</sub>(1500) -- 这种共振态的存在是无可争议，但是作为一个胶球介子态或纯胶球是不成立的。<ref name="ochs"/> * f<sub>0</sub>(1710) -- 这种共振态的存在是无可争议，但是作为一个胶球介子态或纯胶球是不成立的。<ref name="ochs"/> 其它胶球的候选粒子：在LEP实验的胶子喷柱表明胶球存在的理论预期超过40%。<ref name="ochs"/>许多候选粒子已经至少经过十八年的积极研究。<ref name="slac.stanford.edu">Walter Taki, "Search for Glueballs" (1996) http://www.slac.stanford.edu/cgi-wrap/getdoc/ssi96-006.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://www.slac.stanford.edu/cgi-wrap/getdoc/ssi96-006.pdf |date=20150924102637 }}</ref>gluex实验计划开始于2014，是专门设计用来更明确产生胶球的实验证据。<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.gluex.org/GlueX/Physics.html | title = The Physics of GlueX | access-date = 2015-08-27 | archive-date = 2020-02-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200222052556/http://gluex.org/GlueX/Physics.html | dead-url = no }}</ref> ==最新进展== 2021年3月5日，大型强子对撞机（LHC）的TOTEM合作组与费米实验室太电子伏质子加速器（Tevatron）的DØ合作组联合宣布发现了奇异子的实验证据，理论分析认为奇异子在正反质子散射和质子-质子散射过程中的贡献会不一样，现在，通过比较TOTEM质子-质子实验的弹性微分散射截面的结果和DØ正反质子实验，研究人员发现了奇异子的显著特征，首次探测到了奇异子存在的实验信号。由于实验测到的只是奇异子对微分散射截面的贡献，还不能确定它（们）的质量和其他量子数，甚至不能确定有几个奇异子对实验结果有贡献，研究者严谨地称此次实验结果只是间接证实了奇异子（胶球）的存在。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chalmers |first1=Matthew |title=Odderon discovered |journal=CERN Courier |date=9 March 2021 |url=https://cerncourier.com/a/odderon-discovered/ |access-date=13 April 2021 |archive-date=2022-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122153906/https://cerncourier.com/a/odderon-discovered/ |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Csörgő |first1=T. |last2=Novák |first2=T. |last3=Ster |first3=A. |last4=Szanyi |first4=I. |title=Evidence of Odderon-exchange from scaling properties of elastic scattering at TeV energies |journal=The European Physical Journal C |date=23 February 2021 |volume=81 |issue=180 |doi=10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-08867-6 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-08867-6 |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG. |issn=1434-6052 |doi-access=free |access-date=2021-05-15 |archive-date=2022-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123165315/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs10052-021-08867-6 |dead-url=no }}</ref> ==链接== *[[奇异介子]] *{{link-en|胶X|GlueX}} *[[胶子]] *[[楊-米爾斯理論]] ==参考及更多内容== {{reflist}} * [[Frank Close]] and Phillip R. Page, "Glueballs", ''Scientific American'', vol. 279 no. 5 (November 1998) pp.&nbsp;80–85 * {{cite journal |author= Vincent Mathieu |author2= Nikolai Kochelev |author3= Vicente Vento |year=2009 |title=The Physics of Glueballs |journal=[[International Journal of Modern Physics E]] |volume=18 |pages=1–49 |doi= 10.1142/S0218301309012124 |bibcode = 2009IJMPE..18....1M |arxiv = 0810.4453 }} *[http://xstructure.inr.ac.ru/x-bin/theme3.py?level=2&index1=220258 Glueball on arxiv.org] {{Wayback|url=http://xstructure.inr.ac.ru/x-bin/theme3.py?level=2&index1=220258 |date=20200712192707 }} {{粒子}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:膠子]] [[category:假想基本粒子]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>本页<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%8C%85%E5%90%AB" title="Wikipedia:嵌入包含">嵌入包含</a>了46个页面： </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Authority_control" title="Template:Authority control">Template:Authority control</a>（<a 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