CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Leaf - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"376329c8-5460-46ff-979f-28c7e96ab059","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Leaf","wgTitle":"Leaf","wgCurRevisionId":1280948990,"wgRevisionId":1280948990,"wgArticleId":18973622,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Use American English from July 2019","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from April 2022","Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference","CS1: unfit URL","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Leaves","Plant anatomy","Plant morphology","Plant physiology","Photosynthesis"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Leaf","wgRelevantArticleId":18973622,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q33971","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.21"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Lisc_lipy.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1420"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lisc_lipy.jpg/960px-Lisc_lipy.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="947"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="757"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Leaf - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Leaf rootpage-Leaf skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Leaf" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Leaf" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Leaf" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Leaf" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-General_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>General characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basic_leaf_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_leaf_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Basic leaf types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_leaf_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrangement_on_the_stem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrangement_on_the_stem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Arrangement on the stem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrangement_on_the_stem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions_of_the_blade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions_of_the_blade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Divisions of the blade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions_of_the_blade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics_of_the_petiole" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics_of_the_petiole"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Characteristics of the petiole</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics_of_the_petiole-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Veins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology_changes_within_a_single_plant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology_changes_within_a_single_plant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Morphology changes within a single plant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology_changes_within_a_single_plant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Anatomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anatomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medium-scale_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medium-scale_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Medium-scale features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medium-scale_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Small-scale_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small-scale_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Small-scale features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small-scale_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_leaf_tissues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_leaf_tissues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Major leaf tissues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_leaf_tissues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Epidermis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidermis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Epidermis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidermis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mesophyll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesophyll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Mesophyll</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesophyll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vascular_tissue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vascular_tissue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Vascular tissue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vascular_tissue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaf_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaf_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Leaf development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaf_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biomechanics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biomechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Biomechanics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biomechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions_with_other_organisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions_with_other_organisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Interactions with other organisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactions_with_other_organisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seasonal_leaf_loss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seasonal_leaf_loss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Seasonal leaf loss</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seasonal_leaf_loss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_adaptation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_adaptation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Evolutionary adaptation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_adaptation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Terminology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Shape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edge_(margin)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edge_(margin)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Edge (margin)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edge_(margin)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apex_(tip)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apex_(tip)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Apex (tip)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apex_(tip)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Base" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Base"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Base</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Base-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Surface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hairiness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hairiness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Hairiness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hairiness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Timing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Venation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8.1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hickey_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hickey_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8.1.1</span> <span>Hickey system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hickey_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8.1.2</span> <span>Other systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_descriptive_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_descriptive_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8.2</span> <span>Other descriptive terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_descriptive_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagrams_of_venation_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagrams_of_venation_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8.3</span> <span>Diagrams of venation patterns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagrams_of_venation_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>Size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books_and_chapters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_and_chapters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Books and chapters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_and_chapters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_and_theses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_and_theses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Articles and theses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_and_theses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Leaf</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 149 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-149" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">149 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaar" title="Blaar – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Blaar" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blatt_(Pflanze)" title="Blatt (Pflanze) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Blatt (Pflanze)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%93af" title="Lēaf – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Lēaf" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ورقة نبات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ورقة نبات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuella" title="Fuella – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fuella" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A2ndz%C3%A2" title="Frândzâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Frândzâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B4lye" title="Fôlye – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Fôlye" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="পাত – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পাত" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fueya" title="Fueya – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fueya" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togue" title="Togue – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Togue" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laphi" title="Laphi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Laphi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarpaq" title="Yarpaq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yarpaq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%82" title="یارپاق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یارپاق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="পাতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hio%CC%8Dh-%C3%A1" title="Hio̍h-á – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hio̍h-á" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%A1" title="Япраҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Япраҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82" title="Ліст – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ліст" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Лісьце – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лісьце" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahon" title="Dahon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dahon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Лист – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лист" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladdl" title="Bladdl – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bladdl" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ལོ་མ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལོ་མ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/List" title="List – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="List" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deil" title="Deil – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Deil" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulla" title="Fulla – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fulla" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D0%BB%C3%A7%C4%83" title="Çулçă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çулçă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/List" title="List – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="List" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shizha" title="Shizha – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Shizha" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foglia" title="Foglia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Foglia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deilen" title="Deilen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Deilen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blad_(plantedel)" title="Blad (plantedel) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Blad (plantedel)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blatt_(Pflanze)" title="Blatt (Pflanze) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Blatt (Pflanze)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81opjeno" title="Łopjeno – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Łopjeno" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leht" title="Leht – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leht" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF_(%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE)" title="Φύλλο (βοτανική) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φύλλο (βοτανική)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoja" title="Hoja – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hoja" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folio" title="Folio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Folio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosto" title="Hosto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hosto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="برگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feuille" title="Feuille – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Feuille" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%AAd_(plant)" title="Blêd (plant) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Blêd (plant)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duilleog" title="Duilleog – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Duilleog" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duillag" title="Duillag – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Duillag" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duilleag" title="Duilleag – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Duilleag" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folla" title="Folla – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Folla" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%CC%8Dp-%C3%A9" title="Ya̍p-é – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ya̍p-é" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%8E" title="잎 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잎" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%87" title="Տերև – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տերև" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="पत्ती – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पत्ती" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81opjeno" title="Łopjeno – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Łopjeno" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/List" title="List – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="List" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folio" title="Folio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Folio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daun" title="Daun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folio" title="Folio – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Folio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%91%AD%E1%95%88%E1%90%8A%E1%95%88%E1%96%85" title="ᐊᑭᕈᐊᕈᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐊᑭᕈᐊᕈᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauf" title="Lauf – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lauf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foglia" title="Foglia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Foglia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%94" title="עלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhong" title="Godhong – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Godhong" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Hayʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hayʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86" title="ಎಲೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಲೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ფოთოლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფოთოლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Жапырақ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жапырақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani" title="Jani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A8y" title="Fèy – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fèy" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pel" title="Pel – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pel" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Жалбырак – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жалбырак" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%B8%D0%BB%D3%B9%D1%88%D1%82%D3%93%D1%88_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Ӹлӹштӓш (ботаника) – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Ӹлӹштӓш (ботаника)" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folium" title="Folium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Folium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapas" title="Lapas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lapas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blat_(Planz)" title="Blat (Planz) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Blat (Planz)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapas" title="Lapas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lapas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nk%C3%A1s%C3%A1_(nzet%C3%A9)" title="Nkásá (nzeté) – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nkásá (nzeté)" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B2ia" title="Fòia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fòia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev%C3%A9l_(botanika)" title="Levél (botanika) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Levél (botanika)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Лист (ботаника) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лист (ботаника)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravina_(zavamaniry)" title="Ravina (zavamaniry) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ravina (zavamaniry)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B2" title="ഇല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rau" title="Rau – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rau" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DA%AF" title="ولگ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ولگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daun" title="Daun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Daun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%8Fh-ni%C5%8Fh" title="Niŏh-niŏh – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Niŏh-niŏh" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izhuatl" title="Izhuatl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Izhuatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blad" title="Blad – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Blad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="पात – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पात" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%89" title="葉 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="葉" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronna" title="Fronna – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Fronna" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0" title="ГӀа – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ГӀа" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleer_(Plaanten)" title="Bleer (Plaanten) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bleer (Plaanten)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blad" title="Blad – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauv" title="Lauv – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lauv" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fielle" title="Fielle – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Fielle" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%C3%A8lha" title="Fuèlha – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fuèlha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baala" title="Baala – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Baala" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barg" title="Barg – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Barg" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪੱਤਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੱਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="پتا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پتا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%BC%D9%87" title="پاڼه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پاڼه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Liść – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Liść" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folha" title="Folha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Folha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frunz%C4%83" title="Frunză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Frunză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphi" title="Raphi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Raphi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Лист – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лист" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%85" title="Сэбирдэх – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сэбирдэх" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Leaf" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasaw" title="Wasaw – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Wasaw" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjethja" title="Gjethja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjethja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fogghia" title="Fogghia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Fogghia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%85" title="කොළ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කොළ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Leaf" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86" title="پن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_(botanika)" title="List (botanika) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="List (botanika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/List" title="List – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="List" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleen" title="Caleen – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Caleen" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7" title="گەڵا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەڵا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Лист – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лист" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/List" title="List – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="List" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daun" title="Daun – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Daun" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehti_(kasvitiede)" title="Lehti (kasvitiede) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lehti (kasvitiede)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blad" title="Blad – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahon_(halaman)" title="Dahon (halaman) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dahon (halaman)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="இலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iferr" title="Iferr – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Iferr" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/abaw" title="abaw – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="abaw" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="పత్రము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పత్రము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89" title="ใบไม้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ใบไม้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Барг – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Барг" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86" title="ಇರೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಇರೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaprak" title="Yaprak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yaprak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikyo" title="Kikyo – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Kikyo" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Листок – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Листок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%89" title="پتى – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پتى" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%82" title="يوپۇرماق – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يوپۇرماق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbaw" title="Mbaw – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Mbaw" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foja" title="Foja – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Foja" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1" title="Lá – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lá" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foye" title="Foye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Foye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahon" title="Dahon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dahon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B6" title="叶 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="叶" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%98" title="בלאט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בלאט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ew%C3%A9" title="Ewé – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ewé" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%89" title="葉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="葉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laps" title="Laps – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Laps" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%89" title="葉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="葉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dun" title="Dun – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Dun" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daun" title="Daun – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Daun" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulung" title="Bulung – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bulung" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33971#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Leaf" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Leaf"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Leaf"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Leaf" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Leaf" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&oldid=1280948990" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Leaf&id=1280948990&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLeaf"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLeaf"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Leaf&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Leaf" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33971" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Photosynthetic part of a vascular plant</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Leaves" redirects here. For other uses of "leaf" or "leaves", see <a href="/wiki/Leaf_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Leaf (disambiguation)">Leaf (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_Varieties_(15_sp).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Leaf_Varieties_%2815_sp%29.png/400px-Leaf_Varieties_%2815_sp%29.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="401" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Leaf_Varieties_%2815_sp%29.png/600px-Leaf_Varieties_%2815_sp%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Leaf_Varieties_%2815_sp%29.png/799px-Leaf_Varieties_%2815_sp%29.png 2x" data-file-width="8160" data-file-height="8189" /></a><figcaption>The diversity of leaves</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisc_lipy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lisc_lipy.jpg/250px-Lisc_lipy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lisc_lipy.jpg/330px-Lisc_lipy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lisc_lipy.jpg/500px-Lisc_lipy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Leaf of <i><a href="/wiki/Tilia_tomentosa" title="Tilia tomentosa">Tilia tomentosa</a></i> (Silver lime tree)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf,_Bud,_and_Stem_Diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Leaf%2C_Bud%2C_and_Stem_Diagram.svg/220px-Leaf%2C_Bud%2C_and_Stem_Diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Leaf%2C_Bud%2C_and_Stem_Diagram.svg/330px-Leaf%2C_Bud%2C_and_Stem_Diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Leaf%2C_Bud%2C_and_Stem_Diagram.svg/440px-Leaf%2C_Bud%2C_and_Stem_Diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of a simple leaf. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><div><ol><li>Apex</li><li>Midvein (Primary vein)</li><li>Secondary vein.</li><li>Lamina.</li><li>Leaf margin</li><li>Petiole</li><li>Bud</li><li>Stem</li></ol></div> </div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagramed_parts_of_leaves.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Diagramed_parts_of_leaves.svg/220px-Diagramed_parts_of_leaves.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Diagramed_parts_of_leaves.svg/330px-Diagramed_parts_of_leaves.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Diagramed_parts_of_leaves.svg/440px-Diagramed_parts_of_leaves.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Top and right: staghorn sumac, <i><a href="/wiki/Rhus_typhina" title="Rhus typhina">Rhus typhina</a></i> (compound leaf) <br />Bottom: skunk cabbage, <i><a href="/wiki/Symplocarpus_foetidus" title="Symplocarpus foetidus">Symplocarpus foetidus</a></i> (simple leaf) <div><ol><li>Apex</li><li>Primary vein</li><li>Secondary vein</li><li>Lamina</li><li>Leaf margin</li><li>Rachis</li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>leaf</b> (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: <b>leaves</b>) is a principal appendage of the <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stem</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plant</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsau2006_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsau2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually borne laterally above ground and specialized for <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>. Leaves are collectively called <b>foliage</b>, as in "autumn foliage",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaupt1953_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaupt1953-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauseth2009_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauseth2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the leaves, stem, <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flower</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> collectively form the <a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">shoot</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most leaves, the primary <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Palisade_mesophyll" class="mw-redirect" title="Palisade mesophyll">palisade mesophyll</a> and is located on the upper side of the blade or lamina of the leaf,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsau2006_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsau2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in some species, including the mature foliage of <i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames_et_al1999_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_et_al1999-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> palisade mesophyll is present on both sides and the leaves are said to be isobilateral. The leaf is an integral part of the stem system, and most leaves are flattened and have distinct upper (<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#adaxial" title="Glossary of botanical terms">adaxial</a>) and lower (<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#abaxial" title="Glossary of botanical terms">abaxial</a>) surfaces that differ in color, <a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">hairiness</a>, the number of <a href="/wiki/Stomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomata">stomata</a> (pores that intake and output gases), the amount and structure of <a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">epicuticular wax</a>, and other features. Leaves are mostly green in color due to the presence of a compound called <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a> which is essential for photosynthesis as it absorbs light energy from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>. A leaf with lighter-colored or white patches or edges is called a <a href="/wiki/Variegation" title="Variegation">variegated leaf</a>. </p><p>Leaves can have many different shapes, sizes, textures and colors. The broad, flat leaves with complex <a href="#Venation">venation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> are known as <i>megaphylls</i> and the species that bear them (the majority) as broad-leaved or <a href="/wiki/Euphyllophyte" title="Euphyllophyte">megaphyllous</a> plants, which also include <a href="/wiki/Acrogymnosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrogymnosperm">acrogymnosperms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Lycopods" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopods">lycopods</a>, with different evolutionary origins, the leaves are simple (with only a single vein) and are known as <i>microphylls</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewartRothwell1993_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewartRothwell1993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some leaves, such as <a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">bulb</a> scales, are not above ground. In many aquatic species, the leaves are submerged in water. <a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent</a> plants often have thick juicy leaves, but some leaves are without major photosynthetic function and may be dead at maturity, as in some <a href="/wiki/Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">cataphylls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">spines</a>. Furthermore, several kinds of leaf-like structures found in vascular plants are not totally homologous with them. Examples include flattened plant stems called <a href="/wiki/Phylloclade" title="Phylloclade">phylloclades</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cladode" class="extiw" title="wikt:cladode">cladodes</a>, and flattened leaf stems called <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">phyllodes</a> which differ from leaves both in their structure and origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauseth2009_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauseth2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooney-SovettsSattler1987_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooney-SovettsSattler1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some structures of non-vascular plants look and function much like leaves. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#phyllid" title="Glossary of botanical terms">phyllids</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mosses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosses">mosses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liverworts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverworts">liverworts</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_characteristics">General characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/3D_rendering_of_a_micro_CT_scan_of_a_piece_of_dried_leaf..ogv/220px--3D_rendering_of_a_micro_CT_scan_of_a_piece_of_dried_leaf..ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="46" data-mwtitle="3D_rendering_of_a_micro_CT_scan_of_a_piece_of_dried_leaf..ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:3D_rendering_of_a_micro_CT_scan_of_a_piece_of_dried_leaf..ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/3D_rendering_of_a_micro_CT_scan_of_a_piece_of_dried_leaf..ogv/3D_rendering_of_a_micro_CT_scan_of_a_piece_of_dried_leaf..ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/3D_rendering_of_a_micro_CT_scan_of_a_piece_of_dried_leaf..ogv/3D_rendering_of_a_micro_CT_scan_of_a_piece_of_dried_leaf..ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/3D_rendering_of_a_micro_CT_scan_of_a_piece_of_dried_leaf..ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1440" data-height="810" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/3D_rendering_of_a_micro_CT_scan_of_a_piece_of_dried_leaf..ogv/3D_rendering_of_a_micro_CT_scan_of_a_piece_of_dried_leaf..ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/3D_rendering_of_a_micro_CT_scan_of_a_piece_of_dried_leaf..ogv/3D_rendering_of_a_micro_CT_scan_of_a_piece_of_dried_leaf..ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/3D_rendering_of_a_micro_CT_scan_of_a_piece_of_dried_leaf..ogv/3D_rendering_of_a_micro_CT_scan_of_a_piece_of_dried_leaf..ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/3D_rendering_of_a_micro_CT_scan_of_a_piece_of_dried_leaf..ogv/3D_rendering_of_a_micro_CT_scan_of_a_piece_of_dried_leaf..ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>3D rendering of a <a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computed tomography">computed tomography</a> scan of a leaf</figcaption></figure> <p>Leaves are the most important organs of most <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsukaya2013_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsukaya2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Green plants are <a href="/wiki/Autotroph" title="Autotroph">autotrophic</a>, meaning that they do not obtain food from other living things but instead create their own food by <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>. They capture the energy in <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> and use it to make simple <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugars</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>) and water. The sugars are then stored as <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>, further processed by <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">chemical synthesis</a> into more complex organic molecules such as <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, the basic structural material in plant cell walls, or <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolized</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">cellular respiration</a> to provide chemical energy to run cellular processes. The leaves draw water from the ground in the <a href="/wiki/Transpiration_stream" title="Transpiration stream">transpiration stream</a> through a <a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">vascular conducting system</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a> and obtain carbon dioxide from the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> by diffusion through openings called <a href="/wiki/Stomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomata">stomata</a> in the outer covering layer of the leaf (<a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">epidermis</a>), while leaves are orientated to maximize their exposure to sunlight. Once sugar has been synthesized, it needs to be transported to areas of active growth such as the <a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">shoots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a>. Vascular plants transport sucrose in a special tissue called the <a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">phloem</a>. The phloem and xylem are parallel to each other, but the transport of materials is usually in opposite directions. Within the leaf these vascular systems branch (ramify) to form veins which supply as much of the leaf as possible, ensuring that <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> carrying out photosynthesis are close to the transportation system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeugier2006_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeugier2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typically leaves are broad, flat and thin (dorsiventrally flattened), thereby maximising the surface area directly exposed to light and enabling the light to penetrate the <a href="/wiki/Plant_cell#Types_of_plant_cells_and_tissues" title="Plant cell">tissues</a> and reach the <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasts</a>, thus promoting photosynthesis. They are arranged on the plant so as to expose their surfaces to light as efficiently as possible without shading each other, but there are many exceptions and complications. For instance, plants adapted to windy conditions may have <a href="/wiki/Pendent" title="Pendent">pendent</a> leaves, such as in many <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eucalypt" title="Eucalypt">eucalypts</a>. The flat, or laminar, shape also maximizes <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conduction" title="Thermal conduction">thermal contact</a> with the surrounding air, promoting cooling. Functionally, in addition to carrying out photosynthesis, the leaf is the principal site of <a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">transpiration</a>, providing the energy required to draw the transpiration stream up from the roots, and <a href="/wiki/Guttation" title="Guttation">guttation</a>. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a> have thin needle-like or scale-like leaves that can be advantageous in cold climates with frequent snow and frost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurcell2016_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurcell2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are interpreted as reduced from <a href="/wiki/Microphylls_and_megaphylls" title="Microphylls and megaphylls">megaphyllous</a> leaves of their <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewartRothwell1993_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewartRothwell1993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some leaf forms are adapted to modulate the amount of light they absorb to avoid or mitigate excessive heat, <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> damage, or desiccation, or to sacrifice light-absorption efficiency in favor of protection from herbivory. For <a href="/wiki/Xerophyte" title="Xerophyte">xerophytes</a> the major constraint is not light <a href="/wiki/Radiant_flux" title="Radiant flux">flux</a> or <a href="/wiki/Irradiance" title="Irradiance">intensity</a>, but drought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillert_et_al1992_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillert_et_al1992-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Leaf_window" title="Leaf window">window plants</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Fenestraria" title="Fenestraria">Fenestraria</a></i> species and some <i><a href="/wiki/Haworthia" title="Haworthia">Haworthia</a></i> species such as <i>Haworthia tesselata</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Haworthia_truncata" title="Haworthia truncata">Haworthia truncata</a></i> are examples of xerophytes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayer1982_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayer1982-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leaves function to store chemical energy and water (especially in <a href="/wiki/Succulents" class="mw-redirect" title="Succulents">succulents</a>) and may become specialized organs serving other functions, such as <a href="/wiki/Tendril" title="Tendril">tendrils</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">peas</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a>, the protective <a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">spines</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cactus" title="Cactus">cacti</a>, and the insect traps in <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous_plant" title="Carnivorous plant">carnivorous plants</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Nepenthes" title="Nepenthes">Nepenthes</a></i> and <i>Sarracenia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson2011p.&nbsp;356_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson2011p.&nbsp;356-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leaves are the fundamental structural units from which <a href="/wiki/Conifer_cone" title="Conifer cone">cones</a> are constructed in <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperms</a> (each cone scale is a modified megaphyll leaf known as a <a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">sporophyll</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewartRothwell1993_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewartRothwell1993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 408">: 408 </span></sup> and from which flowers are constructed in <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewartRothwell1993_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewartRothwell1993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 445">: 445 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vein_skeleton_of_a_leaf_(de-ghosted).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Vein_skeleton_of_a_leaf_%28de-ghosted%29.jpg/220px-Vein_skeleton_of_a_leaf_%28de-ghosted%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Vein_skeleton_of_a_leaf_%28de-ghosted%29.jpg/330px-Vein_skeleton_of_a_leaf_%28de-ghosted%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Vein_skeleton_of_a_leaf_%28de-ghosted%29.jpg/440px-Vein_skeleton_of_a_leaf_%28de-ghosted%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3371" data-file-height="1964" /></a><figcaption>Vein skeleton of a leaf. Veins contain <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a> that make them harder to degrade for microorganisms.</figcaption></figure> <p>The internal organization of most kinds of leaves has evolved to maximize exposure of the photosynthetic <a href="/wiki/Organelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Organelles">organelles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasts</a>) to light and to increase the absorption of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> while at the same time controlling water loss. Their surfaces are waterproofed by the <a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">plant cuticle</a>, and gas exchange between the mesophyll cells and the atmosphere is controlled by minute (length and width measured in tens of μm) stomata which open or close to regulate the rate exchange of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> (O<sub>2</sub>), and <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> into and out of the internal intercellular space system. Stomatal opening is controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">turgor pressure</a> in a pair of <a href="/wiki/Guard_cell" title="Guard cell">guard cells</a> that surround the stomatal aperture. In any square centimeter of a plant leaf, there may be from 1,000 to 100,000 stomata.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrogh2010_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrogh2010-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_structure_(labeled).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Leaf_structure_%28labeled%29.svg/250px-Leaf_structure_%28labeled%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Leaf_structure_%28labeled%29.svg/330px-Leaf_structure_%28labeled%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Leaf_structure_%28labeled%29.svg/500px-Leaf_structure_%28labeled%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eucalyptus_foliage_isobilateral_dorsiventral_IMG_0588e.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Eucalyptus_foliage_isobilateral_dorsiventral_IMG_0588e.JPG/220px-Eucalyptus_foliage_isobilateral_dorsiventral_IMG_0588e.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Eucalyptus_foliage_isobilateral_dorsiventral_IMG_0588e.JPG/330px-Eucalyptus_foliage_isobilateral_dorsiventral_IMG_0588e.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Eucalyptus_foliage_isobilateral_dorsiventral_IMG_0588e.JPG/440px-Eucalyptus_foliage_isobilateral_dorsiventral_IMG_0588e.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Near the ground these <i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></i> saplings have juvenile dorsiventral foliage from the previous year, but this season their newly sprouting foliage is isobilateral, like the mature foliage on the adult trees above</figcaption></figure> <p>The shape and structure of leaves vary considerably from species to species of plant, depending largely on their adaptation to climate and available light, but also to other factors such as grazing animals, available nutrients, and ecological competition from other plants. Considerable changes in leaf type occur within species, too, for example as a plant matures (<i>Eucalyptus</i> species commonly have isobilateral, pendent leaves when mature and dominating their neighbors; however, such trees tend to have erect or horizontal <a href="/wiki/Dorsiventral" title="Dorsiventral">dorsiventral</a> leaves as seedlings, when their growth is limited by the available light.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesBell2000_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesBell2000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other factors include the need to balance water loss at high temperature and low humidity against the need to absorb CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>. In most plants, leaves also are the primary organs responsible for <a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">transpiration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guttation" title="Guttation">guttation</a> (beads of fluid forming at leaf margins). </p><p>Leaves can also store food and water and are modified accordingly to meet these functions, for example in the leaves of succulent plants and in <a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">bulb</a> scales. The concentration of photosynthetic structures in leaves requires that they be richer in <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>, and sugars than, say, woody stem tissues. Accordingly, leaves are prominent in the <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">diet</a> of many <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>. Correspondingly, leaves represent heavy investment on the part of the plants bearing them, and their retention or disposition are the subject of elaborate strategies for dealing with pest pressures, seasonal conditions, and protective measures such as the growth of thorns and the production of <a href="/wiki/Phytolith" title="Phytolith">phytoliths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisons</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">Deciduous</a> plants in cold temperate regions typically shed their leaves in <a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">autumn</a>, whereas in areas with a severe <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a>, some plants may shed their leaves until the dry season ends. In either case, the shed leaves often contribute their retained nutrients to the soil where they fall. In contrast, many other non-seasonal plants, such as <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palms</a> and conifers, retain their leaves for long periods; <i><a href="/wiki/Welwitschia" title="Welwitschia">Welwitschia</a></i> retains its two main leaves throughout a lifetime that may exceed a thousand years. </p><p>The leaf-like organs of <a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophytes</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">liverworts</a>), known as <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#phyllid" title="Glossary of botanical terms">phyllids</a>, differ greatly morphologically from the leaves of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular plants">vascular plants</a>. In most cases, they lack vascular tissue, are a single cell thick and have no <a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">cuticle</a>, stomata, or internal system of intercellular spaces. (The phyllids of the moss family <a href="/wiki/Polytrichaceae" title="Polytrichaceae">Polytrichaceae</a> are notable exceptions.) The phyllids of bryophytes are only present on the <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophytes</a>, while in contrast the leaves of vascular plants are only present on the <a href="/wiki/Sporophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporophytes">sporophytes</a>. These can further develop into either vegetative or reproductive structures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson2011p.&nbsp;356_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson2011p.&nbsp;356-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Simple, vascularized leaves (<a href="/wiki/Microphylls" class="mw-redirect" title="Microphylls">microphylls</a>), such as those of the early Devonian lycopsid <i><a href="/wiki/Baragwanathia" title="Baragwanathia">Baragwanathia</a></i>, first evolved as enations, extensions of the stem. True leaves or euphylls of larger size and with more complex venation did not become widespread in other groups until the Devonian period, by which time the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere had dropped significantly. This occurred independently in several separate lineages of vascular plants, in <a href="/wiki/Progymnosperm" title="Progymnosperm">progymnosperms</a> like <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteris" title="Archaeopteris">Archaeopteris</a></i>, in <a href="/wiki/Sphenopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenopsida">Sphenopsida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a> and later in the <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">angiosperms</a>. Euphylls are also referred to as macrophylls or megaphylls (large leaves).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewartRothwell1993_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewartRothwell1993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_leaf_morphology" title="Glossary of leaf morphology">Glossary of leaf morphology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Travel_Deep_Inside_a_Leaf_-_Annotated_Version_-_California_Academy_of_Sciences.webm/220px--Travel_Deep_Inside_a_Leaf_-_Annotated_Version_-_California_Academy_of_Sciences.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="173" data-mwtitle="Travel_Deep_Inside_a_Leaf_-_Annotated_Version_-_California_Academy_of_Sciences.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Travel_Deep_Inside_a_Leaf_-_Annotated_Version_-_California_Academy_of_Sciences.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Travel_Deep_Inside_a_Leaf_-_Annotated_Version_-_California_Academy_of_Sciences.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Travel_Deep_Inside_a_Leaf_-_Annotated_Version_-_California_Academy_of_Sciences.webm/Travel_Deep_Inside_a_Leaf_-_Annotated_Version_-_California_Academy_of_Sciences.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Travel_Deep_Inside_a_Leaf_-_Annotated_Version_-_California_Academy_of_Sciences.webm/Travel_Deep_Inside_a_Leaf_-_Annotated_Version_-_California_Academy_of_Sciences.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Travel_Deep_Inside_a_Leaf_-_Annotated_Version_-_California_Academy_of_Sciences.webm/Travel_Deep_Inside_a_Leaf_-_Annotated_Version_-_California_Academy_of_Sciences.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Travel_Deep_Inside_a_Leaf_-_Annotated_Version_-_California_Academy_of_Sciences.webm/Travel_Deep_Inside_a_Leaf_-_Annotated_Version_-_California_Academy_of_Sciences.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Travel_Deep_Inside_a_Leaf_-_Annotated_Version_-_California_Academy_of_Sciences.webm/Travel_Deep_Inside_a_Leaf_-_Annotated_Version_-_California_Academy_of_Sciences.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATravel_Deep_Inside_a_Leaf_-_Annotated_Version_-_California_Academy_of_Sciences.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Animated zoom into the leaf of a <i><a href="/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" title="Sequoia sempervirens">Sequoia sempervirens</a></i> (California redwood)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosa_canina_blatt_2005.05.26_11.50.13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Leafstem of dog rose with petiole, stipules and leaflets" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Rosa_canina_blatt_2005.05.26_11.50.13.jpg/170px-Rosa_canina_blatt_2005.05.26_11.50.13.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Rosa_canina_blatt_2005.05.26_11.50.13.jpg/255px-Rosa_canina_blatt_2005.05.26_11.50.13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Rosa_canina_blatt_2005.05.26_11.50.13.jpg/340px-Rosa_canina_blatt_2005.05.26_11.50.13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Rosa_canina" title="Rosa canina">Rosa canina</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Stipules" class="mw-redirect" title="Stipules">stipules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rachis" title="Rachis">rachis</a>, five <a href="/wiki/Leaflet_(botany)" title="Leaflet (botany)">leaflets</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citrus_leaf(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Citrus_leaf%28crop%29.jpg/170px-Citrus_leaf%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Citrus_leaf%28crop%29.jpg/255px-Citrus_leaf%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Citrus_leaf%28crop%29.jpg/340px-Citrus_leaf%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="1431" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">Citrus</a></i> leaves with translucent glands<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood_et_al2007_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood_et_al2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p> A structurally complete leaf of an <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">angiosperm</a> consists of a <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petiole</a> (leaf stalk), a lamina (leaf blade), <a href="/wiki/Stipule" title="Stipule">stipules</a> (small structures located to either side of the base of the petiole) and a sheath. Not every species produces leaves with all of these structural components. The proximal stalk or petiole is called a <a href="/wiki/Stipe_(botany)" title="Stipe (botany)">stipe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ferns" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferns">ferns</a>. The lamina is the expanded, flat component of the leaf which contains the <a href="/wiki/Chloroplasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloroplasts">chloroplasts</a>. The sheath is a structure, typically at the base that fully or partially clasps the <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stem</a> above the node, where the leaf is attached. Leaf sheathes typically occur in <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a> (grasses) and <a href="/wiki/Apiaceae" title="Apiaceae">Apiaceae</a> (umbellifers). Between the sheath and the lamina, there may be a <a href="/wiki/Pseudopetiole" title="Pseudopetiole">pseudopetiole</a>, a petiole like structure. Pseudopetioles occur in some <a href="/wiki/Monocotyledons" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocotyledons">monocotyledons</a> including <a href="/wiki/Bananas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bananas">bananas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bamboos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamboos">bamboos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson2011pp.&nbsp;356–357_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson2011pp.&nbsp;356–357-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stipules may be conspicuous (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">beans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roses" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses">roses</a>), soon falling or otherwise not obvious as in <a href="/wiki/Moraceae" title="Moraceae">Moraceae</a> or absent altogether as in the <a href="/wiki/Magnoliaceae" title="Magnoliaceae">Magnoliaceae</a>. A petiole may be absent (apetiolate), or the blade may not be laminar (flattened). The petiole mechanically links the leaf to the plant and provides the route for transfer of water and sugars to and from the leaf. The lamina is typically the location of the majority of photosynthesis. The upper (<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#A" title="Glossary of botanical terms">adaxial</a>) angle between a leaf and a stem is known as the axil of the leaf. It is often the location of a <a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">bud</a>. Structures located there are called "axillary".</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fulles_noves,_magraner_(partida_de_la_Belenguera,_Alginet,_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Fulles_noves%2C_magraner_%28partida_de_la_Belenguera%2C_Alginet%2C_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%29.jpg/220px-Fulles_noves%2C_magraner_%28partida_de_la_Belenguera%2C_Alginet%2C_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Fulles_noves%2C_magraner_%28partida_de_la_Belenguera%2C_Alginet%2C_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%29.jpg/330px-Fulles_noves%2C_magraner_%28partida_de_la_Belenguera%2C_Alginet%2C_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Fulles_noves%2C_magraner_%28partida_de_la_Belenguera%2C_Alginet%2C_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%29.jpg/440px-Fulles_noves%2C_magraner_%28partida_de_la_Belenguera%2C_Alginet%2C_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3035" data-file-height="2281" /></a><figcaption>New <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranate</a> leaves</figcaption></figure><p>External leaf characteristics, such as shape, margin, hairs, the petiole, and the presence of stipules and glands, are frequently important for identifying plants to family, genus or <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> levels, and botanists have developed a rich <a href="/wiki/Terminology" title="Terminology">terminology</a> for describing leaf characteristics. Leaves almost always have determinate growth. They grow to a specific pattern and shape and then stop. Other plant parts like stems or roots have non-determinate growth, and will usually continue to grow as long as they have the resources to do so. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eenbruinigherfstblad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Eenbruinigherfstblad.jpg/220px-Eenbruinigherfstblad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Eenbruinigherfstblad.jpg/330px-Eenbruinigherfstblad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Eenbruinigherfstblad.jpg/440px-Eenbruinigherfstblad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5096" data-file-height="5096" /></a><figcaption>A leaf shed in <a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">autumn</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The type of leaf is usually characteristic of a species (monomorphic), although some species produce more than one type of leaf (dimorphic or <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">polymorphic</a>). The longest leaves are those of the <a href="/wiki/Raffia_palm" title="Raffia palm">Raffia palm</a>, <i>R. regalis</i> which may be up to 25 m (82 ft) long and 3 m (9.8 ft) wide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallé1977_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallé1977-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terminology associated with the description of leaf morphology is presented, in illustrated form, at <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Botany/Leaves_(forms)" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Botany/Leaves (forms)">Wikibooks</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crossyne_guttata_IMG_2410c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Crossyne_guttata_IMG_2410c.jpg/150px-Crossyne_guttata_IMG_2410c.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Crossyne_guttata_IMG_2410c.jpg/225px-Crossyne_guttata_IMG_2410c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Crossyne_guttata_IMG_2410c.jpg/300px-Crossyne_guttata_IMG_2410c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3596" data-file-height="2783" /></a><figcaption>Prostrate leaves in <i><a href="/wiki/Crossyne" title="Crossyne">Crossyne guttata</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Where leaves are basal, and lie on the ground, they are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology#prostrate" title="Glossary of plant morphology">prostrate</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Basic_leaf_types"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_leaf_types">Basic leaf types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Basic leaf types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lilium_superbum_(Lithographie,_Pierre-Joseph_Redoute).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lilium_superbum_%28Lithographie%2C_Pierre-Joseph_Redoute%29.jpg/250px-Lilium_superbum_%28Lithographie%2C_Pierre-Joseph_Redoute%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lilium_superbum_%28Lithographie%2C_Pierre-Joseph_Redoute%29.jpg/330px-Lilium_superbum_%28Lithographie%2C_Pierre-Joseph_Redoute%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lilium_superbum_%28Lithographie%2C_Pierre-Joseph_Redoute%29.jpg/500px-Lilium_superbum_%28Lithographie%2C_Pierre-Joseph_Redoute%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3881" data-file-height="5744" /></a><figcaption>Whorled leaf pattern of the <a href="/wiki/American_tiger_lily" class="mw-redirect" title="American tiger lily">American tiger lily</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">Perennial</a> plants whose leaves are shed annually are said to have deciduous leaves, while leaves that remain through winter are <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreens</a>. Leaves attached to stems by stalks (known as <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petioles</a>) are called petiolate, and if attached directly to the stem with no petiole they are called sessile.<sup id="cite_ref-types_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-types-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Ferns have <a href="/wiki/Frond" title="Frond">fronds</a>.</li> <li>Conifer leaves are typically needle- or awl-shaped or scale-like; they are usually evergreen but can sometimes be deciduous. Usually, they have a single vein.</li> <li>The standard form of flowering plants (angiosperm) includes <a href="/wiki/Stipule" title="Stipule">stipules</a>, a petiole, and a <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#lamina" title="Glossary of botanical terms">lamina</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophytes</a> have <a href="/wiki/Microphylls_and_megaphylls" title="Microphylls and megaphylls">microphylls</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon#Leaves" title="Monocotyledon">Sheath</a> leaves are the type found in most <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grasses</a> and many other monocots.</li> <li>Other specialized leaves include those of <i><a href="/wiki/Nepenthes" title="Nepenthes">Nepenthes</a></i>, a pitcher plant.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Dicotyledon" title="Dicotyledon">Dicot</a> leaves have blades with pinnate venation (where major veins diverge from one large mid-vein and have smaller connecting networks between them). Less commonly, dicot leaf blades may have palmate venation (several large veins diverging from <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petiole</a> to leaf edges). Finally, some exhibit parallel venation.<sup id="cite_ref-types_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-types-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocot</a> leaves in temperate climates usually have narrow blades and usually parallel venation converging at leaf tips or edges. Some also have pinnate venation.<sup id="cite_ref-types_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-types-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrangement_on_the_stem">Arrangement on the stem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Arrangement on the stem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phyllotaxis" title="Phyllotaxis">Phyllotaxis</a></div> <p>The arrangement of leaves on the stem is known as <a href="/wiki/Phyllotaxis" title="Phyllotaxis">phyllotaxis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large variety of phyllotactic patterns occur in nature: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaves_opposite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Leaves_opposite.jpg/170px-Leaves_opposite.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Leaves_opposite.jpg/255px-Leaves_opposite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Leaves_opposite.jpg/340px-Leaves_opposite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>The leaves on this plant are arranged in pairs <a href="/wiki/Opposite_leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposite leaves">opposite</a> one another, with successive pairs at right angles to each other (<i>decussate</i>) along the red stem. Note the developing buds in the axils of these leaves.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senecio_angulatus_005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Senecio_angulatus_005.jpg/250px-Senecio_angulatus_005.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Senecio_angulatus_005.jpg/330px-Senecio_angulatus_005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Senecio_angulatus_005.jpg/500px-Senecio_angulatus_005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The leaves on this plant (<i><a href="/wiki/Senecio_angulatus" title="Senecio angulatus">Senecio angulatus</a></i>) are alternately arranged.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Alternate</dt> <dd>One leaf, branch, or flower part attaches at each point or node on the stem, and leaves alternate direction—to a greater or lesser degree—along the stem.</dd> <dt>Basal</dt> <dd>Arising from the base of the plant.</dd> <dt>Cauline</dt> <dd>Attached to the aerial stem.</dd> <dt>Opposite</dt> <dd>Two leaves, branches, or flower parts attach at each point or node on the stem. Leaf attachments are paired at each node.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Decussate" class="mw-redirect" title="Decussate">Decussate</a></dt> <dd>An opposite arrangement in which each successive pair is rotated 90° from the previous.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorled</a>, or verticillate</dt> <dd>Three or more leaves, branches, or flower parts attach at each point or node on the stem. As with opposite leaves, successive whorls may or may not be decussate, rotated by half the angle between the leaves in the whorl (i.e., successive whorls of three rotated 60°, whorls of four rotated 45°, etc.). Opposite leaves may appear whorled near the tip of the stem. <b>Pseudoverticillate</b> describes an arrangement only appearing whorled, but not actually so.</dd> <dt>Rosulate</dt> <dd>Leaves form a <a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">rosette</a>.</dd> <dt>Rows</dt> <dd>The term <i>distichous</i> literally means <i>two rows</i>. Leaves in this arrangement may be alternate or opposite in their attachment. The term <i>2-ranked</i> is equivalent. The terms <i>tristichous</i> and <i>tetrastichous</i> are sometimes encountered. For example, the "leaves" (actually microphylls) of most species of <i><a href="/wiki/Selaginella" title="Selaginella">Selaginella</a></i> are tetrastichous but not decussate.</dd></dl> <p>In the simplest mathematical models of phyllotaxis, the apex of the stem is represented as a circle. Each new node is formed at the apex, and it is rotated by a constant angle from the previous node. This angle is called the <i>divergence angle</i>. The number of leaves that grow from a node depends on the plant species. When a single leaf grows from each node, and when the stem is held straight, the leaves form a <a href="/wiki/Helix" title="Helix">helix</a>. </p><p>The divergence angle is often represented as a fraction of a full rotation around the stem. A rotation fraction of 1/2 (a divergence angle of 180°) produces an alternate arrangement, such as in <a href="/wiki/Gasteria" title="Gasteria">Gasteria</a> or the fan-aloe <a href="/wiki/Kumara_plicatilis" title="Kumara plicatilis">Kumara plicatilis</a>. Rotation fractions of 1/3 (divergence angles of 120°) occur in <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hazel" title="Hazel">hazel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricot</a> rotate by 2/5, sunflowers, poplar, and pear by 3/8, and in willow and almond the fraction is 5/13.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These arrangements are periodic. The <a href="/wiki/Denominator" class="mw-redirect" title="Denominator">denominator</a> of the rotation fraction indicates the number of leaves in one period, while the <a href="/wiki/Numerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerator">numerator</a> indicates the number of complete turns or <i>gyres</i> made in one period. For example: </p> <ul><li>180° (or <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>): two leaves in one circle (alternate leaves)</li> <li>120° (or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span>): three leaves in one circle</li> <li>144° (or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac"><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">5</span></span>): five leaves in two gyres</li> <li>135° (or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>): eight leaves in three gyres.</li></ul> <p>Most divergence angles are related to the sequence of <a href="/wiki/Fibonacci_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibonacci numbers">Fibonacci numbers</a> <span class="texhtml"><i>F</i><sub><i>n</i></sub></span>. This sequence begins 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13; each term is the sum of the previous two. Rotation fractions are often quotients <span class="texhtml"><i>F</i><sub><i>n</i></sub> / <i>F</i><sub><i>n</i> + 2</sub></span> of a Fibonacci number by the number two terms later in the sequence. This is the case for the fractions 1/2, 1/3, 2/5, 3/8, and 5/13. The ratio between successive Fibonacci numbers tends to the <a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio">golden ratio</a> <span class="texhtml">φ = (1 + √5)/2</span>. When a circle is divided into two arcs whose lengths are in the ratio <span class="texhtml">1:φ</span>, the angle formed by the smaller arc is the <a href="/wiki/Golden_angle" title="Golden angle">golden angle</a>, which is <span class="texhtml">1/φ<sup>2</sup> × 360° ≈ 137.5°</span>. Because of this, many divergence angles are approximately <span class="texhtml">137.5°</span>. In plants where a pair of opposite leaves grows from each node, the leaves form a double helix. If the nodes do not rotate (a rotation fraction of zero and a divergence angle of 0°), the two helices become a pair of parallel lines, creating a distichous arrangement as in <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maple</a> or <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive</a> trees. More common in a decussate pattern, in which each node rotates by 1/4 (90°) as in the herb <a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">basil</a>. The leaves of tricussate plants such as <a href="/wiki/Nerium_oleander" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerium oleander">Nerium oleander</a> form a triple helix. The leaves of some plants do not form helices. In some plants, the divergence angle changes as the plant grows.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In orixate phyllotaxis, named after <i><a href="/wiki/Orixa_japonica" title="Orixa japonica">Orixa japonica</a></i>, the divergence angle is not constant. Instead, it is periodic and follows the sequence 180°, 90°, 180°, 270°.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Divisions_of_the_lamina_(blade)"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divisions_of_the_blade">Divisions of the blade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Divisions of the blade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_1_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/250px-Leaf_1_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/330px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/500px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A leaf with laminar structure and <a href="/wiki/Pinnate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnate">pinnate</a> venation</figcaption></figure> <p>Two basic forms of leaves can be described considering the way the blade (lamina) is divided. A <b>simple leaf</b> has an undivided blade. However, the leaf may be <i>dissected</i> to form lobes, but the gaps between lobes do not reach to the main vein. A <b>compound leaf</b> has a fully subdivided blade, each <a href="/wiki/Leaflet_(botany)" title="Leaflet (botany)">leaflet</a> of the blade being separated along a main or secondary vein. The leaflets may have petiolules and stipels, the equivalents of the petioles and stipules of leaves. Because each leaflet can appear to be a simple leaf, it is important to recognize where the petiole occurs to identify a compound leaf. Compound leaves are a characteristic of some families of higher plants, such as the <a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a>. The middle vein of a compound leaf or a <a href="/wiki/Frond" title="Frond">frond</a>, when it is present, is called a <a href="/wiki/Rachis" title="Rachis">rachis</a>. </p> <dl><dt>Palmately compound</dt> <dd>The leaflets all have a common point of attachment at the end of the petiole, radiating like fingers of a hand; for example, <i><a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">Cannabis</a></i> (hemp) and <i><a href="/wiki/Aesculus" title="Aesculus">Aesculus</a></i> (buckeyes).</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Pinnately compound</dt> <dd>Leaflets are arranged either side of the main axis, or <a href="/wiki/Rachis" title="Rachis">rachis</a>.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1228772891">.mw-parser-output .glossary dt{margin-top:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .glossary dt+dt{margin-top:-0.2em}.mw-parser-output .glossary .templatequote{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:-0.5em}</style></dd></dl> <dl class="glossary"><dt id="odd_pinnate"><dfn>Odd pinnate</dfn></dt><dd>With a terminal leaflet; for example, <i><a href="/wiki/Ash_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash tree">Fraxinus</a></i> (ash).</dd><dt id="even_pinnate"><dfn>Even pinnate</dfn></dt><dd>Lacking a terminal leaflet; for example, <i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia" title="Swietenia">Swietenia</a></i> (mahogany). A specific type of even pinnate is <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#bifoliolate" title="Glossary of leaf morphology">bifoliolate</a>, where leaves only consist of two leaflets; for example, <i><a href="/wiki/Hymenaea" title="Hymenaea">Hymenaea</a></i>.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Bipinnately compound</dt> <dd>Leaves are twice divided: the leaflets (technically "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subleaflet" class="extiw" title="wikt:subleaflet">subleaflets</a>") are arranged along a secondary axis that is one of several branching off the rachis. Each leaflet is called a <i>pinnule</i>. The group of pinnules on each secondary vein forms a <i>pinna</i>; for example, <i><a href="/wiki/Albizia" title="Albizia">Albizia</a></i> (silk tree).</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Trifoliate (or trifoliolate)</dt> <dd>A pinnate leaf with just three leaflets; for example, <i><a href="/wiki/Clover" title="Clover">Trifolium</a></i> (clover), <i><a href="/wiki/Laburnum" title="Laburnum">Laburnum</a></i> (laburnum), and some species of <i><a href="/wiki/Toxicodendron" title="Toxicodendron">Toxicodendron</a></i> (for instance, <a href="/wiki/Toxicodendron_radicans" title="Toxicodendron radicans">poison ivy</a>).</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Pinnatifid</dt> <dd>Pinnately dissected to the central vein, but with the leaflets not entirely separate; for example, <i><a href="/wiki/Polypodium" title="Polypodium">Polypodium</a></i>, some <i><a href="/wiki/Sorbus" title="Sorbus">Sorbus</a></i> (whitebeams). In pinnately veined leaves the central vein is known as the <i>midrib</i>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics_of_the_petiole">Characteristics of the petiole</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Characteristics of the petiole"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabarber_stelen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rabarber_stelen.jpg/250px-Rabarber_stelen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rabarber_stelen.jpg/330px-Rabarber_stelen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rabarber_stelen.jpg/500px-Rabarber_stelen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>The overgrown petioles of <a href="/wiki/Rhubarb" title="Rhubarb">rhubarb</a> (<i>Rheum rhabarbarum</i>) are edible.</figcaption></figure> <p>Leaves which have a petiole (leaf stalk) are said to be <i>petiolate</i>. <a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessile</a> (epetiolate) leaves have no petiole, and the blade attaches directly to the stem. Subpetiolate leaves are nearly petiolate or have an extremely short petiole and may appear to be sessile. In <b>clasping</b> or <a href="/wiki/Decurrent" title="Decurrent">decurrent</a> leaves, the blade partially surrounds the stem. When the leaf base completely surrounds the stem, the leaves are said to be <b>perfoliate</b>, such as in <i><a href="/wiki/Eupatorium_perfoliatum" title="Eupatorium perfoliatum">Eupatorium perfoliatum</a></i>. In peltate leaves, the petiole attaches to the blade inside the blade margin. In some <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">Acacia</a></i> species, such as the koa tree (<i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_koa" title="Acacia koa">Acacia koa</a></i>), the petioles are expanded or broadened and function like leaf blades; these are called <a href="/wiki/Phyllode" title="Phyllode">phyllodes</a>. There may or may not be normal pinnate leaves at the tip of the phyllode. A <a href="/wiki/Stipule" title="Stipule">stipule</a>, present on the leaves of many <a href="/wiki/Dicotyledon" title="Dicotyledon">dicotyledons</a>, is an appendage on each side at the base of the petiole, resembling a small leaf. Stipules may be lasting and not be shed (a stipulate leaf, such as in <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">roses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>), or be shed as the leaf expands, leaving a stipule scar on the twig (an exstipulate leaf). The situation, arrangement, and structure of the stipules is called the "stipulation". </p> <dl><dt>Free, lateral</dt> <dd>As in <i><a href="/wiki/Hibiscus" title="Hibiscus">Hibiscus</a></i>.</dd> <dt>Adnate</dt> <dd>Fused to the petiole base, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">Rosa</a></i>.</dd> <dt>Ochreate</dt> <dd>Provided with <a href="/wiki/Ochrea" title="Ochrea">ochrea</a>, or sheath-formed stipules, as in <a href="/wiki/Polygonaceae" title="Polygonaceae">Polygonaceae</a>; e.g., <a href="/wiki/Rhubarb" title="Rhubarb">rhubarb</a>.</dd> <dt>Encircling the petiole base</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891" /></dd></dl> <dl class="glossary"><dt id="interpetiolar"><dfn><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/interpetiolar_stipule" class="extiw" title="wikt:interpetiolar stipule">Interpetiolar</a></dfn></dt><dd>Between the petioles of two opposite leaves, as in <a href="/wiki/Rubiaceae" title="Rubiaceae">Rubiaceae</a>.</dd><dt id="intrapetiolar"><dfn><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intrapetiolar_stipule" class="extiw" title="wikt:intrapetiolar stipule">Intrapetiolar</a></dfn></dt><dd>Between the petiole and the subtending stem, as in <a href="/wiki/Malpighiaceae" title="Malpighiaceae">Malpighiaceae</a>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veins">Veins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Veins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taro_leaf_underside,_backlit_by_sun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Taro_leaf_underside%2C_backlit_by_sun.jpg/250px-Taro_leaf_underside%2C_backlit_by_sun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Taro_leaf_underside%2C_backlit_by_sun.jpg/330px-Taro_leaf_underside%2C_backlit_by_sun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Taro_leaf_underside%2C_backlit_by_sun.jpg/500px-Taro_leaf_underside%2C_backlit_by_sun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2238" /></a><figcaption>Branching veins on underside of <a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a> leaf</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tilia_x_cordata_flower_veination.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tilia_x_cordata_flower_veination.JPG/220px-Tilia_x_cordata_flower_veination.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tilia_x_cordata_flower_veination.JPG/330px-Tilia_x_cordata_flower_veination.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tilia_x_cordata_flower_veination.JPG/440px-Tilia_x_cordata_flower_veination.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>The venation within the bract of a <a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">linden</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_Skeleton_negative_(like_photogram).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Leaf_Skeleton_negative_%28like_photogram%29.jpg/170px-Leaf_Skeleton_negative_%28like_photogram%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Leaf_Skeleton_negative_%28like_photogram%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">Micrograph</a> of a leaf skeleton</figcaption></figure> <p>Veins (sometimes referred to as nerves) constitute one of the most visible features of leaves. The veins in a leaf represent the vascular structure of the organ, extending into the leaf via the petiole and providing transportation of water and nutrients between leaf and stem, and play a crucial role in the maintenance of leaf water status and photosynthetic capacity. They also play a role in the mechanical support of the leaf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERolland-Lagan_et_al2009_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERolland-Lagan_et_al2009-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalls2011_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalls2011-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the lamina of the leaf, while some vascular plants possess only a single vein, in most this vasculature generally divides (ramifies) according to a variety of patterns (venation) and form cylindrical bundles, usually lying in the median plane of the <a href="#Mesophyll">mesophyll</a>, between the two layers of <a href="#Epidermis">epidermis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickison2000_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickison2000-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pattern is often specific to taxa, and of which angiosperms possess two main types, <a href="/wiki/Parallel_(geometry)" title="Parallel (geometry)">parallel</a> and <a href="#Venation">reticulate</a> (net like). In general, parallel venation is typical of monocots, while reticulate is more typical of <a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">eudicots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">magnoliids</a> ("dicots"), though there are many exceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudall2007_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudall2007-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickison2000_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickison2000-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SimpsonLv_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimpsonLv-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vein or veins entering the leaf from the petiole are called primary or first-order veins. The veins branching from these are secondary or second-order veins. These primary and secondary veins are considered major veins or lower order veins, though some authors include third order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESackScoffoni2013_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESackScoffoni2013-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each subsequent branching is sequentially numbered, and these are the higher order veins, each branching being associated with a narrower vein diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoth-Nebelsick_et_al2001_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth-Nebelsick_et_al2001-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In parallel veined leaves, the primary veins run parallel and equidistant to each other for most of the length of the leaf and then converge or fuse (anastomose) towards the apex. Usually, many smaller minor veins interconnect these primary veins but may terminate with very fine vein endings in the mesophyll. Minor veins are more typical of angiosperms, which may have as many as four higher orders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESackScoffoni2013_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESackScoffoni2013-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, leaves with reticulate venation have a single (sometimes more) primary vein in the centre of the leaf, referred to as the midrib or costa, which is continuous with the vasculature of the petiole. The secondary veins, also known as second order veins or lateral veins, branch off from the midrib and extend toward the leaf margins. These often terminate in a <a href="/wiki/Hydathode" title="Hydathode">hydathode</a>, a secretory organ, at the margin. In turn, smaller veins branch from the secondary veins, known as tertiary or third order (or higher order) veins, forming a dense reticulate pattern. The areas or islands of mesophyll lying between the higher order veins, are called <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/areola" class="extiw" title="wikt:areola">areoles</a>. Some of the smallest veins (veinlets) may have their endings in the areoles, a process known as areolation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoth-Nebelsick_et_al2001_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth-Nebelsick_et_al2001-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These minor veins act as the sites of exchange between the mesophyll and the plant's vascular system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalls2011_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalls2011-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, minor veins collect the products of photosynthesis (photosynthate) from the cells where it takes place, while major veins are responsible for its transport outside of the leaf. At the same time water is being transported in the opposite direction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUeno_et_al2006_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUeno_et_al2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudall2007_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudall2007-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickison2000_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickison2000-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of vein endings is variable, as is whether second order veins end at the margin, or link back to other veins.<sup id="cite_ref-SimpsonLv_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimpsonLv-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many elaborate variations on the patterns that the leaf veins form, and these have functional implications. Of these, angiosperms have the greatest diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESackScoffoni2013_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESackScoffoni2013-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within these the major veins function as the support and distribution network for leaves and are correlated with leaf shape. For instance, the parallel venation found in most monocots correlates with their elongated leaf shape and wide leaf base, while reticulate venation is seen in simple entire leaves, while digitate leaves typically have venation in which three or more primary veins diverge radially from a single point.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunions_et_al2005_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunions_et_al2005-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalls2011_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalls2011-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoth-Nebelsick_et_al2001_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth-Nebelsick_et_al2001-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MMsvt_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMsvt-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In evolutionary terms, early emerging taxa tend to have dichotomous branching with reticulate systems emerging later. Veins appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a>, prior to the appearance of angiosperms in the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>, during which vein hierarchy appeared enabling higher function, larger leaf size and adaption to a wider variety of climatic conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESackScoffoni2013_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESackScoffoni2013-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it is the more complex pattern, branching veins appear to be <a href="/wiki/Plesiomorph" class="mw-redirect" title="Plesiomorph">plesiomorphic</a> and in some form were present in ancient <a href="/wiki/Seed_plant" title="Seed plant">seed plants</a> as long as 250 million years ago. A pseudo-reticulate venation that is actually a highly modified penniparallel one is an <a href="/wiki/Autapomorph" class="mw-redirect" title="Autapomorph">autapomorphy</a> of some <a href="/wiki/Melanthiaceae" title="Melanthiaceae">Melanthiaceae</a>, which are monocots; e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Paris_quadrifolia" title="Paris quadrifolia">Paris quadrifolia</a></i> (True-lover's Knot). In leaves with reticulate venation, veins form a scaffolding matrix imparting mechanical rigidity to leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagchi_et_al2016_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagchi_et_al2016-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology_changes_within_a_single_plant">Morphology changes within a single plant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Morphology changes within a single plant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Homoblasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoblasty">Homoblasty</a></dt> <dd>Characteristic in which a plant has small changes in leaf size, shape, and growth habit between juvenile and adult stages, in contrast to;</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Heteroblasty" title="Heteroblasty">Heteroblasty</a></dt> <dd>Characteristic in which a plant has marked changes in leaf size, shape, and growth habit between juvenile and adult stages.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medium-scale_features">Medium-scale features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Medium-scale features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leaves are normally extensively vascularized and typically have networks of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundles" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular bundles">vascular bundles</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a>, which supplies water for <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">phloem</a>, which transports the <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugars</a> produced by photosynthesis. Many leaves are covered in <a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">trichomes</a> (small hairs) which have diverse structures and functions. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_Structure.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medium-scale diagram of leaf internal anatomy"><img alt="Medium-scale diagram of leaf internal anatomy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Leaf_Structure.svg/960px-Leaf_Structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Leaf_Structure.svg/1200px-Leaf_Structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Medium-scale diagram of leaf internal anatomy</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small-scale_features">Small-scale features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Small-scale features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The major tissue systems present are </p> <ul><li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">epidermis</a></b>, which covers the upper and lower surfaces</li> <li>The <b><a href="#Mesophyll">mesophyll tissue</a></b>, which consists of photosynthetic cells rich in <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasts</a>. (also called <b>chlorenchyma</b>)</li> <li>The arrangement of <b>veins</b> (the <a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">vascular tissue</a>)</li></ul> <p>These three tissue systems typically form a regular organization at the cellular scale. Specialized cells that differ markedly from surrounding cells, and which often synthesize specialized products such as crystals, are termed <b>idioblasts</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECote2009_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECote2009-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_Tissue_Structure.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fine-scale diagram of leaf structure"><img alt="Fine-scale diagram of leaf structure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Leaf_Tissue_Structure.svg/600px-Leaf_Tissue_Structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Leaf_Tissue_Structure.svg/900px-Leaf_Tissue_Structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Leaf_Tissue_Structure.svg/1200px-Leaf_Tissue_Structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Fine-scale diagram of leaf structure</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_leaf_tissues">Major leaf tissues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Major leaf tissues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="text-align:center;"><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bifacial_leaf_cross_section.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross-section of a leaf"><img alt="Cross-section of a leaf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bifacial_leaf_cross_section.jpg/102px-Bifacial_leaf_cross_section.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bifacial_leaf_cross_section.jpg/152px-Bifacial_leaf_cross_section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bifacial_leaf_cross_section.jpg/203px-Bifacial_leaf_cross_section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross-section of a leaf</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_epidermis_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Epidermal cells"><img alt="Epidermal cells" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Leaf_epidermis_2.jpg/120px-Leaf_epidermis_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Leaf_epidermis_2.jpg/250px-Leaf_epidermis_2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Epidermal cells</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_spongy_mesophyll.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spongy mesophyll cells"><img alt="Spongy mesophyll cells" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Leaf_spongy_mesophyll.jpg/120px-Leaf_spongy_mesophyll.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Leaf_spongy_mesophyll.jpg/250px-Leaf_spongy_mesophyll.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spongy mesophyll cells</div> </li> </ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Epidermis">Epidermis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Epidermis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_epidermis_w_scale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Leaf_epidermis_w_scale.jpg/250px-Leaf_epidermis_w_scale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Leaf_epidermis_w_scale.jpg/330px-Leaf_epidermis_w_scale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Leaf_epidermis_w_scale.jpg/500px-Leaf_epidermis_w_scale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2052" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">SEM</a> image of the leaf epidermis of <i><a href="/wiki/Nicotiana_alata" title="Nicotiana alata">Nicotiana alata</a></i>, showing <a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">trichomes</a> (hair-like appendages) and <a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">stomata</a> (eye-shaped slits, visible at full resolution).</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">epidermis</a> is the outer layer of <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> covering the leaf. It is covered with a waxy <a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">cuticle</a> which is impermeable to liquid water and water vapor and forms the boundary separating the plant's inner cells from the external world. The cuticle is in some cases thinner on the lower epidermis than on the upper epidermis, and is generally thicker on leaves from dry climates as compared with those from wet climates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements1905_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements1905-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The epidermis serves several functions: protection against water loss by way of <a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">transpiration</a>, regulation of gas exchange and secretion of <a href="/wiki/Secondary_metabolite" title="Secondary metabolite">metabolic</a> compounds. Most leaves show dorsoventral anatomy: The upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces have somewhat different construction and may serve different functions. </p><p>The epidermis tissue includes several differentiated cell types; epidermal cells, epidermal hair cells (<a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">trichomes</a>), cells in the stomatal complex; guard cells and subsidiary cells. The epidermal cells are the most numerous, largest, and least specialized and form the majority of the epidermis. They are typically more elongated in the leaves of <a href="/wiki/Monocot" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocot">monocots</a> than in those of <a href="/wiki/Dicot" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicot">dicots</a>. </p><p>Chloroplasts are generally absent in epidermal cells, the exception being the guard cells of the <a href="/wiki/Stomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomata">stomata</a>. The stomatal pores perforate the epidermis and are surrounded on each side by chloroplast-containing guard cells, and two to four subsidiary cells that lack chloroplasts, forming a specialized cell group known as the stomatal complex. The opening and closing of the stomatal aperture is controlled by the stomatal complex and regulates the exchange of gases and water vapor between the outside air and the interior of the leaf. Stomata therefore play the important role in allowing photosynthesis without letting the leaf dry out. In a typical leaf, the stomata are more numerous over the abaxial (lower) epidermis than the adaxial (upper) epidermis and are more numerous in plants from cooler climates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mesophyll">Mesophyll</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mesophyll"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the term <i>Mesophyll</i> in the size classification of leaves, see <a href="/wiki/Leaf_size" title="Leaf size">Leaf size</a>.</div> <p>Most of the interior of the leaf between the upper and lower layers of epidermis is a <i><a href="/wiki/Parenchyma" title="Parenchyma">parenchyma</a></i> (ground tissue) or <i><a href="/wiki/Chlorenchyma" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorenchyma">chlorenchyma</a></i> tissue called the <b>mesophyll</b> (Greek for "middle leaf"). This <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(biology)" title="Assimilation (biology)">assimilation</a> tissue is the primary location of photosynthesis in the plant. The products of photosynthesis are called "assimilates". </p><p>In ferns and most flowering plants, the mesophyll is divided into two layers: </p> <ul><li>An upper <b><a href="/wiki/Palisade_cell" title="Palisade cell">palisade layer</a></b> of vertically elongated cells, one to two cells thick, directly beneath the adaxial epidermis, with intercellular air spaces between them. Its cells contain many more chloroplasts than the spongy layer. Cylindrical cells, with the <i><a href="/wiki/Chloroplasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloroplasts">chloroplasts</a></i> close to the walls of the cell, can take optimal advantage of light. The slight separation of the cells provides maximum <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(chemistry)" title="Absorption (chemistry)">absorption</a> of carbon dioxide. Sun leaves have a multi-layered palisade layer, while shade leaves or older leaves closer to the soil are single-layered.</li> <li>Beneath the palisade layer is the <b><a href="/wiki/Spongy_tissue" title="Spongy tissue">spongy layer</a></b>. The cells of the spongy layer are more branched and not so tightly packed, so that there are large intercellular air spaces between them. The pores or <i>stomata</i> of the epidermis open into substomatal chambers, which are connected to the intercellular air spaces between the spongy and palisade mesophyll cell, so that oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor can diffuse into and out of the leaf and access the mesophyll cells during respiration, photosynthesis and transpiration.</li></ul> <p>Leaves are normally green, due to chlorophyll in chloroplasts in the mesophyll cells. Some plants have leaves of different colours due to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Accessory_pigment" title="Accessory pigment">accessory pigments</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a> in their mesophyll cells. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vascular_tissue">Vascular tissue</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vascular tissue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BrambleLeaf_CrossPolarisedLight_Diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/BrambleLeaf_CrossPolarisedLight_Diagram.jpg/250px-BrambleLeaf_CrossPolarisedLight_Diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/BrambleLeaf_CrossPolarisedLight_Diagram.jpg/330px-BrambleLeaf_CrossPolarisedLight_Diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/BrambleLeaf_CrossPolarisedLight_Diagram.jpg/500px-BrambleLeaf_CrossPolarisedLight_Diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1043" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The veins of a <a href="/wiki/Bramble" class="mw-redirect" title="Bramble">bramble</a> leaf</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>veins</b> are the <a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">vascular tissue</a> of the leaf and are located in the spongy layer of the mesophyll. The pattern of the veins is called <a href="#Venation_(arrangement_of_the_veins)">venation</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Angiosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperms">angiosperms</a> the venation is typically parallel in <a href="/wiki/Monocotyledons" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocotyledons">monocotyledons</a> and forms an interconnecting network in <a href="/wiki/Dicotyledon" title="Dicotyledon">broad-leaved plants</a>. They were once thought to be typical examples of <a href="/wiki/Pattern_formation" title="Pattern formation">pattern formation</a> through <a href="/wiki/Ramification_(botany)" title="Ramification (botany)">ramification</a>, but they may instead exemplify a pattern formed in a stress <a href="/wiki/Tensor_field" title="Tensor field">tensor field</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECouder_et_al2002_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouder_et_al2002-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorson_et_al2009_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorson_et_al2009-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaguna_et_al2008_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaguna_et_al2008-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A vein is made up of a <a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">vascular bundle</a>. At the core of each bundle are clusters of two distinct types of conducting cells: </p> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">Xylem</a></dt> <dd>Cells that bring water and minerals from the roots into the leaf.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">Phloem</a></dt> <dd>Cells that usually move <a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">sap</a>, with dissolved sucrose (glucose to sucrose) produced by photosynthesis in the leaf, out of the leaf.</dd></dl> <p>The xylem typically lies on the adaxial side of the vascular bundle and the phloem typically lies on the abaxial side. Both are embedded in a dense parenchyma tissue, called the sheath, which usually includes some structural collenchyma tissue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leaf_development">Leaf development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Leaf development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Arber" title="Agnes Arber">Agnes Arber</a>'s partial-shoot theory of the leaf, leaves are partial shoots,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArber1950_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArber1950-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being derived from leaf <a href="/wiki/Primordia" class="mw-redirect" title="Primordia">primordia</a> of the shoot apex. Early in development they are dorsiventrally flattened with both dorsal and ventral surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson2011p.&nbsp;356_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson2011p.&nbsp;356-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compound leaves are closer to shoots than simple leaves. Developmental studies have shown that compound leaves, like shoots, may branch in three dimensions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutishauserSattler1997_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutishauserSattler1997-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacroix_et_al2003_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacroix_et_al2003-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the basis of molecular genetics, Eckardt and Baum (2010) concluded that "it is now generally accepted that compound leaves express both leaf and shoot properties."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckardtBaum2010_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckardtBaum2010-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many dicotyledonous leaves show endogenously driven daily rhythmicity in growth.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biomechanics">Biomechanics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Biomechanics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plants respond and adapt to environmental factors, such as light and mechanical stress from wind. Leaves need to support their own mass and align themselves in such a way as to optimize their exposure to the sun, generally more or less horizontally. However, horizontal alignment maximizes exposure to bending forces and failure from stresses such as wind, snow, hail, falling debris, animals, and abrasion from surrounding foliage and plant structures. Overall leaves are relatively flimsy with regard to other plant structures such as stems, branches and roots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReadStokes2006_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReadStokes2006-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both leaf blade and petiole structure influence the leaf's response to forces such as wind, allowing a degree of repositioning to minimize <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a> and damage, as opposed to resistance. Leaf movement like this may also increase <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a> of the air close to the surface of the leaf, which thins the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_layer" title="Boundary layer">boundary layer</a> of air immediately adjacent to the surface, increasing the capacity for gas and heat exchange, as well as photosynthesis. Strong wind forces may result in diminished leaf number and surface area, which while reducing drag, involves a <a href="/wiki/Trade_off" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade off">trade off</a> of also reducing photosynthesis. Thus, leaf design may involve compromise between carbon gain, thermoregulation and water loss on the one hand, and the cost of sustaining both static and dynamic loads. In vascular plants, perpendicular forces are spread over a larger area and are relatively flexible in both bending and <a href="/wiki/Torsion_(mechanics)" title="Torsion (mechanics)">torsion</a>, enabling elastic deforming without damage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReadStokes2006_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReadStokes2006-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many leaves rely on <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostatic">hydrostatic</a> support arranged around a skeleton of vascular tissue for their strength, which depends on maintaining leaf water status. Both the mechanics and architecture of the leaf reflect the need for transportation and support. Read and Stokes (2006) consider two basic models, the "hydrostatic" and "I-beam leaf" form (see Fig 1).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReadStokes2006_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReadStokes2006-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydrostatic leaves such as in <i><a href="/wiki/Prostanthera_lasianthos" title="Prostanthera lasianthos">Prostanthera lasianthos</a></i> are large and thin, and may involve the need for multiple leaves rather single large leaves because of the amount of veins needed to support the periphery of large leaves. But large leaf size favors efficiency in photosynthesis and water conservation, involving further trade offs. On the other hand, I-beam leaves such as <i><a href="/wiki/Banksia_marginata" title="Banksia marginata">Banksia marginata</a></i> involve specialized structures to stiffen them. These I-beams are formed from bundle sheath extensions of <a href="/wiki/Sclerenchyma" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclerenchyma">sclerenchyma</a> meeting stiffened sub-epidermal layers. This shifts the balance from reliance on hydrostatic pressure to structural support, an obvious advantage where water is relatively scarce. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReadStokes2006_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReadStokes2006-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long narrow leaves bend more easily than ovate leaf blades of the same area. Monocots typically have such linear leaves that maximize surface area while minimising self-shading. In these a high proportion of longitudinal main veins provide additional support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReadStokes2006_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReadStokes2006-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interactions_with_other_organisms">Interactions with other organisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Interactions with other organisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kallima_inachus2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Kallima_inachus2.jpg/220px-Kallima_inachus2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Kallima_inachus2.jpg/330px-Kallima_inachus2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Kallima_inachus2.jpg/440px-Kallima_inachus2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="1396" /></a><figcaption>Some <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, like <i><a href="/wiki/Kallima_inachus" title="Kallima inachus">Kallima inachus</a></i>, mimic leaves.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although not as nutritious as other organs such as fruit, leaves provide a food source for many organisms. The leaf is a vital source of energy production for the plant, and plants have evolved protection against animals that consume leaves, such as <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a>, chemicals which hinder the digestion of proteins and have an unpleasant taste. Animals that are specialized to eat leaves are known as <a href="/wiki/Folivore" title="Folivore">folivores</a>. </p><p>Some species have <a href="/wiki/Crypsis" title="Crypsis">cryptic</a> adaptations by which they use leaves in avoiding predators. For example, the caterpillars of <a href="/wiki/Tortricidae" title="Tortricidae">some leaf-roller moths</a> will create a small home in the leaf by folding it over themselves. Several other <a href="/wiki/Lepidopteran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepidopteran">lepidopteran</a> larvae modify leaves for shelter; perhaps the greatest variety of shelter types occurs among the <a href="/wiki/Skipper_butterflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Skipper butterflies">skipper butterflies</a> (Hesperiidae), which will cut, fold, and bind leaves using <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Pamphiliidae" title="Pamphiliidae">sawflies</a> similarly roll the leaves of their food plants into tubes. Females of the <a href="/wiki/Attelabidae" title="Attelabidae">Attelabidae</a>, so-called leaf-rolling weevils, lay their eggs into leaves that they then roll up as means of protection. Other herbivores and their predators <a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">mimic</a> the appearance of the leaf. Reptiles such as some chameleons, and insects such as some <a href="/wiki/Tettigoniidae" title="Tettigoniidae">katydids</a>, also mimic the oscillating movements of leaves in the wind, moving from side to side or back and forth while evading a possible threat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seasonal_leaf_loss">Seasonal leaf loss</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Seasonal leaf loss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaves_in_autumn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Leaves_in_autumn.jpg/250px-Leaves_in_autumn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Leaves_in_autumn.jpg/330px-Leaves_in_autumn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Leaves_in_autumn.jpg/500px-Leaves_in_autumn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>Leaves shifting color in autumn (fall)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Autumn_leaf_color" title="Autumn leaf color">Autumn leaf color</a></div> <p>Leaves in <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boreal_ecosystem" title="Boreal ecosystem">boreal</a>, and seasonally dry zones may be seasonally deciduous (falling off or dying for the inclement season). This mechanism to shed leaves is called <a href="/wiki/Abscission" title="Abscission">abscission</a>. When the leaf is shed, it leaves a leaf scar on the twig. In cold autumns, they sometimes <a href="/wiki/Autumn_leaf_color" title="Autumn leaf color">change color</a>, and turn <a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">yellow</a>, bright-<a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">orange</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a>, as various accessory pigments (<a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xanthophyll" title="Xanthophyll">xanthophylls</a>) are revealed when the tree responds to cold and reduced <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> by curtailing chlorophyll production. Red <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanin</a> pigments are now thought to be produced in the leaf as it dies, possibly to mask the yellow hue left when the chlorophyll is lost—yellow leaves appear to attract herbivores such as <a href="/wiki/Aphids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphids">aphids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoring_et_al2009_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoring_et_al2009-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Optical masking of chlorophyll by anthocyanins reduces risk of photo-oxidative damage to leaf cells as they senesce, which otherwise may lower the efficiency of nutrient retrieval from senescing autumn leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeild_et_al2001_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeild_et_al2001-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutionary_adaptation">Evolutionary adaptation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Evolutionary adaptation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inflorescence_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Inflorescence_1.jpg/220px-Inflorescence_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Inflorescence_1.jpg/330px-Inflorescence_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Inflorescence_1.jpg/440px-Inflorescence_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Poinsettia" title="Poinsettia">Poinsettia</a> <a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">bracts</a> are leaves which have evolved red pigmentation in order to attract insects and birds to the central flowers, an adaptive function normally served by <a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">petals</a> (which are themselves leaves highly modified by evolution).</figcaption></figure> <p>In the course of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>, leaves have adapted to different <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environments</a> in the following ways:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Waxy</a> micro- and nanostructures on the surface reduce wetting by rain and adhesion of contamination (<i>See <a href="/wiki/Lotus_effect" title="Lotus effect">Lotus effect</a></i>).</li> <li>Divided and compound leaves reduce wind resistance and promote cooling.</li> <li>Hairs on the leaf surface trap humidity in dry climates and create a <a href="/wiki/Boundary_layer" title="Boundary layer">boundary layer</a> reducing water loss.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">Waxy</a> plant cuticles reduce water loss.</li> <li>Large surface area provides a large area for capture of sunlight.</li> <li>In harmful levels of sunlight, specialized leaves, opaque or partly buried, admit light through a translucent <a href="/wiki/Leaf_window" title="Leaf window">leaf window</a> for photosynthesis at inner leaf surfaces (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Fenestraria" title="Fenestraria">Fenestraria</a></i>).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kranz_leaf_anatomy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kranz leaf anatomy (page does not exist)">Kranz leaf anatomy</a> in plants which perform <a href="/wiki/C4_carbon_fixation" title="C4 carbon fixation">C<sub>4</sub> carbon fixation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent" class="mw-redirect" title="Succulent">Succulent</a> leaves store water and organic acids for use in <a href="/wiki/CAM_photosynthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="CAM photosynthesis">CAM photosynthesis</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatic_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic oil">Aromatic oils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Poisons">poisons</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pheromones" class="mw-redirect" title="Pheromones">pheromones</a> produced by leaf borne glands deter herbivores (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Eucalypts" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucalypts">eucalypts</a>).</li> <li>Inclusions of crystalline minerals deter herbivores (e.g. silica <a href="/wiki/Phytolith" title="Phytolith">phytoliths</a> in grasses, <a href="/wiki/Raphides" class="mw-redirect" title="Raphides">raphides</a> in <a href="/wiki/Araceae" title="Araceae">Araceae</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petals</a> attract pollinators.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spine_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spine (botany)">Spines</a> protect the plants from herbivores (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Cactus" title="Cactus">cacti</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stinging_plant" title="Stinging plant">Stinging hairs</a> to protect against herbivory, e.g. in <i><a href="/wiki/Urtica_dioica" title="Urtica dioica">Urtica dioica</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dendrocnide_moroides" title="Dendrocnide moroides">Dendrocnide moroides</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Urticaceae" title="Urticaceae">Urticaceae</a>).</li> <li>Special leaves on carnivorous plants are adapted for trapping food, mainly invertebrate prey, though some species trap small vertebrates as well (see <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous_plant" title="Carnivorous plant">carnivorous plants</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">Bulbs</a> store food and water (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onions</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendril" title="Tendril">Tendrils</a> allow the plant to climb (e.g. peas).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">Bracts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pseudanthium" title="Pseudanthium">pseudanthia</a> (false flowers) replace normal flower structures when the true flowers are greatly reduced (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Spurge" class="mw-redirect" title="Spurge">spurges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spathe" class="mw-redirect" title="Spathe">spathes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Araceae" title="Araceae">Araceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pseudanthium" title="Pseudanthium">floral heads</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_leaf_morphology" title="Glossary of leaf morphology">Glossary of leaf morphology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">Glossary of plant morphology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Glossary of botanical terms</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Leaf_morphology.svg/660px-Leaf_morphology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="660" height="605" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Leaf_morphology.svg/990px-Leaf_morphology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Leaf_morphology.svg/1320px-Leaf_morphology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2166" data-file-height="1985" /></a><figcaption>Leaf morphology terms</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shape">Shape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Shape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#Leaf_and_leaflet_shapes" title="Glossary of leaf morphology">Glossary of leaf morphology § Leaf and leaflet shapes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaves-scan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Leaves-scan.jpg/330px-Leaves-scan.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Leaves-scan.jpg/500px-Leaves-scan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Leaves-scan.jpg/520px-Leaves-scan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="847" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption>Leaves showing various morphologies (clockwise from upper left): tripartite lobation, elliptic with serrulate margin, palmate venation, acuminate odd-pinnate (center), pinnatisect, lobed, elliptic with entire margin</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Margins_(edge)"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edge_(margin)"><span id="Edge_.28margin.29"></span>Edge (margin)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Edge (margin)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>edge</i> or <i>margin</i> is the outside perimeter of a leaf. The terms are interchangeable. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable centre"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Image </th> <th scope="col">Term </th> <th scope="col">Latin </th> <th scope="col">Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_entire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Leaf_morphology_entire.png/64px-Leaf_morphology_entire.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Leaf_morphology_entire.png/96px-Leaf_morphology_entire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Leaf_morphology_entire.png/128px-Leaf_morphology_entire.png 2x" data-file-width="207" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Entire"></span>Entire</td> <td><i>Forma</i><br /><i>integra</i></td> <td>Even; with a smooth margin; without toothing </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_ciliate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Leaf_morphology_ciliate.png/64px-Leaf_morphology_ciliate.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Leaf_morphology_ciliate.png/96px-Leaf_morphology_ciliate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Leaf_morphology_ciliate.png/128px-Leaf_morphology_ciliate.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Ciliate"></span>Ciliate</td> <td><i>ciliatus</i></td> <td>Fringed with hairs </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_crenate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Leaf_morphology_crenate.png/64px-Leaf_morphology_crenate.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Leaf_morphology_crenate.png/96px-Leaf_morphology_crenate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Leaf_morphology_crenate.png/128px-Leaf_morphology_crenate.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Crenate"></span>Crenate</td> <td><i>crenatus</i></td> <td>Wavy-toothed; dentate with rounded teeth </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="crenulate"></span><span class="vanchor-text">crenulate</span></span></td> <td><i>crenulatus</i></td> <td>Finely crenate </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509" /><span class="vanchor"><span id="crisped"></span><span class="vanchor-text">crisped</span></span></td> <td><i>crispus</i></td> <td>Curly </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_dentate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Leaf_morphology_dentate.png/64px-Leaf_morphology_dentate.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Leaf_morphology_dentate.png/96px-Leaf_morphology_dentate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Leaf_morphology_dentate.png/128px-Leaf_morphology_dentate.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Dentate"></span>Dentate</td> <td><i>dentatus</i></td> <td>Toothed; <p>may be <span class="anchor" id="coarsely_dentate"></span><b>coarsely dentate</b>, having large teeth </p><p>or <span class="anchor" id="glandular_dentate"></span><b>glandular dentate</b>, having teeth which bear glands </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_denticulate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Leaf_morphology_denticulate.png/64px-Leaf_morphology_denticulate.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Leaf_morphology_denticulate.png/96px-Leaf_morphology_denticulate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Leaf_morphology_denticulate.png/128px-Leaf_morphology_denticulate.png 2x" data-file-width="207" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Denticulate"></span>Denticulate</td> <td><i>denticulatus</i></td> <td>Finely toothed </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_doubly_serrate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Leaf_morphology_doubly_serrate.png/64px-Leaf_morphology_doubly_serrate.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Leaf_morphology_doubly_serrate.png/96px-Leaf_morphology_doubly_serrate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Leaf_morphology_doubly_serrate.png/128px-Leaf_morphology_doubly_serrate.png 2x" data-file-width="211" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Doubly_serrate"></span>Doubly serrate</td> <td><i>duplicato-dentatus</i></td> <td>Each tooth bearing smaller teeth </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_serrate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Leaf_morphology_serrate.png/120px-Leaf_morphology_serrate.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Leaf_morphology_serrate.png/128px-Leaf_morphology_serrate.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Serrate"></span>Serrate</td> <td><i>serratus</i></td> <td>Saw-toothed; with asymmetrical teeth pointing forward </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_serrulate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Leaf_morphology_serrulate.png/64px-Leaf_morphology_serrulate.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Leaf_morphology_serrulate.png/96px-Leaf_morphology_serrulate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Leaf_morphology_serrulate.png/128px-Leaf_morphology_serrulate.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Serrulate"></span>Serrulate</td> <td><i>serrulatus</i></td> <td>Finely serrate </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_sinuate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Leaf_morphology_sinuate.png/120px-Leaf_morphology_sinuate.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Leaf_morphology_sinuate.png/128px-Leaf_morphology_sinuate.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Sinuate"></span>Sinuate</td> <td><i>sinuosus</i></td> <td>With deep, wave-like indentations; coarsely crenate </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_lobate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Leaf_morphology_lobate.png/64px-Leaf_morphology_lobate.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Leaf_morphology_lobate.png/96px-Leaf_morphology_lobate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Leaf_morphology_lobate.png/128px-Leaf_morphology_lobate.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Lobate"></span>Lobate</td> <td><i>lobatus</i></td> <td>Indented, with the indentations not reaching the center </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_undulate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Leaf_morphology_undulate.png/120px-Leaf_morphology_undulate.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Leaf_morphology_undulate.png/128px-Leaf_morphology_undulate.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Undulate"></span>Undulate</td> <td><i>undulatus</i></td> <td>With a wavy edge, shallower than sinuate </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_spiny.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Leaf_morphology_spiny.png/120px-Leaf_morphology_spiny.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Leaf_morphology_spiny.png/128px-Leaf_morphology_spiny.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Spiny"></span>Spiny or <span class="anchor" id="pungent"></span>pungent</td> <td><i>spiculatus</i></td> <td>With stiff, sharp points such as <a href="/wiki/Thistle" title="Thistle">thistles</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="anchor" id="Tip_of_the_leaf"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apex_(tip)"><span id="Apex_.28tip.29"></span>Apex (tip)<span class="anchor" id="Apex_(tip)"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Apex (tip)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable centre"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Image </th> <th scope="col">Term </th> <th scope="col">Latin </th> <th scope="col">Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Handdrawn_Acuminate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Handdrawn_Acuminate.png/64px-Handdrawn_Acuminate.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Handdrawn_Acuminate.png/96px-Handdrawn_Acuminate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Handdrawn_Acuminate.png/128px-Handdrawn_Acuminate.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></td> <td>Acuminate</td> <td><i>_</i></td> <td>Long-pointed, prolonged into a narrow, tapering point in a concave manner </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Handdrawn_Acute.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Handdrawn_Acute.png/64px-Handdrawn_Acute.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Handdrawn_Acute.png/96px-Handdrawn_Acute.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Handdrawn_Acute.png/128px-Handdrawn_Acute.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></td> <td>Acute</td> <td><i>_</i></td> <td>Ending in a sharp, but not prolonged point </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Handdrawn_Cuspidate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Handdrawn_Cuspidate.png/64px-Handdrawn_Cuspidate.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Handdrawn_Cuspidate.png/96px-Handdrawn_Cuspidate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Handdrawn_Cuspidate.png/128px-Handdrawn_Cuspidate.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></td> <td>Cuspidate</td> <td><i>_</i></td> <td>With a sharp, elongated, rigid tip; tipped with a cusp </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Handdrawn_Emarginate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Handdrawn_Emarginate.png/64px-Handdrawn_Emarginate.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Handdrawn_Emarginate.png/96px-Handdrawn_Emarginate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Handdrawn_Emarginate.png/128px-Handdrawn_Emarginate.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></td> <td>Emarginate</td> <td><i>_</i></td> <td>Indented, with a shallow notch at the tip </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Handdrawn_Mucronate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Handdrawn_Mucronate.png/64px-Handdrawn_Mucronate.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Handdrawn_Mucronate.png/96px-Handdrawn_Mucronate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Handdrawn_Mucronate.png/128px-Handdrawn_Mucronate.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></td> <td>Mucronate</td> <td><i>_</i></td> <td>Abruptly tipped with a small short point </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Handdrawn_Mucronate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Handdrawn_Mucronate.png/64px-Handdrawn_Mucronate.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Handdrawn_Mucronate.png/96px-Handdrawn_Mucronate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Handdrawn_Mucronate.png/128px-Handdrawn_Mucronate.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></td> <td>Mucronulate</td> <td><i>_</i></td> <td>Mucronate, but with a noticeably diminutive spine </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Handdrawn_Obcordate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Handdrawn_Obcordate.png/64px-Handdrawn_Obcordate.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Handdrawn_Obcordate.png/96px-Handdrawn_Obcordate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Handdrawn_Obcordate.png/128px-Handdrawn_Obcordate.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></td> <td>Obcordate</td> <td><i>_</i></td> <td>Inversely heart-shaped </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Handdrawn_Obtuse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Handdrawn_Obtuse.png/64px-Handdrawn_Obtuse.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Handdrawn_Obtuse.png/96px-Handdrawn_Obtuse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Handdrawn_Obtuse.png/128px-Handdrawn_Obtuse.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></td> <td>Obtuse</td> <td><i>_</i></td> <td>Rounded or blunt </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Handdrawn_Truncate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Handdrawn_Truncate.png/64px-Handdrawn_Truncate.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Handdrawn_Truncate.png/96px-Handdrawn_Truncate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Handdrawn_Truncate.png/128px-Handdrawn_Truncate.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></td> <td>Truncate</td> <td><i>_</i></td> <td>Ending abruptly with a flat end </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="anchor" id="Base_of_the_leaf"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Base">Base</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Base"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Acuminate</dt> <dd>Coming to a sharp, narrow, prolonged point.</dd> <dt>Acute</dt> <dd>Coming to a sharp, but not prolonged point.</dd> <dt>Auriculate</dt> <dd>Ear-shaped.</dd> <dt>Cordate</dt> <dd>Heart-shaped with the notch towards the stalk.</dd> <dt>Cuneate</dt> <dd>Wedge-shaped.</dd> <dt>Hastate</dt> <dd>Shaped like an halberd and with the basal lobes pointing outward.</dd> <dt>Oblique</dt> <dd>Slanting.</dd> <dt>Reniform</dt> <dd>Kidney-shaped but rounder and broader than long.</dd> <dt>Rounded</dt> <dd>Curving shape.</dd> <dt>Sagittate</dt> <dd>Shaped like an arrowhead and with the acute basal lobes pointing downward.</dd> <dt>Truncate</dt> <dd>Ending abruptly with a flat end, that looks cut off.</dd></dl> <p><span class="anchor" id="Surface_of_the_leaf"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface">Surface</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Surface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Araucaria_columnaris_leaves,_Kauai,_Hawaii_1758c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Araucaria_columnaris_leaves%2C_Kauai%2C_Hawaii_1758c.jpg/220px-Araucaria_columnaris_leaves%2C_Kauai%2C_Hawaii_1758c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Araucaria_columnaris_leaves%2C_Kauai%2C_Hawaii_1758c.jpg/330px-Araucaria_columnaris_leaves%2C_Kauai%2C_Hawaii_1758c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Araucaria_columnaris_leaves%2C_Kauai%2C_Hawaii_1758c.jpg/440px-Araucaria_columnaris_leaves%2C_Kauai%2C_Hawaii_1758c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The scale-shaped leaves of the <a href="/wiki/Araucaria_heterophylla" title="Araucaria heterophylla">Norfolk Island Pine</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The leaf surface is also host to a large variety of <a href="/wiki/Microorganisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Microorganisms">microorganisms</a>; in this context it is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Phyllosphere" title="Phyllosphere">phyllosphere</a>. </p> <dl><dt>Lepidote</dt> <dd>Covered with fine scurfy scales.</dd></dl> <p><span class="anchor" id="Hairiness_(trichomes)"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hairiness">Hairiness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Hairiness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr_040723-0032_Verbascum_thapsus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Starr_040723-0032_Verbascum_thapsus.jpg/250px-Starr_040723-0032_Verbascum_thapsus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Starr_040723-0032_Verbascum_thapsus.jpg/330px-Starr_040723-0032_Verbascum_thapsus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Starr_040723-0032_Verbascum_thapsus.jpg/500px-Starr_040723-0032_Verbascum_thapsus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Common mullein (<i><a href="/wiki/Verbascum_thapsus" title="Verbascum thapsus">Verbascum thapsus</a></i>) leaves are covered in dense, stellate trichomes.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coleus_leaf_trichomes_SEM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coleus_leaf_trichomes_SEM.jpg/220px-Coleus_leaf_trichomes_SEM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coleus_leaf_trichomes_SEM.jpg/330px-Coleus_leaf_trichomes_SEM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coleus_leaf_trichomes_SEM.jpg/440px-Coleus_leaf_trichomes_SEM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1049" /></a><figcaption>Scanning electron microscope image of trichomes on the lower surface of a <i>Coleus blumei</i> (<a href="/wiki/Coleus" title="Coleus">coleus</a>) leaf</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Symphyotrichum_sericeum_10135056.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Symphyotrichum_sericeum_10135056.jpg/250px-Symphyotrichum_sericeum_10135056.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Symphyotrichum_sericeum_10135056.jpg/330px-Symphyotrichum_sericeum_10135056.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Symphyotrichum_sericeum_10135056.jpg/500px-Symphyotrichum_sericeum_10135056.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1639" /></a><figcaption>Silky aster (<i><a href="/wiki/Symphyotrichum_sericeum" title="Symphyotrichum sericeum">Symphyotrichum sericeum</a></i>) leaves are sericeous.</figcaption></figure> <p>"Hairs" on plants are properly called <a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">trichomes</a>. Leaves can show several degrees of hairiness. The meaning of several of the following terms can overlap. </p> <dl><dt>Arachnoid, or arachnose</dt> <dd>With many fine, entangled hairs giving a cobwebby appearance.</dd> <dt>Barbellate</dt> <dd>With finely barbed hairs (barbellae).</dd> <dt>Bearded</dt> <dd>With long, stiff hairs.</dd> <dt>Bristly</dt> <dd>With stiff hair-like prickles.</dd> <dt>Canescent</dt> <dd>Hoary with dense grayish-white <a href="/wiki/Pubescence_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pubescence (botany)">pubescence</a>.</dd> <dt>Ciliate</dt> <dd>Marginally fringed with short hairs (cilia).</dd> <dt>Ciliolate</dt> <dd>Minutely ciliate.</dd> <dt>Floccose</dt> <dd>With flocks of soft, woolly hairs, which tend to rub off.</dd> <dt>Glabrescent</dt> <dd>Losing hairs with age.</dd> <dt>Glabrous</dt> <dd>No hairs of any kind present.</dd> <dt>Glandular</dt> <dd>With a gland at the tip of the hair.</dd> <dt>Hirsute</dt> <dd>With rather rough or stiff hairs.</dd> <dt>Hispid</dt> <dd>With rigid, bristly hairs.</dd> <dt>Hispidulous</dt> <dd>Minutely hispid.</dd> <dt>Hoary</dt> <dd>With a fine, close grayish-white pubescence.</dd> <dt><span class="anchor" id="lanate"></span><span class="anchor" id="lanose"></span>Lanate, or lanose</dt> <dd>With woolly hairs.</dd> <dt>Pilose</dt> <dd>With soft, clearly separated hairs.</dd> <dt>Puberulent, or puberulous</dt> <dd>With fine, minute hairs.</dd> <dt><span class="anchor" id="pubescent"></span>Pubescent</dt> <dd>With soft, short and erect hairs.</dd> <dt>Scabrous, or scabrid</dt> <dd>Rough to the touch.</dd> <dt>Sericeous</dt> <dd>Silky appearance through fine, straight and appressed (lying close and flat) hairs.</dd> <dt>Silky</dt> <dd>With adpressed, soft and straight pubescence.</dd> <dt>Stellate, or stelliform</dt> <dd>With star-shaped hairs.</dd> <dt>Strigose</dt> <dd>With appressed, sharp, straight and stiff hairs.</dd> <dt>Tomentose</dt> <dd>Densely pubescent with matted, soft white woolly hairs.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891" /></dd></dl> <dl class="glossary"><dt id="cano-tomentose"><dfn>Cano-tomentose</dfn></dt><dd>Between canescent and tomentose.</dd><dt id="felted-tomentose"><dfn>Felted-tomentose</dfn></dt><dd>Woolly and matted with curly hairs.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Tomentulose</dt> <dd>Minutely or only slightly tomentose.</dd> <dt><span class="anchor" id="villous"></span>Villous</dt> <dd>With long and soft hairs, usually curved.</dd> <dt>Woolly</dt> <dd>With long, soft and tortuous or matted hairs.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timing">Timing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Timing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Hysteranthous</dt> <dd>Developing after the flowers <sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Synanthous</dt> <dd>Developing at the same time as the flowers <sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venation">Venation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Venation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classification">Classification</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Hickey primary venation types</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostrya_virginiana1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ostrya_virginiana1.jpg/250px-Ostrya_virginiana1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ostrya_virginiana1.jpg/330px-Ostrya_virginiana1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ostrya_virginiana1.jpg/500px-Ostrya_virginiana1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="1181" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1. Pinnate venation, <a href="/wiki/Ostrya_virginiana" title="Ostrya virginiana">Ostrya virginiana</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tulip_Leaves_AWL.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/09/Tulip_Leaves_AWL.JPG/200px-Tulip_Leaves_AWL.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/09/Tulip_Leaves_AWL.JPG/300px-Tulip_Leaves_AWL.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/09/Tulip_Leaves_AWL.JPG/400px-Tulip_Leaves_AWL.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">2. Parallel venation, <i><a href="/wiki/Iris_(plant)" title="Iris (plant)">Iris</a></i></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maianthemum_bifolium_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Maianthemum_bifolium_2.JPG/250px-Maianthemum_bifolium_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Maianthemum_bifolium_2.JPG/330px-Maianthemum_bifolium_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Maianthemum_bifolium_2.JPG/500px-Maianthemum_bifolium_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">3. Campylodromous venation, <i><a href="/wiki/Maianthemum_bifolium" title="Maianthemum bifolium">Maianthemum bifolium</a></i></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr_031118-0115_Miconia_calvescens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Starr_031118-0115_Miconia_calvescens.jpg/200px-Starr_031118-0115_Miconia_calvescens.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Starr_031118-0115_Miconia_calvescens.jpg/300px-Starr_031118-0115_Miconia_calvescens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Starr_031118-0115_Miconia_calvescens.jpg/400px-Starr_031118-0115_Miconia_calvescens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1632" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">4. Acrodromous venation (basal), <i><a href="/wiki/Miconia_calvescens" title="Miconia calvescens">Miconia calvescens</a></i></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Puttali_(Tamil-_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF)_(5656476463).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Puttali_%28Tamil-_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%29_%285656476463%29.jpg/200px-Puttali_%28Tamil-_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%29_%285656476463%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Puttali_%28Tamil-_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%29_%285656476463%29.jpg/300px-Puttali_%28Tamil-_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%29_%285656476463%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Puttali_%28Tamil-_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%29_%285656476463%29.jpg/400px-Puttali_%28Tamil-_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%29_%285656476463%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">5. Actinodromous venation (suprabasal), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Givotia_moluccana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Givotia moluccana (page does not exist)">Givotia moluccana</a></i></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Platanus_orientalis_leaf.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Platanus_orientalis_leaf.JPG/250px-Platanus_orientalis_leaf.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Platanus_orientalis_leaf.JPG/330px-Platanus_orientalis_leaf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Platanus_orientalis_leaf.JPG/500px-Platanus_orientalis_leaf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2559" data-file-height="2482" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">6. Palinactodromous venation, <i><a href="/wiki/Platanus_orientalis" title="Platanus orientalis">Platanus orientalis</a></i></div></div></div></div></div> <p>A number of different classification systems of the patterns of leaf veins (venation or veination) have been described,<sup id="cite_ref-SimpsonLv_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimpsonLv-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> starting with Ettingshausen (1861),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEttingshausen1861_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEttingshausen1861-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together with many different descriptive terms, and the terminology has been described as "formidable".<sup id="cite_ref-SimpsonLv_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimpsonLv-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the commonest among these is the Hickey system, originally developed for "<a href="/wiki/Dicotyledons" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicotyledons">dicotyledons</a>" and using a number of Ettingshausen's terms derived from Greek (1973–1979):<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickey1973_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickey1973-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyWolfe1975_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickeyWolfe1975-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickey1979_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickey1979-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>see also</i>: Simpson Figure 9.12, p. 468)<sup id="cite_ref-SimpsonLv_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimpsonLv-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Hickey_system">Hickey system</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Hickey system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>1. <a href="/wiki/Pinnate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnate">Pinnate</a> (feather-veined, reticulate, pinnate-netted, penniribbed, penninerved, or penniveined)</dt> <dd>The veins arise <a href="/wiki/Pinnately" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnately">pinnately</a> (feather like) from a single primary vein (mid-vein) and subdivide into secondary veinlets, known as higher order veins. These, in turn, form a complicated network. This type of venation is typical for (but by no means limited to) "<a href="/wiki/Dicotyledon" title="Dicotyledon">dicotyledons</a>" (non monocotyledon <a href="/wiki/Angiosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperms">angiosperms</a>). E.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Ostrya" title="Ostrya">Ostrya</a></i>.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> There are three subtypes of pinnate venation:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891" /></dd></dl> <dl class="glossary"><dt id="''craspedodromous''_(greek:_''kraspedon''_–_edge,_''dromos''_–_running)"><dfn> <i>Craspedodromous</i> (Greek: <i>kraspedon</i> – edge, <i>dromos</i> – running)</dfn></dt><dd> The major veins reach to the margin of the leaf.</dd><dt id="''camptodromous''"><dfn> <i>Camptodromous</i></dfn></dt><dd> Major veins extend close to the margin, but bend before they intersect with the margin.</dd><dt id="''hyphodromous''"><dfn> <i>Hyphodromous</i></dfn></dt><dd> All secondary veins are absent, rudimentary or concealed</dd></dl><p> These in turn have a number of further subtypes such as eucamptodromous, where secondary veins curve near the margin without joining adjacent secondary veins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /></p><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:432px;max-width:432px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Pinnate</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_craspedodromous_simple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_craspedodromous_simple.svg/140px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_craspedodromous_simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_craspedodromous_simple.svg/210px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_craspedodromous_simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_craspedodromous_simple.svg/280px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_craspedodromous_simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="459" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Craspedodromous</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_camptodromous_eucamptodromous.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_camptodromous_eucamptodromous.svg/140px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_camptodromous_eucamptodromous.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_camptodromous_eucamptodromous.svg/210px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_camptodromous_eucamptodromous.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_camptodromous_eucamptodromous.svg/280px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_camptodromous_eucamptodromous.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="459" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Camptodromous</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_hyphodromous.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_hyphodromous.svg/140px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_hyphodromous.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_hyphodromous.svg/210px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_hyphodromous.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_hyphodromous.svg/280px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_hyphodromous.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="459" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Hyphodromous</div></div></div></div></div> <dl><dt>2. Parallelodromous (parallel-veined, parallel-ribbed, parallel-nerved, penniparallel, striate)</dt> <dd>Two or more primary veins originating beside each other at the leaf base, and running <a href="/wiki/Parallel_(geometry)" title="Parallel (geometry)">parallel</a> to each other to the apex and then converging there. Commissural veins (small veins) connect the major parallel veins. Typical for most <a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">monocotyledons</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grasses</a>.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> The additional terms marginal (primary veins reach the margin), and reticulate (net-veined) are also used.</dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Parallelodromous</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:77px;max-width:77px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_parallelodromous.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_parallelodromous.svg/75px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_parallelodromous.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_parallelodromous.svg/113px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_parallelodromous.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_parallelodromous.svg/150px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_parallelodromous.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="459" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div> <dl><dt>3. Campylodromous (<i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">campylos</i></span></i> – curve)</dt> <dd>Several primary veins or branches originating at or close to a single point and running in recurved arches, then converging at apex. E.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Maianthemum" title="Maianthemum">Maianthemum</a></i> .</dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Campylodromous</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:77px;max-width:77px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_campylodromous.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_campylodromous.svg/75px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_campylodromous.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_campylodromous.svg/113px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_campylodromous.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_campylodromous.svg/150px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_campylodromous.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="459" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div> <dl><dt>4. Acrodromous</dt> <dd>Two or more primary or well developed secondary veins in convergent arches towards apex, without basal recurvature as in Campylodromous. May be basal or suprabasal depending on origin, and perfect or imperfect depending on whether they reach to 2/3 of the way to the apex. E.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Miconia" title="Miconia">Miconia</a></i> (basal type), <i><a href="/wiki/Endlicheria" title="Endlicheria">Endlicheria</a></i> (suprabasal type).</dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:316px;max-width:316px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Acrodromous</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:77px;max-width:77px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_acrodromous_imperfect_basal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_acrodromous_imperfect_basal.svg/75px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_acrodromous_imperfect_basal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_acrodromous_imperfect_basal.svg/113px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_acrodromous_imperfect_basal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_acrodromous_imperfect_basal.svg/150px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_acrodromous_imperfect_basal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="459" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Imperfect basal</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:77px;max-width:77px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_acrodromous_imperfect_suprabasal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_acrodromous_imperfect_suprabasal.svg/120px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_acrodromous_imperfect_suprabasal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_acrodromous_imperfect_suprabasal.svg/250px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_acrodromous_imperfect_suprabasal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="459" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Imperfect suprabasal</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:77px;max-width:77px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_acrodromous_perfect_basal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_acrodromous_perfect_basal.svg/75px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_acrodromous_perfect_basal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_acrodromous_perfect_basal.svg/113px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_acrodromous_perfect_basal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_acrodromous_perfect_basal.svg/150px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_acrodromous_perfect_basal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="459" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Perfect basal</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:77px;max-width:77px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_acrodromous_perfect_suprabasal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_acrodromous_perfect_suprabasal.svg/75px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_acrodromous_perfect_suprabasal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_acrodromous_perfect_suprabasal.svg/113px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_acrodromous_perfect_suprabasal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_acrodromous_perfect_suprabasal.svg/150px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_acrodromous_perfect_suprabasal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="459" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Perfect suprabasal</div></div></div></div></div> <dl><dt>5. Actinodromous</dt> <dd>Three or more primary veins diverging radially from a single point. E.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Menispermaceae" title="Menispermaceae">Arcangelisia</a></i> (basal type), <i><a href="/wiki/Givotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Givotia">Givotia</a></i> (suprabasal type).</dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:158px;max-width:158px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Actinodromous</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:77px;max-width:77px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_actinodromous_imperfect_marginal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_actinodromous_imperfect_marginal.svg/75px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_actinodromous_imperfect_marginal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_actinodromous_imperfect_marginal.svg/113px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_actinodromous_imperfect_marginal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_actinodromous_imperfect_marginal.svg/150px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_actinodromous_imperfect_marginal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="459" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Imperfect marginal</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:77px;max-width:77px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_actinodromous_imperfect_reticulate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_actinodromous_imperfect_reticulate.svg/120px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_actinodromous_imperfect_reticulate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_actinodromous_imperfect_reticulate.svg/250px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_actinodromous_imperfect_reticulate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="459" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Imperfect reticulate <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (April 2022)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Leaf#Dubious" title="Talk:Leaf">discuss</a></i>]</sup></div></div></div></div></div> <dl><dt>6. Palinactodromous</dt> <dd>Primary veins with one or more points of secondary dichotomous branching beyond the primary divergence, either closely or more distantly spaced. E.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Platanus" title="Platanus">Platanus</a></i>.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PoinsettiaVenation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Venation of a poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) leaf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PoinsettiaVenation.jpg/220px-PoinsettiaVenation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PoinsettiaVenation.jpg/330px-PoinsettiaVenation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PoinsettiaVenation.jpg/440px-PoinsettiaVenation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Venation of a Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) leaf.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Palinactodromous</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:77px;max-width:77px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_palinactinodromous.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_palinactinodromous.svg/75px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_palinactinodromous.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_palinactinodromous.svg/113px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_palinactinodromous.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_palinactinodromous.svg/150px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_palinactinodromous.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="459" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Types 4–6 may similarly be subclassified as basal (primaries joined at the base of the blade) or suprabasal (diverging above the blade base), and perfect or imperfect, but also flabellate. </p><p>At about the same time, Melville (1976) described a system applicable to all Angiosperms and using Latin and English terminology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville1976_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville1976-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Melville also had six divisions, based on the order in which veins develop. </p> <dl><dt>Arbuscular (arbuscularis)</dt> <dd>Branching repeatedly by regular dichotomy to give rise to a three dimensional bush-like structure consisting of linear segment (2 subclasses)</dd> <dt>Flabellate (flabellatus)</dt> <dd>Primary veins straight or only slightly curved, diverging from the base in a fan-like manner (4 subclasses)</dd> <dt>Palmate (palmatus)</dt> <dd>Curved primary veins (3 subclasses)</dd> <dt>Pinnate (pinnatus)</dt> <dd>Single primary vein, the midrib, along which straight or arching secondary veins are arranged at more or less regular intervals (6 subclasses)</dd> <dt>Collimate (collimatus)</dt> <dd>Numerous longitudinally parallel primary veins arising from a transverse meristem (5 subclasses)</dd> <dt>Conglutinate (conglutinatus)</dt> <dd>Derived from fused pinnate leaflets (3 subclasses)</dd></dl> <p>A modified form of the Hickey system was later incorporated into the Smithsonian classification (1999) which proposed seven main types of venation, based on the architecture of the primary veins, adding Flabellate as an additional main type. Further classification was then made on the basis of secondary veins, with 12 further types, such as; </p> <dl><dt>Brochidodromous</dt> <dd>Closed form in which the secondaries are joined in a series of prominent arches, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Hildegardia_(plant)" title="Hildegardia (plant)">Hildegardia</a></i>.</dd> <dt>Craspedodromous</dt> <dd>Open form with secondaries terminating at the margin, in toothed leaves, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Celtis" title="Celtis">Celtis</a></i>.</dd> <dt>Eucamptodromous</dt> <dd>Intermediate form with upturned secondaries that gradually diminish apically but inside the margin, and connected by intermediate tertiary veins rather than loops between secondaries, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Cornus" title="Cornus">Cornus</a></i>.</dd> <dt>Cladodromous</dt> <dd>Secondaries freely branching toward the margin, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Rhus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhus">Rhus</a></i>.</dd></dl> <p>terms which had been used as subtypes in the original Hickey system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeaf_Architecture_Working_Group1999_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeaf_Architecture_Working_Group1999-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:396px;max-width:396px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Secondary venation patterns</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_camptodromous_brochidodromous.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_camptodromous_brochidodromous.svg/95px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_camptodromous_brochidodromous.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_camptodromous_brochidodromous.svg/143px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_camptodromous_brochidodromous.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_camptodromous_brochidodromous.svg/190px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_camptodromous_brochidodromous.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="459" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Brochidodromous</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_craspedodromous_simple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_craspedodromous_simple.svg/95px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_craspedodromous_simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_craspedodromous_simple.svg/143px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_craspedodromous_simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_craspedodromous_simple.svg/190px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_craspedodromous_simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="459" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Craspedodromous</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_camptodromous_eucamptodromous.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_camptodromous_eucamptodromous.svg/95px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_camptodromous_eucamptodromous.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_camptodromous_eucamptodromous.svg/143px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_camptodromous_eucamptodromous.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_camptodromous_eucamptodromous.svg/190px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_camptodromous_eucamptodromous.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="459" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Eucamptodromous</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_camptodromous_cladodromous.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_camptodromous_cladodromous.svg/95px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_camptodromous_cladodromous.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_camptodromous_cladodromous.svg/143px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_camptodromous_cladodromous.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_camptodromous_cladodromous.svg/190px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_camptodromous_cladodromous.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="459" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cladodromous</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:653px;max-width:653px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hildegardia_migeodii_-_leaf_shape_(8307117710).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Hildegardia_migeodii_-_leaf_shape_%288307117710%29.jpg/200px-Hildegardia_migeodii_-_leaf_shape_%288307117710%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Hildegardia_migeodii_-_leaf_shape_%288307117710%29.jpg/300px-Hildegardia_migeodii_-_leaf_shape_%288307117710%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Hildegardia_migeodii_-_leaf_shape_%288307117710%29.jpg/400px-Hildegardia_migeodii_-_leaf_shape_%288307117710%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1425" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Brochidodromous<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Hildegardia_(plant)" title="Hildegardia (plant)">Hildegardia migeodii</a></i></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtis_occidentalis_(18).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Celtis_occidentalis_%2818%29.JPG/129px-Celtis_occidentalis_%2818%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="129" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Celtis_occidentalis_%2818%29.JPG/194px-Celtis_occidentalis_%2818%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Celtis_occidentalis_%2818%29.JPG/258px-Celtis_occidentalis_%2818%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3192" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Craspedodromous<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Celtis_occidentalis" title="Celtis occidentalis">Celtis occidentalis</a></i></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornus_officinalis_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cornus_officinalis_02.JPG/120px-Cornus_officinalis_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cornus_officinalis_02.JPG/250px-Cornus_officinalis_02.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Eucamptodromous<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Cornus_officinalis" title="Cornus officinalis">Cornus officinalis</a></i></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:197px;max-width:197px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhus_ovata_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Rhus_ovata_1.jpg/195px-Rhus_ovata_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Rhus_ovata_1.jpg/293px-Rhus_ovata_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Rhus_ovata_1.jpg/390px-Rhus_ovata_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1155" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cladodromous<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Rhus_ovata" title="Rhus ovata">Rhus ovata</a></i></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Further descriptions included the higher order, or minor veins and the patterns of areoles (<i>see</i> Leaf Architecture Working Group, Figures 28–29).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeaf_Architecture_Working_Group1999_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeaf_Architecture_Working_Group1999-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adiantum_cunninghamii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Adiantum_cunninghamii.jpg/250px-Adiantum_cunninghamii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Adiantum_cunninghamii.jpg/330px-Adiantum_cunninghamii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Adiantum_cunninghamii.jpg/500px-Adiantum_cunninghamii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1758" data-file-height="1761" /></a><figcaption>Flabellate venation, <i><a href="/wiki/Adiantum_cunninghamii" title="Adiantum cunninghamii">Adiantum cunninghamii</a></i></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Flabellate</dt> <dd>Several to many equal fine basal veins diverging radially at low angles and branching apically. E.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Paranomus" title="Paranomus">Paranomus</a></i>.</dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Flabellate</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:77px;max-width:77px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_flabellate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_flabellate.svg/75px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_flabellate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_flabellate.svg/113px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_flabellate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_flabellate.svg/150px-Leaf_morphology_-_venation_Hickey_1973_-_flabellate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="459" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Analyses of vein patterns often fall into consideration of the vein orders, primary vein type, secondary vein type (major veins), and minor vein density. A number of authors have adopted simplified versions of these schemes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJudd_et_al2007_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudd_et_al2007-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SimpsonLv_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimpsonLv-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its simplest the primary vein types can be considered in three or four groups depending on the plant divisions being considered; </p> <ul><li>pinnate</li> <li>palmate</li> <li>parallel</li></ul> <p>where palmate refers to multiple primary veins that radiate from the petiole, as opposed to branching from the central main vein in the pinnate form, and encompasses both of Hickey types 4 and 5, which are preserved as subtypes; e.g., palmate-acrodromous (<i>see</i> National Park Service Leaf Guide).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorissant_Leaf_Key2016_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorissant_Leaf_Key2016-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acer_Truncatum_leaf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Acer_Truncatum_leaf.jpg/220px-Acer_Truncatum_leaf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Acer_Truncatum_leaf.jpg/330px-Acer_Truncatum_leaf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Acer_Truncatum_leaf.jpg/440px-Acer_Truncatum_leaf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="847" data-file-height="974" /></a><figcaption>Palmate venation, <i><a href="/wiki/Acer_truncatum" title="Acer truncatum">Acer truncatum</a></i> </figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Palmate, Palmate-netted, palmate-veined, fan-veined</dt> <dd>Several main veins of approximately equal size <a href="/wiki/Divergence" title="Divergence">diverge</a> from a common point near the leaf base where the petiole attaches, and radiate toward the edge of the leaf. Palmately veined leaves are often lobed or divided with lobes radiating from the common point. They may vary in the number of primary veins (3 or more), but always radiate from a common point.<sup id="cite_ref-KlingLv_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KlingLv-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e.g. most <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple"><i>Acer</i></a> (maples).</dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Palmate</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_venation_palmate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Leaf_morphology_venation_palmate.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="159" data-file-height="159" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Other_systems">Other systems</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Other systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alternatively, Simpson uses:<sup id="cite_ref-SimpsonLv_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimpsonLv-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Uninervous</dt> <dd>Central midrib with no lateral veins (<a href="/wiki/Microphyllous" class="mw-redirect" title="Microphyllous">microphyllous</a>), seen in the non-seed bearing <a href="/wiki/Tracheophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheophytes">tracheophytes</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Horsetails" class="mw-redirect" title="Horsetails">horsetails</a></dd> <dt>Dichotomous</dt> <dd>Veins successively branching into equally sized veins from a common point, forming a Y junction, fanning out. Amongst temperate woody plants, <i><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo biloba</a></i> is the only species exhibiting dichotomous venation. Also some <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">pteridophytes</a> (ferns).<sup id="cite_ref-KlingLv_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KlingLv-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Parallel</dt> <dd>Primary and secondary veins roughly parallel to each other, running the length of the leaf, often connected by short perpendicular links, rather than form networks. In some species, the parallel veins join at the base and apex, such as needle-type evergreens and grasses. Characteristic of monocotyledons, but exceptions include <i><a href="/wiki/Arisaema" title="Arisaema">Arisaema</a></i>, and as below, under netted.<sup id="cite_ref-KlingLv_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KlingLv-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Netted (reticulate, pinnate)</dt> <dd>A prominent midvein with secondary veins branching off along both sides of it. The name derives from the ultimate veinlets which form an interconnecting net like pattern or network. (The primary and secondary venation may be referred to as pinnate, while the net like finer veins are referred to as netted or reticulate); most non-monocot angiosperms, exceptions including <i><a href="/wiki/Calophyllum" title="Calophyllum">Calophyllum</a></i>. Some monocots have reticulate venation, including <i><a href="/wiki/Colocasia" title="Colocasia">Colocasia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea" title="Dioscorea">Dioscorea</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Smilax" title="Smilax">Smilax</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-KlingLv_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KlingLv-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:295px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Horsetail_vegeative_stem.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Horsetail_vegeative_stem.JPG/98px-Horsetail_vegeative_stem.JPG" decoding="async" width="98" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Horsetail_vegeative_stem.JPG/147px-Horsetail_vegeative_stem.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Horsetail_vegeative_stem.JPG 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="528" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Equisetum" title="Equisetum">Equisetum</a></i>:<br />Reduced microphyllous leaves (L) arising in whorl from node</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:288px;max-width:288px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:295px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ginkgo_biloba_scanned_leaf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ginkgo_biloba_scanned_leaf.jpg/330px-Ginkgo_biloba_scanned_leaf.jpg" decoding="async" width="286" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ginkgo_biloba_scanned_leaf.jpg/500px-Ginkgo_biloba_scanned_leaf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ginkgo_biloba_scanned_leaf.jpg/960px-Ginkgo_biloba_scanned_leaf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2564" data-file-height="2650" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo biloba</a></i>:<br />Dichotomous venation</div></div></div></div></div> <p>However, these simplified systems allow for further division into multiple subtypes. Simpson,<sup id="cite_ref-SimpsonLv_28-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimpsonLv-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (and others)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerg2007_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerg2007-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> divides parallel and netted (and some use only these two terms for Angiosperms)<sup id="cite_ref-AMVen_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMVen-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the basis of the number of primary veins (costa) as follows; </p> <dl><dt>Parallel</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891" /></dd></dl> <dl class="glossary"><dt id="penni-parallel_(pinnate,_pinnate_parallel,_unicostate_parallel)"><dfn> Penni-parallel (pinnate, pinnate parallel, unicostate parallel)</dfn></dt><dd> Single central prominent midrib, secondary veins from this arise perpendicularly to it and run parallel to each other towards the margin or tip, but do not join (anastomose). The term unicostate refers to the prominence of the single midrib (costa) running the length of the leaf from base to apex. e.g. <a href="/wiki/Zingiberales" title="Zingiberales">Zingiberales</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Musa_(genus)" title="Musa (genus)">Bananas</a> etc.</dd><dt id="palmate-parallel_(multicostate_parallel)"><dfn> Palmate-parallel (multicostate parallel)</dfn></dt><dd> Several equally prominent primary veins arising from a single point at the base and running parallel towards tip or margin. The term multicostate refers to having more than one prominent main vein. e.g. <a href="/wiki/Fan_palm" title="Fan palm">"fan" (palmate) palms</a> (Arecaceae)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891" /> <dl class="glossary"><dt id="multicostate_parallel_convergent"><dfn> Multicostate parallel convergent</dfn></dt><dd> Mid-veins converge at apex e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Bambusa_arundinacea" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambusa arundinacea">Bambusa arundinacea</a></i> = <i>B. bambos</i> (Aracaceae), <i><a href="/wiki/Eichornia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eichornia">Eichornia</a></i></dd><dt id="multicostate_parallel_divergent"><dfn> Multicostate parallel divergent</dfn></dt><dd> Mid-veins diverge more or less parallel towards the margin e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Borassus" title="Borassus">Borassus</a></i> (Poaceae), fan palms</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Netted (Reticulate)</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891" /></dd></dl> <dl class="glossary"><dt id="pinnately_(veined,_netted,_unicostate_reticulate)"><dfn> Pinnately (veined, netted, unicostate reticulate)</dfn></dt><dd> Single prominent midrib running from base to apex, secondary veins arising on both sides along the length of the primary midrib, running towards the margin or apex (tip), with a network of smaller veinlets forming a reticulum (mesh or network). e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Mangifera" title="Mangifera">Mangifera</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ficus_religiosa" title="Ficus religiosa">Ficus religiosa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Psidium_guajava" title="Psidium guajava">Psidium guajava</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hibiscus_rosa-sinensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibiscus rosa-sinensis">Hibiscus rosa-sinensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Salix_alba" title="Salix alba">Salix alba</a></i></dd><dt id="palmately_(multicostate_reticulate)"><dfn> Palmately (multicostate reticulate)</dfn></dt><dd> More than one primary veins arising from a single point, running from base to apex. e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Liquidambar_styraciflua" title="Liquidambar styraciflua">Liquidambar styraciflua</a></i> This may be further subdivided;<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891" /> <dl class="glossary"><dt id="multicostate_convergent"><dfn> Multicostate convergent</dfn></dt><dd> Major veins diverge from origin at base then converge towards the tip. e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Zizyphus" class="mw-redirect" title="Zizyphus">Zizyphus</a></i>, <i>Smilax</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum" title="Cinnamomum">Cinnamomum</a></i></dd><dt id="multicostate_divergent"><dfn> Multicostate divergent</dfn></dt><dd> All major veins diverge towards the tip. e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Gossypium" title="Gossypium">Gossypium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cucurbita" title="Cucurbita">Cucurbita</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Carica_papaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Carica papaya">Carica papaya</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ricinus_communis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ricinus communis">Ricinus communis</a></i></dd></dl></dd><dt id="ternately_(ternate-netted)"><dfn> Ternately (ternate-netted)</dfn></dt><dd> Three primary veins, as above, e.g. (<i>see</i>) <i><a href="/wiki/Ceanothus_leucodermis" title="Ceanothus leucodermis">Ceanothus leucodermis</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-SimpsonCl_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimpsonCl-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Ceanothus_tomentosus" title="Ceanothus tomentosus">C. tomentosus</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-SimpsonCt_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimpsonCt-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Encelia_farinosa" title="Encelia farinosa">Encelia farinosa</a></i></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:792px;max-width:792px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Simpson venation patterns</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:256px;max-width:256px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maranta_leuconeura_var._erythroneura1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Maranta_leuconeura_var._erythroneura1.jpg/254px-Maranta_leuconeura_var._erythroneura1.jpg" decoding="async" width="254" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Maranta_leuconeura_var._erythroneura1.jpg/381px-Maranta_leuconeura_var._erythroneura1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Maranta_leuconeura_var._erythroneura1.jpg/508px-Maranta_leuconeura_var._erythroneura1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Maranta_leuconeura" title="Maranta leuconeura">Maranta leuconeura</a></i> var. <i>erythroneura</i> (<a href="/wiki/Zingiberales" title="Zingiberales">Zingiberales</a>):<br />Penni-parallel</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:266px;max-width:266px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coccothrinax_argentea_kz2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coccothrinax_argentea_kz2.JPG/264px-Coccothrinax_argentea_kz2.JPG" decoding="async" width="264" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coccothrinax_argentea_kz2.JPG/396px-Coccothrinax_argentea_kz2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coccothrinax_argentea_kz2.JPG/528px-Coccothrinax_argentea_kz2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4768" data-file-height="3440" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Coccothrinax_argentea" title="Coccothrinax argentea">Coccothrinax argentea</a></i> (Arecaceae):<br />Palmate-parallel</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plantarum_indigenarum_et_exoticarum_icones_ad_vivum_coloratae,_oder,_Sammlung_nach_der_Natur_gemalter_Abbildungen_inn-_und_ausl%C3%A4ndlischer_Pflanzen,_f%C3%BCr_Liebhaber_und_Beflissene_der_Botanik_(15902604278).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Plantarum_indigenarum_et_exoticarum_icones_ad_vivum_coloratae%2C_oder%2C_Sammlung_nach_der_Natur_gemalter_Abbildungen_inn-_und_ausl%C3%A4ndlischer_Pflanzen%2C_f%C3%BCr_Liebhaber_und_Beflissene_der_Botanik_%2815902604278%29.jpg/115px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Plantarum_indigenarum_et_exoticarum_icones_ad_vivum_coloratae%2C_oder%2C_Sammlung_nach_der_Natur_gemalter_Abbildungen_inn-_und_ausl%C3%A4ndlischer_Pflanzen%2C_f%C3%BCr_Liebhaber_und_Beflissene_der_Botanik_%2815902604278%29.jpg/173px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Plantarum_indigenarum_et_exoticarum_icones_ad_vivum_coloratae%2C_oder%2C_Sammlung_nach_der_Natur_gemalter_Abbildungen_inn-_und_ausl%C3%A4ndlischer_Pflanzen%2C_f%C3%BCr_Liebhaber_und_Beflissene_der_Botanik_%2815902604278%29.jpg/230px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="2047" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Bambusa_bambos" title="Bambusa bambos">Bambusa bambos</a></i>:<br />Multicostate parallel convergent</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SrahSrangTree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/SrahSrangTree.jpg/143px-SrahSrangTree.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/SrahSrangTree.jpg/215px-SrahSrangTree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/SrahSrangTree.jpg/286px-SrahSrangTree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Borassus" title="Borassus">Borassus</a></i> sp.:<br />Multicostate parallel divergent</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:53px;max-width:53px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:218px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salix_alba_leaf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Salix_alba_leaf.jpg/51px-Salix_alba_leaf.jpg" decoding="async" width="51" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Salix_alba_leaf.jpg/77px-Salix_alba_leaf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Salix_alba_leaf.jpg/102px-Salix_alba_leaf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="676" data-file-height="2928" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Salix_alba" title="Salix alba">Salix alba</a></i>:<br />Pinnately netted</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:321px;max-width:321px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:218px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liquidambar_feuilles_FR_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Liquidambar_feuilles_FR_2013.jpg/330px-Liquidambar_feuilles_FR_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="319" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Liquidambar_feuilles_FR_2013.jpg/500px-Liquidambar_feuilles_FR_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Liquidambar_feuilles_FR_2013.jpg/960px-Liquidambar_feuilles_FR_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3790" data-file-height="2600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Liquidambar_styraciflua" title="Liquidambar styraciflua">Liquidambar styraciflua</a></i>:<br />Palmately netted</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:218px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(Ziziphus_jujuba)_Foliage_at_Ammuguda_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/%28Ziziphus_jujuba%29_Foliage_at_Ammuguda_01.jpg/242px-%28Ziziphus_jujuba%29_Foliage_at_Ammuguda_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/%28Ziziphus_jujuba%29_Foliage_at_Ammuguda_01.jpg/363px-%28Ziziphus_jujuba%29_Foliage_at_Ammuguda_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/%28Ziziphus_jujuba%29_Foliage_at_Ammuguda_01.jpg/484px-%28Ziziphus_jujuba%29_Foliage_at_Ammuguda_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1734" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Ziziphus_jujuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziziphus jujuba">Ziziphus jujuba</a></i>:<br />Multicostate palmate convergent</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:166px;max-width:166px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:218px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr_050128-3307_Gossypium_tomentosum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Starr_050128-3307_Gossypium_tomentosum.jpg/164px-Starr_050128-3307_Gossypium_tomentosum.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Starr_050128-3307_Gossypium_tomentosum.jpg/246px-Starr_050128-3307_Gossypium_tomentosum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Starr_050128-3307_Gossypium_tomentosum.jpg/328px-Starr_050128-3307_Gossypium_tomentosum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Gossypium_tomentosum" title="Gossypium tomentosum">Gossypium tomentosum</a></i>:<br />Multicostate palmate divergent</div></div></div></div></div> <p>These complex systems are not used much in morphological descriptions of taxa, but have usefulness in plant identification, <sup id="cite_ref-SimpsonLv_28-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimpsonLv-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although criticized as being unduly burdened with jargon.<sup id="cite_ref-HLlv_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HLlv-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An older, even simpler system, used in some flora<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullen_et_al2011_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullen_et_al2011-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uses only two categories, open and closed. </p> <ul><li>Open: Higher order veins have free endings among the cells and are more characteristic of non-monocotyledon angiosperms. They are more likely to be associated with leaf shapes that are toothed, lobed or compound. They may be subdivided as; <ul><li>Pinnate (feather-veined) leaves, with a main central vein or rib (midrib), from which the remainder of the vein system arises</li> <li>Palmate, in which three or more main ribs rise together at the base of the leaf, and diverge upward.</li> <li>Dichotomous, as in ferns, where the veins fork repeatedly</li></ul></li> <li>Closed: Higher order veins are connected in loops without ending freely among the cells. These tend to be in leaves with smooth outlines, and are characteristic of monocotyledons. <ul><li>They may be subdivided into whether the veins run parallel, as in grasses, or have other patterns.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_descriptive_terms">Other descriptive terms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Other descriptive terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are also many other descriptive terms, often with very specialized usage and confined to specific taxonomic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeotropikey2017_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeotropikey2017-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conspicuousness of veins depends on a number of features. These include the width of the veins, their prominence in relation to the lamina surface and the degree of opacity of the surface, which may hide finer veins. In this regard, veins are called <b>obscure</b> and the order of veins that are obscured and whether upper, lower or both surfaces, further specified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxford_herbaria_glossary2017_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxford_herbaria_glossary2017-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KlingLv_61-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KlingLv-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Terms that describe vein prominence include <b>bullate</b>, <b>channelled</b>, <b>flat</b>, <b>guttered</b>, <b>impressed</b>, <b>prominent</b> and <b>recessed</b> (<i>Fig</i>. 6.1 Hawthorne & Lawrence 2013).<sup id="cite_ref-HLlv_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HLlv-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OxHerbVp_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxHerbVp-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veins may show different types of prominence in different areas of the leaf. For instance <i><a href="/wiki/Pimenta_racemosa" title="Pimenta racemosa">Pimenta racemosa</a></i> has a channelled midrib on the upper surface, but this is prominent on the lower surface.<sup id="cite_ref-HLlv_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HLlv-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Describing vein prominence: </p> <dl><dt>Bullate</dt> <dd>Surface of leaf raised in a series of domes between the veins on the upper surface, and therefore also with marked depressions. e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Rytigynia" title="Rytigynia">Rytigynia pauciflora</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerdcourtBridson1991_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerdcourtBridson1991-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i></dd> <dt>Channelled (canalicululate)</dt> <dd>Veins sunken below the surface, resulting in a rounded channel. Sometimes confused with "guttered" because the channels may function as gutters for rain to run off and allow drying, as in many <a href="/wiki/Melastomataceae" title="Melastomataceae">Melastomataceae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hemsley254_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hemsley254-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e.g. (<i>see</i>) <i><a href="/wiki/Pimenta_racemosa" title="Pimenta racemosa">Pimenta racemosa</a></i> (Myrtaceae),<sup id="cite_ref-OxHerbPimrac_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxHerbPimrac-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Clidemia_hirta" class="mw-redirect" title="Clidemia hirta">Clidemia hirta</a></i> (Melastomataceae).</dd> <dt>Guttered</dt> <dd>Veins partly prominent, the crest above the leaf lamina surface, but with channels running along each side, like gutters</dd> <dt>Impressed</dt> <dd>Vein forming raised line or ridge which lies below the plane of the surface which bears it, as if pressed into it, and are often exposed on the lower surface. Tissue near the veins often appears to pucker, giving them a sunken or embossed appearance</dd> <dt>Obscure</dt> <dd>Veins not visible, or not at all clear; if unspecified, then not visible with the naked eye. e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Berberis_gagnepainii" title="Berberis gagnepainii">Berberis gagnepainii</a></i>. In this <i>Berberis</i>, the veins are only obscure on the undersurface.<sup id="cite_ref-CullenBgag_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CullenBgag-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Prominent</dt> <dd>Vein raised above surrounding surface so to be easily felt when stroked with finger. e.g. (<i>see</i>) <i><a href="/wiki/Pimenta_racemosa" title="Pimenta racemosa">Pimenta racemosa</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-OxHerbPimrac_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxHerbPimrac-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Spathiphyllum" title="Spathiphyllum">Spathiphyllum cannifolium</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-KwantlenSpcan_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KwantlenSpcan-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Recessed</dt> <dd>Vein is sunk below the surface, more prominent than surrounding tissues but more sunken in channel than with impressed veins. e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Viburnum_plicatum" title="Viburnum plicatum">Viburnum plicatum</a></i>.</dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:693px;max-width:693px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Types of vein prominence</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:203px;max-width:203px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blattadern-wein-P7089798-PS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Blattadern-wein-P7089798-PS.jpg/201px-Blattadern-wein-P7089798-PS.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Blattadern-wein-P7089798-PS.jpg/302px-Blattadern-wein-P7089798-PS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Blattadern-wein-P7089798-PS.jpg/402px-Blattadern-wein-P7089798-PS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4607" data-file-height="3455" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i><br /> Bullate</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:203px;max-width:203px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_Medeiros_-_Clidemia_hirta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flickr_-_Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_Medeiros_-_Clidemia_hirta.jpg/201px-Flickr_-_Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_Medeiros_-_Clidemia_hirta.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flickr_-_Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_Medeiros_-_Clidemia_hirta.jpg/302px-Flickr_-_Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_Medeiros_-_Clidemia_hirta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flickr_-_Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_Medeiros_-_Clidemia_hirta.jpg/402px-Flickr_-_Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_Medeiros_-_Clidemia_hirta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Clidemia_hirta" class="mw-redirect" title="Clidemia hirta">Clidemia hirta</a></i><br /> Channeled</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornus_mas_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Cornus_mas_%283%29.jpg/278px-Cornus_mas_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Cornus_mas_%283%29.jpg/417px-Cornus_mas_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Cornus_mas_%283%29.jpg/556px-Cornus_mas_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2009" data-file-height="1092" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Cornus_mas" title="Cornus mas">Cornus mas</a></i><br />Impressed</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:320px;max-width:320px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:252px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berberis_gagnepainii_thorn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Berberis_gagnepainii_thorn.jpg/318px-Berberis_gagnepainii_thorn.jpg" decoding="async" width="318" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Berberis_gagnepainii_thorn.jpg/477px-Berberis_gagnepainii_thorn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Berberis_gagnepainii_thorn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="393" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Berberis_gagnepainii" title="Berberis gagnepainii">Berberis gagnepainii</a></i><br /> Obscure (under surface)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:252px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spathiphyllum_cannifolium_kz2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Spathiphyllum_cannifolium_kz2.jpg/175px-Spathiphyllum_cannifolium_kz2.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Spathiphyllum_cannifolium_kz2.jpg/263px-Spathiphyllum_cannifolium_kz2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Spathiphyllum_cannifolium_kz2.jpg/350px-Spathiphyllum_cannifolium_kz2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2984" data-file-height="4312" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Spathiphyllum" title="Spathiphyllum">Spathiphyllum cannifolium</a></i><br /> Prominent</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:252px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Viburnum_plicatum_var_plicatum4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Viburnum_plicatum_var_plicatum4.jpg/188px-Viburnum_plicatum_var_plicatum4.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Viburnum_plicatum_var_plicatum4.jpg/282px-Viburnum_plicatum_var_plicatum4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Viburnum_plicatum_var_plicatum4.jpg/376px-Viburnum_plicatum_var_plicatum4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Viburnum_plicatum" title="Viburnum plicatum">Viburnum plicatum</a></i><br /> Recessed</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Describing other features: </p> <dl><dt><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-plinerved" class="extiw" title="wikt:-plinerved">Plinervy</a> (plinerved)</dt> <dd>More than one main vein (nerve) at the base. Lateral secondary veins branching from a point above the base of the leaf. Usually expressed as a <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a>, as in 3-plinerved or triplinerved leaf. In a 3-plinerved (triplinerved) leaf three main veins branch above the base of the lamina (two secondary veins and the main vein) and run essentially parallel subsequently, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Ceanothus" title="Ceanothus">Ceanothus</a></i> and in <i><a href="/wiki/Celtis_occidentalis" title="Celtis occidentalis">Celtis</a></i>. Similarly, a quintuplinerve (five-veined) leaf has four secondary veins and a main vein. A pattern with 3–7 veins is especially conspicuous in <a href="/wiki/Melastomataceae" title="Melastomataceae">Melastomataceae</a>. The term has also been used in <a href="/wiki/Vaccinieae" title="Vaccinieae">Vaccinieae</a>. The term has been used as synonymous with acrodromous, palmate-acrodromous or suprabasal acrodromous, and is thought to be too broadly defined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedraza-Peñalosa2013_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedraza-Peñalosa2013-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedraza-Peñalosa2013_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedraza-Peñalosa2013-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Scalariform</dt> <dd>Veins arranged like the rungs of a ladder, particularly higher order veins</dd> <dt>Submarginal</dt> <dd>Veins running close to leaf margin</dd> <dt>Trinerved</dt> <dd>2 major basal nerves besides the midrib</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diagrams_of_venation_patterns">Diagrams of venation patterns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Diagrams of venation patterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable centre"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Image </th> <th>Term </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_arcuate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Leaf_morphology_arcuate.png/120px-Leaf_morphology_arcuate.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Leaf_morphology_arcuate.png/128px-Leaf_morphology_arcuate.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td> <td>Arcuate</td> <td>Secondary arching toward the apex </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_dichotomous.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Leaf_morphology_dichotomous.png/64px-Leaf_morphology_dichotomous.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Leaf_morphology_dichotomous.png/96px-Leaf_morphology_dichotomous.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Leaf_morphology_dichotomous.png/128px-Leaf_morphology_dichotomous.png 2x" data-file-width="159" data-file-height="159" /></a></span></td> <td>Dichotomous</td> <td>Veins splitting in two </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_longitudinal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Leaf_morphology_longitudinal.png/120px-Leaf_morphology_longitudinal.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Leaf_morphology_longitudinal.png/128px-Leaf_morphology_longitudinal.png 2x" data-file-width="159" data-file-height="159" /></a></span></td> <td>Longitudinal</td> <td>All veins aligned mostly with the midvein </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_parallel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Leaf_morphology_parallel.png/64px-Leaf_morphology_parallel.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Leaf_morphology_parallel.png/96px-Leaf_morphology_parallel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Leaf_morphology_parallel.png/128px-Leaf_morphology_parallel.png 2x" data-file-width="159" data-file-height="159" /></a></span></td> <td>Parallel</td> <td>All veins parallel and not intersecting </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_pinnate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Leaf_morphology_pinnate.png/64px-Leaf_morphology_pinnate.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Leaf_morphology_pinnate.png/96px-Leaf_morphology_pinnate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Leaf_morphology_pinnate.png/128px-Leaf_morphology_pinnate.png 2x" data-file-width="159" data-file-height="159" /></a></span></td> <td>Pinnate</td> <td>Secondary veins borne from midrib </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Reticulate"></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_reticulate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Leaf_morphology_reticulate.png/64px-Leaf_morphology_reticulate.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Leaf_morphology_reticulate.png/96px-Leaf_morphology_reticulate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Leaf_morphology_reticulate.png/128px-Leaf_morphology_reticulate.png 2x" data-file-width="159" data-file-height="159" /></a></span></td> <td>Reticulate</td> <td>All veins branching repeatedly, net veined </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_rotate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Leaf_morphology_rotate.png/64px-Leaf_morphology_rotate.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Leaf_morphology_rotate.png/96px-Leaf_morphology_rotate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Leaf_morphology_rotate.png/128px-Leaf_morphology_rotate.png 2x" data-file-width="159" data-file-height="159" /></a></span></td> <td>Rotate</td> <td>Veins coming from the center of the leaf and radiating toward the edges </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology_cross_venulate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Leaf_morphology_cross_venulate.png/120px-Leaf_morphology_cross_venulate.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Leaf_morphology_cross_venulate.png/128px-Leaf_morphology_cross_venulate.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td> <td>Transverse</td> <td>Tertiary veins running perpendicular to axis of main vein, connecting secondary veins </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Leaf_size" title="Leaf size">Leaf size</a></div> <p>The terms <b>megaphyll</b>, <b>macrophyll</b>, <b>mesophyll</b>, <b>notophyll</b>, <b>microphyll</b>, <b>nanophyll</b> and <b>leptophyll</b> are used to describe leaf sizes (in descending order), in a classification devised in 1934 by <a href="/wiki/Christen_C._Raunki%C3%A6r" title="Christen C. Raunkiær">Christen C. Raunkiær</a> and since modified by others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitten_et_al1997_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitten_et_al1997-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_leaf_morphology" title="Glossary of leaf morphology">Glossary of leaf morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology#Leaves" title="Glossary of plant morphology">Glossary of plant morphology § Leaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_(botany)" title="Crown (botany)">Crown (botany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of leaves">Evolutionary history of leaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology#Evolution_of_leaves" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development of leaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_area_index" title="Leaf area index">Leaf area index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_protein_concentrate" title="Leaf protein concentrate">Leaf protein concentrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_sensor" title="Leaf sensor">Leaf sensor</a> – a device that measures the moisture level in plant leaves</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_shape" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf shape">Leaf shape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernation" title="Vernation">Vernation</a> – sprouting of leaves, also the arrangement of leaves in the bud</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_leaf" title="Musical leaf">Musical leaf</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsau2006-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsau2006_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsau2006_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsau2006">Esau 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaupt1953-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaupt1953_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaupt1953">Haupt 1953</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauseth2009-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauseth2009_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauseth2009_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMauseth2009">Mauseth 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cactus-art.biz/note-book/Dictionary/Dictionary_S/dictionary_shoot_system.htm">"Shoot system"</a>. <i>Dictionary of botanic terminology</i>. Cactus Art Nursery. n.d. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504055224/https://www.cactus-art.biz/note-book/Dictionary/Dictionary_S/dictionary_shoot_system.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+botanic+terminology&rft.atitle=Shoot+system&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cactus-art.biz%2Fnote-book%2FDictionary%2FDictionary_S%2Fdictionary_shoot_system.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_et_al1999-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames_et_al1999_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames_et_al1999">James et al 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewartRothwell1993-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewartRothwell1993_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewartRothwell1993_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewartRothwell1993_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewartRothwell1993_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewartRothwell1993_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewartRothwell1993">Stewart & Rothwell 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooney-SovettsSattler1987-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooney-SovettsSattler1987_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooney-SovettsSattler1987">Cooney-Sovetts & Sattler 1987</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsukaya2013-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsukaya2013_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsukaya2013">Tsukaya 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeugier2006-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeugier2006_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeugier2006">Feugier 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurcell2016-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurcell2016_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPurcell2016">Purcell 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillert_et_al1992-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillert_et_al1992_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillert_et_al1992">Willert et al 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayer1982-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayer1982_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBayer1982">Bayer 1982</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson2011p.&nbsp;356-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson2011p.&nbsp;356_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson2011p.&nbsp;356_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson2011p.&nbsp;356_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimpson2011">Simpson 2011</a>, p. 356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrogh2010-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrogh2010_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrogh2010">Krogh 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesBell2000-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesBell2000_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJamesBell2000">James & Bell 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood_et_al2007-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood_et_al2007_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeywood_et_al2007">Heywood et al 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson2011pp.&nbsp;356–357-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson2011pp.&nbsp;356–357_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimpson2011">Simpson 2011</a>, pp. 356–357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallé1977-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallé1977_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHallé1977">Hallé 1977</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-types-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-types_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-types_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-types_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Botany Illustrated: Introduction to Plants Major Groups Flowering Plant Families</i>. Thomson Science. 1984. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Botany+Illustrated%3A+Introduction+to+Plants+Major+Groups+Flowering+Plant+Families&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Thomson+Science&rft.date=1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Didier Reinhardt and Cris Kuhlemeier, "Phyllotaxis in higher plants", in Michael T. McManus, Bruce Veit, eds., <i>Meristematic Tissues in Plant Growth and Development</i>, January 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-227-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-227-6">978-1-84127-227-6</a>, Wiley-Blackwell.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoxeter1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Scott_MacDonald_Coxeter" title="Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter">Coxeter HS</a> (1961). <i>Introduction to geometry</i>. Wiley. p. 169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+geometry&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Coxeter&rft.aufirst=H.+S.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reinhardt and Kuhlemeier, p. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYonekuraIwamotoFujitaSugiyama2019" class="citation journal cs1">Yonekura, Takaaki; Iwamoto, Akitoshi; Fujita, Hironori; Sugiyama, Munetaka (2019-06-06). Umulis, David (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6553687">"Mathematical model studies of the comprehensive generation of major and minor phyllotactic patterns in plants with a predominant focus on orixate phyllotaxis"</a>. <i>PLOS Computational Biology</i>. <b>15</b> (6): e1007044. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PLSCB..15E7044Y">2019PLSCB..15E7044Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1007044">10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007044</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1553-7358">1553-7358</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6553687">6553687</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31170142">31170142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Computational+Biology&rft.atitle=Mathematical+model+studies+of+the+comprehensive+generation+of+major+and+minor+phyllotactic+patterns+in+plants+with+a+predominant+focus+on+orixate+phyllotaxis&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e1007044&rft.date=2019-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6553687%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PLSCB..15E7044Y&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31170142&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1007044&rft.issn=1553-7358&rft.aulast=Yonekura&rft.aufirst=Takaaki&rft.au=Iwamoto%2C+Akitoshi&rft.au=Fujita%2C+Hironori&rft.au=Sugiyama%2C+Munetaka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6553687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERolland-Lagan_et_al2009-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERolland-Lagan_et_al2009_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRolland-Lagan_et_al2009">Rolland-Lagan et al 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalls2011-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalls2011_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalls2011_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalls2011_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalls2011">Walls 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickison2000-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickison2000_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickison2000_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickison2000_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDickison2000">Dickison 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudall2007-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudall2007_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudall2007_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRudall2007">Rudall 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SimpsonLv-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SimpsonLv_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SimpsonLv_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SimpsonLv_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SimpsonLv_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SimpsonLv_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SimpsonLv_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SimpsonLv_28-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SimpsonLv_28-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SimpsonLv_28-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimpson2011">Simpson 2011</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dj8KRImgyf4C&pg=PA465">Leaf venation pp. 465–468</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESackScoffoni2013-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESackScoffoni2013_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESackScoffoni2013_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESackScoffoni2013_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESackScoffoni2013_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSackScoffoni2013">Sack & Scoffoni 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth-Nebelsick_et_al2001-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoth-Nebelsick_et_al2001_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoth-Nebelsick_et_al2001_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoth-Nebelsick_et_al2001_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoth-Nebelsick_et_al2001">Roth-Nebelsick et al 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUeno_et_al2006-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUeno_et_al2006_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUeno_et_al2006">Ueno et al 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunions_et_al2005-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunions_et_al2005_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRunions_et_al2005">Runions et al 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MMsvt-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MMsvt_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasseyMurphy1996">Massey & Murphy 1996</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/botnet/glossary/b_iv.html">Surface-Venation-Texure</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagchi_et_al2016-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagchi_et_al2016_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBagchi_et_al2016">Bagchi et al 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECote2009-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECote2009_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCote2009">Cote 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements1905-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements1905_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClements1905">Clements 1905</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECouder_et_al2002-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECouder_et_al2002_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCouder_et_al2002">Couder et al 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorson_et_al2009-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorson_et_al2009_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorson_et_al2009">Corson et al 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaguna_et_al2008-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaguna_et_al2008_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaguna_et_al2008">Laguna et al 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArber1950-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArber1950_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArber1950">Arber 1950</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERutishauserSattler1997-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutishauserSattler1997_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRutishauserSattler1997">Rutishauser & Sattler 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELacroix_et_al2003-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacroix_et_al2003_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLacroix_et_al2003">Lacroix et al 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckardtBaum2010-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckardtBaum2010_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEckardtBaum2010">Eckardt & Baum 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPoiréWiese-KlinkenbergParentMielewczik2010" class="citation journal cs1">Poiré, Richard; Wiese-Klinkenberg, Anika; Parent, Boris; Mielewczik, Michael; Schurr, Ulrich; Tardieu, François; Walter, Achim (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2852670">"Diel time-courses of leaf growth in monocot and dicot species: endogenous rhythms and temperature effects"</a>. <i>Journal of Experimental Botany</i>. <b>61</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1751–</span>1759. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferq049">10.1093/jxb/erq049</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1460-2431">1460-2431</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2852670">2852670</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20299442">20299442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Botany&rft.atitle=Diel+time-courses+of+leaf+growth+in+monocot+and+dicot+species%3A+endogenous+rhythms+and+temperature+effects&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1751-%3C%2Fspan%3E1759&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2852670%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1460-2431&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20299442&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferq049&rft.aulast=Poir%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Wiese-Klinkenberg%2C+Anika&rft.au=Parent%2C+Boris&rft.au=Mielewczik%2C+Michael&rft.au=Schurr%2C+Ulrich&rft.au=Tardieu%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Walter%2C+Achim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2852670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMielewczikFriedliKirchgessnerWalter2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mielewczik, Michael; Friedli, Michael; Kirchgessner, Norbert; Walter, Achim (2013-07-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3750653">"Diel leaf growth of soybean: a novel method to analyze two-dimensional leaf expansion in high temporal resolution based on a marker tracking approach (Martrack Leaf)"</a>. <i>Plant Methods</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 30. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PlMet...9...30M">2013PlMet...9...30M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1746-4811-9-30">10.1186/1746-4811-9-30</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F76534">20.500.11850/76534</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1746-4811">1746-4811</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3750653">3750653</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23883317">23883317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Methods&rft.atitle=Diel+leaf+growth+of+soybean%3A+a+novel+method+to+analyze+two-dimensional+leaf+expansion+in+high+temporal+resolution+based+on+a+marker+tracking+approach+%28Martrack+Leaf%29&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30&rft.date=2013-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3750653%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PlMet...9...30M&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1746-4811-9-30&rft.issn=1746-4811&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23883317&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11850%2F76534&rft.aulast=Mielewczik&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Friedli%2C+Michael&rft.au=Kirchgessner%2C+Norbert&rft.au=Walter%2C+Achim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3750653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriedliWalter2015" class="citation journal cs1">Friedli, Michael; Walter, Achim (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pce.12407">"Diel growth patterns of young soybean ( G lycine max ) leaflets are synchronous throughout different positions on a plant"</a>. <i>Plant, Cell & Environment</i>. <b>38</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">514–</span>524. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PCEnv..38..514F">2015PCEnv..38..514F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpce.12407">10.1111/pce.12407</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-7791">0140-7791</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25041284">25041284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant%2C+Cell+%26+Environment&rft.atitle=Diel+growth+patterns+of+young+soybean+%28+G+lycine+max+%29+leaflets+are+synchronous+throughout+different+positions+on+a+plant&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E514-%3C%2Fspan%3E524&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fpce.12407&rft.issn=0140-7791&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25041284&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PCEnv..38..514F&rft.aulast=Friedli&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Walter%2C+Achim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fpce.12407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReadStokes2006-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReadStokes2006_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReadStokes2006_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReadStokes2006_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReadStokes2006_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReadStokes2006_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReadStokes2006">Read & Stokes 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreeneyJones2003" class="citation journal cs1">Greeney, Harold F; Jones, Meg T (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/partpdf/266551">"Shelter building in the Hesperiidae: a classification scheme for larval shelters"</a>. <i>The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera</i>. <b>37</b>: <span class="nowrap">27–</span>36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fp.266551">10.5962/p.266551</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Research+on+the+Lepidoptera&rft.atitle=Shelter+building+in+the+Hesperiidae%3A+a+classification+scheme+for+larval+shelters&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fp.266551&rft.aulast=Greeney&rft.aufirst=Harold+F&rft.au=Jones%2C+Meg+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpartpdf%2F266551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoring_et_al2009-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoring_et_al2009_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoring_et_al2009">Doring et al 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeild_et_al2001-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeild_et_al2001_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeild_et_al2001">Feild et al 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203015400/http://www.kew.org/Glossary/hysteranthous.htm?prefix=h">"Kew Glossary – definition of hysteranthous"</a>. December 3, 2013. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kew+Glossary+%E2%80%93+definition+of+hysteranthous&rft.date=2013-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kew.org%2FGlossary%2Fhysteranthous.htm%3Fprefix%3Dh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203015354/http://www.kew.org/Glossary/synanthous.htm?prefix=s">"Kew Glossary – definition of synanthous"</a>. December 3, 2013. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kew+Glossary+%E2%80%93+definition+of+synanthous&rft.date=2013-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kew.org%2FGlossary%2Fsynanthous.htm%3Fprefix%3Ds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEttingshausen1861-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEttingshausen1861_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEttingshausen1861">Ettingshausen 1861</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickey1973-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickey1973_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHickey1973">Hickey 1973</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickeyWolfe1975-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickeyWolfe1975_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHickeyWolfe1975">Hickey & Wolfe 1975</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickey1979-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickey1979_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHickey1979">Hickey 1979</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville1976-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville1976_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelville1976">Melville 1976</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeaf_Architecture_Working_Group1999-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeaf_Architecture_Working_Group1999_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeaf_Architecture_Working_Group1999_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeaf_Architecture_Working_Group1999">Leaf Architecture Working Group 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudd_et_al2007-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJudd_et_al2007_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJudd_et_al2007">Judd et al 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorissant_Leaf_Key2016-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorissant_Leaf_Key2016_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlorissant_Leaf_Key2016">Florissant Leaf Key 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KlingLv-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KlingLv_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KlingLv_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KlingLv_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KlingLv_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KlingLv_61-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKling_et_al2005">Kling et al 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://woodyplantstutorial.nres.illinois.edu/venation/">Leaf Venation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerg2007-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerg2007_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerg2007">Berg 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AMVen-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AMVen_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAngiosperm_Morphology2017">Angiosperm Morphology 2017</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iii/angiosperm-morphology/venation.php">Venation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SimpsonCl-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SimpsonCl_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimpson2017">Simpson 2017</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/plants/sdpls/plants/Ceanothus_leucodermis.html"><i>Ceanothus leucodermis</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SimpsonCt-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SimpsonCt_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimpson2017">Simpson 2017</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/plants/sdpls/plants/Ceanothus_tomentosus.html"><i>Ceanothus tomentosus</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HLlv-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HLlv_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HLlv_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HLlv_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawthorneLawrence2013">Hawthorne & Lawrence 2013</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CNFuyOVTSf4C&pg=PA135">Leaf venation pp. 135–136</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECullen_et_al2011-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullen_et_al2011_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCullen_et_al2011">Cullen et al 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeotropikey2017-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeotropikey2017_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeotropikey2017">Neotropikey 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxford_herbaria_glossary2017-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxford_herbaria_glossary2017_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOxford_herbaria_glossary2017">Oxford herbaria glossary 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OxHerbVp-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OxHerbVp_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOxford_herbaria_glossary2017">Oxford herbaria glossary 2017</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk/vfh/image/?glossary=show&alpha=V#vein_prominence">Vein prominence</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerdcourtBridson1991-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerdcourtBridson1991_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerdcourtBridson1991">Verdcourt & Bridson 1991</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hemsley254-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hemsley254_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemsleyPoole2004">Hemsley & Poole 2004</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Eub0D4QWXIC&pg=PA254">Leaf morphology and drying p. 254</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OxHerbPimrac-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OxHerbPimrac_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OxHerbPimrac_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes2017">Hughes 2017</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk/vfh/image/index.php?item=1327&character_image=7164"><i>Pimenta racemosa</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CullenBgag-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CullenBgag_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCullen_et_al2011">Cullen et al 2011</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zKOyo9qv2HsC&pg=PA398"><i>Berberis gagnepainii</i> vol. II p. 398</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KwantlenSpcan-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KwantlenSpcan_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKwantlen2015">Kwantlen 2015</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plantdatabase.kpu.ca/plant/plantDetail/1640"><i>Spathiphyllum cannifolium</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedraza-Peñalosa2013-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedraza-Peñalosa2013_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedraza-Peñalosa2013_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPedraza-Peñalosa2013">Pedraza-Peñalosa 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitten_et_al1997-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitten_et_al1997_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitten_et_al1997">Whitten et al 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWebb1959" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Webb_(academic)" title="Leonard Webb (academic)">Webb, Len</a> (1 Oct 1959). "A Physiognomic Classification of Australian Rain Forests". <i>Journal of Ecology</i>. <b>47</b> (3). British Ecological Society : Journal of Ecology Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 551–570: 555. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1959JEcol..47..551W">1959JEcol..47..551W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2257290">10.2307/2257290</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2257290">2257290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ecology&rft.atitle=A+Physiognomic+Classification+of+Australian+Rain+Forests&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=555&rft.date=1959-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2257290%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2257290&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1959JEcol..47..551W&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Len&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_and_chapters">Books and chapters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Books and chapters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArber1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Arber" title="Agnes Arber">Arber, Agnes</a> (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dvc8AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Natural Philosophy of Plant Form</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CUP_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="CUP Archive">CUP Archive</a>. GGKEY:HCBB8RZREL4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Natural+Philosophy+of+Plant+Form&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Arber&rft.aufirst=Agnes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDvc8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBayer1982" class="citation book cs1">Bayer, M. B. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rgQmAQAAMAAJ"><i>The New Haworthia Handbook</i></a>. Kirstenbosch: <a href="/wiki/National_Botanic_Gardens_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="National Botanic Gardens of South Africa">National Botanic Gardens of South Africa</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-620-05632-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-620-05632-8"><bdi>978-0-620-05632-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230906232414/https://books.google.com/books?id=rgQmAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Haworthia+Handbook&rft.place=Kirstenbosch&rft.pub=National+Botanic+Gardens+of+South+Africa&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-620-05632-8&rft.aulast=Bayer&rft.aufirst=M.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrgQmAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerg2007" class="citation book cs1">Berg, Linda (23 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xu5sCgAAQBAJ"><i>Introductory Botany: Plants, People, and the Environment, Media Edition</i></a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-79426-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-79426-2"><bdi>978-1-111-79426-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introductory+Botany%3A+Plants%2C+People%2C+and+the+Environment%2C+Media+Edition&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2007-03-23&rft.isbn=978-1-111-79426-2&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxu5sCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCullen_et_al2011" class="citation book cs1">Cullen, James; Knees, Sabina G.; Cubey, H. Suzanne Cubey, eds. (2011) [1984–2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/life-sciences/series/european-garden-flora"><i>The European Garden Flora, Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, Both Out-of-Doors and Under Glass. 5 vols</i></a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228033727/http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/life-sciences/series/european-garden-flora">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Garden+Flora%2C+Flowering+Plants%3A+A+Manual+for+the+Identification+of+Plants+Cultivated+in+Europe%2C+Both+Out-of-Doors+and+Under+Glass.+5+vols.&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Facademic%2Fsubjects%2Flife-sciences%2Fseries%2Feuropean-garden-flora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCutter1969" class="citation book cs1">Cutter, E.G. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oRJHAAAAYAAJ"><i>Plant Anatomy, experiment and interpretation, Part 2 Organs</i></a>. London: Edward Arnold. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7131-2302-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7131-2302-9"><bdi>978-0-7131-2302-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Anatomy%2C+experiment+and+interpretation%2C+Part+2+Organs&rft.place=London&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-7131-2302-9&rft.aulast=Cutter&rft.aufirst=E.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoRJHAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDickison2000" class="citation book cs1">Dickison, William C. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-os1kvkFbS0C"><i>Integrative Plant Anatomy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-050891-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-050891-7"><bdi>978-0-08-050891-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integrative+Plant+Anatomy&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-08-050891-7&rft.aulast=Dickison&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-os1kvkFbS0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEsau2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Esau" title="Katherine Esau">Esau, Katherine</a> (2006) [1953]. Evert, Ray F (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0DhEBA5xgbkC"><i>Esau's Plant Anatomy: Meristems, Cells, and Tissues of the Plant Body: Their Structure, Function, and Development</i></a> (3rd. ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-04737-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-04737-8"><bdi>978-0-470-04737-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230906232323/https://books.google.com/books?id=0DhEBA5xgbkC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Esau%27s+Plant+Anatomy%3A+Meristems%2C+Cells%2C+and+Tissues+of+the+Plant+Body%3A+Their+Structure%2C+Function%2C+and+Development&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd.&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-470-04737-8&rft.aulast=Esau&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0DhEBA5xgbkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEttingshausen1861" class="citation book cs1">Ettingshausen, C. (1861). <i>Die Blatt-Skelete der Dicotyledonen mit besonderer Ruchsicht auf die Untersuchung und Bestimmung der fossilen Pflanzenreste</i>. Vienna: Classification of the Architecture of Dicotyledonous.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Blatt-Skelete+der+Dicotyledonen+mit+besonderer+Ruchsicht+auf+die+Untersuchung+und+Bestimmung+der+fossilen+Pflanzenreste&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pub=Classification+of+the+Architecture+of+Dicotyledonous&rft.date=1861&rft.aulast=Ettingshausen&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaupt1953" class="citation book cs1">Haupt, Arthur Wing (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/plantmorphology00haup"><i>Plant morphology</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+morphology&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Haupt&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Wing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplantmorphology00haup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHawthorneLawrence2013" class="citation book cs1">Hawthorne, William; Lawrence, Anna (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CNFuyOVTSf4C"><i>Plant Identification: Creating User-Friendly Field Guides for Biodiversity Management</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-55972-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-55972-3"><bdi>978-1-136-55972-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Identification%3A+Creating+User-Friendly+Field+Guides+for+Biodiversity+Management&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-55972-3&rft.aulast=Hawthorne&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCNFuyOVTSf4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHemsleyPoole2004" class="citation book cs1">Hemsley, Alan R.; Poole, Imogen, eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Eub0D4QWXIC"><i>The Evolution of Plant Physiology</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-047272-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-047272-0"><bdi>978-0-08-047272-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Plant+Physiology&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-08-047272-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Eub0D4QWXIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeywood_et_al2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Heywood" title="Vernon Heywood">Heywood, V.H.</a>; Brummitt, R.K.; <a href="/wiki/Alastair_Culham" title="Alastair Culham">Culham, A.</a>; Seberg, O. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X2tnQgAACAAJ"><i>Flowering plant families of the world</i></a>. New York: Firefly books. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55407-206-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55407-206-4"><bdi>978-1-55407-206-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flowering+plant+families+of+the+world&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=Firefly+books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55407-206-4&rft.aulast=Heywood&rft.aufirst=V.H.&rft.au=Brummitt%2C+R.K.&rft.au=Culham%2C+A.&rft.au=Seberg%2C+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX2tnQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHickey1979" class="citation book cs1">Hickey, LJ. <i>A revised classification of the architecture of dicotyledonous leaves</i>. pp. i 5–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+revised+classification+of+the+architecture+of+dicotyledonous+leaves&rft.pages=i+5-39&rft.aulast=Hickey&rft.aufirst=LJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span>, in <a href="#CITEREFMetcalfeChalk1979">Metcalfe & Chalk (1979)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJudd_et_al2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_S_Judd" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter S Judd">Judd, Walter S.</a>; Campbell, Christopher S.; Kellogg, Elizabeth A.; <a href="/wiki/Peter_F._Stevens" title="Peter F. Stevens">Stevens, Peter F.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Donoghue" title="Michael Donoghue">Donoghue, Michael J.</a> (2007) [1st ed. 1999, 2nd 2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kr3uAAAAMAAJ"><i>Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach</i></a> (3rd ed.). Sinauer Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-407-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-407-2"><bdi>978-0-87893-407-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230906232323/https://books.google.com/books?id=kr3uAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+systematics%3A+a+phylogenetic+approach&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-87893-407-2&rft.aulast=Judd&rft.aufirst=Walter+S.&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Christopher+S.&rft.au=Kellogg%2C+Elizabeth+A.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+Peter+F.&rft.au=Donoghue%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkr3uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrogh2010" class="citation cs2">Krogh, David (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ph7NSAAACAAJ"><i>Biology: A Guide to the Natural World</i></a> (5th ed.), Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company, p. 463, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-61655-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-61655-5"><bdi>978-0-321-61655-5</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124144510/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ph7NSAAACAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-24<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-24</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Natural+World&rft.pages=463&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Benjamin-Cummings+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-321-61655-5&rft.aulast=Krogh&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPh7NSAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeaf_Architecture_Working_Group1999" class="citation book cs1">Leaf Architecture Working Group (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.geosc.psu.edu/~pdw3/1999_MLA.pdf"><i>Manual of Leaf Architecture - morphological description and categorization of dicotyledonous and net-veined monocotyledonous angiosperms</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9677554-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9677554-0-3"><bdi>978-0-9677554-0-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161020045657/http://www3.geosc.psu.edu/~pdw3/1999_MLA.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Leaf+Architecture+-+morphological+description+and+categorization+of+dicotyledonous+and+net-veined+monocotyledonous+angiosperms&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-9677554-0-3&rft.au=Leaf+Architecture+Working+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.geosc.psu.edu%2F~pdw3%2F1999_MLA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarloth1913–1932" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Marloth" title="Rudolf Marloth">Marloth, Rudolf</a> (1913–1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmxBAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Flora of South Africa: With Synopical Tables of the Genera of the Higher Plants. 6 vols</i></a>. Cape Town: Darter Bros. & Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230906232323/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmxBAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Flora+of+South+Africa%3A+With+Synopical+Tables+of+the+Genera+of+the+Higher+Plants.+6+vols&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pub=Darter+Bros.+%26+Co.&rft.date=1913%2F1932&rft.aulast=Marloth&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZmxBAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMauseth2009" class="citation book cs1">Mauseth, James D. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E3oaqR_owy4C"><i>Botany: an introduction to plant biology</i></a> (4th ed.). Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-5345-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-5345-0"><bdi>978-0-7637-5345-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Botany%3A+an+introduction+to+plant+biology&rft.place=Sudbury%2C+Mass.&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Jones+and+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-5345-0&rft.aulast=Mauseth&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE3oaqR_owy4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfeChalk1979" class="citation book cs1">Metcalfe, CR; Chalk, L, eds. (1979) [1957]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=28AnMQAACAAJ"><i>Anatomy of the Dicotyledons: Leaves, stem and wood in relation to taxonomy, with notes on economic uses. 2 vols</i></a> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-854383-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-854383-1"><bdi>978-0-19-854383-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+Dicotyledons%3A+Leaves%2C+stem+and+wood+in+relation+to+taxonomy%2C+with+notes+on+economic+uses.+2+vols.&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-19-854383-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D28AnMQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofthedico033552mbp">1st ed.</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrance1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ghillean_Tolmie_Prance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghillean Tolmie Prance">Prance, Ghillean Tolmie</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fX_wAAAAMAAJ"><i>Leaves: the formation, characteristics and uses of hundreds of leaves found in all parts of the world</i></a>. Photographs by Kjell B. Sandved. London: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-54104-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-54104-3"><bdi>978-0-500-54104-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leaves%3A+the+formation%2C+characteristics+and+uses+of+hundreds+of+leaves+found+in+all+parts+of+the+world&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-500-54104-3&rft.aulast=Prance&rft.aufirst=Ghillean+Tolmie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfX_wAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRudall2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paula_Rudall" title="Paula Rudall">Rudall, Paula J.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cSO8HOKyabgC"><i>Anatomy of flowering plants: an introduction to structure and development</i></a> (3rd ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-69245-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-69245-8"><bdi>978-0-521-69245-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230906232323/https://books.google.com/books?id=cSO8HOKyabgC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+flowering+plants%3A+an+introduction+to+structure+and+development&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-69245-8&rft.aulast=Rudall&rft.aufirst=Paula+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcSO8HOKyabgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2011" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Michael G. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ia2eIPVksMMC"><i>Plant Systematics</i></a>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-051404-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-051404-8"><bdi>978-0-08-051404-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117231834/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ia2eIPVksMMC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Systematics&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-08-051404-8&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIa2eIPVksMMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStewartRothwell1993" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Wilson N; Rothwell, Gar W. (1993) [1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fhm-oed74JgC"><i>Paleobotany and the Evolution of Plants</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38294-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38294-6"><bdi>978-0-521-38294-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paleobotany+and+the+Evolution+of+Plants&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-38294-6&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Wilson+N&rft.au=Rothwell%2C+Gar+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFhm-oed74JgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVerdcourtBridson1991" class="citation book cs1">Verdcourt, Bernard; Bridson, Diane M. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SjZcm-PU8VMC"><i>Flora of tropical East Africa - Rubiaceae Volume 3</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6191-357-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6191-357-3"><bdi>978-90-6191-357-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flora+of+tropical+East+Africa+-+Rubiaceae+Volume+3&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-90-6191-357-3&rft.aulast=Verdcourt&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.au=Bridson%2C+Diane+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSjZcm-PU8VMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitten_et_al1997" class="citation book cs1">Whitten, Tony; Soeriaatmadja, Roehayat Emon; Afiff, Suraya A. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_pIcG_aZGjsC&pg=PA505"><i>Ecology of Java and Bali</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 505. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-593-072-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-593-072-5"><bdi>978-962-593-072-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230906232324/https://books.google.com/books?id=_pIcG_aZGjsC&pg=PA505">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecology+of+Java+and+Bali&rft.pages=505&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-962-593-072-5&rft.aulast=Whitten&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Soeriaatmadja%2C+Roehayat+Emon&rft.au=Afiff%2C+Suraya+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_pIcG_aZGjsC%26pg%3DPA505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWillert_et_al1992" class="citation book cs1">Willert, Dieter J. von; Eller, BM; Werger, MJA; Brinckmann, E; Ihlenfeldt, H-D (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gDs9AAAAIAAJ"><i>Life Strategies of Succulents in Deserts: With Special Reference to the Namib Desert</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CUP_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="CUP Archive">CUP Archive</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24468-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24468-8"><bdi>978-0-521-24468-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+Strategies+of+Succulents+in+Deserts%3A+With+Special+Reference+to+the+Namib+Desert&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24468-8&rft.aulast=Willert&rft.aufirst=Dieter+J.+von&rft.au=Eller%2C+BM&rft.au=Werger%2C+MJA&rft.au=Brinckmann%2C+E&rft.au=Ihlenfeldt%2C+H-D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgDs9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_and_theses">Articles and theses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Articles and theses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBagchi_et_al2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bagchi, Debjani; Dasgupta, Avik; Gondaliya, Amit D.; Rajput, Kishore S. (2016). "Insights from the Plant World: A Fractal Analysis Approach to Tune Mechanical Rigidity of Scaffolding Matrix in Thin Films". <i>Advanced Materials Research</i>. <b>1141</b>: <span class="nowrap">57–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4028%2Fwww.scientific.net%2FAMR.1141.57">10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1141.57</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:138338270">138338270</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advanced+Materials+Research&rft.atitle=Insights+from+the+Plant+World%3A+A+Fractal+Analysis+Approach+to+Tune+Mechanical+Rigidity+of+Scaffolding+Matrix+in+Thin+Films&rft.volume=1141&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4028%2Fwww.scientific.net%2FAMR.1141.57&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A138338270%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bagchi&rft.aufirst=Debjani&rft.au=Dasgupta%2C+Avik&rft.au=Gondaliya%2C+Amit+D.&rft.au=Rajput%2C+Kishore+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClements1905" class="citation journal cs1">Clements, Edith Schwartz (December 1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1746&context=bioscifacpub">"The Relation of Leaf Structure to Physical Factors"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Transactions_of_the_American_Microscopical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactions of the American Microscopical Society">Transactions of the American Microscopical Society</a></i>. <b>26</b>: <span class="nowrap">19–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3220956">10.2307/3220956</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3220956">3220956</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230804205226/https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1746&context=bioscifacpub">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Microscopical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Relation+of+Leaf+Structure+to+Physical+Factors&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=1905-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3220956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3220956%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.aufirst=Edith+Schwartz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1746%26context%3Dbioscifacpub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooney-SovettsSattler1987" class="citation journal cs1">Cooney-Sovetts, C.; Sattler, R. (1987). "Phylloclade development in the Asparagaceae: An example of homoeosis". <i><a href="/wiki/Botanical_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society" title="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</a></i>. <b>94</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">327–</span>371. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.1986.tb01053.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.1986.tb01053.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=Phylloclade+development+in+the+Asparagaceae%3A+An+example+of+homoeosis&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E327-%3C%2Fspan%3E371&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.1986.tb01053.x&rft.aulast=Cooney-Sovetts&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Sattler%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCorson_et_al2009" class="citation journal cs1">Corson, Francis; Adda-Bedia, Mokhtar; Boudaoud, Arezki (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171209035241/http://www.lps.ens.fr/~adda/papiers/JTB09.pdf">"In silico leaf venation networks: Growth and reorganization driven by mechanical forces"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Theoretical_Biology" title="Journal of Theoretical Biology">Journal of Theoretical Biology</a></i>. <b>259</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">440–</span>448. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JThBi.259..440C">2009JThBi.259..440C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jtbi.2009.05.002">10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.05.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19446571">19446571</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25560670">25560670</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lps.ens.fr/~adda/papiers/JTB09.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-12-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Theoretical+Biology&rft.atitle=In+silico+leaf+venation+networks%3A+Growth+and+reorganization+driven+by+mechanical+forces&rft.volume=259&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E440-%3C%2Fspan%3E448&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jtbi.2009.05.002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25560670%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19446571&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009JThBi.259..440C&rft.aulast=Corson&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft.au=Adda-Bedia%2C+Mokhtar&rft.au=Boudaoud%2C+Arezki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lps.ens.fr%2F~adda%2Fpapiers%2FJTB09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCote2009" class="citation journal cs1">Cote, G. G. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.0800276">"Diversity and distribution of idioblasts producing calcium oxalate crystals in <i>Dieffenbachia seguine</i> (Araceae)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Botany" title="American Journal of Botany">American Journal of Botany</a></i>. <b>96</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">1245–</span>1254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.0800276">10.3732/ajb.0800276</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21628273">21628273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Diversity+and+distribution+of+idioblasts+producing+calcium+oxalate+crystals+in+Dieffenbachia+seguine+%28Araceae%29&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1245-%3C%2Fspan%3E1254&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3732%2Fajb.0800276&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21628273&rft.aulast=Cote&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3732%252Fajb.0800276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCouder_et_al2002" class="citation journal cs1">Couder, Y.; Pauchard, L.; Allain, C.; Adda-Bedia, M.; Douady, S. (1 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171209010751/http://www.lps.ens.fr/~adda/papiers/EPJB02.pdf">"The leaf venation as formed in a tensorial field"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/European_Physical_Journal_B" title="European Physical Journal B">The European Physical Journal B</a></i>. <b>28</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">135–</span>138. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002EPJB...28..135C">2002EPJB...28..135C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1140%2Fepjb%2Fe2002-00211-1">10.1140/epjb/e2002-00211-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51687210">51687210</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lps.ens.fr/~adda/papiers/EPJB02.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Physical+Journal+B&rft.atitle=The+leaf+venation+as+formed+in+a+tensorial+field&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.date=2002-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51687210%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1140%2Fepjb%2Fe2002-00211-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002EPJB...28..135C&rft.aulast=Couder&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Pauchard%2C+L.&rft.au=Allain%2C+C.&rft.au=Adda-Bedia%2C+M.&rft.au=Douady%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lps.ens.fr%2F~adda%2Fpapiers%2FEPJB02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoring_et_al2009" class="citation journal cs1">Döring, T. F; Archetti, M.; Hardie, J. (7 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2614250">"Autumn leaves seen through herbivore eyes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_B:_Biological_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences">Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</a></i>. <b>276</b> (1654): <span class="nowrap">121–</span>127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2008.0858">10.1098/rspb.2008.0858</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2614250">2614250</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18782744">18782744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Autumn+leaves+seen+through+herbivore+eyes&rft.volume=276&rft.issue=1654&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.date=2009-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2614250%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18782744&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2008.0858&rft.aulast=D%C3%B6ring&rft.aufirst=T.+F&rft.au=Archetti%2C+M.&rft.au=Hardie%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2614250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEckardtBaum2010" class="citation journal cs1">Eckardt, N. A.; Baum, D. (20 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2929115">"The Podostemad Puzzle: The Evolution of Unusual Morphology in the Podostemaceae"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_Cell_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="The Plant Cell Online">The Plant Cell Online</a></i>. <b>22</b> (7): 2104. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PlanC..22.2104E">2010PlanC..22.2104E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1105%2Ftpc.110.220711">10.1105/tpc.110.220711</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2929115">2929115</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20647343">20647343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Plant+Cell+Online&rft.atitle=The+Podostemad+Puzzle%3A+The+Evolution+of+Unusual+Morphology+in+the+Podostemaceae&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=2104&rft.date=2010-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2929115%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20647343&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1105%2Ftpc.110.220711&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PlanC..22.2104E&rft.aulast=Eckardt&rft.aufirst=N.+A.&rft.au=Baum%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2929115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeugier2006" class="citation book cs1">Feugier, François (14 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/487510/filename/Feugier_2006_Models_of_Vascular_Pattern_Formation_in_Leaves_thesis.pdf"><i>Models of Vascular Pattern Formation in Leaves</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PhD Thesis)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris VI">University of Paris VI</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170307045345/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/487510/filename/Feugier_2006_Models_of_Vascular_Pattern_Formation_in_Leaves_thesis.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Models+of+Vascular+Pattern+Formation+in+Leaves&rft.pub=University+of+Paris+VI&rft.date=2006-12-14&rft.aulast=Feugier&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Ffile%2Findex%2Fdocid%2F487510%2Ffilename%2FFeugier_2006_Models_of_Vascular_Pattern_Formation_in_Leaves_thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeild_et_al2001" class="citation journal cs1">Feild, T. S.; Lee, D. W.; Holbrook, N. M. (1 October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC125091">"Why Leaves Turn Red in Autumn. The Role of Anthocyanins in Senescing Leaves of Red-Osier Dogwood"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Plant_Physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant Physiology">Plant Physiology</a></i>. <b>127</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">566–</span>574. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1104%2Fpp.010063">10.1104/pp.010063</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC125091">125091</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11598230">11598230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Physiology&rft.atitle=Why+Leaves+Turn+Red+in+Autumn.+The+Role+of+Anthocyanins+in+Senescing+Leaves+of+Red-Osier+Dogwood&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E566-%3C%2Fspan%3E574&rft.date=2001-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC125091%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11598230&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1104%2Fpp.010063&rft.aulast=Feild&rft.aufirst=T.+S.&rft.au=Lee%2C+D.+W.&rft.au=Holbrook%2C+N.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC125091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHallé1977" class="citation journal cs1">Hallé, F. (1977). "The longest leaf in palms". <i>Principes</i>. <b>21</b>: 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Principes&rft.atitle=The+longest+leaf+in+palms&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Hall%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHickey1973" class="citation journal cs1">Hickey, Leo J. (1 January 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u.arizona.edu/~bblonder/leaves/The_secrets_of_leaves/Making_skeletons_files/American%20Journal%20of%20Botany%201973%20Hickey%20Classification%20of%20the%20architecture%20of.pdf">"Classification of the Architecture of Dicotyledonous Leaves"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Botany" title="American Journal of Botany">American Journal of Botany</a></i>. <b>60</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">17–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2441319">10.2307/2441319</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2441319">2441319</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170811224451/http://www.u.arizona.edu/~bblonder/leaves/The_secrets_of_leaves/Making_skeletons_files/American%20Journal%20of%20Botany%201973%20Hickey%20Classification%20of%20the%20architecture%20of.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Classification+of+the+Architecture+of+Dicotyledonous+Leaves&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=1973-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2441319&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2441319%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hickey&rft.aufirst=Leo+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.u.arizona.edu%2F~bblonder%2Fleaves%2FThe_secrets_of_leaves%2FMaking_skeletons_files%2FAmerican%2520Journal%2520of%2520Botany%25201973%2520Hickey%2520Classification%2520of%2520the%2520architecture%2520of.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHickeyWolfe1975" class="citation journal cs1">Hickey, Leo J.; Wolfe, Jack A. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/partpdf/37886">"The Bases of Angiosperm Phylogeny: Vegetative Morphology"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</a></i>. <b>62</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">538–</span>589. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975AnMBG..62..538H">1975AnMBG..62..538H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2395267">10.2307/2395267</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2395267">2395267</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221031101131/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/partpdf/37886">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Missouri+Botanical+Garden&rft.atitle=The+Bases+of+Angiosperm+Phylogeny%3A+Vegetative+Morphology&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E538-%3C%2Fspan%3E589&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2395267%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2395267&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1975AnMBG..62..538H&rft.aulast=Hickey&rft.aufirst=Leo+J.&rft.au=Wolfe%2C+Jack+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpartpdf%2F37886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIngersoll1920" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Ingersoll" title="Ernest Ingersoll">Ingersoll, Ernest</a> (1920). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Leaves"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Leaves">"Leaves" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>. Vol. XVII.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leaves&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Ingersoll&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJamesBell2000" class="citation journal cs1">James, S. A.; Bell, D. T. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/treephys/article-pdf/20/15/1007/4654236/20-15-1007.pdf">"Influence of light availability on leaf structure and growth of two <i>Eucalyptus globulus</i> ssp. <i>globulus</i> provenances"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Tree Physiology</i>. <b>20</b> (15): <span class="nowrap">1007–</span>1018. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftreephys%2F20.15.1007">10.1093/treephys/20.15.1007</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11305455">11305455</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220401034726/https://academic.oup.com/treephys/article-pdf/20/15/1007/4654236/20-15-1007.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-04-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tree+Physiology&rft.atitle=Influence+of+light+availability+on+leaf+structure+and+growth+of+two+Eucalyptus+globulus+ssp.+globulus+provenances&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1007-%3C%2Fspan%3E1018&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ftreephys%2F20.15.1007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11305455&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rft.au=Bell%2C+D.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Ftreephys%2Farticle-pdf%2F20%2F15%2F1007%2F4654236%2F20-15-1007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLacroix_et_al2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lacroix, C.; Jeune, B.; Purcell-Macdonald, S. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/894848">"Shoot and compound leaf comparisons in eudicots: Dynamic morphology as an alternative approach"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Botanical_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society" title="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</a></i>. <b>143</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">219–</span>230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1095-8339.2003.00222.x">10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.00222.x</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622114211/https://zenodo.org/record/894848">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=Shoot+and+compound+leaf+comparisons+in+eudicots%3A+Dynamic+morphology+as+an+alternative+approach&rft.volume=143&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E219-%3C%2Fspan%3E230&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1095-8339.2003.00222.x&rft.aulast=Lacroix&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Jeune%2C+B.&rft.au=Purcell-Macdonald%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F894848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaguna_et_al2008" class="citation journal cs1">Laguna, Maria F.; Bohn, Steffen; Jagla, Eduardo A.; Bourne, Philip E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2275310">"The Role of Elastic Stresses on Leaf Venation Morphogenesis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PLOS_Computational_Biology" title="PLOS Computational Biology">PLOS Computational Biology</a></i>. <b>4</b> (4): e1000055. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0705.0902">0705.0902</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PLSCB...4E0055L">2008PLSCB...4E0055L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000055">10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000055</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2275310">2275310</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18404203">18404203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Computational+Biology&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Elastic+Stresses+on+Leaf+Venation+Morphogenesis&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e1000055&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2275310%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PLSCB...4E0055L&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0705.0902&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18404203&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000055&rft.aulast=Laguna&rft.aufirst=Maria+F.&rft.au=Bohn%2C+Steffen&rft.au=Jagla%2C+Eduardo+A.&rft.au=Bourne%2C+Philip+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2275310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMelville1976" class="citation journal cs1">Melville, R. (November 1976). "The Terminology of Leaf Architecture". <i><a href="/wiki/Taxon_(journal)" title="Taxon (journal)">Taxon</a></i>. <b>25</b> (5/6): <span class="nowrap">549–</span>561. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1220108">10.2307/1220108</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1220108">1220108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.atitle=The+Terminology+of+Leaf+Architecture&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=5%2F6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E549-%3C%2Fspan%3E561&rft.date=1976-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1220108&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1220108%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Melville&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPedraza-Peñalosa2013" class="citation journal cs1">Pedraza-Peñalosa, Paola; Salinas, Nelson R.; Wheeler, Ward C. (26 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wardwheeler.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/pedrazaetal2013.pdf">"Venation patterns of neotropical blueberries (Vaccinieae: Ericaceae) and their phylogenetic utility"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Phytotaxa" title="Phytotaxa">Phytotaxa</a></i>. <b>96</b> (1): 1. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Phytx..96....1P">2013Phytx..96....1P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.96.1.1">10.11646/phytotaxa.96.1.1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218144807/https://wardwheeler.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/pedrazaetal2013.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phytotaxa&rft.atitle=Venation+patterns+of+neotropical+blueberries+%28Vaccinieae%3A+Ericaceae%29+and+their+phylogenetic+utility&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2013-04-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.96.1.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Phytx..96....1P&rft.aulast=Pedraza-Pe%C3%B1alosa&rft.aufirst=Paola&rft.au=Salinas%2C+Nelson+R.&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+Ward+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwardwheeler.files.wordpress.com%2F2016%2F12%2Fpedrazaetal2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReadStokes2006" class="citation journal cs1">Read, J.; Stokes, A. (1 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.93.10.1546">"Plant biomechanics in an ecological context"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Botany" title="American Journal of Botany">American Journal of Botany</a></i>. <b>93</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1546–</span>1565. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.93.10.1546">10.3732/ajb.93.10.1546</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21642101">21642101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Plant+biomechanics+in+an+ecological+context&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1546-%3C%2Fspan%3E1565&rft.date=2006-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3732%2Fajb.93.10.1546&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21642101&rft.aulast=Read&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Stokes%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3732%252Fajb.93.10.1546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRolland-Lagan_et_al2009" class="citation journal cs1">Rolland-Lagan, Anne-Gaëlle; Amin, Mira; Pakulska, Malgosia (January 2009). "Quantifying leaf venation patterns: two-dimensional maps". <i>The Plant Journal</i>. <b>57</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">195–</span>205. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-313X.2008.03678.x">10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03678.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18785998">18785998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Plant+Journal&rft.atitle=Quantifying+leaf+venation+patterns%3A+two-dimensional+maps&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E205&rft.date=2009-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-313X.2008.03678.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18785998&rft.aulast=Rolland-Lagan&rft.aufirst=Anne-Ga%C3%ABlle&rft.au=Amin%2C+Mira&rft.au=Pakulska%2C+Malgosia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoth-Nebelsick_et_al2001" class="citation journal cs1">Roth-Nebelsick, A; Uhl, Dieter; Mosbrugger, Volker; Kerp, Hans (May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fanbo.2001.1391">"Evolution and Function of Leaf Venation Architecture: A Review"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Botany" title="Annals of Botany">Annals of Botany</a></i>. <b>87</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">553–</span>566. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AnBot..87..553R">2001AnBot..87..553R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fanbo.2001.1391">10.1006/anbo.2001.1391</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Evolution+and+Function+of+Leaf+Venation+Architecture%3A+A+Review&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E553-%3C%2Fspan%3E566&rft.date=2001-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fanbo.2001.1391&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001AnBot..87..553R&rft.aulast=Roth-Nebelsick&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Uhl%2C+Dieter&rft.au=Mosbrugger%2C+Volker&rft.au=Kerp%2C+Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1006%252Fanbo.2001.1391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRunions_et_al2005" class="citation book cs1">Runions, Adam; Fuhrer, Martin; Lane, Brendan; Federl, Pavol; Rolland-Lagan, Anne-Gaëlle; Prusinkiewicz, Przemyslaw (1 January 2005). "Modeling and visualization of leaf venation patterns". <i>ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Papers</i>. Vol. 24. pp. <span class="nowrap">702–</span>711. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.102.1926">10.1.1.102.1926</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1186822.1073251">10.1145/1186822.1073251</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781450378253" title="Special:BookSources/9781450378253"><bdi>9781450378253</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2629700">2629700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modeling+and+visualization+of+leaf+venation+patterns&rft.btitle=ACM+SIGGRAPH+2005+Papers&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E702-%3C%2Fspan%3E711&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.102.1926%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2629700%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1186822.1073251&rft.isbn=9781450378253&rft.aulast=Runions&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Fuhrer%2C+Martin&rft.au=Lane%2C+Brendan&rft.au=Federl%2C+Pavol&rft.au=Rolland-Lagan%2C+Anne-Ga%C3%ABlle&rft.au=Prusinkiewicz%2C+Przemyslaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRutishauserSattler1997" class="citation journal cs1">Rutishauser, R.; Sattler, R. (1997). "Expression of shoot processes in leaf development of <i>Polemonium caeruleum</i>". <i>Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik</i>. <b>119</b>: <span class="nowrap">563–</span>582.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanische+Jahrb%C3%BCcher+f%C3%BCr+Systematik&rft.atitle=Expression+of+shoot+processes+in+leaf+development+of+Polemonium+caeruleum&rft.volume=119&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E563-%3C%2Fspan%3E582&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Rutishauser&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Sattler%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSackScoffoni2013" class="citation journal cs1">Sack, Lawren; Scoffoni, Christine (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.12253">"Leaf venation: structure, function, development, evolution, ecology and applications in the past, present and future"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Phytologist" title="New Phytologist">New Phytologist</a></i>. <b>198</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">983–</span>1000. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NewPh.198..983S">2013NewPh.198..983S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.12253">10.1111/nph.12253</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23600478">23600478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Phytologist&rft.atitle=Leaf+venation%3A+structure%2C+function%2C+development%2C+evolution%2C+ecology+and+applications+in+the+past%2C+present+and+future&rft.volume=198&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E983-%3C%2Fspan%3E1000&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23600478&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fnph.12253&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013NewPh.198..983S&rft.aulast=Sack&rft.aufirst=Lawren&rft.au=Scoffoni%2C+Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fnph.12253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_et_al1999" class="citation journal cs1">Shelley, A.J.; Smith, W.K.; Vogelmann, T.C. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2656937">"Ontogenetic differences in mesophyll structure and chlorophyll distribution in <i>Eucalyptus globulus</i> ssp. <i>globulus</i> (Myrtaceae)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Botany" title="American Journal of Botany">American Journal of Botany</a></i>. <b>86</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">198–</span>207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2656937">10.2307/2656937</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2656937">2656937</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21680359">21680359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Ontogenetic+differences+in+mesophyll+structure+and+chlorophyll+distribution+in+Eucalyptus+globulus+ssp.+globulus+%28Myrtaceae%29&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E198-%3C%2Fspan%3E207&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21680359&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2656937%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2656937&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rft.au=Smith%2C+W.K.&rft.au=Vogelmann%2C+T.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F2656937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTsukaya2013" class="citation journal cs1">Tsukaya, Hirokazu (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3711357">"Leaf Development"</a>. <i>The Arabidopsis Book</i>. <b>11</b>: e0163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1199%2Ftab.0163">10.1199/tab.0163</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3711357">3711357</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23864837">23864837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Arabidopsis+Book&rft.atitle=Leaf+Development&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=e0163&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3711357%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23864837&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1199%2Ftab.0163&rft.aulast=Tsukaya&rft.aufirst=Hirokazu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3711357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUeno_et_al2006" class="citation journal cs1">Ueno, Osamu; Kawano, Yukiko; Wakayama, Masataka; Takeda, Tomoshiro (1 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2803656">"Leaf Vascular Systems in C<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub> Grasses: A Two-dimensional Analysis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Botany" title="Annals of Botany">Annals of Botany</a></i>. <b>97</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">611–</span>621. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcl010">10.1093/aob/mcl010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2803656">2803656</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16464879">16464879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Leaf+Vascular+Systems+in+C%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E+and+C%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E+Grasses%3A+A+Two-dimensional+Analysis&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E611-%3C%2Fspan%3E621&rft.date=2006-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2803656%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16464879&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcl010&rft.aulast=Ueno&rft.aufirst=Osamu&rft.au=Kawano%2C+Yukiko&rft.au=Wakayama%2C+Masataka&rft.au=Takeda%2C+Tomoshiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2803656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalls2011" class="citation journal cs1">Walls, R. L. (25 January 2011). "Angiosperm leaf vein patterns are linked to leaf functions in a global-scale data set". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Botany" title="American Journal of Botany">American Journal of Botany</a></i>. <b>98</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">244–</span>253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.1000154">10.3732/ajb.1000154</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21613113">21613113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Angiosperm+leaf+vein+patterns+are+linked+to+leaf+functions+in+a+global-scale+data+set&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E244-%3C%2Fspan%3E253&rft.date=2011-01-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3732%2Fajb.1000154&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21613113&rft.aulast=Walls&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Websites">Websites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Websites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuckach_et_al2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Bucksch, Alexander; Blonder, Benjamin; Price, Charles; Wing, Scott; Weitz, Joshua; Das, Abhiram (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140925043827/http://clearedleavesdb.org/">"Cleared Leaf Image Database"</a>. School of Biology, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Institute of Technology">Georgia Institute of Technology</a>. Archived from the original on 25 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cleared+Leaf+Image+Database&rft.pub=School+of+Biology%2C+Georgia+Institute+of+Technology&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Bucksch&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Blonder%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Price%2C+Charles&rft.au=Wing%2C+Scott&rft.au=Weitz%2C+Joshua&rft.au=Das%2C+Abhiram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clearedleavesdb.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeneve" class="citation web cs1">Geneve, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315062623/http://dept.ca.uky.edu/PLS220/leafmainpage.pdf">"Leaf"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>PLS 220: Introduction to plant identification</i>. University of Kentucky: Department of Horticulture. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dept.ca.uky.edu/PLS220/leafmainpage.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PLS+220%3A+Introduction+to+plant+identification&rft.atitle=Leaf&rft.aulast=Geneve&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdept.ca.uky.edu%2FPLS220%2Fleafmainpage.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKling_et_al2005" class="citation web cs1">Kling, Gary J.; Hayden, Laura L.; Potts, Joshua J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://woodyplantstutorial.nres.illinois.edu/">"Botanical terminology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois">University of Illinois</a>, Urbana-Champaign. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170308051032/http://woodyplantstutorial.nres.illinois.edu/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Botanical+terminology&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois%2C+Urbana-Champaign&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Kling&rft.aufirst=Gary+J.&rft.au=Hayden%2C+Laura+L.&rft.au=Potts%2C+Joshua+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwoodyplantstutorial.nres.illinois.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_KokBiffin2007" class="citation web cs1">de Kok, Rogier; Biffin, Ed (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/cd-keys/peakey/key/The%20Pea%20Key/Media/Html/index.html">"The Pea Key: An interactive key for Australian pea-flowered legumes"</a>. Australian Pea-flowered Legume Research Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170226150100/http://anbg.gov.au/cpbr/cd-keys/peakey/key/The%20Pea%20Key/Media/Html/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pea+Key%3A+An+interactive+key+for+Australian+pea-flowered+legumes&rft.pub=Australian+Pea-flowered+Legume+Research+Group&rft.date=2007-11&rft.aulast=de+Kok&rft.aufirst=Rogier&rft.au=Biffin%2C+Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anbg.gov.au%2Fcpbr%2Fcd-keys%2Fpeakey%2Fkey%2FThe%2520Pea%2520Key%2FMedia%2FHtml%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKranz" class="citation web cs1">Kranz, Laura. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lauraakranz.com/vein-patterns-leaves/">"The Vein Patterns of Leaves"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Drawings)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170306033751/http://lauraakranz.com/vein-patterns-leaves/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Vein+Patterns+of+Leaves&rft.aulast=Kranz&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flauraakranz.com%2Fvein-patterns-leaves%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMasseyMurphy1996" class="citation web cs1">Massey, Jimmy R.; Murphy, James C. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/botnet/glossary/">"Vascular plant systematics"</a>. <i>NC Botnet</i>. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160117025929/http://www.ibiblio.org/botnet/glossary/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NC+Botnet&rft.atitle=Vascular+plant+systematics&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Massey&rft.aufirst=Jimmy+R.&rft.au=Murphy%2C+James+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fbotnet%2Fglossary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/botnet/glossary/a_v.html">"Leaves"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160725170655/http://www.ibiblio.org/botnet/glossary/a_v.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leaves&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fbotnet%2Fglossary%2Fa_v.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span>, in <a href="#CITEREFMasseyMurphy1996">Massey & Murphy (1996)</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPurcell2016" class="citation web cs1">Purcell, Adam (16 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://basicbiology.net/plants/physiology/leaves.php">"Leaves"</a>. <i>Basic Biology</i>. Adam Purcell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150419002416/http://basicbiology.net/plants/physiology/leaves.php">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Basic+Biology&rft.atitle=Leaves&rft.date=2016-01-16&rft.aulast=Purcell&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbasicbiology.net%2Fplants%2Fphysiology%2Fleaves.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2017" class="citation web cs1">Simpson, Michael G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/plants/sdpls/">"Plants of San Diego County, California"</a>. College of Science, <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_State_University" title="San Diego State University">San Diego State University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170303044642/http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/plants/sdpls/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plants+of+San+Diego+County%2C+California&rft.pub=College+of+Science%2C+San+Diego+State+University&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sci.sdsu.edu%2Fplants%2Fsdpls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlorissant_Leaf_Key2016" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/flfo/learn/education/upload/PlantPackage.pdf">"Florissant Fossil Beds Leaf Key"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Florissant_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument">Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of the Interior">US Department of the Interior</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216150109/https://www.nps.gov/flfo/learn/education/upload/PlantPackage.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Florissant+Fossil+Beds+National+Monument&rft.atitle=Florissant+Fossil+Beds+Leaf+Key&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fflfo%2Flearn%2Feducation%2Fupload%2FPlantPackage.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKwantlen2015" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170921023245/http://plantdatabase.kpu.ca/plant/search.gsp">"Plant Database"</a>. School of Horticulture, <a href="/wiki/Kwantlen_Polytechnic_University" title="Kwantlen Polytechnic University">Kwantlen Polytechnic University</a>. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plantdatabase.kpu.ca/plant/search.gsp">the original</a> on 21 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plant+Database&rft.pub=School+of+Horticulture%2C+Kwantlen+Polytechnic+University&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplantdatabase.kpu.ca%2Fplant%2Fsearch.gsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAngiosperm_Morphology2017" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200621215228/http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iii/angiosperm-morphology/angiosperm-morphologyindex.php">"Angiosperm Morphology"</a>. TutorVista. 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iii/angiosperm-morphology/angiosperm-morphologyindex.php">the original</a> on 2020-06-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Angiosperm+Morphology&rft.pub=TutorVista&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tutorvista.com%2Fcontent%2Fbiology%2Fbiology-iii%2Fangiosperm-morphology%2Fangiosperm-morphologyindex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Glossaries</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHughes2017" class="citation web cs1">Hughes, Colin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305113254/http://herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk/vfh/about/">"The virtual field herbarium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Herbaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Herbaria">Oxford University Herbaria</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk/vfh/about/">the original</a> on 5 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+virtual+field+herbarium&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Herbaria&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fherbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk%2Fvfh%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOxford_herbaria_glossary2017" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305034525/http://herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk/vfh/image/index.php?glossary=show">"Plant Characteristics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk/vfh/image/index.php?glossary=show">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Glossary)</span> on 5 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plant+Characteristics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fherbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk%2Fvfh%2Fimage%2Findex.php%3Fglossary%3Dshow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span>, in <a href="#CITEREFHughes2017">Hughes (2017)</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeotropikey2017" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/glossary.htm#P">"Glossary of botanical terms"</a>. <i>Neotropikey</i>. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170121214009/http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/glossary.htm#P">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Neotropikey&rft.atitle=Glossary+of+botanical+terms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kew.org%2Fscience%2Ftropamerica%2Fneotropikey%2Ffamilies%2Fglossary.htm%23P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/education/images/GlossaryLeafShapes.pdf">"Illustrated glossary of leaf shapes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Food_and_Agricultural_Sciences" title="Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences">Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences</a>, University of Florida. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200110130658/http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/education/images/GlossaryLeafShapes.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Illustrated+glossary+of+leaf+shapes&rft.pub=Center+for+Aquatic+and+Invasive+Plants%2C+Institute+of+Food+and+Agricultural+Sciences%2C+University+of+Florida&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplants.ifas.ufl.edu%2Feducation%2Fimages%2FGlossaryLeafShapes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204160841/http://www.donsgarden.co.uk/leafshapes">"Leafshapes"</a>. <i>Donsgarden</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.donsgarden.co.uk/leafshapes/">the original</a> on 4 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Donsgarden&rft.atitle=Leafshapes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.donsgarden.co.uk%2Fleafshapes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <wbr /><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Leaves" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Leaves">Leaves</a></b></i> and <wbr /><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Leaf_veins" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Leaf veins">Leaf veins</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/leaf" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:leaf">leaf</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRendle1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Barton_Rendle" title="Alfred Barton Rendle">Rendle, Alfred Barton</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Leaf"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Leaf">"Leaf" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). p. 322–329.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leaf&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=322-329&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Rendle&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Barton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIngersoll1920" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Ingersoll" title="Ernest Ingersoll">Ingersoll, Ernest</a> (1920). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Leaves"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Leaves">"Leaves" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>. Vol. XVII.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leaves&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Ingersoll&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeaf" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Botany862" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;;background: #90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Botany" title="Template:Botany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Botany" title="Template talk:Botany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Botany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Botany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Botany862" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_botany" title="Outline of botany">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_botany" title="Branches of botany">Subdisciplines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeobotany" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeobotany">Archaeobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotany" title="Astrobotany">Astrobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryology" title="Bryology">Bryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geobotanical_prospecting" title="Geobotanical prospecting">Geobotany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_intelligence" title="Plant intelligence">Plant intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">Non-vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Fern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">glossary</a>)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">Plant cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">Plasmodesma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Mesophyll">Mesophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">Storage organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">Vascular bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Vegetative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">Bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">Rhizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">Rhizome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Bud</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leaf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">Cataphyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Reproductive</a><br />(incl. Flower)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Androecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Stamen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">Anther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen#Morphology_and_terminology" title="Stamen">Filament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">Staminode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" title="Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" title="Aestivation (botany)">Aestivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">Flower development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">Pyrena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Dispersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">Gametophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">Gynandrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">Carpel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">Ovary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">Locule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">Style</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">Hypanthium (Floral cup)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">Bract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicellate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">Tepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">Sepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">Plant embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Surface structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Epicuticular wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">Thorns, spines, and prickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a><br />Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">Aleurone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_dominance" title="Apical dominance">Apical dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_movement" title="Bulk movement">Bulk flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytomelanin" title="Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system#Plants" title="Respiratory system">Respiration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange#Plants" title="Gas exchange">Gas Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Plant growth<br />and habit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)#Structure" title="Habit (biology)">Habit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">Cushion plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">Rosettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">Shrubs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostrate_shrub" title="Prostrate shrub">Prostrate shrubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">Subshrubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">Vines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">Lianas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">Secondary growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">Woody plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Reproduction</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">Evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">Germination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pollination">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">Pollinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">Pollen tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">Self</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporangia">Microsporangia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">Microspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Megasporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">Megaspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Biological classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correct_name" title="Correct name">Correct name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">Cultigen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">Grex</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a> (IAPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">Phytochemical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lists</li><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists" title="List of botanists">Botanists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(W%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)">by author abbreviation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_expeditions" title="Botanical expeditions">Botanical expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_trees" title="List of individual trees">Individual trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Botany" title="Category:Botany">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33971#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1513" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33971#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1513" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33971#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4007051-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85075608">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Feuilles"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11944141h">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Feuilles"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11944141h">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562740">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="listy rostlin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph200874&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007560518205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637883">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leaf&oldid=1280948990">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leaf&oldid=1280948990</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leaves" title="Category:Leaves">Leaves</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plant_anatomy" title="Category:Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plant_morphology" title="Category:Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plant_physiology" title="Category:Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Photosynthesis" title="Category:Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_July_2019" title="Category:Use American English from July 2019">Use American English from July 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_April_2022" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from April 2022">Articles with disputed statements from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_manual_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images">Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_Encyclopedia_Americana_with_a_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 March 2025, at 11:22<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leaf&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Leaf</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>149 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-58c4b96c94-zfqmh","wgBackendResponseTime":283,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.584","walltime":"1.988","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15148,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":303921,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14304,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":28,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":313163,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1498.800 1 -total"," 13.76% 206.292 77 Template:Sfn"," 12.56% 188.314 1 Template:Reflist"," 11.65% 174.541 32 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.93% 163.888 20 Template:Cite_web"," 8.39% 125.766 29 Template:Cite_book"," 6.34% 95.020 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.67% 85.001 1 Template:Lang"," 4.26% 63.850 1 Template:Botany"," 4.17% 62.556 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.885","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":27244727,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"Base_of_the_leaf\"] = 1,\n [\"Basic_leaf_types\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAngiosperm_Morphology2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArber1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBagchi_et_al2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBayer1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerg2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckach_et_al2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClements1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooney-SovettsSattler1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorson_et_al2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCote2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCouder_et_al2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoxeter1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCullen_et_al2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCutter1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickison2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoring_et_al2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEckardtBaum2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsau2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEttingshausen1861\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeild_et_al2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeugier2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlorissant_Leaf_Key2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedliWalter2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeneve\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreeneyJones2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallé1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaupt1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawthorneLawrence2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHemsleyPoole2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeywood_et_al2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHickey1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHickey1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHickeyWolfe1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngersoll1920\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJamesBell2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_et_al1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudd_et_al2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKling_et_al2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKranz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrogh2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKwantlen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLacroix_et_al2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaguna_et_al2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeaf_Architecture_Working_Group1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarloth1913–1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasseyMurphy1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMauseth2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelville1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetcalfeChalk1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMielewczikFriedliKirchgessnerWalter2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeotropikey2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOxford_herbaria_glossary2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPedraza-Peñalosa2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoiréWiese-KlinkenbergParentMielewczik2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrance1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurcell2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReadStokes2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRendle1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRolland-Lagan_et_al2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth-Nebelsick_et_al2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudall2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRunions_et_al2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRutishauserSattler1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSackScoffoni2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewartRothwell1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsukaya2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUeno_et_al2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerdcourtBridson1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalls2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebb1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitten_et_al1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillert_et_al1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYonekuraIwamotoFujitaSugiyama2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_KokBiffin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"Divisions_of_the_lamina_(blade)\"] = 1,\n [\"Hairiness_(trichomes)\"] = 1,\n [\"Margins_(edge)\"] = 1,\n [\"Reticulate\"] = 1,\n [\"Surface_of_the_leaf\"] = 1,\n [\"Tip_of_the_leaf\"] = 1,\n [\"lanate\"] = 1,\n [\"lanose\"] = 1,\n [\"pubescent\"] = 1,\n [\"villous\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"=\"] = 2,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 11,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Botany\"] = 1,\n [\"C3\"] = 1,\n [\"C4\"] = 2,\n [\"CO2\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Americana\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 29,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 32,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 20,\n [\"Clear\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Defn\"] = 18,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Frac\"] = 4,\n [\"Glossary\"] = 8,\n [\"Glossary end\"] = 8,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 28,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 12,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 3,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Leaf margin\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Main article\"] = 3,\n [\"Math\"] = 6,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 14,\n [\"Olist\"] = 1,\n [\"Ordered list\"] = 1,\n [\"Paragraph\"] = 2,\n [\"Plural form\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 77,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Term\"] = 18,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.eqiad.main-58b6674cf6-kh492","timestamp":"20250320220726","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Leaf","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leaf","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q33971","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q33971","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-16T21:47:20Z","dateModified":"2025-03-17T11:22:03Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c7\/Lisc_lipy.jpg","headline":"main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants, usually consisting of a flat green blade attached to the stem directly or by a stalk"}</script> </body> </html>