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<span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation_by_Seleucus_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_by_Seleucus_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Foundation by Seleucus I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_by_Seleucus_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hellenistic age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Roman period</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Roman_period-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Roman period subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Roman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_rule_before_Constantine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_rule_before_Constantine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Roman rule before Constantine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_rule_before_Constantine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_of_Julian_and_Valens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_Julian_and_Valens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Age of Julian and Valens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_Julian_and_Valens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theodosius_and_after" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theodosius_and_after"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Theodosius and after</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theodosius_and_after-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_and_Byzantine_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_and_Byzantine_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Arab and Byzantine era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_and_Byzantine_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crusader_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crusader_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Crusader era</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Crusader_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Crusader era subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Crusader_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consolidation_of_the_Principality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_of_the_Principality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Consolidation of the Principality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_of_the_Principality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Crusade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Crusade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Second Crusade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Crusade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Crusade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Crusade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Third Crusade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Crusade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifth_Crusade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_Crusade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Fifth Crusade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_Crusade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_Antioch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_Antioch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Fall of Antioch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_Antioch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ottoman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References and sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References_and_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References and sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Antioch</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiogi%C3%AB" title="Antiogië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Antiogië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="أنطاكية (مدينة تاريخية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنطاكية (مدينة تاريخية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A2%DC%9B%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%9F%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioqu%C3%ADa_del_Orontes" title="Antioquía del Orontes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Antioquía del Orontes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxiya" title="Antioxiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Antioxiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87_(%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1)" title="انطاکیه (تاریخی شهر) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="انطاکیه (تاریخی شهر)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="আন্তাখ্যা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আন্তাখ্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochia" title="Antiochia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Antiochia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%91%D1%85%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Антыёхія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Антыёхія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%91%D1%85%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Антыёхія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Антыёхія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Антиохия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антиохия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioquia_de_l%27Orontes" title="Antioquia de l'Orontes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antioquia de l'Orontes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Антиохий – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Антиохий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochie" title="Antiochie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antiochie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochia" title="Antiochia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Antiochia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochia_am_Orontes" title="Antiochia am Orontes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antiochia am Orontes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Αντιόχεια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντιόχεια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioqu%C3%ADa_del_Orontes" title="Antioquía del Orontes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antioquía del Orontes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antio%C4%A5io" title="Antioĥio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antioĥio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiokia" title="Antiokia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antiokia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87_(%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C)" title="انطاکیه (شهر باستانی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انطاکیه (شهر باستانی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioche" title="Antioche – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antioche" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aint%C3%ADoch" title="Aintíoch – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aintíoch" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioqu%C3%ADa_do_Orontes" title="Antioquía do Orontes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Antioquía do Orontes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioku_Silia_T%E1%BB%8Dn" title="Antioku Silia Tọn – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Antioku Silia Tọn" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%ED%8B%B0%EC%98%A4%ED%82%A4%EC%95%84" title="안티오키아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="안티오키아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Antioch" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%84" title="Անտիոք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անտիոք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiohija" title="Antiohija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antiohija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiokhia" title="Antiokhia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antiokhia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochia_di_Siria" title="Antiochia di Siria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antiochia di Siria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%94" title="אנטיוכיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטיוכיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ანტიოქია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანტიოქია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiokia" title="Antiokia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Antiokia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%AEoxeia" title="Antîoxeia – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Antîoxeia" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiohija" title="Antiohija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Antiohija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochija" title="Antiochija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antiochija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiokheia" title="Antiokheia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Antiokheia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Антиохија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Антиохија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti%C3%B4kia" title="Antiôkia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Antiôkia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="അന്ത്യോഖ്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്ത്യോഖ്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%89" title="انطاكية العاصى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انطاكية العاصى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antokiah" title="Antokiah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Antokiah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Антиох – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Антиох" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochi%C3%AB_aan_de_Orontes" title="Antiochië aan de Orontes – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antiochië aan de Orontes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AD%E3%82%A2" title="アンティオキア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンティオキア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochia" title="Antiochia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Antiochia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiokia_ved_Orontes" title="Antiokia ved Orontes – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antiokia ved Orontes" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiokia" title="Antiokia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Antiokia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti%C3%B2quia_d%27Orontes" title="Antiòquia d'Orontes – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Antiòquia d'Orontes" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxiya" title="Antioxiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Antioxiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%81_(%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1)" title="انطاکیہ (تاریخی شہر) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انطاکیہ (تاریخی شہر)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioquia" title="Antioquia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antioquia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiohia" title="Antiohia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Antiohia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Антиохия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антиохия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Antioch" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Antioch" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochia" title="Antiochia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Antiochia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiohija" title="Antiohija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Antiohija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Антиохија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антиохија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiokia" title="Antiokia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antiokia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiokia" title="Antiokia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antiokia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioquia" title="Antioquia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Antioquia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="அந்தியோக்கியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அந்தியோக்கியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="แอนติออก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอนติออก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3)" title="Антокия (шаҳри бостонӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Антокия (шаҳри бостонӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antakya_(antik_kent)" title="Antakya (antik kent) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antakya (antik kent)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Антіохія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антіохія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%81_(%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1)" title="انطاکیہ (تاریخی شہر) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انطاکیہ (تاریخی شہر)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochia" title="Antiochia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Antiochia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiokia" title="Antiokia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Antiokia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancos_ci_Siri" title="Ancos ci Siri – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Ancos ci Siri" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8F%90%E9%98%BF" title="安提阿 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="安提阿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8F%90%E7%B4%84%E5%9F%BA%E9%9B%85" title="安提約基雅 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="安提約基雅" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%A1%E5%85%8B" title="安条克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="安条克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti%E1%BB%8Dk" title="Antiọk – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Antiọk" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q200441#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Antioch&params=36_12_17_N_36_10_54_E_tupe:landmark_region:TR-31_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°12′17″N</span> <span class="longitude">36°10′54″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.20472°N 36.18167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.20472; 36.18167</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hellenistic city, modern Antakya, Turkey</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the historical city in ancient Syria. For the modern city, see <a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a>. For the city in California, see <a href="/wiki/Antioch,_California" title="Antioch, California">Antioch, California</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Antioch_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Antioch (disambiguation)">Antioch (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Antioch on the Orontes</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου</span></span><br /><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Antiochia ad Orontem</i></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Antiochia_su_Oronte.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Antiochia_su_Oronte.PNG/220px-Antiochia_su_Oronte.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Antiochia_su_Oronte.PNG/330px-Antiochia_su_Oronte.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Antiochia_su_Oronte.PNG/440px-Antiochia_su_Oronte.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1628" data-file-height="1976" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of Antioch in Roman and early Byzantine times</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antioch is located in Turkey"><img alt="Antioch is located in Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Turkey_adm_location_map.svg/270px-Turkey_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Turkey_adm_location_map.svg/405px-Turkey_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Turkey_adm_location_map.svg/540px-Turkey_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="721" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:89.933%;left:55.009%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Antioch"><img alt="Antioch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Turkey</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a>, Hatay Province, Turkey</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Antioch&params=36_12_17_N_36_10_54_E_tupe:landmark_region:TR-31_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°12′17″N</span> <span class="longitude">36°10′54″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.20472°N 36.18167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.20472; 36.18167</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>15 km<sup>2</sup> (<span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Builder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">300 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">Insignificant by the end of the 15th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultures</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic culture">Hellenistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriacs" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriacs">Syriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Outremer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Events</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Roman–Persian Wars">Roman–Persian Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Excavation dates</th><td class="infobox-data">1932–1939</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Mostly buried</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Antioch on the Orontes</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Antiókheia hē epì Oróntou</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[anti.ó.kʰeː.a]</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greek</a> city<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded by <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a> in 300 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most important Greek cities of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it served as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> and later as regional capital to both the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, Antioch served as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a>, one of four <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a> that were founded in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>. Its inhabitants were known as <i>Antiochenes</i>. The modern city of <a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, was named after the ancient city, which lies in ruins on the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes River</a> and did not overlap in habitation with the modern city. </p><p>Antioch was founded near the end of the fourth century BC by Seleucus I Nicator, one of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s generals, as one of the tetrapoleis of <a href="/wiki/Seleucis_of_Syria" title="Seleucis of Syria">Seleucis of Syria</a>. Seleucus encouraged <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> from all over the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> to settle in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's location offered geographical, military, and economic benefits to its occupants; Antioch was heavily involved in the <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> and lay within close reach of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Road" title="Royal Road">Royal Road</a>. The city was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> from 240 BC until 63 BC, when the Romans took control, making it the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">province of Syria</a> and later of <a href="/wiki/Coele_Syria_(Roman_province)" title="Coele Syria (Roman province)">Coele Syria</a>. During the late Hellenistic and Roman <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a> periods, Antioch's population may have reached a peak of over 500,000 inhabitants (most generally estimate between 200,000 and 250,000),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making the city the third largest in the Roman Empire after Rome and Alexandria and one of the most important cities in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">eastern Mediterranean</a>. From the early fourth century, Antioch was the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Comes_Orientis" class="mw-redirect" title="Comes Orientis">Count of the Orient</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Diocese of the East</a>. The Romans provided the city with walls that encompassed almost 450 hectares (1,100 acres), of which one quarter was mountainous, leaving 300 ha (750 acres) – about one-fifth the area of Rome within the <a href="/wiki/Aurelian_Walls" title="Aurelian Walls">Aurelian Walls</a>. </p><p>The city was also the main center of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>. As one of the cities of the <a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">pentarchy</a>, Antioch was called "the cradle of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">Christianity</a>" as a result of its longevity and the pivotal role that it played in the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Christian <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> asserts that the name "Christian" first emerged in Antioch.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city declined to relative insignificance during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> due to warfare, repeated earthquakes, and a change in <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a>. The city still lends its name to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch</a>, one of the most important modern churches of the Levant and the eastern Mediterranean. The city also attracts <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> pilgrims who visit the <a href="/wiki/Habib-i_Najjar_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Habib-i Najjar Mosque">Habib-i Najjar Mosque</a>, which they believe to contain the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Habib_the_Carpenter" title="Habib the Carpenter">Habib the Carpenter</a>, mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">Surah</a> <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81-S%C4%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Yā-Sīn">Yā-Sīn</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Quran</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antioch&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two routes from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, lying through the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes</a> river gorge and the <a href="/wiki/Belen_Pass" title="Belen Pass">Belen Pass</a>, converge in the plain of the Antioch Lake, now called <a href="/wiki/Lake_Amik" title="Lake Amik">Lake Amik</a>, and are met there by: </p> <ol><li>the road from the <a href="/wiki/Amanian_Gate" title="Amanian Gate">Amanian Gate</a> (Baghche Pass) and western <a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a>, which descends the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Karasu_(Hatay)" title="Karasu (Hatay)">Karasu</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Afrin_River" title="Afrin River">Afrin River</a>;</li> <li>the roads from eastern Commagene and the Euphratean crossings at Samosata (now <a href="/wiki/Samsat" title="Samsat">Samsat</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Apamea_(Euphrates)" title="Apamea (Euphrates)">Apamea Zeugma</a> (Birejik), which descend the valleys of the Afrin and the <a href="/wiki/Queiq" title="Queiq">Queiq</a>; and</li> <li>the road from the Euphratean ford at <a href="/wiki/Thapsacus" title="Thapsacus">Thapsacus</a>, which skirts the fringe of the Syrian steppe. A single route proceeds south in the Orontes valley.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911130_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockwell1911130-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SUPPILULIUMA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/SUPPILULIUMA.jpg/220px-SUPPILULIUMA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/SUPPILULIUMA.jpg/330px-SUPPILULIUMA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/SUPPILULIUMA.jpg/440px-SUPPILULIUMA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Suppiluliuma_(Pattin)" title="Suppiluliuma (Pattin)">Šuppiluliuma</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pattin" title="Pattin">Pattin</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 860 BC</span> in <a href="/wiki/Hatay_Archaeology_Museum" title="Hatay Archaeology Museum">Hatay Archaeology Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_7574.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_7574.jpg/220px-Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_7574.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_7574.jpg/330px-Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_7574.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_7574.jpg/440px-Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_7574.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption>An artifact from the middle and late Bronze Age, 2000–1200 BC in <a href="/wiki/Hatay_Archaeology_Museum" title="Hatay Archaeology Museum">Hatay Archaeology Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antioch&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="History"></span> A settlement called "Meroe" pre-dated Antioch. A shrine of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a>, called by Herodotus the "<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a>", was located here. This site was included in the eastern suburbs of Antioch. There was a village on the spur of <a href="/wiki/Silpium" title="Silpium">Mount Silpius</a> named <i>Io</i>, or <i>Iopolis</i>. This name was always adduced as evidence by Antiochenes (<i>e.g.</i> <a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a>) eager to affiliate themselves to the Attic <a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionians</a>—an eagerness which is illustrated by the Athenian types used on the city's coins. Io may have been a small early colony of trading Greeks (<a href="/wiki/Javan" title="Javan">Javan</a>). <a href="/wiki/John_Malalas" title="John Malalas">John Malalas</a> also mentions an archaic village, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bottia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bottia (page does not exist)">Bottia</a>, in the plain by the river.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911130_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockwell1911130-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foundation_by_Seleucus_I">Foundation by Seleucus I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antioch&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foundation by Seleucus I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> is said to have camped on the site of Antioch and dedicated an altar to <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> Bottiaeus; it lay in the northwest of the future city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911130_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockwell1911130-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This account is found only in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a>, a fourth-century orator from Antioch,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may be legend intended to enhance Antioch's status. But the story is not unlikely in itself.<sup id="cite_ref-ebd_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebd-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Alexander's death in 323 BC, his generals, the <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a>, divided up the territory he had conquered. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ipsus" title="Battle of Ipsus">Battle of Ipsos</a> in 301 BC, <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a> won the territory of Syria, and he proceeded to found four "sister cities" in northwestern Syria, one of which was Antioch, a city named in honor of his father <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_(father_of_Seleucus_I_Nicator)" title="Antiochus (father of Seleucus I Nicator)">Antiochus</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a></i>, it might be named after his son <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is reputed to have built sixteen Antiochs.<sup id="cite_ref-ebd2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebd2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seleucus founded Antioch on a site chosen through ritual means. An <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagle</a>, the bird of Zeus, had been given a piece of sacrificial meat and the city was founded on the site to which the eagle carried the offering. Seleucus did this on the 22nd day of the month of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_calendar" title="Ancient Macedonian calendar">Artemísios</a> in the twelfth year of his reign, equivalent to May 300 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antioch soon rose above <a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Pieria" title="Seleucia Pieria">Seleucia Pieria</a> to become the Syrian capital. </p><p>Xenaeus (Ξεναῖος) was the architect who built the walls of Antioch during <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucus I">Seleucus I</a> reign.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_Boat_of_the_Psyches_mosaic_7544.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_Boat_of_the_Psyches_mosaic_7544.jpg/220px-Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_Boat_of_the_Psyches_mosaic_7544.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_Boat_of_the_Psyches_mosaic_7544.jpg/330px-Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_Boat_of_the_Psyches_mosaic_7544.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_Boat_of_the_Psyches_mosaic_7544.jpg/440px-Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_Boat_of_the_Psyches_mosaic_7544.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic of Eros standing on the wings of two Psyches and whipping them on in <a href="/wiki/Hatay_Archaeology_Museum" title="Hatay Archaeology Museum">Hatay Archaeology Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_Dionysus_mosaic_5936b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_Dionysus_mosaic_5936b.jpg/220px-Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_Dionysus_mosaic_5936b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_Dionysus_mosaic_5936b.jpg/330px-Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_Dionysus_mosaic_5936b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_Dionysus_mosaic_5936b.jpg/440px-Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_Dionysus_mosaic_5936b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Dionysus mosaic in <a href="/wiki/Hatay_Archaeology_Museum" title="Hatay Archaeology Museum">Hatay Archaeology Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hellenistic_age">Hellenistic age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antioch&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hellenistic age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original city of Seleucus was laid out in imitation of the <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid plan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> by the architect <a href="/wiki/Xenarius" title="Xenarius">Xenarius</a>. Libanius describes the first building and arrangement of this city (i. p. 300. 17). </p><p>The citadel was on Mount Silpius and the city lay mainly on the low ground to the north, fringing the river. Two great colonnaded streets intersected in the centre. Shortly afterwards a second quarter was laid out, probably on the east and by <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I Soter</a>, which, from an expression of <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, appears to have been the native, as contrasted with the Greek, town. It was enclosed by a wall of its own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911130_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockwell1911130-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Orontes, north of the city, lay a large island, and on this <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II Callinicus</a> began a third walled "city", which was finished by <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III the Great</a>. A fourth and last quarter was added by <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a> (175–164 BC); thenceforth Antioch was known as <i>Tetrapolis</i>. From west to east the whole was about 6 kilometres (4 miles) in diameter and a little less from north to south. This area included many large gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911130_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockwell1911130-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new city was populated by a mix of local settlers that Athenians brought from the nearby city of Antigonia, Macedonians, and Jews (who were given full status from the beginning). According to ancient tradition, Antioch was settled by 5,500 Athenians and Macedonians, together with an unknown number of native Syrians. This number probably refers to free adult citizens, so that the total number of free Greek settlers including women and children was probably between 17,000 and 25,000.<sup id="cite_ref-AncientAntiochPop_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AncientAntiochPop-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ebd_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebd-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 6 kilometres (4 miles) west and beyond the suburb Heraclea lay the paradise of Daphne, a park of woods and waters, in the midst of which rose a great temple to the Pythian Apollo, also founded by Seleucus I and enriched with a cult-statue of the god, as Musagetes, by <a href="/wiki/Bryaxis" title="Bryaxis">Bryaxis</a>. A companion sanctuary of <a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a> was constructed underground by <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>. The beauty and the lax morals of Daphne were celebrated all over the ancient world; and indeed Antioch as a whole shared in both these titles to fame.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911130–131_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockwell1911130–131-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antioch became the capital and court-city of the western Seleucid Empire under Antiochus I, its counterpart in the east being <a href="/wiki/Seleucia" title="Seleucia">Seleucia</a>; but its paramount importance dates from the battle of Ancyra (240 BC), which shifted the Seleucid centre of gravity from Anatolia, and led indirectly to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Seleucids reigned from Antioch. We know little of it in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, apart from Syria, all our information coming from authors of the late Roman time. Among its great Greek buildings we hear only of the theatre, of which substructures still remain on the flank of Silpius, and of the royal palace, probably situated on the island. It enjoyed a reputation for being "a populous city, full of most erudite men and rich in the most liberal studies",<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the only names of distinction in these pursuits during the Seleucid period that have come down to us are Apollophanes, the Stoic, and one Phoebus, a writer on dreams. The nicknames which they gave to their later kings were <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>; and, except <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daphne" title="Daphne">Daphne</a>, the great divinities of north Syria seem to have remained essentially native, such as the "Persian Artemis" of Meroe and <a href="/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis">Atargatis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hierapolis_Bambyce" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierapolis Bambyce">Hierapolis Bambyce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The epithet "Golden" suggests that the external appearance of Antioch was impressive, but the city needed constant restoration owing to the <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">seismic disturbances</a> to which the district has always been subjected. The first great earthquake in recorded history was related by the native chronicler <a href="/wiki/John_Malalas" title="John Malalas">John Malalas</a>. It occurred in 148 BC and did immense damage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local politics were turbulent. In the many dissensions of the Seleucid house the population took sides, and frequently rose in rebellion, for example against <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander Balas</a> in 147 BC, and <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II Nicator</a> in 129 BC. The latter, enlisting a body of Jews, punished his capital with fire and sword. In the last struggles of the Seleucid house, Antioch turned against its feeble rulers, invited <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_the_Great" title="Tigranes the Great">Tigranes the Great</a> to occupy the city in 83 BC, tried to unseat <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XIII_Asiaticus" title="Antiochus XIII Asiaticus">Antiochus XIII Asiaticus</a> in 65 BC, and petitioned Rome against his restoration in the following year. Antioch's wish prevailed, and it passed with Syria to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in 64 BC, but remained a <i>civitas libera</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_period">Roman period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antioch&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Roman period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_rule_before_Constantine">Roman rule before Constantine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antioch&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Roman rule before Constantine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Roman_road_of_Tall_Aqibrin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ancient_Roman_road_of_Tall_Aqibrin.jpg/250px-Ancient_Roman_road_of_Tall_Aqibrin.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ancient_Roman_road_of_Tall_Aqibrin.jpg/375px-Ancient_Roman_road_of_Tall_Aqibrin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ancient_Roman_road_of_Tall_Aqibrin.jpg/500px-Ancient_Roman_road_of_Tall_Aqibrin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3364" data-file-height="2392" /></a><figcaption>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman road">Roman road</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> which connected Antioch and <a href="/wiki/Chalcis,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcis, Syria">Chalcis</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Argenteus-Constantius_I-antioch_RIC_033a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Argenteus-Constantius_I-antioch_RIC_033a.jpg/250px-Argenteus-Constantius_I-antioch_RIC_033a.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Argenteus-Constantius_I-antioch_RIC_033a.jpg/375px-Argenteus-Constantius_I-antioch_RIC_033a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Argenteus-Constantius_I-antioch_RIC_033a.jpg/500px-Argenteus-Constantius_I-antioch_RIC_033a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>This <a href="/wiki/Argenteus" title="Argenteus">argenteus</a> was struck in the Antioch mint, under <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Domitian_Tetradrachm_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Domitian Tetradrachm from Antioch Mint" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Domitian_Tetradrachm_1.jpg/250px-Domitian_Tetradrachm_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Domitian_Tetradrachm_1.jpg/375px-Domitian_Tetradrachm_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Domitian_Tetradrachm_1.jpg/500px-Domitian_Tetradrachm_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Rare Domitian Tetradrachm struck in the Antioch Mint. Only 23 known examples. Note the realist portrait, typical of the Antioch Mint.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amazonomachy_Antioch_Louvre_Ma3457.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Amazonomachy_Antioch_Louvre_Ma3457.jpg/220px-Amazonomachy_Antioch_Louvre_Ma3457.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Amazonomachy_Antioch_Louvre_Ma3457.jpg/330px-Amazonomachy_Antioch_Louvre_Ma3457.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Amazonomachy_Antioch_Louvre_Ma3457.jpg/440px-Amazonomachy_Antioch_Louvre_Ma3457.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2266" /></a><figcaption>A Greek rider seizes a mounted <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazonian warrior</a> (armed with a double-headed axe) by her <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roman_mosaic" title="Roman mosaic">Roman mosaic</a> emblema (marble and limestone), 2nd half of the 4th century AD; from Daphne, a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Antioch-on-the-Orontes" class="mw-redirect" title="Antioch-on-the-Orontes">Antioch-on-the-Orontes</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Roman emperors favored the city from the first moments, seeing it as a more suitable capital for the eastern part of the empire than Alexandria could be, because of the isolated position of Egypt. To a certain extent they tried to make it an eastern Rome. <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> visited it in 47 BC, and confirmed its freedom. A great temple to <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Capitolinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter Capitolinus">Jupiter Capitolinus</a> rose on Silpius, probably at the insistence of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian</a>, whose cause the city had espoused. A <a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">forum</a> of Roman type was laid out. <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> built two long <a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">colonnades</a> on the south towards Silpius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, writing in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> and the first years of Tiberius, states that Antioch is not much smaller than Seleucia and Alexandria; Alexandria had been said by <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> in the mid-first century BC to have 300,000 free inhabitants, which would mean that Antioch was about this size in Strabo's time.<sup id="cite_ref-AncientAntiochPop_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AncientAntiochPop-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Agrippa</a> and Tiberius enlarged the theatre, and <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> finished their work. <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> paved the great east to west artery with granite. <a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Antioch" title="Circus of Antioch">A circus</a>, other colonnades and great numbers of baths were built, and new <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueduct (Roman)">aqueducts</a> to supply them bore the names of Caesars, the finest being the work of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>. The Roman client, King Herod (most likely the great builder <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a>), erected a long <i><a href="/wiki/Stoa" title="Stoa">stoa</a></i> on the east, and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 63</span>–12 BC) encouraged the growth of a new suburb south of this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most famous Roman additions to the city was its <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome" title="Hippodrome">hippodrome</a>, the <b>Circus of Antioch</b>. This <a href="/wiki/Chariot_racing" title="Chariot racing">chariot racing</a> venue was probably built in the reign of Augustus, when the city had more than half a million inhabitants; it was modelled on the <a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Circus_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Circus (building)">circus buildings</a> throughout the empire. Measuring more than 490 metres (1,610 feet) in length and 30 metres (98 feet) of width,<sup id="cite_ref-Humphrey1986_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphrey1986-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Circus could house up to 80,000 spectators. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zarmanochegas" title="Zarmanochegas">Zarmanochegas</a> (Zarmarus) a monk of the <a href="/wiki/Sramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sramana">Sramana</a> tradition of India, according to <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dio_Cassius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dio Cassius">Dio Cassius</a>, met <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas of Damascus">Nicholas of Damascus</a> in Antioch around 13 AD as part of a Mission to <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Antioch <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a> died in 19 AD, and his body was burnt in the forum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An earthquake that shook Antioch in AD 37 caused the emperor <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> to send two senators to report on the condition of the city. Another quake followed in the next reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 115 AD, during <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>'s travel there during his war against Parthia, the whole site was <a href="/wiki/115_Antioch_earthquake" title="115 Antioch earthquake">convulsed by a huge earthquake</a>. The landscape altered, and the emperor himself was forced to take shelter in the circus for several days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his successor restored the city, but the population was reduced to less than 400,000 inhabitants and many sections of the city were abandoned. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> (r. 177–192 AD) had <a href="/wiki/Olympic_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic games">Olympic games</a> celebrated at Antioch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Antioch_Chalice,_first_half_of_6th_century,_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/The_Antioch_Chalice%2C_first_half_of_6th_century%2C_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg/250px-The_Antioch_Chalice%2C_first_half_of_6th_century%2C_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/The_Antioch_Chalice%2C_first_half_of_6th_century%2C_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg/375px-The_Antioch_Chalice%2C_first_half_of_6th_century%2C_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/The_Antioch_Chalice%2C_first_half_of_6th_century%2C_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Antioch_chalice" title="Antioch chalice">Antioch Chalice</a>, first half of 6th century, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 256 AD, the town was suddenly raided by the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Persians</a> under <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a>, and many of the people were slain in the theatre. The city was burned and some 100,000 inhabitants were killed while the rest were deported to Shapur‘s newly built city of <a href="/wiki/Gundeshapur" title="Gundeshapur">Gundeshapur</a> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was recaptured by the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a> the following year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antioch&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Antioch was a chief center of early Christianity</a> during Roman times.<sup id="cite_ref-edwards_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwards-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city had a large population of Jewish origin in a quarter called the <a href="/wiki/Kerateion" title="Kerateion">Kerateion</a>, and so attracted the earliest missionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evangelized by, among others, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> himself, according to the tradition upon which the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch" title="Patriarch of Antioch">Patriarchate of Antioch</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> still rests its claim for primacy,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its converts were the first to be called Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Antioch,_Pisidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Antioch, Pisidia">Antioch in Pisidia</a>, to which <a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">Paul of Tarsus</a> later travelled.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 252 and 300 AD, <a href="/wiki/Synods_of_Antioch" title="Synods of Antioch">ten assemblies</a> of the church were held at Antioch and it became the seat of one of the five original <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">patriarchates</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a>). Today five churches use the title of patriarch of Antioch for their prime bishops: one <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>); three <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite Greek Catholic Churches</a>); and one <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch">Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch</a>). This title has been maintained though most of them have moved their seat to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. This is somewhat analogous to the manner in which several popes, heads of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> remained "Bishop of Rome" even while residing in <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>, in present-day France, in the fourteenth century. The Maronite Church, which has also moved the seat away to <a href="/wiki/Bkerk%C3%A9" title="Bkerké">Bkerké</a>, Lebanon, continues the Antiochene liturgical tradition and the use of the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Aramaic">Syro-Aramaic</a> language in their liturgies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Constantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Constantine">Emperor Constantine</a> who had <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">decriminalised Christianity in 313</a>, begun the building of the <a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea_(Antioch)" title="Domus Aurea (Antioch)">Domus Aurea or Great Church</a> in 327 which served for the next two centuries as the leading church of Antioch.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> writes that when <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a> was bishop in the city, the <i>dêmos,</i> probably meaning the number of free adult men and women without counting children and slaves, numbered 200,000.<sup id="cite_ref-AncientAntiochPop_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AncientAntiochPop-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter written in 363, <a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a> says the city contains 150,000 <i>anthrôpoi</i> (plural of anthropos, <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a>) a word which would ordinarily mean all human beings of any age, sex, or <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a>, seemingly indicating a decline in the population since the first century.<sup id="cite_ref-AncientAntiochPop_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AncientAntiochPop-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chrysostom also says in one of his homilies on the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>, which were delivered between 386 and 393, that in his own time there were 100,000 Christians in Antioch, a figure which may refer to orthodox Christians who belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a> as opposed to members of other groups such as <a href="/wiki/Arians" class="mw-redirect" title="Arians">Arians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollinarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollinarians">Apollinarians</a>, or to all Christians of any persuasion.<sup id="cite_ref-AncientAntiochPop_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AncientAntiochPop-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_of_Julian_and_Valens">Age of Julian and Valens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antioch&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Age of Julian and Valens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JulianusII-antioch(360-363)-CNG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/JulianusII-antioch%28360-363%29-CNG.jpg/250px-JulianusII-antioch%28360-363%29-CNG.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/JulianusII-antioch%28360-363%29-CNG.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption>A bronze coin from Antioch depicting the <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">emperor Julian</a>. Note the pointed beard.</figcaption></figure> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">emperor Julian</a> visited in 362 on a detour to the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, he had high hopes for Antioch, regarding it as a rival to the imperial capital of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. Antioch had a mixed pagan and Christian population, which <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> implies lived quite harmoniously together. However, Julian's visit began ominously as it coincided with a lament for <a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a>, the doomed lover of <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>. Thus, Ammianus wrote, the emperor and his soldiers entered the city not to the sound of cheers but to wailing and screaming. </p><p>After being advised that the bones of third-century martyred bishop <a href="/wiki/Babylas_of_Antioch" title="Babylas of Antioch">Babylas</a> were suppressing the oracle of Apollo at Daphne,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he made a public-relations mistake in ordering the removal of the bones from the vicinity of the temple. The result was a massive Christian procession. Shortly after that, when the temple was destroyed by fire, Julian suspected the Christians and ordered stricter investigations than usual. He also shut up Constantine's Great Church, before the investigations proved that the fire was the result of an accident.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Julian found much else about which to criticize the Antiochene; Julian had wanted the empire's cities to be more self-managing, as they had been some <a href="/wiki/Antonines" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonines">200 years before</a>. However, Antioch's <a href="/wiki/Decurion_(administrative)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decurion (administrative)">city councilmen</a> showed themselves unwilling to shore up Antioch's food shortage with their own resources, so dependent were they on the emperor. Ammianus wrote that the councilmen shirked their duties by bribing unwitting men in the marketplace to do the job for them. Further, Julian was surprised and dismayed when at the city's annual feast of Apollo the only Antiochene present was an old priest clutching a goose, showing the decay of paganism in the town. </p><p>The Antiochenes in turn hated Julian for worsening the food shortage with the burden of his <a href="/wiki/Billet" title="Billet">billeted</a> troops, wrote <a href="/wiki/Ammianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammianus">Ammianus</a>. The soldiers were often to be found gorged on sacrificial meat, making a drunken nuisance of themselves on the streets while Antioch's hungry citizens looked on in disgust. The Christian Antiochenes and Julian's pagan <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> soldiers also never quite saw eye to eye. </p><p>Julian's piety was distasteful to the Antiochenes, even to those who kept the old religion. Julian's brand of paganism was very much unique to himself, with little support outside the most educated <a href="/wiki/Neo_Platonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo Platonism">Neoplatonist</a> circles. The irony of Julian's enthusiasm for large scale <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">animal sacrifice</a> could not have escaped the hungry Antiochenes. Julian gained no admiration for his personal involvement in the sacrifices, only the nickname <i>axeman</i>, wrote Ammianus. </p><p>The emperor's high-handed, severe methods and his rigid administration prompted Antiochene <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">lampoons</a> about, among other things, Julian's unfashionably <a href="/wiki/Goatee" title="Goatee">pointed beard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Julian's successor <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a> endowed Antioch with a new forum, including a statue of his brother and co-emperor <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a> on a central column, and reopened the great church of Constantine, which stood until the Persian sack in 538, by <a href="/wiki/Khosrau_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Khosrau I">Chosroes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theodosius_and_after">Theodosius and after</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antioch&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Theodosius and after"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 387 AD, there was a great sedition caused by a new tax levied by order of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>, and the city was punished by the loss of its metropolitan status.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theodosius placed Antioch under Constantinople's rule when he divided the Roman Empire. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antioch_Alexandria_and_Seleucia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Antioch_Alexandria_and_Seleucia.png/220px-Antioch_Alexandria_and_Seleucia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Antioch_Alexandria_and_Seleucia.png/330px-Antioch_Alexandria_and_Seleucia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Antioch_Alexandria_and_Seleucia.png/440px-Antioch_Alexandria_and_Seleucia.png 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption>The Peutinger Map showing Antioch, Alexandria and Seleucia in the 4th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>Antioch and its port, <a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Pieria" title="Seleucia Pieria">Seleucia Pieria</a>, were severely damaged by the <a href="/wiki/526_Antioch_earthquake" title="526 Antioch earthquake">great earthquake of 526</a>. Seleucia Pieria, which was already fighting a losing battle against continual silting, never recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/528_Antioch_earthquake" title="528 Antioch earthquake">second earthquake</a> affected Antioch in 528.<sup id="cite_ref-ngdc1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ngdc1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> renamed Antioch <b>Theopolis</b> ("City of God") and restored many of its public buildings, but the destructive work was completed in 540 by the Persian king, <a href="/wiki/Khosrau_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Khosrau I">Khosrau I</a>, who deported the population to a newly built city in Persian Mesopotamia, <a href="/wiki/Weh_Antiok_Khosrow" title="Weh Antiok Khosrow">Weh Antiok Khosrow</a>. Antioch lost as many as 300,000 people. Justinian I made an effort to revive it, and <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> describes his repairing of the walls; but its glory was past.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another earthquake in 588 destroyed the Domus Aureus of Constantine, whereafter the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Cassian" title="Church of Cassian">church of Cassian</a> became the most important church of Antioch.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628">Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628</a>, the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> confronted the invading Persian army of <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> outside Antioch in 613. The Byzantines were defeated by forces under the generals <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shahin_Vahmanzadegan" title="Shahin Vahmanzadegan">Shahin Vahmanzadegan</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antioch_(613)" title="Battle of Antioch (613)">Battle of Antioch</a>, after which the city fell to the Sassanians, together with much of Syria and eastern Anatolia. </p><p>Antioch gave its name to a <a href="/wiki/School_of_Antioch" title="School of Antioch">certain school</a> of Christian thought, distinguished by literal interpretation of the Scriptures and insistence on the human limitations of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_of_Tarsus" title="Diodorus of Tarsus">Diodorus of Tarsus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Mopsuestia" title="Theodore of Mopsuestia">Theodore of Mopsuestia</a> were the leaders of this school. The principal local saint was <a href="/wiki/Simeon_Stylites" title="Simeon Stylites">Simeon Stylites</a>, who lived an extremely <a href="/wiki/Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">ascetic</a> life atop a pillar for 40 years some 65 kilometres (40 miles) <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Simeon_Stylites" title="Church of Saint Simeon Stylites">east of Antioch</a>. His body was brought to the city and buried in a building erected under the emperor <a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Byzantine era, great <a href="/wiki/Bath_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Bath House">bathhouses</a> were built in <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine centers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and Antioch.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arab_and_Byzantine_era">Arab and Byzantine era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antioch&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Arab and Byzantine era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fall_of_Antioch_in_969.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Fall_of_Antioch_in_969.png/220px-Fall_of_Antioch_in_969.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Fall_of_Antioch_in_969.png/330px-Fall_of_Antioch_in_969.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Fall_of_Antioch_in_969.png/440px-Fall_of_Antioch_in_969.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>Byzantine recapture of Antioch in 969</figcaption></figure> <p>In 637, during the reign of the Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a>, Antioch was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubayda_ibn_al-Jarrah" title="Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah">Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Iron_Bridge" title="Battle of the Iron Bridge">Battle of the Iron Bridge</a>, marking the beginning of Islamic influence in the region. The city became known in Arabic as <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أنطاكية</span></span> <span title="Alago-language romanization"><i lang="ala-Latn">Anṭākiyah</i></span>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> (661–750 AD), Antioch served as a significant military and administrative center. The Umayyads fortified the city, utilizing it as a base for operations in the region. The city remained an important urban center, with its multicultural population including Christians, Muslims, and Jews living together, although there were periods of tension and conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad dynasty</a> was unable to penetrate the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Plateau">Anatolian Plateau</a>, Antioch found itself on the frontline of the conflicts between two hostile empires during the next 350 years, so that the city went into a precipitous decline. During the Abbasid period (750–969 AD), Antioch continued to thrive as a hub of commerce and culture. Under the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a>, closer relations were developed with Byzantium, but it was not until the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimids</a> opened up the Mediterranean for shipping from the end of the fourth/tenth century that the affairs of western Europe and the Near East began to interact once again. The Abbasids placed a strong emphasis on trade, which facilitated economic prosperity in Antioch. The city became known for its diverse markets, contributing to the flow of goods and ideas between the Islamic world and the Byzantine Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AntiochRamparts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/AntiochRamparts.jpg/250px-AntiochRamparts.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/AntiochRamparts.jpg/375px-AntiochRamparts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/AntiochRamparts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">ramparts</a> of Antioch climbing Mons Silpius during the Crusades (lower left on the map, <i>above left</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The decline of Arab rule in Antioch began in the late 9th century with increasing pressure from the Byzantine forces. The city changed hands several times during the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">Byzantine-Arab wars</a>, Before finally, in 969 AD, under the Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a>, the city was captured after <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch_(968-969)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Antioch (968-969)">the siege of Antioch (968–969)</a> by the Byzantine general <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bourtzes" title="Michael Bourtzes">Michael Bourtzes</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Stratopedarches" title="Stratopedarches">stratopedarches</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Peter_(stratopedarches)" title="Peter (stratopedarches)">Peter</a>. It soon became the seat of a <i><a href="/wiki/Dux#Later_developments" title="Dux">doux</a></i>, the civil governor of the homonymous <a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">theme</a>, but also the seat of the somewhat more important <i><a href="/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" title="Domestic of the Schools">Domestic of the Schools</a> of the Orient</i>, the supreme military commander of the imperial forces on the eastern frontier. Sometimes both offices were held by the same person, usually military officers such as <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Ouranos" title="Nikephoros Ouranos">Nikephoros Ouranos</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Philaretos_Brachamios" title="Philaretos Brachamios">Philaretos Brachamios</a>, who managed to retain the integrity of the eastern borderline after the Seljuk conquest of Anatolia. The size of the Melkite community increased during that time due to immigration from Christians from Fatimid Egypt but also other parts of the Near East and Christians remained the dominant population up to the Crusades.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the empire disintegrated rapidly before the <a href="/wiki/Komnenian_restoration" title="Komnenian restoration">Komnenian restoration</a>, <i>Dux of Antioch</i> & <i>Domestic of the Schools of the East</i> <a href="/wiki/Philaretos_Brachamios" title="Philaretos Brachamios">Philaretos Brachamios</a> held the city until <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_ibn_Qutalmish" title="Suleiman ibn Qutalmish">Suleiman ibn Qutalmish</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">emir of Rum</a>, captured it from him in 1084.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbu2015160–161_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbu2015160–161-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later, Suleiman was killed fighting against <a href="/wiki/Tutush_I" title="Tutush I">Tutush</a>, the brother of the <a href="/wiki/Malik-Shah_I" title="Malik-Shah I">Seljuk Sultan</a>, who annexed the city into the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970154_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970154-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yagisiyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yagisiyan">Yagisiyan</a> was appointed governor. He became increasingly independent within the tumultuous years following Malik-Shah's death in 1092. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crusader_era">Crusader era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antioch&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Crusader era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Principality_of_Antioch" title="Timeline of the Principality of Antioch">Timeline of the Principality of Antioch</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture_of_Antioch_by_Bohemond_of_Tarente_in_June_1098.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Capture_of_Antioch_by_Bohemond_of_Tarente_in_June_1098.JPG/250px-Capture_of_Antioch_by_Bohemond_of_Tarente_in_June_1098.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Capture_of_Antioch_by_Bohemond_of_Tarente_in_June_1098.JPG/375px-Capture_of_Antioch_by_Bohemond_of_Tarente_in_June_1098.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Capture_of_Antioch_by_Bohemond_of_Tarente_in_June_1098.JPG/500px-Capture_of_Antioch_by_Bohemond_of_Tarente_in_June_1098.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1385" data-file-height="1047" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century painting of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch" title="Siege of Antioch">capture of Antioch</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_I_of_Antioch" title="Bohemond I of Antioch">Bohemund of Taranto</a> in June 1098.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Crusaders' <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch" title="Siege of Antioch">Siege of Antioch</a> conquered the city in June 1098 after a siege lasting eight months on their way to Jerusalem. At this time, the bulk of far eastern trade traveled through Egypt, but in the second half of the 12th century <a href="/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_Zangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur ad-Din Zangi">Nur ed-Din</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> brought order to Muslim Syria, opening up long-distance trade routes, including to Antioch and on to its new port, <a href="/wiki/Port_Saint_Symeon" title="Port Saint Symeon">St Symeon</a>, which had replaced Seleucia Pieria. However, the Mongol conquests of the 13th century altered the main trade routes from the far east, as they encouraged merchants to take the overland route through Mongol territory to the Black Sea, reducing the prosperity of Antioch.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surrounding the city were a number of Greek, Syrian, Georgian, Armenian, and Latin monasteries.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation_of_the_Principality">Consolidation of the Principality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antioch&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Consolidation of the Principality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1100, <a href="/wiki/Tancred,_Prince_of_Galilee" title="Tancred, Prince of Galilee">Tancred</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> of Antioch after his uncle and predecessor <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_I_of_Antioch" title="Bohemond I of Antioch">Bohemond I of Antioch</a> was taken prisoner for three years (1100–03) by <a href="/wiki/Gazi_G%C3%BCm%C3%BCshtigin" title="Gazi Gümüshtigin">Gazi Gümüshtigin</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Danishmends" class="mw-redirect" title="Danishmends">Danishmends</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Melitene" title="Battle of Melitene">Battle of Melitene</a>. Tancred expanded the territory of Antioch by conquering <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Byzantine Cilicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a> in 1101. In 1107 Bohemond enraged by an earlier defeat, renamed Tancred as the regent of Antioch so he could sail for Europe with the intent of gaining support for an attack against the Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bohemond laid siege to Dyrrachium but capitulated in September 1108 and was forced to accede to a peace accord, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Devol" title="Treaty of Devol">Treaty of Devol</a> which stipulated that Bohemond was to hold Antioch for the remainder of his life as the emperor's subject and the Greek patriarch was to be restored to power in the city. However, Tancred refused to honor the Treaty of Deabolis in which Bohemond swore an oath, and it is not until 1156 that it truly became a <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> state of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six months after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Devol" title="Treaty of Devol">Treaty of Deabolis</a> Bohemond died, and Tancred remained regent of Antioch until his death during a typhoid epidemic in 1112. </p><p>After the death of Tancred, the principality passed to <a href="/wiki/Roger_of_Salerno" title="Roger of Salerno">Roger of Salerno</a>, who helped rebuild Antioch after <a href="/wiki/1114_Marash_earthquake" title="1114 Marash earthquake">an earthquake</a> destroyed its foundations in 1114. With the death of Roger at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ager_Sanguinis" title="Battle of Ager Sanguinis">Battle of Ager Sanguinis</a> in 1119, the role of regent was assumed by <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin II of Jerusalem">Baldwin II of Jerusalem</a>, lasting until 1126. In 1126 <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_II_of_Antioch" title="Bohemond II of Antioch">Bohemond II</a> arrived from Apulia to gain regency over Antioch. In 1130 Bohemond was lured into an ambush by <a href="/wiki/Leo_I,_Prince_of_Armenia" title="Leo I, Prince of Armenia">Leo I, Prince of Armenia</a> who allied with the <a href="/wiki/Danishmend" class="mw-redirect" title="Danishmend">Danishmend</a> <a href="/wiki/Gazi_G%C3%BCm%C3%BCshtigin" title="Gazi Gümüshtigin">Gazi Gümüshtigin</a>, and was killed in the subsequent battle.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antioch was again ruled by a regency, firstly being Baldwin II, after his daughter and Bohemond II's wife, <a href="/wiki/Alice_of_Antioch" title="Alice of Antioch">Alice of Antioch</a> attempted to block Baldwin from entering Antioch, but failed when Antiochene nobles such as <a href="/wiki/Fulk_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulk of Jerusalem">Fulk of Jerusalem</a> (Alice's brother-in-law) opened up the gates for representatives of Baldwin II. Alice was then expelled from Antioch. With the death of Baldwin in 1131, Alice briefly took control of Antioch and allied herself with <a href="/wiki/Pons_of_Tripoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Pons of Tripoli">Pons of Tripoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joscelin_II_of_Edessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Joscelin II of Edessa">Joscelin II of Edessa</a> in an attempt to prevent <a href="/wiki/Fulk,_King_of_Jerusalem" title="Fulk, King of Jerusalem">Fulk, King of Jerusalem</a> from marching north in 1132; however, this attempt failed. In 1133 the king chose <a href="/wiki/Raymond_of_Poitiers" title="Raymond of Poitiers">Raymond of Poitiers</a> as a groom for <a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Antioch" title="Constance of Antioch">Constance of Antioch</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Bohemund_II_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohemund II of Antioch">Bohemund II of Antioch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alice_of_Antioch" title="Alice of Antioch">Alice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">princess of Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marriage took place in 1136 between the 21-year-old Raymond and the 9-year-old Constance. </p><p>Immediately after assuming control, Raymond was involved in conflicts with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/John_II_Comnenus" class="mw-redirect" title="John II Comnenus">John II Comnenus</a> who had come south to recover <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> from <a href="/wiki/Leo_I,_Prince_of_Armenia" title="Leo I, Prince of Armenia">Leo of Armenia</a>, and to reassert his rights over Antioch. The engagement lasted until 1137 when emperor John II arrived with an army before the walls of Antioch. Although the <a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a> did not enter the city, his banner was raised atop the citadel and Raymond was compelled to do homage. Raymond agreed with the emperor that if he was capable of capturing <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaizar" title="Shaizar">Shaizar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>, he would exchange Antioch for them.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John went on to attack Aleppo with the aid of Antioch and Edessa, and failed to capture it, with the Franks withdrawing their support when he moved on to capture Shaizar. John returned to Antioch ahead of his army and entered Antioch, only to be forced to leave when <a href="/wiki/Joscelin_II,_Count_of_Edessa" title="Joscelin II, Count of Edessa">Joscelin II, Count of Edessa</a> rallied the citizens to oust him.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Edessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Edessa">fall of Edessa</a> in 1144, many Syriac Orthodox Christians came into the city, spreading the veneration of Mor Barsauma among the local population which resulted in the building of a church to the saint in 1156.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeltecke2006113–114_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeltecke2006113–114-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Crusade">Second Crusade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antioch&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Second Crusade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nur ad-Din Zangi attacked Antioch in both 1147 and 1148 and succeeded during the second venture in occupying most of the territory east of the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Orontes river">Orontes</a> but failed to capture Antioch itself. <a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII of France</a> arrived in Antioch on March 19, 1148 where he was welcomed by the uncle of his spouse <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a>, Raymond of Poitiers. </p><p>Louis refused to help Antioch defend against the Turks and to lead an expedition against Aleppo, and instead decided to finish his pilgrimage to Jerusalem rather than focus on the military aspect of the Crusades. With Louis quickly leaving Antioch again and the Crusaders returning home in 1149.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Raymond dead and <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohemond III">Bohemond III</a> only five years of age, the principality came under the control of Raymond's widow <a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Antioch" title="Constance of Antioch">Constance of Antioch</a>; however, real control lay with <a href="/wiki/Aimery_of_Limoges" title="Aimery of Limoges">Aimery of Limoges</a>. In 1153, Constance chose <a href="/wiki/Raynald_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon" title="Raynald of Châtillon">Raynald of Châtillon</a> and married him in secret without consulting her first cousin and liege lord, Baldwin III, and neither Baldwin nor Aimery of Limoges approved of her choice.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1156 Raynald claimed that the Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Comnenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel I Comnenus">Manuel I Comnenus</a> had reneged on his promises to pay Raynald a sum of money, and would later attack Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This caused <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Comnenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel I Comnenus">Manuel I Comnenus</a> to raise an army to Syria. Raynald then surrendered, the emperor insisted on the installation of a Greek Patriarch and the surrender of the citadel in Antioch. The following spring, Manuel made a triumphant entry into the city and established himself as the unquestioned <a href="/wiki/Suzerain" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzerain">suzerain</a> of Antioch. </p><p>In 1160 Raynald was captured by Muslims and held captive for 16 years, with Raynald disposed of for a long time, the patriarch Aimery became the new regent, chosen by Baldwin III. To further consolidate his own claim over Antioch, Manuel chose <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Antioch" title="Maria of Antioch">Maria of Antioch</a> as his bride, daughter of Constanceand Raymond. Antioch remained in crisis until 1163 when Constance asked the Armenia to help maintain her rule, as a result the citizens of Antioch exiled her and installed her son <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohemond III">Bohemond III</a> and now brother-in-law to the emperor, as regent.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One year later, <a href="/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_Zangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur ad-Din Zangi">Nur ad-Din Zangi</a> captured Bohemond III but was soon released; however, <a href="/wiki/Harem,_Syria" title="Harem, Syria">Harem, Syria</a>, which Raynald had recaptured in 1158, was lost again and the frontier of Antioch was permanently placed west of the Orontes.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Crusade">Third Crusade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antioch&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Third Crusade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While travelling on crusade, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick Barbarossa</a> drowned in the river <a href="/wiki/Saleph" class="mw-redirect" title="Saleph">Saleph</a>. His son, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI,_Duke_of_Swabia" title="Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia">Frederick VI</a>, then led the remnant of the Crusader army south towards Antioch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHosler201864_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHosler201864-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, he arranged for his father's flesh remains to be buried in the Cathedral of Saint Peter in Antioch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed2016512_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016512-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the Third Crusade, Antioch remained neutral; however, with the end of the Third Crusade (1192), they were included in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ramla" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Ramla">Treaty of Ramla</a> between Richard and Saladin.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Count_of_Champagne" title="Henry II, Count of Champagne">Henry II, Count of Champagne</a> travelled to <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Armenia" title="Lesser Armenia">Lesser Armenia</a> and managed to persuade Leo that in exchange for Antioch, renouncing its overlordship to Lesser Armenia and to release Bohemond, who died in 1201. With the death of Bohemond III there followed a 15-year struggle for power of Antioch, between Tripoli and Lesser Armenia. According to the rules of <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a> Leo's great nephew Raymond-Roupen was the rightful heir of Antioch, and Leo's position was supported by the pope. On the other hand, however, the city commune of Antioch supported <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_IV_of_Antioch" title="Bohemond IV of Antioch">Bohemond IV of Antioch</a>, on the grounds that he was the closest blood relative to the last ruling prince, Bohemond III. In 1207 Bohemond IV installed a Greek patriarch in Antioch, despite the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a>, under the help of Aleppo, Bohemond IV drove Leo out of Antioch.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fifth_Crusade">Fifth Crusade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antioch&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fifth Crusade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Armeno-Mongol_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Armeno-Mongol relations">Armeno-Mongol relations</a></div> <p>The calling of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Crusade" title="Fifth Crusade">Fifth Crusade</a> strengthened the support of Ayyubid Sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Adil_I" title="Al-Adil I">al-Adil I</a> who supported Raymond-Roupen's claims in Antioch. In 1216 Leo installed Raymond-Roupen as prince of Antioch, ending all military aspect of the struggle between Tripoli and Lesser Armenia, but the citizens again revolted against Raymond-Roupen in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1219</span> and Bohemond of Tripoli was recognised as prince. From 1233 onwards Antioch declined and appeared rarely in records for 30 years, and in 1254 the altercations of the past between Antioch and Armenia were laid to rest when <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_VI_of_Antioch" title="Bohemond VI of Antioch">Bohemond VI of Antioch</a> married the then 17‑year‑old <a href="/wiki/Sibylla_of_Armenia" title="Sibylla of Armenia">Sibylla of Armenia</a>, and Bohemond VI became a vassal of the Armenian kingdom. Effectively, the Armenian kings ruled Antioch while the prince of Antioch resided in Tripoli. The Armenians drew up a treaty with the Mongols, who were now ravaging Muslim lands, and under protection they extended their territory into the lands of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuq dynasty</a> in the north and the Aleppo territory to the south. Antioch was part of this Armeno-Mongol alliance. Bohemond VI managed to retake Lattakieh and reestablished the land bridge between Antioch and Tripoli, while the Mongols insisted he install the Greek patriarch there rather than a Latin one as the Mongols wanted to strengthen ties to the Orthodox Byzantines.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_Antioch">Fall of Antioch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antioch&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fall of Antioch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch_(1268)" title="Siege of Antioch (1268)">Siege of Antioch (1268)</a></div> <p>In 1268, Baibars besieged Antioch, capturing the city on May 18. Baibars promised to spare the lives of the inhabitants, but broke his promise and razed the city, killing or enslaving nearly the entire population upon their surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antioch's ruler, <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_VI_of_Antioch" title="Bohemond VI of Antioch">Prince Bohemond VI</a> was then left with no territories except the County of Tripoli. Without any southern fortifications and with Antioch isolated it could not withstand the resurgent Muslim forces, and with the fall of the city, the remainder of northern Syria eventually capitulated, ending the Latin presence in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mamluk armies killed or enslaved every Christian in Antioch.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1355 it still had a considerable population, but by 1432 there were only about 300 inhabited houses within its walls, mostly occupied by <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turcomans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ottoman_period">Ottoman period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antioch&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ottoman period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antioch was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with the conquest of Syria in 1516. It formed a sub-province (<i>sancak</i>) or tax collectorship (<i>muhassıllık</i>) of the province of Aleppo (<a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Eyalet" title="Aleppo Eyalet">Aleppo Eyalet</a>). Beginning in the mid-18th century, the district witnessed an influx of <a href="/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawite</a> settlers coming from the <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a> area.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The famous Barker family of British consuls had a summer home in Suwaydiyya (today's <a href="/wiki/Samanda%C4%9F" title="Samandağ">Samandağ</a>), at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes River</a>, in the 19th century. Between 1831 and 1840, Antioch was the military headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt</a> during the Egyptian occupation of Syria, and served as a model site for the modernizing reforms he wished to institute.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antioch&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyche_Antioch_Vatican_Inv2672.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tyche_Antioch_Vatican_Inv2672.jpg/250px-Tyche_Antioch_Vatican_Inv2672.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tyche_Antioch_Vatican_Inv2672.jpg/375px-Tyche_Antioch_Vatican_Inv2672.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tyche_Antioch_Vatican_Inv2672.jpg/500px-Tyche_Antioch_Vatican_Inv2672.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2575" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Týkhē</i> (Fortune) of Antioch, Galleria dei Candelabri, the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Few traces of the once great Roman city are visible today aside from the massive fortification walls that snake up the mountains to the east of the modern city, several aqueducts, and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St Peter">Church of St Peter</a> (St Peter's Cave Church, Cave-Church of St. Peter), said to be a meeting place of an <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian">Early Christian</a> community.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the Roman city lies buried beneath deep sediments from the Orontes River, or has been obscured by recent construction. </p><p>Between 1932 and 1939, archaeological excavations of Antioch were undertaken under the direction of the "Committee for the Excavation of Antioch and Its Vicinity", which was made up of representatives from the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Museum_of_Art" title="Baltimore Museum of Art">Baltimore Museum of Art</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Worcester_Art_Museum" title="Worcester Art Museum">Worcester Art Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College">Wellesley College</a>, and later (1936) also the <a href="/wiki/Fogg_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fogg Art Museum">Fogg Art Museum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> and its affiliate <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks" title="Dumbarton Oaks">Dumbarton Oaks</a>. </p><p>The excavation team failed to find the major buildings they hoped to unearth, including <a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea_(Antioch)" title="Domus Aurea (Antioch)">Constantine's Great Octagonal Church</a> or the imperial palace. However, a great accomplishment of the expedition was the discovery of high-quality Roman mosaics from villas and baths in Antioch, Daphne and Seleucia Pieria. </p><p>The principal excavations of Mosaics at Antioch led by Princeton University in March 1932 recovered nearly 300 mosaics. Many of these mosaics were originally displayed as floor mosaics in private homes during the second through sixth centuries AD, while others were displayed in baths and other public buildings. The majority of the <a href="/wiki/Antioch_mosaics" title="Antioch mosaics">Antioch mosaics</a> are from the fourth and fifth centuries, Antioch's golden age, though others from earlier times have survived as well .<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mosaics depict a variety of images including animals, plants, and mythological beings, as well as scenes from the daily lives of people living in the area at the time. Each mosaic is bordered by intricate designs and contains bold, vibrant colors.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One mosaic includes a border that depicts a walk from Antioch to Daphne, showing many ancient buildings along the way. The mosaics are now displayed in the <a href="/wiki/Hatay_Archaeology_Museum" title="Hatay Archaeology Museum">Hatay Archaeology Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a>. A collection of mosaics on both secular and sacred subjects which were once in churches, private homes, and other public spaces now hang in the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Art_Museum" title="Princeton University Art Museum">Princeton University Art Museum</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and museums of other sponsoring institutions. The non-Islamic coins from the excavations were published by <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_B._Waage" title="Dorothy B. Waage">Dorothy B. Waage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A statue in the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Vatican</a> and a number of figurines and statuettes perpetuate the type of its great patron goddess and civic symbol, the <a href="/wiki/Tyche" title="Tyche">Tyche</a> (Fortune) of Antioch – a majestic seated figure, crowned with the <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">ramparts</a> of Antioch's walls and holding wheat stalks in her right hand, with the river Orontes as a youth swimming under her feet. According to <a href="/wiki/William_Robertson_Smith" title="William Robertson Smith">William Robertson Smith</a> the Tyche of Antioch was originally a young virgin sacrificed at the time of the founding of the city to ensure its continued prosperity and good fortune.<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson_1889_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson_1889-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The northern edge of Antakya has been growing rapidly over recent years, and this construction has begun to expose large portions of the ancient city, which are frequently bulldozed and rarely protected by the local museum. </p><p>In April 2016, archaeologists discovered a Greek <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> showing a skeleton lying down with a wine pitcher and loaf of bread alongside a text that reads: "Be cheerful, enjoy your life", it is reportedly from the third century BC. Described as the "reckless skeleton" or "skeleton mosaic", the mosaic is once thought to have belonged in the dining room of an upper-class home.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antioch&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Judan" title="Abba Judan">Abba Judan</a>, philanthropist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius_of_Antioch" title="Arcadius of Antioch">Arcadius of Antioch</a>, Greek grammarian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepiades_of_Antioch" title="Asclepiades of Antioch">Asclepiades of Antioch</a>, Patriarch of Antioch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barnabas" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Barnabas">Saint Barnabas</a>, one of the prominent <a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Christian disciples</a> in Jerusalem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Domnius" title="Saint Domnius">Saint Domnius</a>, Bishop of Salona and patron saint of <a href="/wiki/Split_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Split (city)">Split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_of_Antioch" title="George of Antioch">George of Antioch</a>, the first to hold the office of <a href="/wiki/Ammiratus_ammiratorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammiratus ammiratorum">ammiratus ammiratorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a>, Patriarch of Antioch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Malalas" title="John Malalas">John Malalas</a>, a Greek chronicler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a>, (349–407) Patriarch of Constantinople</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a>, 4th century AD, pagan sophist and confidant of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Julian" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Julian">Emperor Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Luke" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Luke">Saint Luke</a>, 1st century AD, Christian evangelist and author of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_St._Luke" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel of St. Luke">Gospel of St. Luke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_of_Antioch" title="Severus of Antioch">Severus of Antioch</a>, was the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch" title="Patriarch of Antioch">Patriarch of Antioch</a>, and the head of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Licinius_Archias" title="Aulus Licinius Archias">Aulus Licinius Archias</a>, Greek poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Claudius_Pompeianus" title="Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus">Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus</a>, Roman politician and general</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maron" title="Maron">Saint Maron</a>, Patriarch of the Maronite Church</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antioch&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochene Rite</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Hand_Grenade_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Hand Grenade of Antioch">Holy Hand Grenade of Antioch</a></i> from Monty Python</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">List of Greek place names</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Martyr_of_Antioch" title="The Martyr of Antioch">The Martyr of Antioch</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Antioch" title="Library of Antioch">Library of Antioch</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_sources">References and sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antioch&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References and sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antioch&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου; or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ</span> "Antioch on Daphne"; or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη</span></span> "Antioch the Great"; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Antiochia ad Orontem</i>; <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Անտիոք</span> <i>Antiokʽ</i>; <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐ</span> <i>Anṭiokya</i>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">אנטיוכיה</span>, <i>Anṭiyokhya</i>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أنطاكية</span>, <i>Anṭākiya</i>; <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">انطاکیه</span>; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr"><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a></i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antioch&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSacksOswyn_Murray2005" class="citation book cs1">Sacks, David; Oswyn Murray (2005). Lisa R. Brody (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World</i>. Facts on File Library of World History. Facts on File Inc. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816057221" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816057221"><bdi>978-0816057221</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ancient+Greek+World&rft.series=Facts+on+File+Library+of+World+History&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Facts+on+File+Inc&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0816057221&rft.aulast=Sacks&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Oswyn+Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice2006" class="citation book cs1">Rice, E.E. (2006). "Political History 323–31 BC". In Wilson, Nigel Guy (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece</i>. Routledge. p. 592. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97334-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97334-2"><bdi>978-0-415-97334-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Political+History+323%E2%80%9331+BC&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Greece&rft.pages=592&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97334-2&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=E.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Antioch-modern-and-ancient-city-south-central-Turkey">"Antioch modern and ancient city, south-central Turkey"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=Antioch+modern+and+ancient+city%2C+south-central+Turkey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FAntioch-modern-and-ancient-city-south-central-Turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kloeg, Paul. "Antioch the Great: Population and Economy of Second-Century Antioch." Masters, Leiden University, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/21549">https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/21549</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The mixture of Roman, Greek, and Jewish elements admirably adapted Antioch for the great part it played in the early history of Christianity. The city was the cradle of the church." — "Antioch," <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Biblica" title="Encyclopaedia Biblica">Encyclopaedia Biblica</a></i>, Vol. I, p. 186 (p. 125 of 612 in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabib01cheyuoft">online .pdf file</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/acts/11-26.htm">"Acts 11:26 and when he found him, he brought him back to Antioch. So for a full year they met together with the church and taught large numbers of people. The disciples were first called Christians at Antioch"</a>. biblehub.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acts+11%3A26+and+when+he+found+him%2C+he+brought+him+back+to+Antioch.+So+for+a+full+year+they+met+together+with+the+church+and+taught+large+numbers+of+people.+The+disciples+were+first+called+Christians+at+Antioch&rft.pub=biblehub.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Facts%2F11-26.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERockwell1911130-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911130_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911130_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911130_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911130_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911130_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRockwell1911">Rockwell 1911</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibanius2000" class="citation book cs1">Libanius (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fscXhWwDbusC&pg=PA23"><i>Antioch as a Centre of Hellenic Culture as Observed by Libanius</i></a>. Translated with an introduction by A.F. Norman. Liverpool: <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_University_Press" title="Liverpool University Press">Liverpool University Press</a>. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-595-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-595-8"><bdi>978-0-85323-595-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antioch+as+a+Centre+of+Hellenic+Culture+as+Observed+by+Libanius&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-85323-595-8&rft.au=Libanius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfscXhWwDbusC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebd-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ebd_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebd_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Glanville_Downey" title="Glanville Downey">Glanville Downey</a>, <i>Ancient Antioch</i> (Princeton, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 1963). Available as a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Downey1961Antioch/">PDF File</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblewise.com/bible_study/characters/syrian-pisidian-antioch.php">"Syrian Antioch and Pisidian Antioch"</a>. Bible Wise<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syrian+Antioch+and+Pisidian+Antioch&rft.pub=Bible+Wise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblewise.com%2Fbible_study%2Fcharacters%2Fsyrian-pisidian-antioch.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"s.v. Ἀντιόχεια". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-cgi-bin/search.cgi?db=REAL&search_method=QUERY&login=guest&enlogin=guest&user_list=LIST&page_num=1&searchstr=seleukos&field=any&num_per_page=1"><i>Suda</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=s.v.+%E1%BC%88%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1&rft.btitle=Suda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.uky.edu%2F~raphael%2Fsol%2Fsol-cgi-bin%2Fsearch.cgi%3Fdb%3DREAL%26search_method%3DQUERY%26login%3Dguest%26enlogin%3Dguest%26user_list%3DLIST%26page_num%3D1%26searchstr%3Dseleukos%26field%3Dany%26num_per_page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span> At the Suda On Line project of the Stoa Consortium.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebd2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ebd2_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaston1897" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_George_Easton" title="Matthew George Easton">Easton, Matthew George</a> (1897). "Seleucia". <i><a href="/wiki/Easton%27s_Bible_Dictionary" title="Easton's Bible Dictionary">Easton's Bible Dictionary</a></i> (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seleucia&rft.btitle=Easton%27s+Bible+Dictionary&rft.edition=New+and+revised&rft.pub=T.+Nelson+and+Sons&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Easton&rft.aufirst=Matthew+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Malalas" title="John Malalas">John Malalas</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/translate/malalas.html#199">Book 8, pp.199–202</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DX%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3Dxenaeus-bio-1">A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Xenaeus</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=antiocheia-geo&highlight=xenaeus">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Antiocheia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AncientAntiochPop-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AncientAntiochPop_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AncientAntiochPop_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AncientAntiochPop_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AncientAntiochPop_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AncientAntiochPop_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowney1958" class="citation journal cs1">Downey, Glanville (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/283667">"The Size of the Population of Antioch"</a>. <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association</i>. <b>89</b>: 84–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F283667">10.2307/283667</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/283667">283667</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Proceedings+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=The+Size+of+the+Population+of+Antioch&rft.volume=89&rft.pages=84-91&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F283667&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F283667%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Downey&rft.aufirst=Glanville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F283667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERockwell1911130–131-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911130–131_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRockwell1911">Rockwell 1911</a>, pp. 130–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockwell1911131_19-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRockwell1911">Rockwell 1911</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pro_Archia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro Archia">Pro Archia</a></i>, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Malalas" title="John Malalas">John Malalas</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/translate/malalas.html#207">Book 8, pp. 207–208</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Humphrey1986-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Humphrey1986_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Humphrey1986" class="citation book cs1">John Humphrey (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=couetXBQO9AC&pg=PA446"><i>Roman Circuses: Arenas for Charioteers</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 446–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04921-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04921-5"><bdi>978-0-520-04921-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Circuses%3A+Arenas+for+Charioteers&rft.pages=446-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04921-5&rft.au=John+Humphrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcouetXBQO9AC%26pg%3DPA446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo, 15.7.73 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng2:15.1.73">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dio_Cassius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dio Cassius">Dio Cassius</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/54*.html#9">liv, 9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edwards-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-edwards_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Edwards, Robert W. (2017). "Antioch (Seleukia Pieria)". In Finney, Paul Corby (ed.). <i>The Eerdmans Encyclopedia of Early Christian Art and Archaeology</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 73–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3811-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3811-7"><bdi>978-0-8028-3811-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antioch+%28Seleukia+Pieria%29&rft.btitle=The+Eerdmans+Encyclopedia+of+Early+Christian+Art+and+Archaeology&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=73-74&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3811-7&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Acts 11:19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelikan1974" class="citation book cs1">Pelikan, Jarislov (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lr3ebI4iiwcC&dq=primacy+antioch+peter&pg=PA162"><i>The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Vol. 2: The Spirit of Eastern Christendom (600–1700)</i></a>. Chicago: U of Chicago P. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226653730" title="Special:BookSources/9780226653730"><bdi>9780226653730</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 Dec</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Tradition%3A+A+History+of+the+Development+of+Doctrine%2C+Vol.+2%3A+The+Spirit+of+Eastern+Christendom+%28600%E2%80%931700%29&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=U+of+Chicago+P&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780226653730&rft.aulast=Pelikan&rft.aufirst=Jarislov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLr3ebI4iiwcC%26dq%3Dprimacy%2Bantioch%2Bpeter%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#11:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#11:26" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 11:26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#13:14" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 13:14–50</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelly-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kelly_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1998" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, J. N. D. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t2TNPY3qjlIC&pg=PA2"><i>Golden Mouth: The Story of John Chrysostom – Ascetic, Preacher, Bishop</i></a>. Cornell University Press. pp. 2–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8573-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8573-2"><bdi>978-0-8014-8573-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Golden+Mouth%3A+The+Story+of+John+Chrysostom+%E2%80%93+Ascetic%2C+Preacher%2C+Bishop&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8573-2&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=J.+N.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt2TNPY3qjlIC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.H.M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire, Vol. II 1984 pp. 1040 & 1409 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-3354-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-3354-X">0-8018-3354-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706194336/http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF1-09/npnf1-09-20.htm">"St John Chrysostom's homily on Saint Babylas"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF1-09/npnf1-09-20.htm">the original</a> on 2008-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+John+Chrysostom%27s+homily+on+Saint+Babylas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccel.org%2Ffathers2%2FNPNF1-09%2Fnpnf1-09-20.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, <i>Res Gestae</i>, 22.12.8 – 22.13.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Socrates_of_Constantinople" title="Socrates of Constantinople">Socrates of Constantinople</a>, <i>Historia ecclesiastica</i>, 3.18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ridebatur enim ut Cercops...barbam prae se ferens hircinam.</i> <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus</a> XXII 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030042804/http://www.livius.org/se-sg/seleucia/seleucia_pieria.html">"Seleucia in Pieria, Ancient Warfare Magazine"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/se-sg/seleucia/seleucia_pieria.html">the original</a> on 2013-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seleucia+in+Pieria%2C+Ancient+Warfare+Magazine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fse-sg%2Fseleucia%2Fseleucia_pieria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ngdc1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ngdc1_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Geophysical_Data_Center1972" class="citation web cs1">National Geophysical Data Center (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/134">"Significant Earthquake Information"</a>. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7289%2FV5TD9V7K">10.7289/V5TD9V7K</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Significant+Earthquake+Information&rft.pub=National+Geophysical+Data+Center+%2F+World+Data+Service+%28NGDC%2FWDS%29%3A+NCEI%2FWDS+Global+Significant+Earthquake+Database.+NOAA+National+Centers+for+Environmental+Information&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7289%2FV5TD9V7K&rft.au=National+Geophysical+Data+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngdc.noaa.gov%2Fhazel%2Fview%2Fhazards%2Fearthquake%2Fevent-more-info%2F134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2006" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Hugh N. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XdFqgSBTYeYC&pg=PA185"><i>The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East</i></a>. Variorum Collected Studies. Vol. 860. Ashgate. pp. 185–191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5909-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5909-9"><bdi>978-0-7546-5909-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+and+Early+Islamic+Near+East&rft.series=Variorum+Collected+Studies&rft.pages=185-191&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5909-9&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXdFqgSBTYeYC%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2006" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Hugh N. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XdFqgSBTYeYC"><i>The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5909-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5909-9"><bdi>978-0-7546-5909-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+and+Early+Islamic+Near+East&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5909-9&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXdFqgSBTYeYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1991" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a>, ed. (1991), <i>Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6"><bdi>978-0-19-504652-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504652-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2010" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Hugh (2010). <i>The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In</i>. Orion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780297865599" title="Special:BookSources/9780297865599"><bdi>9780297865599</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Arab+Conquests%3A+How+the+Spread+of+Islam+Changed+the+World+We+Live+In.&rft.pub=Orion&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780297865599&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2022" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Hugh (2022). <i>The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century</i> (4th ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780367366896" title="Special:BookSources/9780367366896"><bdi>9780367366896</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet+and+the+Age+of+the+Caliphates%3A+The+Islamic+Near+East+from+the+Sixth+to+the+Eleventh+Century&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780367366896&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbu2015160–161-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbu2015160–161_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbu2015">Albu 2015</a>, pp. 160–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970154-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970154_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrousset1970">Grousset 1970</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman, <i>A History of the Crusades, Volume 3, The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1955, pp. 326, 354–359</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Byzantine Religious Culture: Studies in Honor of Alice-Mary Talbot</i>, <a href="/wiki/Alice-Mary_Maffry_Talbot" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice-Mary Maffry Talbot">Alice-Mary Maffry Talbot</a>, Denis Sullivan, Elizabeth A. Fisher, Stratis Papaioannou, p. 281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/shorthistoryofan00boucuoft#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>A short history of Antioch, 300 B.C.–A.D. 1268</i></a>. Oxford, Blackwell. 1921<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+Antioch%2C+300+B.C.%E2%80%93A.D.+1268&rft.pub=Oxford%2C+Blackwell&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fshorthistoryofan00boucuoft%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antioch (International Internet Preservation Consortium)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Crusades The War For The Holy Land by Thomas Asbridge p. 114 (p.3) to p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn al-Athir vol. 2, p. 320; Hillenbrand, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UalnoF5MBHMC&q=Antioch">The Crusades: Islamic perspectives</a>, pp. 175–185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A History of the Crusades – Volume II.: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East: 1100–1187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia during the Crusades: The Integration of Cilician Armenians with the Latins (1080–1393).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Usmah Ibn Munqidh (1095–1188): Autobiography: Excerpts on the Franks, c. 1175 CE.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annales_Herbipolenses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annales Herbipolenses (page does not exist)">Annales Herbipolenses</a></i>, s.a. 1147: A Hostile View of the Crusade</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeltecke2006113–114-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeltecke2006113–114_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeltecke2006">Weltecke 2006</a>, pp. 113–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Crusades: A Documentary Survey Brundage</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Les Familles d'Outremer</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">od's War: A New History of the Crusade</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Religious and Military Crusader Orders in Syria in the 12th and 13th Centuries. Amman 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seeing Islam as Others Saw Athanasius II</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Earthquakes in Syria during the Crusades. Cairo 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHosler201864-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHosler201864_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHosler2018">Hosler 2018</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016512-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed2016512_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreed2016">Freed 2016</a>, p. 512.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Axelrod, Alan and Charles L. Phillips, editors. "Encyclopedia of Historical Treaties and Alliances, Vol. 1". Zenda Inc., New York, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolff p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konstam, Historical Atlas of the Crusades, 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Comyn, p. 267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A short history of Antioch, 300 B.C.–A.D. 1268 (1921)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riley-Smith, Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Richard, The Crusades: c. 1071 – c. 1291, pp 423–426</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ghazan resumed his plans against Egypt in 1297: the Franco-Mongol cooperation had thus survived, in spite of the loss of Acre by the Franks, and the conversion of the Persian Mongols to Islam. It was to remain one of the political factors of the policy of the Crusades, until the peace treaty with the Mumluks, which was only signed in 1322 by the khan Abu Said", Jean Richard, p. 468</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108224216/http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2777">"Zahiriyya Madrasa and Mausoleum of Sultan al-Zahir Baybars"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2777">the original</a> on January 8, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zahiriyya+Madrasa+and+Mausoleum+of+Sultan+al-Zahir+Baybars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archnet.org%2Flibrary%2Fsites%2Fone-site.jsp%3Fsite_id%3D2777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Asia/Armenia/_Texts/KURARM/30*.html">New scourge from Egypt</a>, A History of Armenia by Vahan M. Kurkjian</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaud, <i>The History of the Crusades</i>, Vol. 3, p. 18; available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_mAcMAAAAYAAJ">in full at Internet Archive</a>. In a footnote Michaud claims reliance on "the chronicle of Ibn Ferat" (Michaud, Vol. 3, p. 22) for much of the information he has concerning the <i>Mussulmans</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Runciman, op. cit., p. 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2016" class="citation book cs1">Winter, Stefan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Suf-CwAAQBAJ"><i>A History of the 'Alawis: From Medieval Aleppo to the Turkish Republic</i></a>. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691173894" title="Special:BookSources/9780691173894"><bdi>9780691173894</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+%27Alawis%3A+From+Medieval+Aleppo+to+the+Turkish+Republic&rft.place=Princeton+and+Oxford&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780691173894&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSuf-CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornac2019" class="citation book cs1">Cornac, Sylvain (2019). "Antioche sous l'occupation égyptienne (1832–1840) : l'émergence d'un centre de pouvoir militaire et modernisateur". In Winter, Stefan; Ade, Mafalda (eds.). <i>Aleppo and its Hinterland in the Ottoman Period / Alep et sa province à l'époque ottomane</i>. Brill. pp. 152–174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004414006_008">10.1163/9789004414006_008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-37902-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-37902-2"><bdi>978-90-04-37902-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214223544">214223544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antioche+sous+l%27occupation+%C3%A9gyptienne+%281832%E2%80%931840%29+%3A+l%27%C3%A9mergence+d%27un+centre+de+pouvoir+militaire+et+modernisateur&rft.btitle=Aleppo+and+its+Hinterland+in+the+Ottoman+Period+%2F+Alep+et+sa+province+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9poque+ottomane&rft.pages=152-174&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214223544%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004414006_008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-37902-2&rft.aulast=Cornac&rft.aufirst=Sylvain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-destinations.com/turkey/antioch-cave-church-of-peter.htm">"Sacred Destinations"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sacred+Destinations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-destinations.com%2Fturkey%2Fantioch-cave-church-of-peter.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowney1938" class="citation journal cs1">Downey, Glanville (1938). "Personifications of Abstract Ideas in the Antioch Mosaics". <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association</i>. <b>6</b>: 349–363. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F283184">10.2307/283184</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/283184">283184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Proceedings+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=Personifications+of+Abstract+Ideas+in+the+Antioch+Mosaics&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=349-363&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F283184&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F283184%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Downey&rft.aufirst=Glanville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFantReddish2003" class="citation book cs1">Fant, Clyde E.; Reddish, Mitchell G. (2003). <i>A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513918-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513918-1"><bdi>978-0-19-513918-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Biblical+Sites+in+Greece+and+Turkey&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513918-1&rft.aulast=Fant&rft.aufirst=Clyde+E.&rft.au=Reddish%2C+Mitchell+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1981" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Frances F (1981). "Antioch Mosaics in Princeton". <i>Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University</i>. <b>40</b> (2): 2–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3774611">10.2307/3774611</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3774611">3774611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Record+of+the+Art+Museum%2C+Princeton+University&rft.atitle=Antioch+Mosaics+in+Princeton&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=2-26&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3774611&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3774611%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Frances+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButcher2004" class="citation book cs1">Butcher, Kevin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9FlmAAAAMAAJ&q=dorothy+waage"><i>Coinage in Roman Syria: Northern Syria, 64 BC–AD 253</i></a>. Royal Numismatic Society. pp. 2, 362. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901405-58-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901405-58-6"><bdi>978-0-901405-58-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coinage+in+Roman+Syria%3A+Northern+Syria%2C+64+BC%E2%80%93AD+253&rft.pages=2%2C+362&rft.pub=Royal+Numismatic+Society&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-901405-58-6&rft.aulast=Butcher&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9FlmAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Ddorothy%2Bwaage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robertson_1889-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robertson_1889_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1889" class="citation book cs1">Smith, William Robertson (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lecturesonrelig00smit/page/n5/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater&q=antioch"><i>Lectures on the Religion of the Semites</i></a>. University of Cambridge: D. Appleton and Company. p. 356.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lectures+on+the+Religion+of+the+Semites&rft.place=University+of+Cambridge&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William+Robertson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flecturesonrelig00smit%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fref%3Dol%26view%3Dtheater%26q%3Dantioch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/archaeologists-discover-ancient-mosaic-with-message-be-cheerful-enjoy-your-life-a6998346.html">"Archaeologists discovered an ancient mosaic with a wonderful message"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. April 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Archaeologists+discovered+an+ancient+mosaic+with+a+wonderful+message&rft.date=2016-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farchaeologists-discover-ancient-mosaic-with-message-be-cheerful-enjoy-your-life-a6998346.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabah2016" class="citation web cs1">Sabah, Daily (April 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/2016/04/22/2400-year-old-mosaic-found-in-southern-turkey-says-be-cheerful-enjoy-your-life">"2,400 year-old mosaic found in southern Turkey says 'be cheerful, enjoy your life'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Daily Sabah</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Sabah&rft.atitle=2%2C400+year-old+mosaic+found+in+southern+Turkey+says+%27be+cheerful%2C+enjoy+your+life%27&rft.date=2016-04-22&rft.aulast=Sabah&rft.aufirst=Daily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailysabah.com%2Fturkey%2F2016%2F04%2F22%2F2400-year-old-mosaic-found-in-southern-turkey-says-be-cheerful-enjoy-your-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antioch&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbu2015" class="citation book cs1">Albu, Emily (2015). "Antioch and the Normans". In Hurlock, Kathryn; Oldfield, Paul (eds.). <i>Crusading and Pilgrimage in the Norman World</i>. The Boydell Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antioch+and+the+Normans&rft.btitle=Crusading+and+Pilgrimage+in+the+Norman+World&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Albu&rft.aufirst=Emily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, René (1970). <i>The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia</i>. Translated by Walford, Naomi. Rutgers University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes%3A+A+History+of+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Otfried_M%C3%BCller" title="Karl Otfried Müller">Müller, Karl Otfried</a> (1839). <i>Antiquitates Antiochenae</i></li> <li>Freund, Albin (1882). <i>Beiträge zur antiochenischen und zur konstantinopolitanischen Stadtchronik</i></li> <li>R. Forster (1897). in <i>Jahrbuch</i> of Berlin Arch. Institute, xii.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeltecke2006" class="citation book cs1">Weltecke, Dorothea (2006). "On the Syriac Orthodox in the Principality of Antioch during the Crusader Period". In Ciggaar, Krijna Nelly; Metcalf, David Michael (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DO8qTYM71tQC"><i>East and West in the Medieval Eastern Mediterranean: Antioch from the Byzantine Reconquest Until the End of the Crusader Principality</i></a>. Peeters Publishers. pp. 95–124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1735-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1735-4"><bdi>978-90-429-1735-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Syriac+Orthodox+in+the+Principality+of+Antioch+during+the+Crusader+Period&rft.btitle=East+and+West+in+the+Medieval+Eastern+Mediterranean%3A+Antioch+from+the+Byzantine+Reconquest+Until+the+End+of+the+Crusader+Principality&rft.pages=95-124&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-429-1735-4&rft.aulast=Weltecke&rft.aufirst=Dorothea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDO8qTYM71tQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wickert, Ulrich (1999). "Antioch." In <i>The Encyclopedia of Christianity</i>, edited by Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley, 81–82. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802824137" title="Special:BookSources/0802824137">0802824137</a></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRockwell1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rockwell, William Walker (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Antioch" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Antioch">Antioch</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 130–132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antioch&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=130-132&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Rockwell&rft.aufirst=William+Walker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreed2016" class="citation book cs1">Freed, John (2016). <i>Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-122763" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-122763"><bdi>978-0-300-122763</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frederick+Barbarossa%3A+The+Prince+and+the+Myth&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-300-122763&rft.aulast=Freed&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosler2018" class="citation book cs1">Hosler, John D. (2018). <i>The siege of Acre, 1189–1191 : Saladin, Richard the Lionheart, and the battle that decided the Third Crusade</i>. New Haven. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23535-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23535-7"><bdi>978-0-300-23535-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1041140126">1041140126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+siege+of+Acre%2C+1189%E2%80%931191+%3A+Saladin%2C+Richard+the+Lionheart%2C+and+the+battle+that+decided+the+Third+Crusade&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1041140126&rft.isbn=978-0-300-23535-7&rft.aulast=Hosler&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntioch" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite 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.plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Antioch" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Antioch">Antioch</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051230011733/http://www.clevelandart.org/exhibcef/antiochexhib/illusmag/City_Map.jpg">The Ancient City of Antioch</a> Map</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icarus.umkc.edu/sandbox/perseus/pecs/page.316.a.php">Richard Stillwell, ed. <i>Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites</i>, 1976:</a> "Antioch on the Orontes (Antaky), Turkey"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-destinations.com/turkey/antioch.html">Antioch (Antakya)</a> Includes timeline, maps, and photo galleries of Antioch's mosaics and artifacts</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/antakya_museum">Antakya Museum</a> Many photos of the collection in Antakya's museum, in particular Roman mosaics</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libaniusredux.blogspot.com/">Antiochepedia Blog</a> News and information about ancient Antioch</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150222060236/http://www.hatayarkeolojimuzesi.gov.tr/HatayMuzeWeb/flash/main_EN.html">Hatay Archaeology Museum website</a> (mosaics from Antioch)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greece" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Timeline of ancient Greece">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="HistoryGeography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hellenistic/Macedonian_colonies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hellenistic_colonies" title="Template:Hellenistic colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hellenistic_colonies" title="Template talk:Hellenistic colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hellenistic_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hellenistic colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hellenistic/Macedonian_colonies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Hellenistic/<a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_Hermiou" title="Ptolemais Hermiou">Ptolemais Hermiou</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_III_empire_map-es.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alexander_III_empire_map-es.svg/70px-Alexander_III_empire_map-es.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alexander_III_empire_map-es.svg/105px-Alexander_III_empire_map-es.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alexander_III_empire_map-es.svg/140px-Alexander_III_empire_map-es.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="673" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun" title="İskenderun">Alexandretta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apamea,_Syria" title="Apamea, Syria">Apamea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Arachosia" title="Alexandria Arachosia">Alexandria Arachosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ariana" title="Alexandria Ariana">Alexandria Ariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Eschate" title="Alexandria Eschate">Alexandria Eschate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_in_the_Caucasus" title="Alexandria in the Caucasus">Alexandria in the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_on_the_Indus" title="Alexandria on the Indus">Alexandria on the Indus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Prophthasia" title="Alexandria Prophthasia">Alexandria Prophthasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Attalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Laodicea Paralos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Laodicea in Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ala%C5%9Fehir" title="Alaşehir">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia" title="Seleucia">Seleucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Pieria" title="Seleucia Pieria">Seleucia Pieria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serraepolis" title="Serraepolis">Serraepolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigonia_(Paeonia)" title="Antigonia (Paeonia)">Antigonia (Paeonia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandropolis_Maedica" title="Alexandropolis Maedica">Alexandropolis Maedica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Rome_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Rome_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome" title="Outline of ancient Rome">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">historiography of the fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Later Roman Empire">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_litigation" title="Roman litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists <span class="nobold">and other<br />topics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction set in ancient Rome">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" title="List of Roman gentes">Gentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" title="List of Roman laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Magistri equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">Nomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifices maximi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_praetors" title="List of Roman praetors">Praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman quaestors">Quaestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes" title="List of Roman tribunes">Tribunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Roman–Iranian relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">External wars and battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts" title="List of Roman civil wars and revolts">Civil wars and revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_settlements_in_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_settlements_in_Turkey" title="Template:Ancient settlements in Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_settlements_in_Turkey" title="Template talk:Ancient settlements in Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_settlements_in_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient settlements in Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_settlements_in_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_settlements_in_Turkey" title="List of ancient settlements in Turkey">Ancient settlements in Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_region" title="Aegean region">Aegean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbassus" title="Abbassus">Abbassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrostola_(Phrygia)" title="Abrostola (Phrygia)">Abrostola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaion_Limen" title="Achaion Limen">Achaion Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharaca" title="Acharaca">Acharaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acmonia" title="Acmonia">Acmonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrassus" title="Acrassus">Acrassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adramyttium" title="Adramyttium">Adramyttium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agatheira" title="Agatheira">Agatheira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aigai_(Aeolis)" title="Aigai (Aeolis)">Aegae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airai_(Ionia)" title="Airai (Ionia)">Airai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aizanoi" title="Aizanoi">Aizanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabanda" title="Alabanda">Alabanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alia_(Phrygia)" title="Alia (Phrygia)">Alia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alinda" title="Alinda">Alinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allianoi" title="Allianoi">Allianoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almura" title="Almura">Almura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnista" title="Amnista">Amnista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorium" title="Amorium">Amorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(ancient_city)" title="Amos (ancient city)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amynanda" title="Amynanda">Amynanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyzon_(city)" title="Amyzon (city)">Amyzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaua" title="Anaua">Anaua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anineta" title="Anineta">Anineta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaea" title="Annaea">Annaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antandrus" title="Antandrus">Antandrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch_on_the_Maeander" title="Antioch on the Maeander">Antioch on the Maeander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apamea_(Phrygia)" title="Apamea (Phrygia)">Apamea in Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisias" title="Aphrodisias">Aphrodisias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Mysia)" title="Apollonia (Mysia)">Apollonia in Mysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_Salbaces" title="Apollonia Salbaces">Apollonia Salbaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonis_(Lydia)" title="Apollonis (Lydia)">Apollonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonos_Hieron" title="Apollonos Hieron">Apollonos Hieron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appia_(Phrygia)" title="Appia (Phrygia)">Appia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appolena" title="Appolena">Appolena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragokome" title="Aragokome">Aragokome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araukome" title="Araukome">Araukome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadiopolis_in_Asia" title="Arcadiopolis in Asia">Arcadiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arilla_(Lydia)" title="Arilla (Lydia)">Arilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_(Caria)" title="Aroma (Caria)">Aroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspaneus" title="Aspaneus">Aspaneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astragon_(Caria)" title="Astragon (Caria)">Astragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astyra_(Aeolis)" title="Astyra (Aeolis)">Astyra near Adramyttium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astyra_(near_Pergamon)" title="Astyra (near Pergamon)">Astyra near Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astyria" title="Astyria">Astyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarneus" title="Atarneus">Atarneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarneus_sub_Pitanem" title="Atarneus sub Pitanem">Atarneus sub Pitanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attea" title="Attea">Attea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attuda" title="Attuda">Attuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustopolis_in_Phrygia" title="Augustopolis in Phrygia">Augustopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulae_(Caria)" title="Aulae (Caria)">Aulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_Neapolis" title="Aurelia Neapolis">Aurelia Neapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aureliopolis_in_Lydia" title="Aureliopolis in Lydia">Aureliopolis in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurokra" title="Aurokra">Aurokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bageis" title="Bageis">Bageis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargasa" title="Bargasa">Bargasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargasa_(northern_Caria)" title="Bargasa (northern Caria)">Bargasa in northern Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargylia" title="Bargylia">Bargylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beudos" title="Beudos">Beudos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beycesultan" title="Beycesultan">Beycesultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgena" title="Birgena">Birgena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaundus" title="Blaundus">Blaundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonitai" title="Bonitai">Bonitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boukolion" title="Boukolion">Boukolion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boutheia" title="Boutheia">Boutheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briula" title="Briula">Briula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruzus" title="Bruzus">Bruzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bybassus" title="Bybassus">Bybassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadi_(Phrygia)" title="Cadi (Phrygia)">Cadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callipolis_(Caria)" title="Callipolis (Caria)">Callipolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloe" title="Caloe">Caloe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canae" title="Canae">Canae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carene_(Mysia)" title="Carene (Mysia)">Carene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmylessus" title="Carmylessus">Carmylessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carura" title="Carura">Carura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryanda" title="Caryanda">Caryanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castabus" title="Castabus">Castabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casystes" title="Casystes">Casystes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedreae" title="Cedreae">Cedreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celaenae" title="Celaenae">Celaenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramus" title="Ceramus">Ceramus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcetor" title="Chalcetor">Chalcetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choria" title="Choria">Choria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysaoris" title="Chrysaoris">Chrysaoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chytrium" title="Chytrium">Chytrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cidramus" title="Cidramus">Cidramus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cindye" title="Cindye">Cindye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisthene_(Mysia)" title="Cisthene (Mysia)">Cisthene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannuda" title="Clannuda">Clannuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claros" title="Claros">Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colophon_(city)" title="Colophon (city)">Colophon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossae" title="Colossae">Colossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conium_(Phrygia)" title="Conium (Phrygia)">Conium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coryphas" title="Coryphas">Coryphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybeleia" title="Cybeleia">Cybeleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyllandus" title="Cyllandus">Cyllandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyme_(Aeolis)" title="Cyme (Aeolis)">Cyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daldis" title="Daldis">Daldis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dareioukome" title="Dareioukome">Dareioukome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dideiphyta" title="Dideiphyta">Dideiphyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digda" title="Digda">Digda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioclea_(Phrygia)" title="Dioclea (Phrygia)">Dioclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysiopolis" title="Dionysiopolis">Dionysiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dios_Hieron_(Ionia)" title="Dios Hieron (Ionia)">Dios Hieron in Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dios_Hieron_(Lydia)" title="Dios Hieron (Lydia)">Dios Hieron in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioskome" title="Dioskome">Dioskome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docimium" title="Docimium">Docimium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doroukome" title="Doroukome">Doroukome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eibeos" title="Eibeos">Eibeos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiokome" title="Eiokome">Eiokome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaea_(Aeolis)" title="Elaea (Aeolis)">Elaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluza" title="Eluza">Eluza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embatum" title="Embatum">Embatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoddi" title="Emoddi">Emoddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erines" title="Erines">Erines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythrae" title="Erythrae">Erythrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythras_(Ionia)" title="Erythras (Ionia)">Erythras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etsyena" title="Etsyena">Etsyena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euaza" title="Euaza">Euaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukarpia" title="Eukarpia">Eukarpia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euhippe" title="Euhippe">Euhippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumeneia" title="Eumeneia">Eumeneia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromus" title="Euromus">Euromus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenae" title="Euthenae">Euthenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euxine_(Caria)" title="Euxine (Caria)">Euxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrium" title="Gambrium">Gambrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerga" title="Gerga">Gerga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gergitha" title="Gergitha">Gergitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerriadai" title="Gerriadai">Gerriadai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glauke_(Ionia)" title="Glauke (Ionia)">Glauke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gryneium" title="Gryneium">Gryneium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halicarnassus" title="Halicarnassus">Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halisarna" title="Halisarna">Halisarna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpasa" title="Harpasa">Harpasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helos_(Ionia)" title="Helos (Ionia)">Helos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_at_Latmus" title="Heraclea at Latmus">Heraclea at Latmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_(Aeolis)" title="Heraclea (Aeolis)">Heraclea in Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_(Lydia)" title="Heraclea (Lydia)">Heraclea in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Salbace" title="Heraclea Salbace">Heraclea Salbace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermocapelia" title="Hermocapelia">Hermocapelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierapolis" title="Hierapolis">Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierapolis_(Phrygian_Pentapolis)" title="Hierapolis (Phrygian Pentapolis)">Hieropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierocaesarea" title="Hierocaesarea">Hierocaesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homadena" title="Homadena">Homadena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydai" title="Hydai">Hydai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydas" title="Hydas">Hydas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydissus" title="Hydissus">Hydissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygassos" title="Hygassos">Hygassos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyllarima" title="Hyllarima">Hyllarima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypaepa" title="Hypaepa">Hypaepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypokremnos" title="Hypokremnos">Hypokremnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrcanis_(Lydia)" title="Hyrcanis (Lydia)">Hyrcanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iasos" title="Iasos">Iasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaza" title="Iaza">Iaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idyma" title="Idyma">Idyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioniapolis" title="Ioniapolis">Ioniapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioudda" title="Ioudda">Ioudda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipsus" title="Ipsus">Ipsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isindus" title="Isindus">Isinda in Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskome" title="Iskome">Iskome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadyie" title="Kadyie">Kadyie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaira_(Lydia)" title="Kaira (Lydia)">Kaira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabantia" title="Kalabantia">Kalabantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasara_(Caria)" title="Kasara (Caria)">Kasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasossos" title="Kasossos">Kasossos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaualena" title="Kaualena">Kaualena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunos" title="Kaunos">Kaunos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaymak%C3%A7%C4%B1_Tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaymakçı Tepe">Kaymakçı Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilaraza" title="Kilaraza">Kilaraza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildara" title="Kildara">Kildara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klazomenai" title="Klazomenai">Klazomenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleimaka" title="Kleimaka">Kleimaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleros_Politike" title="Kleros Politike">Kleros Politike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knidos" title="Knidos">Knidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koddinou_Petra" title="Koddinou Petra">Koddinou Petra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koraia" title="Koraia">Koraia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korakoe" title="Korakoe">Korakoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koresa" title="Koresa">Koresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kouara" title="Kouara">Kouara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyllene_(Aeolis)" title="Kyllene (Aeolis)">Kyllene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kymnissa" title="Kymnissa">Kymnissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kys_(Caria)" title="Kys (Caria)">Kys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labraunda" title="Labraunda">Labraunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagina" title="Lagina">Lagina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalandos" title="Lalandos">Lalandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamyana" title="Lamyana">Lamyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lankena" title="Lankena">Lankena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_on_the_Lycus" title="Laodicea on the Lycus">Laodicea on the Lycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larisa_(Caria)" title="Larisa (Caria)">Larisa in Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larisa_(Ionia)" title="Larisa (Ionia)">Larisa in Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larisa_(Lydia)" title="Larisa (Lydia)">Larisa in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa_Phrikonis" title="Larissa Phrikonis">Larissa Phrikonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larymna_(Caria)" title="Larymna (Caria)">Larymna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasnedda" title="Lasnedda">Lasnedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latmus_(town)" title="Latmus (town)">Latmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebedus" title="Lebedus">Lebedus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leimon" title="Leimon">Leimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucae_(Ionia)" title="Leucae (Ionia)">Leucae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucophrys" title="Leucophrys">Leucophrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limantepe" title="Limantepe">Limantepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobolda" title="Lobolda">Lobolda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loryma" title="Loryma">Loryma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunda_(Asia_Minor)" title="Lunda (Asia Minor)">Lunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydae" title="Lydae">Lydae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrna" title="Lyrna">Lyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysimachia_(Mysia)" title="Lysimachia (Mysia)">Lysimachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madnasa" title="Madnasa">Madnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeandropolis" title="Maeandropolis">Maeandropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesia_ad_Sipylum" title="Magnesia ad Sipylum">Magnesia ad Sipylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesia_on_the_Maeander" title="Magnesia on the Maeander">Magnesia on the Maeander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiboza" title="Maiboza">Maiboza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maionia_in_Lydia" title="Maionia in Lydia">Maionia in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malene" title="Malene">Malene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathesium" title="Marathesium">Marathesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastaura_(Caria)" title="Mastaura (Caria)">Mastaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiros" title="Meiros">Meiros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiros_Megale" title="Meiros Megale">Meiros Megale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melampagos" title="Melampagos">Melampagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meloukome" title="Meloukome">Meloukome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(Anatolia)" title="Metropolis (Anatolia)">Metropolis in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(southern_Phrygia)" title="Metropolis (southern Phrygia)">Metropolis in southern Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milas" title="Milas">Mylasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobolla" title="Mobolla">Mobolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokolda" title="Mokolda">Mokolda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossyna" title="Mossyna">Mossyna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostene" title="Mostene">Mostene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motella" title="Motella">Motella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myloukome" title="Myloukome">Myloukome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myndus" title="Myndus">Myndus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrina_(Aeolis)" title="Myrina (Aeolis)">Myrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myus" title="Myus">Myus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nais_(Lydia)" title="Nais (Lydia)">Nais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasos" title="Nasos">Nasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naulochon" title="Naulochon">Naulochon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naulochus_(Ionia)" title="Naulochus (Ionia)">Naulochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxia_(Caria)" title="Naxia (Caria)">Naxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolis_(Caria)" title="Neapolis (Caria)">Neapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonteichos" title="Neonteichos">Neonteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisyra" title="Nisyra">Nisyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notion_(ancient_city)" title="Notion (ancient city)">Notion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Caria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nymphaeum (Caria)">Nymphaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nysa_on_the_Maeander" title="Nysa on the Maeander">Nysa on the Maeander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odon_(Lydia)" title="Odon (Lydia)">Odon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenoanda" title="Oenoanda">Oenoanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaeis" title="Olaeis">Olaeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olymos" title="Olymos">Olymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroanna" title="Oroanna">Oroanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthosia_(Caria)" title="Orthosia (Caria)">Orthoisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortygia_(Ionia)" title="Ortygia (Ionia)">Ortygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrus" title="Otrus">Otrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaemyndus" title="Palaemyndus">Palaemyndus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeopolis_(Lydia)" title="Palaeopolis (Lydia)">Palaeopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panasion" title="Panasion">Panasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panormus_(Caria)" title="Panormus (Caria)">Panormus near Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panormus_(Halicarnassus)" title="Panormus (Halicarnassus)">Panormus near Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsada" title="Parsada">Parsada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenium_(Mysia)" title="Parthenium (Mysia)">Parthenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passala" title="Passala">Passala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passanda" title="Passanda">Passanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedasa" title="Pedasa">Pedasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltae" title="Peltae">Peltae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepuza" title="Pepuza">Pepuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perperene" title="Perperene">Perperene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_(Lydia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia (Lydia)">Philadelphia in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocaea" title="Phocaea">Phocaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(Caria)" title="Phoenix (Caria)">Phoenix in Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmaris" title="Marmaris">Physcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyteia" title="Phyteia">Phyteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidasa" title="Pidasa">Pidasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinara" title="Pinara">Pinara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisilis" title="Pisilis">Pisilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisye" title="Pisye">Pisye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitane_(Aeolis)" title="Pitane (Aeolis)">Pitane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pladasa" title="Pladasa">Pladasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plarasa" title="Plarasa">Plarasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polichna_(Ionia)" title="Polichna (Ionia)">Polichna in Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polichne_(Ionia)" title="Polichne (Ionia)">Polichne in Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybotus" title="Polybotus">Polybotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pordoselene" title="Pordoselene">Pordoselene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priene" title="Priene">Priene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prymnessus" title="Prymnessus">Prymnessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteleum_(Ionia)" title="Pteleum (Ionia)">Pteleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pydnae" title="Pydnae">Pydnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygela" title="Pygela">Pygela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrnus_(Caria)" title="Pyrnus (Caria)">Pyrnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrha_(Caria)" title="Pyrrha (Caria)">Pyrrha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saouenda" title="Saouenda">Saouenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satala_in_Lydia" title="Satala in Lydia">Satala in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebaste_(Phrygia)" title="Sebaste (Phrygia)">Sebaste in Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastopolis_(Caria)" title="Sebastopolis (Caria)">Sebastopolis in Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setae_(Lydia)" title="Setae (Lydia)">Setae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_(Caria)" title="Side (Caria)">Side in Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidussa" title="Sidussa">Sidussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silandus" title="Silandus">Silandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sillyos" title="Sillyos">Sillyos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sion_(Asia_Minor)" title="Sion (Asia Minor)">Sion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skolopoeis" title="Skolopoeis">Skolopoeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soa_(Phrygia)" title="Soa (Phrygia)">Soa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore_(Phrygia)" title="Spore (Phrygia)">Spore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadia_(Caria)" title="Stadia (Caria)">Stadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stectorium" title="Stectorium">Stectorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratonicea_(Lydia)" title="Stratonicea (Lydia)">Stratonicea in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratonicea_(Caria)" title="Stratonicea (Caria)">Stratonicea in Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strobilos" title="Strobilos">Strobilos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syangela" title="Syangela">Syangela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbra" title="Symbra">Symbra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Synaus">Synaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syneta_(Caria)" title="Syneta (Caria)">Syneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synnada" title="Synnada">Synnada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrna_(Caria)" title="Syrna (Caria)">Syrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabae" title="Tabae">Tabae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabala_(Lydia)" title="Tabala (Lydia)">Tabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tateikome" title="Tateikome">Tateikome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taza_(Lydia)" title="Taza (Lydia)">Taza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teichiussa" title="Teichiussa">Teichiussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telandrus" title="Telandrus">Telandrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temenothyra" title="Temenothyra">Temenothyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temnos" title="Temnos">Temnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempsis" title="Tempsis">Tempsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendeba" title="Tendeba">Tendeba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teos" title="Teos">Teos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termera" title="Termera">Termera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuthrania" title="Teuthrania">Teuthrania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thasthara" title="Thasthara">Thasthara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theangela" title="Theangela">Theangela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebe_Hypoplakia" title="Thebe Hypoplakia">Thebe Hypoplakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes_(Ionia)" title="Thebes (Ionia)">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thera_(Caria)" title="Thera (Caria)">Thera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyaira" title="Thyaira">Thyaira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyatira" title="Thyatira">Thyatira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymbrara" title="Thymbrara">Thymbrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyssanus" title="Thyssanus">Thyssanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisna" title="Tisna">Tisna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlos_(Caria)" title="Tlos (Caria)">Tlos in Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomara_(Lydia)" title="Tomara (Lydia)">Tomara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traianopolis_(Phrygia)" title="Traianopolis (Phrygia)">Traianopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapezopolis" title="Trapezopolis">Trapezopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trarium" title="Trarium">Trarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triopium" title="Triopium">Triopium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_on_the_Meander" title="Tripolis on the Meander">Tripolis on the Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troketta" title="Troketta">Troketta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyanollos" title="Tyanollos">Tyanollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tymion" title="Tymion">Tymion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tymnos" title="Tymnos">Tymnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ula_(Caria)" title="Ula (Caria)">Ula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_(Caria)" title="Uranium (Caria)">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemmeana" title="Zemmeana">Zemmeana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zingotos_Kome" title="Zingotos Kome">Zingotos Kome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_region" title="Black Sea region">Black Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegialus" title="Aegialus">Aegialus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiginetes" title="Aiginetes">Aiginetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaca_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Alaca Höyük">Alaca Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasya" title="Amasya">Amasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Amastris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancon_(Pontus)" title="Ancon (Pontus)">Ancon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticinolis" title="Anticinolis">Anticinolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyria_(Pontus)" title="Argyria (Pontus)">Argyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armene" title="Armene">Armene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenae_(Pontus)" title="Athenae (Pontus)">Athenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berissa" title="Berissa">Berissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonita_(Paphlagonia)" title="Bonita (Paphlagonia)">Bonita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boon_(Pontus)" title="Boon (Pontus)">Boon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabira" title="Cabira">Cabira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cales_(Bithynia)" title="Cales (Bithynia)">Cales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callistratia" title="Callistratia">Callistratia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carambis" title="Carambis">Carambis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carissa_(Galatia)" title="Carissa (Galatia)">Carissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carussa" title="Carussa">Carussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerasus_(near_Trapezus)" title="Cerasus (near Trapezus)">Cerasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadisia" title="Chadisia">Chadisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinolis" title="Cinolis">Cinolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cizari" title="Cizari">Cizari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_in_Armenia" title="Colonia in Armenia">Colonia in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colussa" title="Colussa">Colussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comana_Pontica" title="Comana Pontica">Comana in the Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coralla" title="Coralla">Coralla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordyle" title="Cordyle">Cordyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cratia_(Bithynia)" title="Cratia (Bithynia)">Cratia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crenides_(Bithynia)" title="Crenides (Bithynia)">Crenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromen" title="Cromen">Cromen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromna_(Paphlagonia)" title="Cromna (Paphlagonia)">Cromna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyptasia" title="Cyptasia">Cyptasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dia_(Bithynia)" title="Dia (Bithynia)">Dia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacopa" title="Diacopa">Diacopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeus_(Bithynia)" title="Elaeus (Bithynia)">Elaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeira" title="Endeira">Endeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythini" title="Erythini">Erythini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchaita" title="Euchaita">Euchaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusene" title="Eusene">Eusene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadilon" title="Gadilon">Gadilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garius" title="Garius">Garius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garzoubanthon" title="Garzoubanthon">Garzoubanthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaziura" title="Gaziura">Gaziura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozalena" title="Gozalena">Gozalena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrianopolis_in_Paphlagonia" title="Hadrianopolis in Paphlagonia">Hadrianopolis in Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea Pontica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleium_(Pontus)" title="Heracleium (Pontus)">Heracleium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermonassa_(Pontus)" title="Hermonassa (Pontus)">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieron_Oros" title="Hieron Oros">Hieron Oros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyindede_Tepe" title="Hüseyindede Tepe">Hüseyindede Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyssus" title="Hyssus">Hyssus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibora" title="Ibora">Ibora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischopolis" title="Ischopolis">Ischopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karza" title="Karza">Karza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelesa" title="Kelesa">Kelesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimista" title="Kimista">Kimista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladik" title="Ladik">Laodicea Pontica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libiopolis" title="Libiopolis">Libiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillium" title="Lillium">Lillium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroon_(Bithynia)" title="Metroon (Bithynia)">Metroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokata" title="Mokata">Mokata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naustathmus_(Pontus)" title="Naustathmus (Pontus)">Naustathmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerik" title="Nerik">Nerik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicopolis_(Armenia)" title="Nicopolis (Armenia)">Nicopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophis_(Pontus)" title="Ophis (Pontus)">Ophis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxinas" title="Oxinas">Oxinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patara_(Cappadocia)" title="Patara (Cappadocia)">Patara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Pharnacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phazemon" title="Phazemon">Phazemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocaleia" title="Philocaleia">Philocaleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pida_(Pontus)" title="Pida (Pontus)">Pida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimolisa" title="Pimolisa">Pimolisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeiopolis" title="Pompeiopolis">Pompeiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potami_(Paphlagonia)" title="Potami (Paphlagonia)">Potami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prusias_ad_Hypium" title="Prusias ad Hypium">Prusias ad Hypium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteria_(Paphlagonia)" title="Pteria (Paphlagonia)">Pteria in Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salatiwara" title="Salatiwara">Salatiwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuha">Samuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandaraca" title="Sandaraca">Sandaraca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapinuwa" title="Sapinuwa">Sapinuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satala" title="Satala">Satala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurania" title="Saurania">Saurania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulusaray" title="Sulusaray">Sebastopolis in Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephane_(Paphlagonia)" title="Stephane (Paphlagonia)">Stephane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syderos" title="Syderos">Syderos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themiscyra_(Pontus)" title="Themiscyra (Pontus)">Themiscyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymena" title="Thymena">Thymena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timolaeum" title="Timolaeum">Timolaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virasia" title="Virasia">Virasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1kaya" title="Yazılıkaya">Yazılıkaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagorus" title="Zagorus">Zagorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyrium_(Paphlagonia)" title="Zephyrium (Paphlagonia)">Zephyrium in Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziporea" title="Ziporea">Ziporea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_region" title="Central Anatolia region">Central Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abouadeineita" title="Abouadeineita">Abouadeineita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali%C5%9Far_H%C3%BCy%C3%BCk" title="Alişar Hüyük">Alişar Hüyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amblada" title="Amblada">Amblada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadynata" title="Anadynata">Anadynata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beypazar%C4%B1" title="Beypazarı">Anastasiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andabalis" title="Andabalis">Andabalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisa" title="Anisa">Anisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anniaca" title="Anniaca">Anniaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoniopolis_(Paphlagonia)" title="Antoniopolis (Paphlagonia)">Antoniopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzoulada" title="Anzoulada">Anzoulada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquae_Saravenae" title="Aquae Saravenae">Aquae Saravenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralla" title="Aralla">Aralla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arasaxa" title="Arasaxa">Arasaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archalla" title="Archalla">Archalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardistama" title="Ardistama">Ardistama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariaramneia" title="Ariaramneia">Ariaramneia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathia" title="Ariarathia">Ariarathia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armaxa" title="Armaxa">Armaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artiknos" title="Artiknos">Artiknos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspenzinsos" title="Aspenzinsos">Aspenzinsos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_(Isauria)" title="Astra (Isauria)">Astra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atenia_(Pisidia)" title="Atenia (Pisidia)">Atenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbissa" title="Balbissa">Balbissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balgatia" title="Balgatia">Balgatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barate" title="Barate">Barate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathys_Rhyax" title="Bathys Rhyax">Bathys Rhyax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binbirkilise" title="Binbirkilise">Binbirkilise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blucium" title="Blucium">Blucium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borissos" title="Borissos">Borissos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campae" title="Campae">Campae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camuliana" title="Camuliana">Camuliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candara_(Paphlagonia)" title="Candara (Paphlagonia)">Candara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus_Vicus" title="Carus Vicus">Carus Vicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimiata" title="Cimiata">Cimiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciscissus" title="Ciscissus">Ciscissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinna_(Galatia)" title="Cinna (Galatia)">Cinna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claneus" title="Claneus">Claneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitanassus" title="Comitanassus">Comitanassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congustus" title="Congustus">Congustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corna_(Lycaonia)" title="Corna (Lycaonia)">Corna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corniaspa" title="Corniaspa">Corniaspa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coropassus" title="Coropassus">Coropassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotenna" title="Cotenna">Cotenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybistra" title="Cybistra">Cybistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyzistra" title="Cyzistra">Cyzistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadastana" title="Dadastana">Dadastana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasmenda" title="Dasmenda">Dasmenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbe" title="Derbe">Derbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocaesarea_(Cappadocia)" title="Diocaesarea (Cappadocia)">Diocaesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doara" title="Doara">Doara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dometiopolis" title="Dometiopolis">Dometiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorylaeum" title="Dorylaeum">Dorylaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecdaumava" title="Ecdaumava">Ecdaumava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecobriga" title="Ecobriga">Ecobriga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergobrotis" title="Ergobrotis">Ergobrotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euaissa" title="Euaissa">Euaissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudocia_(Cappadocia)" title="Eudocia (Cappadocia)">Eudocia (Cappadocia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudocia_(Phrygia)" title="Eudocia (Phrygia)">Eudocia (Phrygia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulepa" title="Eulepa">Eulepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustinopolis" title="Faustinopolis">Faustinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germa_(Galatia)" title="Germa (Galatia)">Germa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorbeus" title="Gorbeus">Gorbeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordium">Gordium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrianopolis_(Phrygia)" title="Hadrianopolis (Phrygia)">Hadrianopolis in Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Cybistra" title="Heraclea Cybistra">Heraclea Cybistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpha" title="Herpha">Herpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieropotamon" title="Hieropotamon">Hieropotamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homana" title="Homana">Homana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_(Cappadocia)" title="Hyde (Cappadocia)">Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilistra" title="Ilistra">Ilistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenopolis_(Isauria)" title="Irenopolis (Isauria)">Irenopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isauropolis" title="Isauropolis">Isauropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliopolis" title="Juliopolis">Juliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaman-Kaleh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Kaman-Kalehöyük">Kaman-Kalehöyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanotala" title="Kanotala">Kanotala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbala_(Cappadocia)" title="Karbala (Cappadocia)">Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keissia" title="Keissia">Keissia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerkenes" title="Kerkenes">Kerkenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilistra" title="Kilistra">Kilistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindyria" title="Kindyria">Kindyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobara" title="Kobara">Kobara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodylessos" title="Kodylessos">Kodylessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korama" title="Korama">Korama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koron_(Cappadocia)" title="Koron (Cappadocia)">Koron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe" title="Kültepe">Kültepe</a> (Kanesh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lageina" title="Lageina">Lageina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamatorma" title="Lamatorma">Lamatorma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_Combusta" title="Laodicea Combusta">Laodicea Combusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laroumada" title="Laroumada">Laroumada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauzadus" title="Lauzadus">Lauzadus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnae_(Cappadocia)" title="Limnae (Cappadocia)">Limnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lystra" title="Lystra">Lystra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malandasa" title="Malandasa">Malandasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_(Galatia)" title="Malus (Galatia)">Malus in Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_(Phrygia)" title="Malus (Phrygia)">Malus in Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melo%C3%AB_(Isauria)" title="Meloë (Isauria)">Meloë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(northern_Phrygia)" title="Metropolis (northern Phrygia)">Metropolis in northern Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midaeium" title="Midaeium">Midaeium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistea" title="Mistea">Mistea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnizus" title="Mnizus">Mnizus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokissos" title="Mokissos">Mokissos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourisa" title="Mourisa">Mourisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moutalaske" title="Moutalaske">Moutalaske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musbanda" title="Musbanda">Musbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrika" title="Myrika">Myrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakoleia" title="Nakoleia">Nakoleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazianzus" title="Nazianzus">Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitazi" title="Nitazi">Nitazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_(Cappadocia)" title="Nora (Cappadocia)">Nora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyssa_(Cappadocia)" title="Nyssa (Cappadocia)">Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochras" title="Ochras">Ochras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olosada" title="Olosada">Olosada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcistus" title="Orcistus">Orcistus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papirion" title="Papirion">Papirion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parnassus_(Cappadocia)" title="Parnassus (Cappadocia)">Parnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedachto%C3%AB" title="Pedachtoë">Pedachtoë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedaia" title="Pedaia">Pedaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peium" title="Peium">Peium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perta_(Lycaonia)" title="Perta (Lycaonia)">Perta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessinus" title="Pessinus">Pessinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharax" title="Pharax">Pharax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlara" title="Phlara">Phlara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillitokome" title="Pillitokome">Pillitokome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pissia" title="Pissia">Pissia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pithoi_(Lycaonia)" title="Pithoi (Lycaonia)">Pithoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontanena" title="Pontanena">Pontanena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posala" title="Posala">Posala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteria_(Cappadocia)" title="Pteria (Cappadocia)">Pteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushanda" title="Purushanda">Purushanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrgoi_(Lycaonia)" title="Pyrgoi (Lycaonia)">Pyrgoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadagolthina" title="Sadagolthina">Sadagolthina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamboreia" title="Salamboreia">Salamboreia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salarama" title="Salarama">Salarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasima" title="Sasima">Sasima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savatra" title="Savatra">Savatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sbida" title="Sbida">Sbida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedasa" title="Sedasa">Sedasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senzousa" title="Senzousa">Senzousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sereana" title="Sereana">Sereana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibora" title="Sibora">Sibora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidamaria" title="Sidamaria">Sidamaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandos" title="Skandos">Skandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanda" title="Soanda">Soanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soandos" title="Soandos">Soandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_(Anatolia)" title="Sora (Anatolia)">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takourtha" title="Takourtha">Takourtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavium" title="Tavium">Tavium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebasa" title="Thebasa">Thebasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thouththourbia" title="Thouththourbia">Thouththourbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberiopolis" title="Tiberiopolis">Tiberiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trocmades" title="Trocmades">Trocmades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyana" title="Tyana">Tyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynna" title="Tynna">Tynna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyriaeum" title="Tyriaeum">Tyriaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasada" title="Vasada">Vasada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verinopolis" title="Verinopolis">Verinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeita_(Anatolia)" title="Zeita (Anatolia)">Zeita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zizima" title="Zizima">Zizima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_region" title="Eastern Anatolia region">Eastern Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt%C4%B1ntepe" title="Altıntepe">Altıntepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ani" title="Ani">Ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsamosata" title="Arsamosata">Arsamosata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafer_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Cafer Höyük">Cafer Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camachus" title="Camachus">Camachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citharizum" title="Citharizum">Citharizum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadima" title="Dadima">Dadima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinianopolis_in_Armenia" title="Justinianopolis in Armenia">Justinianopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melid" class="mw-redirect" title="Melid">Melid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugunia" title="Sugunia">Sugunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Theodosiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tushpa" title="Tushpa">Tushpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marmara_region" title="Marmara region">Marmara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abarnis" title="Abarnis">Abarnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abydos_(Hellespont)" title="Abydos (Hellespont)">Abydos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaiion" title="Achaiion">Achaiion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilleion_(Troad)" title="Achilleion (Troad)">Achilleion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Statuas_(Thrace)" title="Ad Statuas (Thrace)">Ad Statuas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrasteia_(Mysia)" title="Adrasteia (Mysia)">Adrasteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegospotami" title="Aegospotami">Aegospotami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agora_(Thrace)" title="Agora (Thrace)">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aianteion_(Thrace)" title="Aianteion (Thrace)">Aianteion in Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aianteion_(Troad)" title="Aianteion (Troad)">Aianteion in the Troad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enez" title="Enez">Ainos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Troas" title="Alexandria Troas">Alexandria Troas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alopeconnesus" title="Alopeconnesus">Alopeconnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammoi" title="Ammoi">Ammoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amycus_(Bithynia)" title="Amycus (Bithynia)">Amycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaplous" title="Anaplous">Anaplous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apamea_Myrlea" title="Apamea Myrlea">Apamea Myrlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisias_(Thrace)" title="Aphrodisias (Thrace)">Aphrodisias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_ad_Rhyndacum" title="Apollonia ad Rhyndacum">Apollonia on the Rhyndacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aprus_(Thrace)" title="Aprus (Thrace)">Aprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsoda" title="Apsoda">Apsoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeila" title="Arbeila">Arbeila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argiza" title="Argiza">Argiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyria_(Troad)" title="Argyria (Troad)">Argyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyronion" title="Argyronion">Argyronion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyropolis_(Thrace)" title="Argyropolis (Thrace)">Argyropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arisba" title="Arisba">Arisba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artace_(Mysia)" title="Artace (Mysia)">Artace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaiouteichos" title="Artaiouteichos">Artaiouteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artanes_(Bithynia)" title="Artanes (Bithynia)">Artanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assos" title="Assos">Assos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astacus_(Bithynia)" title="Astacus (Bithynia)">Astacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astyra_(Troad)" title="Astyra (Troad)">Astyra in Troad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athyras" title="Athyras">Athyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aureliane" title="Aureliane">Aureliane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aureliopolis_in_Asia" title="Aureliopolis in Asia">Aureliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baradendromia" title="Baradendromia">Baradendromia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baris_in_Hellesponto" title="Baris in Hellesponto">Baris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Therma_(Bithynia)" title="Basilica Therma (Bithynia)">Basilica Therma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilinopolis" title="Basilinopolis">Basilinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathonea" title="Bathonea">Bathonea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathys_Limen" title="Bathys Limen">Bathys Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beodizo" title="Beodizo">Beodizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergule" title="Bergule">Bergule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birytis" title="Birytis">Birytis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisanthe" title="Bisanthe">Bisanthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitenas" title="Bitenas">Bitenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynium" title="Bithynium">Bithynium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blachernae" title="Blachernae">Blachernae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolos_(Thrace)" title="Bolos (Thrace)">Bolos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boradion" title="Boradion">Boradion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunca_(Bithynia)" title="Brunca (Bithynia)">Brunca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burtudizon" title="Burtudizon">Burtudizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bythias" class="mw-redirect" title="Bythias">Bythias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzapena" title="Byzapena">Byzapena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caenophrurium" title="Caenophrurium">Caenophrurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callum_(Thrace)" title="Callum (Thrace)">Callum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calpe_(Bithynia)" title="Calpe (Bithynia)">Calpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopus_(Thrace)" title="Canopus (Thrace)">Canopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardia_(Thrace)" title="Cardia (Thrace)">Cardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebrene" title="Cebrene">Cebrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenchreae_(Troad)" title="Cenchreae (Troad)">Cenchreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenon_Gallicanon" title="Cenon Gallicanon">Cenon Gallicanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcaea" title="Chalcaea">Chalcaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon" title="Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax_(Bithynia)" title="Charax (Bithynia)">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmidea" title="Charmidea">Charmidea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelae_(Bithynia)" title="Chelae (Bithynia)">Chelae on the Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelae_(Bosphorus)" title="Chelae (Bosphorus)">Chelae on the Asian coast of the Bosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelae_(Thrace)" title="Chelae (Thrace)">Chelae on the European coast of the Bosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choiragria" title="Choiragria">Choiragria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chryse_(Troad)" title="Chryse (Troad)">Chryse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar" title="Üsküdar">Chrysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cius" title="Cius">Cius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitae_(Bithynia)" title="Clitae (Bithynia)">Clitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobrys" title="Cobrys">Cobrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocylium" title="Cocylium">Cocylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colla_(Thrace)" title="Colla (Thrace)">Colla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonae_(Hellespont)" title="Colonae (Hellespont)">Colonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremaste" title="Cremaste">Cremaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crenides_(Bithynia)" title="Crenides (Bithynia)">Crenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cressa_(Thrace)" title="Cressa (Thrace)">Cressa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crithote_(Thrace)" title="Crithote (Thrace)">Crithote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypasis" title="Cypasis">Cypasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypsela_(Thrace)" title="Cypsela (Thrace)">Cypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyzicus" title="Cyzicus">Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadokome" title="Dadokome">Dadokome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacibyza" title="Dacibyza">Dacibyza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damalis" title="Damalis">Damalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphne_Mainomene" title="Daphne Mainomene">Daphne Mainomene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphnus_(Bithynia)" title="Daphnus (Bithynia)">Daphnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanus_(city)" title="Dardanus (city)">Dardanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dascylium" title="Dascylium">Dascylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dascylium_(Bithynia)" title="Dascylium (Bithynia)">Dascylium in Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekaton_(Bithynia)" title="Dekaton (Bithynia)">Dekaton in Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekaton_(Thrace)" title="Dekaton (Thrace)">Dekaton in Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delkos" title="Delkos">Delkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphin_(Thrace)" title="Delphin (Thrace)">Delphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deris_(Thrace)" title="Deris (Thrace)">Deris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desa_(Bithynia)" title="Desa (Bithynia)">Desa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didymateiche" title="Didymateiche">Didymateiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diolkides" title="Diolkides">Diolkides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drabus" title="Drabus">Drabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drizipara" title="Drizipara">Drizipara/Drusipara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eirakla" title="Eirakla">Eirakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaea_(Bithynia)" title="Elaea (Bithynia)">Elaea in Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeus" title="Elaeus">Elaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elekosmioi" title="Elekosmioi">Elekosmioi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embolos" title="Embolos">Embolos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergasteria" title="Ergasteria">Ergasteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eribolum" title="Eribolum">Eribolum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargara" title="Gargara">Gargara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentinos" title="Gentinos">Gentinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gergis_(Troad)" title="Gergis (Troad)">Gergis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germa_(Mysia)" title="Germa (Mysia)">Germa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanicopolis_(Bithynia)" title="Germanicopolis (Bithynia)">Germanicopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadriani_ad_Olympum" title="Hadriani ad Olympum">Hadriani ad Olympum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadriania_(Mysia)" title="Hadriania (Mysia)">Hadriania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrianotherae" title="Hadrianotherae">Hadrianotherae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C5%9Faliman%C4%B1" title="Paşalimanı">Halone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamaxitus" title="Hamaxitus">Hamaxitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpagion" title="Harpagion">Harpagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bak%C4%B1rk%C3%B6y" title="Bakırköy">Hebdomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenopolis_(Bithynia)" title="Helenopolis (Bithynia)">Helenopolis/Drepanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleium_(Bithynia)" title="Heracleium (Bithynia)">Heracleium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaion" title="Hermaion">Hermaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieria" title="Hieria">Hieria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierion" title="Hierion">Hierion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iasonion" title="Iasonion">Iasonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ide_(Thracian_Chersonese)" title="Ide (Thracian Chersonese)">Ide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilieon_Kome" title="Ilieon Kome">Ilieon Kome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabia" title="Kabia">Kabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamos_(Thrace)" title="Kalamos (Thrace)">Kalamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasyrta" title="Kalasyrta">Kalasyrta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_Peuke" title="Kale Peuke">Kale Peuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Agros" title="Kalos Agros">Kalos Agros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampos_(Thrace)" title="Kampos (Thrace)">Kampos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassa_(Bithynia)" title="Kassa (Bithynia)">Kassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katapaspanas" title="Katapaspanas">Katapaspanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepos" title="Kepos">Kepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizoura" title="Kizoura">Kizoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koila_(Thrace)" title="Koila (Thrace)">Koila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolonai" title="Kolonai">Kolonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosilaos" title="Kosilaos">Kosilaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koubaita" title="Koubaita">Koubaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyparodes" title="Kyparodes">Kyparodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kypra" title="Kypra">Kypra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamponeia" title="Lamponeia">Lamponeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampsacus" title="Lampsacus">Lampsacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larisa_(Troad)" title="Larisa (Troad)">Larisa in Troad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasthenes_(Thrace)" title="Lasthenes (Thrace)">Lasthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptoia" title="Leptoia">Leptoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liada" title="Liada">Liada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libum" title="Libum">Libum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyssa" title="Libyssa">Libyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnae_(Bithynia)" title="Limnae (Bithynia)">Limnae in Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnae_(Thrace)" title="Limnae (Thrace)">Limnae in Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_(Mysia)" title="Linus (Mysia)">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupadium" title="Lupadium">Lupadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Lygos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysimachia_(Thrace)" title="Lysimachia (Thrace)">Lysimachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madytus" title="Madytus">Madytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantineion" title="Mantineion">Mantineion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marpessos" title="Marpessos">Marpessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletopolis" title="Miletopolis">Miletopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocasura" title="Mocasura">Mocasura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mochadion" title="Mochadion">Mochadion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modra_(Bithynia)" title="Modra (Bithynia)">Modra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morzapena" title="Morzapena">Morzapena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossynea" title="Mossynea">Mossynea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moukaporis" title="Moukaporis">Moukaporis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrileion" title="Myrileion">Myrileion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narco_(Thrace)" title="Narco (Thrace)">Narco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassete" title="Nassete">Nassete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nausikleia" title="Nausikleia">Nausikleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nausimachion" title="Nausimachion">Nausimachion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neandreia" title="Neandreia">Neandreia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolis_(Bosphorus)" title="Neapolis (Bosphorus)">Neapolis on the Bosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolis_(Thracian_Chersonese)" title="Neapolis (Thracian Chersonese)">Neapolis on the Thracian Chersonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonteichos_(Thrace)" title="Neonteichos (Thrace)">Neonteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerola_(Bithynia)" title="Nerola (Bithynia)">Nerola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka_(Bithynia)" title="Oka (Bithynia)">Oka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontoraita" title="Ontoraita">Ontoraita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophryneion" title="Ophryneion">Ophryneion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orestias" title="Orestias">Orestias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orni" title="Orni">Orni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostreodes" title="Ostreodes">Ostreodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pactya" title="Pactya">Pactya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeon_(Thrace)" title="Paeon (Thrace)">Paeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paesus" title="Paesus">Paesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palodes" title="Palodes">Palodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panion" title="Panion">Panion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantichium" title="Pantichium">Pantichium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolos" title="Parabolos">Parabolos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parium" title="Parium">Parium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulines_(Thrace)" title="Paulines (Thrace)">Paulines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabiga" title="Karabiga">Pegae in Mysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegae_(Thrace)" title="Pegae (Thrace)">Pegae in Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pege" title="Pege">Pege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentephyle" title="Pentephyle">Pentephyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percote" title="Percote">Percote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericharaxis" title="Pericharaxis">Pericharaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthus" title="Perinthus">Perinthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrozetoi" title="Petrozetoi">Petrozetoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmakia" title="Pharmakia">Pharmakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phidalia_Petra" title="Phidalia Petra">Phidalia Petra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phiela" title="Phiela">Phiela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philia_(Thrace)" title="Philia (Thrace)">Philia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(Thrace)" title="Phosphorus (Thrace)">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pionia_(Mysia)" title="Pionia (Mysia)">Pionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitheci_Portus" title="Pitheci Portus">Pitheci Portus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placia" title="Placia">Placia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploketta" title="Ploketta">Ploketta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poemanenum" title="Poemanenum">Poemanenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poleatikon" title="Poleatikon">Poleatikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychron" class="mw-redirect" title="Polychron">Polychron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymedium" title="Polymedium">Polymedium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potamoi_(Bithynia)" title="Potamoi (Bithynia)">Potamoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potamonion" title="Potamonion">Potamonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praenetus" title="Praenetus">Praenetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratomysia" title="Pratomysia">Pratomysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepa" title="Prepa">Prepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabiga" title="Karabiga">Priapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prindea" title="Prindea">Prindea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proconnesus_(city)" title="Proconnesus (city)">Proconnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proochthoi" title="Proochthoi">Proochthoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prusa_(Bithynia)" title="Prusa (Bithynia)">Prusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psarela" title="Psarela">Psarela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyllium_(Bithynia)" title="Psyllium (Bithynia)">Psyllium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhias_Cyon" title="Pyrrhias Cyon">Pyrrhias Cyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheion" title="Pytheion">Pytheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhebas" title="Rhebas">Rhebas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhegion_(Thrace)" title="Rhegion (Thrace)">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhesion" title="Rhesion">Rhesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoiteion" title="Rhoiteion">Rhoiteion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouphinianai" title="Rouphinianai">Rouphinianai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmydessus" title="Salmydessus">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangarus" title="Sangarus">Sangarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamandria" title="Scamandria">Scamandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamandrus" title="Scamandrus">Scamandrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scepsis" title="Scepsis">Scepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylace" title="Scylace">Scylace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylla_(Thrace)" title="Scylla (Thrace)">Scylla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selymbria" title="Selymbria">Selymbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semystra" title="Semystra">Semystra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrion_Teichos" title="Serrion Teichos">Serrion Teichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sestos" title="Sestos">Sestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigeion" title="Sigeion">Sigeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirkanos" title="Sirkanos">Sirkanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smintheion" title="Smintheion">Smintheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soka_(Bithynia)" title="Soka (Bithynia)">Soka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strobilos_(Bithynia)" title="Strobilos (Bithynia)">Strobilos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykai" title="Sykai">Sykai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllanta" title="Syllanta">Syllanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpodizo" title="Tarpodizo">Tarpodizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(Bithynia)" title="Tarsus (Bithynia)">Tarsus in Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattaios" title="Tattaios">Tattaios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenba" title="Tenba">Tenba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbos" title="Terbos">Terbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesderamoska" title="Tesderamoska">Tesderamoska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrakomia" title="Tetrakomia">Tetrakomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipaso" title="Tipaso">Tipaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragasai" title="Tragasai">Tragasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thynias" title="Thynias">Thynias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traron" title="Traron">Traron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricomia_(Bithynia)" title="Tricomia (Bithynia)">Tricomia in Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hisarlik" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisarlik">Hisarlik</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrodiza" title="Tyrodiza">Tyrodiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87orlu" title="Çorlu">Tzurulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urisio" title="Urisio">Urisio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsurgae" title="Utsurgae">Utsurgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeleia" title="Zeleia">Zeleia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_region,_Turkey" title="Mediterranean region, Turkey">Mediterranean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acalissus" title="Acalissus">Acalissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarassus" title="Acarassus">Acarassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adada_(Pisidia)" title="Adada (Pisidia)">Adada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balabolu" title="Balabolu">Adrasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegae_(Cilicia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegae (Cilicia)">Aegae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrae_(Pisidia)" title="Agrae (Pisidia)">Agrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelas" title="Amelas">Amelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabura_(Pisidia)" title="Anabura (Pisidia)">Anabura in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anazarbus" title="Anazarbus">Anazarbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchiale" title="Anchiale">Anchiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andeda" title="Andeda">Andeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Andriaca">Andriaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anemurium" title="Anemurium">Anemurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ano_Kotradis" title="Ano Kotradis">Ano Kotradis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonia_(Syria)" title="Antigonia (Syria)">Antigonia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antioch on the Orontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch_of_Pisidia" title="Antioch of Pisidia">Antioch of Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochia_Lamotis" title="Antiochia Lamotis">Antiochia Lamotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochia_ad_Cragum" title="Antiochia ad Cragum">Antioch on the Cragus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochia_ad_Pyramum" title="Antiochia ad Pyramum">Antioch on the Pyramis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphellus" title="Antiphellus">Antiphellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperlae" title="Aperlae">Aperlae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisias_(Cilicia)" title="Aphrodisias (Cilicia)">Aphrodisias of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Lycia)" title="Apollonia (Lycia)">Apollonia in Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabissus" title="Arabissus">Arabissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araxa" title="Araxa">Araxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariassus" title="Ariassus">Ariassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arima_(Cilicia)" title="Arima (Cilicia)">Arima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnabanda" title="Arnabanda">Arnabanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arneae" title="Arneae">Arneae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsada" title="Arsada">Arsada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_(Cilicia)" title="Arsinoe (Cilicia)">Arsinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artanada" title="Artanada">Artanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arycanda" title="Arycanda">Arycanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspendos" title="Aspendos">Aspendos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augai" title="Augai">Augai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusta_(Cilicia)" title="Augusta (Cilicia)">Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulae_(Cilicia)" title="Aulae (Cilicia)">Aulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunesis" title="Aunesis">Aunesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Hawa_Border_Crossing" title="Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing">Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbura_(Lycia)" title="Balbura (Lycia)">Balbura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baris_(Pisidia)" title="Baris (Pisidia)">Baris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindaios" title="Bindaios">Bindaios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubon_(Lycia)" title="Bubon (Lycia)">Bubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabassus" title="Cabassus">Cabassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadrema" title="Cadrema">Cadrema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadyanda" title="Cadyanda">Cadyanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callimache" title="Callimache">Callimache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calynda" title="Calynda">Calynda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carallia_(Pamphylia)" title="Carallia (Pamphylia)">Carallia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmylessus" title="Carmylessus">Carmylessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bey%C5%9Fehir" title="Beyşehir">Casae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castabala_(city)" title="Castabala (city)">Castabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceretapa" title="Ceretapa">Ceretapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cestrus" title="Cestrus">Cestrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charadrus" title="Charadrus">Charadrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choma_(Lycia)" title="Choma (Lycia)">Choma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cibyra_Mikra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cibyra Mikra">Cibyra Mikra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudiopolis_(Cilicia)" title="Claudiopolis (Cilicia)">Claudiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colybrassus" title="Colybrassus">Colybrassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comama" title="Comama">Comama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comana_(Cappadocia)" title="Comana (Cappadocia)">Comana in Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comba_(Lycia)" title="Comba (Lycia)">Comba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conana" title="Conana">Conana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanya" title="Alanya">Coracesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corycium_Antrum" title="Corycium Antrum">Corycium Antrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corycus" title="Corycus">Corycus (Kızkalesi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corydala" title="Corydala">Corydala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremna" title="Cremna">Cremna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretopolis" title="Cretopolis">Cretopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crya" title="Crya">Crya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyaneae" title="Cyaneae">Cyaneae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrrhus" title="Cyrrhus">Cyrrhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedala_(city)" title="Daedala (city)">Daedala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalisandus_(Isauria)" title="Dalisandus (Isauria)">Dalisandus in Isauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalisandus_in_Pamphylia" title="Dalisandus in Pamphylia">Dalisandus in Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damasei" title="Damasei">Damasei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dias_(Lycia)" title="Dias (Lycia)">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocaesarea_(Isauria)" title="Diocaesarea (Isauria)">Diocaesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domuztepe" title="Domuztepe">Domuztepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaiussa_Sebaste" title="Elaiussa Sebaste">Elaiussa Sebaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbessos" title="Elbessos">Elbessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirzeli" title="Emirzeli">Emirzeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphania_(Cilicia)" title="Epiphania (Cilicia)">Epiphania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erymna" title="Erymna">Erymna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etenna" title="Etenna">Etenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudocia_(Lycia)" title="Eudocia (Lycia)">Eudocia (Lycia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudocias_(Pamphylia)" title="Eudocias (Pamphylia)">Eudocias (Pamphylia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaviopolis_(Cilicia)" title="Flaviopolis (Cilicia)">Flaviopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagae" title="Gagae">Gagae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6zl%C3%BCkule" title="Gözlükule">Gözlükule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacilar" title="Hacilar">Hacilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrianopolis_(Pisidia)" title="Hadrianopolis (Pisidia)">Hadrianopolis in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halae_(Cilicia)" title="Halae (Cilicia)">Halae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamaxia_(town)" title="Hamaxia (town)">Hamaxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierapolis_in_Isauria" title="Hierapolis in Isauria">Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippucome" title="Hippucome">Hippucome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmi" title="Holmi">Holmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyia" title="Hyia">Hyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idebessos" title="Idebessos">Idebessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idyros" title="Idyros">Idyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iotape" title="Iotape">Iotape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenopolis_(Cilicia)" title="Irenopolis (Cilicia)">Irenopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaura_Nea" title="Isaura Nea">Isaura Nea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaura_Palaea" title="Isaura Palaea">Isaura Palaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isba" title="Isba">Isba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isinda_(Lycia)" title="Isinda (Lycia)">Isinda in Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isinda_(Pisidia)" title="Isinda (Pisidia)">Isinda in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issus_(Cilicia)" title="Issus (Cilicia)">Issus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istlada" title="Istlada">Istlada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliosebaste" title="Juliosebaste">Juliosebaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanthia" title="Kalanthia">Kalanthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalelibelen" title="Kalelibelen">Kalelibelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyba" title="Kandyba">Kandyba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanytelis" title="Kanytelis">Kanytelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakabakl%C4%B1" title="Karakabaklı">Karakabaklı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karatepe" title="Karatepe">Karatepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkabo" title="Karkabo">Karkabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastellon" title="Kastellon">Kastellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraia_(Pisidia)" title="Keraia (Pisidia)">Keraia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibyra">Kibyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiphisos" title="Kiphisos">Kiphisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkota" title="Kirkota">Kirkota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanaura" title="Kitanaura">Kitanaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodroula" title="Kodroula">Kodroula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolbasa" title="Kolbasa">Kolbasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korasion" title="Korasion">Korasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korma_(Lycia)" title="Korma (Lycia)">Korma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynosarion" title="Kynosarion">Kynosarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laertes_(Cilicia)" title="Laertes (Cilicia)">Laertes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagbe" title="Lagbe">Lagbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamos_(Cilicia)" title="Lamos (Cilicia)">Lamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayak%C3%B6y" title="Kayaköy">Lebessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legeita" title="Legeita">Legeita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnae_(Pamphylia)" title="Limnae (Pamphylia)">Limnae in Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnae_in_Pisidia" title="Limnae in Pisidia">Limnae in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limyra" title="Limyra">Limyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissa_(Lycia)" title="Lissa (Lycia)">Lissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycae" title="Lycae">Lycae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrbe" title="Lyrbe">Lyrbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysinia" title="Lysinia">Lysinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magarsa" title="Magarsa">Magarsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magastara" title="Magastara">Magastara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magydus" title="Magydus">Magydus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallus_(Cilicia)" title="Mallus (Cilicia)">Mallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_(Pisidia)" title="Malus (Pisidia)">Malus in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mampsoukrenai" title="Mampsoukrenai">Mampsoukrenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamure_Castle" title="Mamure Castle">Mamure Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manava_(Pamphylia)" title="Manava (Pamphylia)">Manava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandane_(Cilicia)" title="Mandane (Cilicia)">Mandane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marciana_(Lycia)" title="Marciana (Lycia)">Marciana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmara_(Lycia)" title="Marmara (Lycia)">Marmara</a> (Mnara)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastaura_(Lycia)" title="Mastaura (Lycia)">Mastaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melo%C3%AB_(Lycia)" title="Meloë (Lycia)">Meloë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanippe_(Lycia)" title="Melanippe (Lycia)">Melanippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meriana" title="Meriana">Meriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezgitkale" title="Mezgitkale">Mezgitkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moatra" title="Moatra">Moatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mopsucrene" title="Mopsucrene">Mopsucrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mopsuestia" title="Mopsuestia">Mopsuestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morka" title="Morka">Morka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moron_Hydor" title="Moron Hydor">Moron Hydor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moumoustra" title="Moumoustra">Moumoustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylae_(Cilicia)" title="Mylae (Cilicia)">Mylae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylios" title="Mylios">Mylios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra" title="Myra">Myra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriandus" title="Myriandus">Myriandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagidos" title="Nagidos">Nagidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauloi" title="Nauloi">Nauloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolis_(Pisidia)" title="Neapolis (Pisidia)">Neapolis in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelis" title="Nephelis">Nephelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisa_(Lycia)" title="Nisa (Lycia)">Nisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octapolis" title="Octapolis">Octapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olba_(ancient_city)" title="Olba (ancient city)">Olba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbasa_(Pisidia)" title="Olbasa (Pisidia)">Olbasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pamphylia)" title="Olbia (Pamphylia)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus_(Lycia)" title="Olympus (Lycia)">Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96k%C3%BCzl%C3%BC" title="Öküzlü">Öküzlü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onobara" title="Onobara">Onobara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orokenda" title="Orokenda">Orokenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otanada" title="Otanada">Otanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouerbe" title="Ouerbe">Ouerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padyandus" title="Padyandus">Padyandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeopolis_in_Pamphylia" title="Palaeopolis in Pamphylia">Palaeopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panemotichus" title="Panemotichus">Panemotichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhormus_(Cilicia)" title="Panhormus (Cilicia)">Panhormus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargais" title="Pargais">Pargais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parlais" title="Parlais">Parlais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patara_(Lycia)" title="Patara (Lycia)">Patara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pednelissus" title="Pednelissus">Pednelissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perga" title="Perga">Perga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perminounda" title="Perminounda">Perminounda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaselis" title="Phaselis">Phaselis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phellus" title="Phellus">Phellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_(Cilicia)" title="Philadelphia (Cilicia)">Philadelphia in Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philaea" title="Philaea">Philaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicus_(Lycia)" title="Phoenicus (Lycia)">Phoenicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(Lycia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix (Lycia)">Phoenix in Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisarissos" title="Pisarissos">Pisarissos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisurgia" title="Pisurgia">Pisurgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placoma" title="Placoma">Placoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platanus_(Cilicia)" title="Platanus (Cilicia)">Platanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podalia_(Lycia)" title="Podalia (Lycia)">Podalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogla" title="Pogla">Pogla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostanna" title="Prostanna">Prostanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudokorasion" title="Pseudokorasion">Pseudokorasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_(Pamphylia)" title="Ptolemais (Pamphylia)">Ptolemais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodiapolis" title="Rhodiapolis">Rhodiapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoscopus" title="Rhoscopus">Rhoscopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsuz" title="Arsuz">Rhosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rygmanoi" title="Rygmanoi">Rygmanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabandus" title="Sabandus">Sabandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagalassos" title="Sagalassos">Sagalassos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalium" title="Sandalium">Sandalium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraganda" title="Saraganda">Saraganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebeda" title="Sebeda">Sebeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_(Pamphylia)" title="Seleucia (Pamphylia)">Seleucia in Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Pieria" title="Seleucia Pieria">Seleucia Pieria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Sidera" title="Seleucia Sidera">Seleucia Sidera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selge" title="Selge">Selge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinus_(Cilicia)" title="Selinus (Cilicia)">Selinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seroiata" title="Seroiata">Seroiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serraepolis" title="Serraepolis">Serraepolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sia_(Pisidia)" title="Sia (Pisidia)">Sia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibidounda" title="Sibidounda">Sibidounda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibyla" title="Sibyla">Sibyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side,_Turkey" title="Side, Turkey">Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderus_(Lycia)" title="Siderus (Lycia)">Siderus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidyma" title="Sidyma">Sidyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sillyon" title="Sillyon">Sillyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simena" title="Simena">Simena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinda_(Pisidia)" title="Sinda (Pisidia)">Sinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siricae" title="Siricae">Siricae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soli_(Cilicia)" title="Soli (Cilicia)">Soli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solyma" title="Solyma">Solyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopolis_(Pisidia)" title="Sozopolis (Pisidia)">Sozopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sura_(Lycia)" title="Sura (Lycia)">Sura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syca" title="Syca">Syca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syedra" title="Syedra">Syedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takina" title="Takina">Takina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapureli_ruins" title="Tapureli ruins">Tapureli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardequeia" title="Tardequeia">Tardequeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teimiussa" title="Teimiussa">Teimiussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Judaidah" title="Tell Judaidah">Tell Judaidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Tayinat" title="Tell Tayinat">Tell Tayinat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telmessos" title="Telmessos">Telmessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telmessos_(Caria)" title="Telmessos (Caria)">Telmessos (Caria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenedos_(Pamphylia)" title="Tenedos (Pamphylia)">Tenedos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termessos" title="Termessos">Termessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrapyrgia_(Cappadocia)" title="Tetrapyrgia (Cappadocia)">Tetrapyrgia in Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrapyrgia_(Pamphylia)" title="Tetrapyrgia (Pamphylia)">Tetrapyrgia in Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiopolis" title="Titiopolis">Titiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tityassus" title="Tityassus">Tityassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlos" title="Tlos">Tlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toriaeum" title="Toriaeum">Toriaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragalassus" title="Tragalassus">Tragalassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebendae" title="Trebendae">Trebendae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebenna" title="Trebenna">Trebenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trysa" title="Trysa">Trysa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyberissus" title="Tyberissus">Tyberissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyinda" title="Tyinda">Tyinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tymandus" title="Tymandus">Tymandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynada" title="Tynada">Tynada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typallia" title="Typallia">Typallia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthos" title="Xanthos">Xanthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan%C4%B1khan" title="Yanıkhan">Yanıkhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yumuktepe" title="Yumuktepe">Yumuktepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenopolis_(Isauria)" title="Zenopolis (Isauria)">Zenopolis in Isauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenopolis_(Lycia)" title="Zenopolis (Lycia)">Zenopolis in Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyrium_on_the_Calycadnus" title="Zephyrium on the Calycadnus">Zephyrium on the Calycadnus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern<br />Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amida_(Mesopotamia)" title="Amida (Mesopotamia)">Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochia_ad_Taurum" title="Antiochia ad Taurum">Antioch in the Taurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantia_(Osrhoene)" title="Constantia (Osrhoene)">Antioch in Mesopotamia (Constantia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apamea_(Euphrates)" title="Apamea (Euphrates)">Apamea on the Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcathiocerta" title="Carcathiocerta">Carcathiocerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ay%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Çayönü">Çayönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabanas" title="Dabanas">Dabanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dara_(Mesopotamia)" title="Dara (Mesopotamia)">Dara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCl%C3%BCk" title="Dülük">Doliche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallan_%C3%87emi_Tepesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallan Çemi Tepesi">Hallan Çemi Tepesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khashshum" class="mw-redirect" title="Khashshum">Khashshum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kussara" title="Kussara">Kussara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matiate" title="Matiate">Matiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neval%C4%B1_%C3%87ori" title="Nevalı Çori">Nevalı Çori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicopolis_(Cilicia)" title="Nicopolis (Cilicia)">Nicopolis in Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusaybin" title="Nusaybin">Nisibis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sak%C3%A7ag%C3%B6z%C3%BC" title="Sakçagözü">Sakçagözü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Sam'al</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samosata" class="mw-redirect" title="Samosata">Samosata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sareisa" title="Sareisa">Sareisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_at_the_Zeugma" title="Seleucia at the Zeugma">Seleucia at the Zeugma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitai_(Mesopotamia)" title="Sitai (Mesopotamia)">Sitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultantepe" title="Sultantepe">Sultantepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tille_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Tille Höyük">Tille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tushhan" title="Tushhan">Tushhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urima" title="Urima">Urima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeugma_(Commagene)" title="Zeugma (Commagene)">Zeugma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Journeys_of_Paul_the_Apostle" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Journeys_of_Paul_of_Tarsus" title="Template:Journeys of Paul of Tarsus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Journeys_of_Paul_of_Tarsus" title="Template talk:Journeys of Paul of Tarsus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Journeys_of_Paul_of_Tarsus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Journeys of Paul of Tarsus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Journeys_of_Paul_the_Apostle" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Journeys of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First journey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antioch</a></li> <li>2. <a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Pieria" title="Seleucia Pieria">Seleucia</a></li> <li>3. <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li>3a. <a href="/wiki/Salamis,_Cyprus" title="Salamis, Cyprus">Salamis</a></li> <li>3b. <a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a></li> <li>4. <a href="/wiki/Perga" title="Perga">Perga</a></li> <li>5. <a href="/wiki/Antioch_of_Pisidia" title="Antioch of Pisidia">Antioch of Pisidia</a></li> <li>6. <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Iconium</a></li> <li>7. <a href="/wiki/Derbe" title="Derbe">Derbe</a></li> <li>8. <a href="/wiki/Lystra" title="Lystra">Lystra</a></li> <li>9. <a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Attalea</a></li> <li>10. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antioch</a> (returns to beginning of journey)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second journey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1. <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li>2. <a href="/wiki/Derbe" title="Derbe">Derbe</a></li> <li>3. <a href="/wiki/Lystra" title="Lystra">Lystra</a></li> <li>4. <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></li> <li>5. <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li> <li>6. <a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Troas" title="Alexandria Troas">Alexandria Troas</a>)</li> <li>7. <a href="/wiki/Samothrace" title="Samothrace">Samothrace</a></li> <li>8. <a href="/wiki/Kavala" title="Kavala">Neapolis</a></li> <li>9. <a href="/wiki/Philippi" title="Philippi">Philippi</a></li> <li>9. <a href="/wiki/Amphipolis" title="Amphipolis">Amphipolis</a></li> <li>10. <a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Mygdonia)" title="Apollonia (Mygdonia)">Apollonia</a></li> <li>11. <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a></li> <li>12. <a href="/wiki/Berea_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berea (Bible)">Beroea</a></li> <li>13. <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></li> <li>14. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li>15. <a href="/wiki/Kechries" title="Kechries">Cenchreae</a></li> <li>16. <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li>17. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a></li> <li>18. <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a></li> <li>19. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li>20. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antioch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third journey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1. <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li> <li>2. <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></li> <li>3. <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li>4. <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a></li> <li>5. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li>6. <a href="/wiki/Kechries" title="Kechries">Cenchreae</a></li> <li>7. <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a> (again)</li> <li>8. <a href="/wiki/Troad" title="Troad">Troas</a></li> <li>9. <a href="/wiki/Assos" title="Assos">Assos</a></li> <li>10. <a href="/wiki/Mytilene" title="Mytilene">Mytilene</a></li> <li>11. <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a></li> <li>12. <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li>13. <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li>14. <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Cos</a></li> <li>15. <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li>16. <a href="/wiki/Patara_(Lycia)" title="Patara (Lycia)">Patara</a></li> <li>17. <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li>18. <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Ptolemais</a></li> <li>19. <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a></li> <li>20. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Jerusalem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200441#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200441#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200441#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/240814297">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/257569269">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4112544-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628188">Japan</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/658381">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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[\"Langx\"] = 9,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 27,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 2,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-sv5xk","timestamp":"20241125013639","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Antioch","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antioch","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q200441","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q200441","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-25T15:43:11Z","dateModified":"2024-11-02T19:31:10Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/19\/Antiochia_su_Oronte.PNG","headline":"ancient Greek city in southern Turkey"}</script> </body> </html>