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Disponible en 97 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-97" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">97 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyos_1820" title="Anyos 1820 – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anyos 1820" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1820" title="عقد 1820 – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقد 1820" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_1820" title="عوام 1820 – arabe marocain" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عوام 1820" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabe marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1820" title="عقد 1820 – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عقد 1820" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_del_1820" title="Década del 1820 – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Década del 1820" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-ci_ill%C9%99r" title="1820-ci illər – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1820-ci illər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-an" title="1820-an – balinais" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1820-an" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%D1%8F" title="1820-я – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1820-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%D1%8F" title="1820-я – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1820-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%D1%82%D0%B5" title="1820-те – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1820-те" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloavezhio%C3%B9_1820" title="Bloavezhioù 1820 – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bloavezhioù 1820" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-e" title="1820-e – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1820-e" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8cada_del_1820" title="Dècada del 1820 – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dècada del 1820" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820_ni%C3%A8ng-d%C3%A2i" title="1820 nièng-dâi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1820 nièng-dâi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="1820-мĕш çулсем – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1820-мĕш çулсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820au" title="1820au – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1820au" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820%27erne" title="1820'erne – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1820'erne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820er" title="1820er – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1820er" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_1820" title="An 1820 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="An 1820" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820s" title="1820s – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="1820s" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-aj_jaroj" title="1820-aj jaroj – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1820-aj jaroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1os_1820" title="Años 1820 – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Años 1820" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820._aastad" title="1820. aastad – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1820. aastad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820ko_hamarkada" title="1820ko hamarkada – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1820ko hamarkada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B2%DB%B0_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="دهه ۱۸۲۰ (میلادی) – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دهه ۱۸۲۰ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-luku" title="1820-luku – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1820-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%C3%A1rini" title="1820-árini – féroïen" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1820-árini" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="féroïen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ans_1820" title="Ans 1820 – francoprovençal" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ans 1820" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="francoprovençal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820id%C3%AD" title="1820idí – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1820idí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1820年代 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1820年代" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820an" title="1820an – gaélique écossais" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1820an" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélique écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1820" title="Década de 1820 – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Década de 1820" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94-20_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-19" title="שנות ה-20 של המאה ה-19 – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שנות ה-20 של המאה ה-19" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820s" title="1820s – hindi fidjien" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="1820s" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi fidjien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-ih" title="1820-ih – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1820-ih" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-as_%C3%A9vek" title="1820-as évek – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1820-as évek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-an" title="1820-an – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1820-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yari_1820a" title="Yari 1820a – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Yari 1820a" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1821-1830" title="1821-1830 – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1821-1830" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1820" title="Anni 1820 – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anni 1820" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1820年代 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1820年代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/182moi_na%27ardekto" title="182moi na'ardekto – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="182moi na'ardekto" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-an" title="1820-an – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1820-an" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="1820-იანები – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1820-იანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820%EB%85%84%EB%8C%80" title="1820년대 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1820년대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81" title="1820-ӧд вояс – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1820-ӧд вояс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1820" title="Anni 1820 – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anni 1820" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1820" title="Anni 1820 – ligure" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Anni 1820" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligure" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820._gadi" title="1820. gadi – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1820. gadi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%D1%82%D0%B8" title="1820-ти – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1820-ти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे १८२० चे दशक – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे १८२० चे दशक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-an" title="1820-an – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1820-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820_%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C" title="1820 це иеть – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1820 це иеть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820s" title="1820s – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="1820s" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-1829" title="1820-1829 – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1820-1829" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%C3%A5rene" title="1820-årene – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1820-årene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%C3%A9es_1820" title="Annaées 1820 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Annaées 1820" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820s" title="1820s – sotho du Nord" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1820s" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho du Nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ans_1820" title="Ans 1820 – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ans 1820" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-lugu_vuvvet" title="1820-lugu vuvvet – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="1820-lugu vuvvet" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%D1%82%C3%A6" title="1820-тæ – ossète" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1820-тæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossète" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="1820 ਦਾ ਦਹਾਕਾ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="1820 ਦਾ ਦਹਾਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lata_20._XIX_wieku" title="Lata 20. XIX wieku – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lata 20. XIX wieku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1820" title="Década de 1820 – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Década de 1820" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820_watakuna" title="1820 watakuna – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1820 watakuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anii_1820" title="Anii 1820 – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anii 1820" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="1820-е годы – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1820-е годы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%D1%81" title="1820-с – iakoute" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1820-с" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iakoute" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820ini" title="1820ini – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1820ini" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-lohku" title="1820-lohku – same du Nord" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1820-lohku" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="same du Nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-e" title="1820-e – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1820-e" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820s" title="1820s – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1820s" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._roky_19._storo%C4%8Dia" title="20. roky 19. storočia – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="20. roky 19. storočia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820." title="1820. – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1820." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitet_1820" title="Vitet 1820 – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vitet 1820" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%D0%B5" title="1820-е – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1820-е" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-an" title="1820-an – soundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1820-an" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="soundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-talet" title="1820-talet – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1820-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaka_ya_1820" title="Miaka ya 1820 – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Miaka ya 1820" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="1820கள் – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1820கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%B8_1820_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D3%A3)" title="Даҳаи 1820 (мелодӣ) – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Даҳаи 1820 (мелодӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9_1820" title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1820 – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1820" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820%C3%BD%C3%BD" title="1820ýý – turkmène" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1820ýý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820%27ler" title="1820'ler – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1820'ler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="1820-еллар – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1820-еллар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%D1%82%D1%96" title="1820-ті – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1820-ті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820%D8%A1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="1820ء کی دہائی – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1820ء کی دہائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-lar" title="1820-lar – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1820-lar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%ADp_ni%C3%AAn_1820" title="Thập niên 1820 – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thập niên 1820" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%AAyes_1820" title="Anêyes 1820 – wallon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Anêyes 1820" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="wallon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820_nga_dekada" title="1820 nga dekada – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1820 nga dekada" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1820年代 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1820年代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="1820-იანეფი – mingrélien" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1820-იანეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrélien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="1820ער – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="1820ער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1820年代 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1820年代" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820_n%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="1820 nî-tāi – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1820 nî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1820年代 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1820年代" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q44659#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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<div><small>Chronologies</small></div> </div><table><caption class="hidden" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Données clés</caption> <tbody><tr><td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1820" title="1820">1820</a> <a href="/wiki/1821" title="1821">1821</a> <a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a> <a href="/wiki/1823" title="1823">1823</a> <a href="/wiki/1824" title="1824">1824</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1825" title="1825">1825</a> <a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a> <a href="/wiki/1827" title="1827">1827</a> <a href="/wiki/1828" title="1828">1828</a> <a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a><br /><small><b>Décennies :</b></small><br /><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1790" title="Années 1790">1790</a> <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1800" title="Années 1800">1800</a> <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1810" title="Années 1810">1810</a> <b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">1820</a> </b> <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1830" title="Années 1830">1830</a> <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1840" title="Années 1840">1840</a> <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1850" title="Années 1850">1850</a><br /><small><b>Siècles :</b></small><br /><a href="/wiki/XVIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XVIIe siècle">XVII<sup>e</sup></a> <a href="/wiki/XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XVIIIe siècle">XVIII<sup>e</sup></a> <b> <a href="/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIXe siècle">XIX<sup>e</sup></a> </b> <a href="/wiki/XXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XXe siècle">XX<sup>e</sup></a> <a href="/wiki/XXIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XXIe siècle">XXI<sup>e</sup></a><br /><small><b>Millénaires :</b></small><br /><a href="/wiki/Ier_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C." title="Ier millénaire av. J.-C.">-I<sup>er</sup></a> <a href="/wiki/Ier_mill%C3%A9naire" title="Ier millénaire">I<sup>er</sup></a> <b> <a href="/wiki/IIe_mill%C3%A9naire" title="IIe millénaire">II<sup>e</sup></a> </b> <a href="/wiki/IIIe_mill%C3%A9naire" title="IIIe millénaire">III<sup>e</sup></a> </td> </tr></tbody></table><table><caption style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Calendriers</caption> <tbody><tr><td style="text-align:center;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendrier_romain" title="Calendrier romain">Romain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendrier_chinois" title="Calendrier chinois">Chinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendrier_gr%C3%A9gorien" title="Calendrier grégorien">Grégorien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendrier_julien" title="Calendrier julien">Julien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendrier_h%C3%A9bra%C3%AFque" title="Calendrier hébraïque">Hébraïque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendrier_hindou" title="Calendrier hindou">Hindou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendrier_h%C3%A9girien" title="Calendrier hégirien">Hégirien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendrier_persan" title="Calendrier persan">Persan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendrier_r%C3%A9publicain" title="Calendrier républicain">Républicain</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table><p class="navbar bordered noprint" style="border-color:#CEE0F2;"><span class="plainlinks navigation-not-searchable"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ann%C3%A9es_1820&action=edit">modifier</a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Ann%C3%A9es" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></p></div> <p>Les <b>années 1820</b> couvrent la période de 1820 à 1829. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Événements"><span id=".C3.89v.C3.A9nements"></span>Événements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann%C3%A9es_1820&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Événements" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann%C3%A9es_1820&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Événements"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1815-1830 : <a href="/wiki/Restauration_(histoire_de_France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restauration (histoire de France)">seconde Restauration</a> en <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. Les « <a href="/wiki/Ultraroyaliste" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraroyaliste">Ultraroyalistes</a> » prennent le pouvoir en 1820 à la suite de l'<a href="/wiki/Assassinat_de_Charles-Ferdinand_d%27Artois" title="Assassinat de Charles-Ferdinand d'Artois">assassinat du duc de Berry</a>. Leur chef <a href="/wiki/Charles_X" title="Charles X">Charles X</a> règne de 1824 à 1830<sup id="cite_ref-Champchesnel_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Champchesnel-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>Vers 1818/1820/1825 : avancée des glaciers dans les Alpes<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="thumb tright" style="width:40%;"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="thumbcaption"><div style="text-align: inherit;"> Fuyant les <a href="/wiki/Zoulou" title="Zoulou">Zoulou</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Nd%C3%A9b%C3%A9l%C3%A9s" title="Ndébélés">Ndébélé</a> (groupe de <a href="/wiki/Nguni_(peuple)" title="Nguni (peuple)">Nguni</a> connu auparavant sous le nom de Khumalo) migrent vers l’ouest avec le chef zoulou dissident Moselekatse ou <a href="/wiki/Mzilikazi" title="Mzilikazi">Mzilikazi</a>. Ils s’installent d’abord en 1824 sur le cours supérieur de l’<a href="/wiki/Olifants" title="Olifants">Olifants</a>, un affluent du <a href="/wiki/Limpopo_(fleuve)" title="Limpopo (fleuve)">Limpopo</a>, d’où il razzient le <a href="/wiki/Transvaal" title="Transvaal">Transvaal</a>, capturant le bétail et surtout des enfants et des femmes (1824-<a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a>), puis après le <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trek" title="Grand Trek">grand Trek</a>, fuyant les <a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boers</a>, mille kilomètres vers le nord (<a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a>) où ils fondent le royaume de <a href="/wiki/Matab%C3%A9l%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Matabélé">Matabélé</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les Ndébélé se heurtent aux <a href="/wiki/Basotho" title="Basotho">Sotho</a> et aux Tswanas, qui migrent dans trois directions différentes : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebitouane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sebitouane (page inexistante)">Sebitouane</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebetwane" class="extiw" title="en:Sebetwane"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Sebetwane »">(en)</span></a>, chef des <a href="/wiki/Kololo" title="Kololo">Kololo</a> de la tribu Sotho, marche vers le nord et atteint le <a href="/wiki/Zamb%C3%A8ze" title="Zambèze">Zambèze</a>, en amont des <a href="/wiki/Chutes_Victoria" title="Chutes Victoria">chutes Victoria</a> en <a href="/wiki/1840" title="1840">1840</a>. Il fonde en pays <a href="/wiki/Lozi_(peuple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lozi (peuple)">lozi</a> le <a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a> ; les <a href="/wiki/Tswanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tswanas">Tswanas</a> émigrent vers l’est et s’installent dans le futur <a href="/wiki/Protectorat_du_Bechuanaland" title="Protectorat du Bechuanaland">Bechuanaland</a>, protectorat <a href="/wiki/Royaume-Uni" title="Royaume-Uni">britannique</a> en <a href="/wiki/1884" title="1884">1884</a> ; les Sotho du sud, dirigés par <a href="/wiki/Moshoeshoe_Ier" title="Moshoeshoe Ier">Moschech</a> (<a href="/wiki/1786" title="1786">1786</a>-<a href="/wiki/1870" title="1870">1870</a>), émigrent vers le sud et s’installent en 1824 dans le futur <a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (aujourd’hui <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>). Moschech résiste avec succès aux attaques de <a href="/wiki/Mzilikazi" title="Mzilikazi">Moselekatse</a> puis s’entend avec les <a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boers</a> de la région (<a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a>).<br /><br /><div style="text-align: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">Mfecane</a></div><br /></div></div></div></div> <ul><li>1818-1838 : <a href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">Mfecane</a> en <a href="/wiki/Afrique_australe" title="Afrique australe">Afrique australe</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>1820 : le <a href="/wiki/Compromis_du_Missouri" title="Compromis du Missouri">compromis du Missouri</a> stipule que le <a href="/wiki/Missouri_(%C3%89tat)" title="Missouri (État)">Missouri</a> reste un état esclavagiste mais que l'esclavage ne pourrait être introduit dans aucune autre partie de la Louisiane<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La frontière des États-Unis à l'Ouest (<i><a href="/wiki/Fronti%C3%A8re_(conqu%C3%AAte_de_l%27Ouest)" title="Frontière (conquête de l'Ouest)">frontier</a></i>) atteint le <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_(fleuve)" title="Mississippi (fleuve)">Mississippi</a>. 120 000 Indiens vivent alors à l'est du fleuve. Ils ne sont que 30 000 en 1844, contraints de se déplacer vers l’Ouest par l’arrivée massive de colons européens<sup id="cite_ref-Zinn_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zinn-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>1820-1821 : <a href="/wiki/Mouvements_insurrectionnels_de_1820-1821" title="Mouvements insurrectionnels de 1820-1821">mouvements insurrectionnels</a> en Espagne (<i><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></i>), dans le <a href="/wiki/Insurrection_dans_le_royaume_des_Deux-Siciles_de_1820" title="Insurrection dans le royaume des Deux-Siciles de 1820">royaume des Deux-Siciles</a>, dans le <a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%A9mont" title="Piémont">Piémont</a>, au <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_lib%C3%A9rale_portugaise" title="Révolution libérale portugaise">Portugal</a>, en <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_de_1821_en_Moldavie_et_Valachie" title="Révolution de 1821 en Moldavie et Valachie">Moldavie et Valachie</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>1820-1826 : agitation des <a href="/wiki/Ou%C3%AFgours" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouïgours">Ouïgours</a>, musulmans, dans le <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>. Affaiblissement du pouvoir impérial dans la <a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">Chine</a> des <a href="/wiki/Dynastie_Qing" title="Dynastie Qing">Qing</a> en proie à des révoltes populaires endémiques<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Corruption et gaspillage s’installent dans l’État<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. On vend les grades « d’étudiants du Collège impérial » et certains fonctionnaires n’hésitent pas à faire crever les digues pour s’approprier les crédits de reconstruction.</li></ul> <div class="thumb tleft" style="width:30%;"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="thumbcaption"><div style="text-align: inherit;"> Après l’indépendance <a href="/wiki/Congr%C3%A8s_de_Tucum%C3%A1n" title="Congrès de Tucumán">proclamée en 1816</a>, et la chute du <a href="/wiki/Directoire_(Argentine)" title="Directoire (Argentine)">Directoire suprême</a> en 1820, l’absence d’un centre politique et économique unique provoque d’inévitables divisions. Pendant une décennie, se créent de nombreuses républiques indépendantes dans tout le pays, dominées par de puissants caudillos. En 1823, la volonté de <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> d’unifier le pays, et notamment de monopoliser les recettes tirées des droits de douane, se heurte aux pulsions fédéralistes de l’intérieur. À la fin de la <a href="/wiki/Guerre_de_Cisplatine" title="Guerre de Cisplatine">guerre avec le Brésil</a> en 1828, la lutte reprend entre <a href="/wiki/Parti_f%C3%A9d%C3%A9raliste_(Argentine)" title="Parti fédéraliste (Argentine)">fédéralistes</a> et <a href="/wiki/Parti_unitaire_(Argentine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti unitaire (Argentine)">unitaristes</a> (1828―1831)<sup id="cite_ref-Moussy_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moussy-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><br /><br /><div style="text-align: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Guerres_civiles_argentines" title="Guerres civiles argentines">Guerres civiles argentines</a></div><br /></div></div></div></div> <ul><li>1820-1831 : <a href="/wiki/Guerres_civiles_argentines" title="Guerres civiles argentines">guerres civiles argentines</a><sup id="cite_ref-Moussy_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moussy-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>1821 : <a href="/wiki/Guerre_d%27ind%C3%A9pendance_du_P%C3%A9rou" title="Guerre d'indépendance du Pérou">indépendance du Pérou</a> et <a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Traité de Córdoba">du Mexique</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bertrand_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bertrand-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>1821-1829 : <a href="/wiki/Guerre_d%27ind%C3%A9pendance_grecque" title="Guerre d'indépendance grecque">guerre d'indépendance grecque</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>1822-1823 : <a href="/wiki/Guerre_d%27ind%C3%A9pendance_du_Br%C3%A9sil" title="Guerre d'indépendance du Brésil">guerre d'indépendance du Brésil</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bertrand_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bertrand-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>1822-1844 : abolition des <a href="/wiki/Khanat_kazakh" title="Khanat kazakh">khanats kazakhs</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>1823 : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_Monroe" title="Doctrine Monroe">doctrine Monroe</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bertrand_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bertrand-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exp%C3%A9dition_d%27Espagne" title="Expédition d'Espagne">expédition d'Espagne</a> ; <a href="/wiki/Restauration_absolutiste_en_Espagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Restauration absolutiste en Espagne">rétablissement de l'absolutisme</a> et fin du <a href="/wiki/Triennat_lib%C3%A9ral" title="Triennat libéral">triennat libéral</a> en Espagne. Début de la « <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9cennie_abominable" title="Décennie abominable">décennie abominable</a> » (<i>Decada ominosa</i>, 1823-1833)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul></li> <li>1823-1831 : <a href="/wiki/Guerres_anglo-ashanti#Première_guerre_anglo-ashanti" title="Guerres anglo-ashanti">première guerre anglo-ashanti</a><sup id="cite_ref-Morris_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>1823-1835<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> actuel : la <a href="/wiki/Royaume_d%27Oyo" title="Royaume d'Oyo">civilisation d’Oyo</a> disparaît au début du <a href="/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIXe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> sous les coups des <a href="/wiki/Royaume_du_Dahomey" title="Royaume du Dahomey">Dahoméens</a> et des émirs de <a href="/wiki/Kano_(Nigeria)" title="Kano (Nigeria)">Kano</a> et de <a href="/wiki/Katsina" title="Katsina">Katsina</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>1824-1826 : <a href="/wiki/Guerres_anglo-birmanes#Première_guerre_anglo-birmane_(1824-1826)" title="Guerres anglo-birmanes">première guerre anglo-birmane</a><sup id="cite_ref-Morris_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>1825 : <a href="/wiki/Crise_boursi%C3%A8re_de_1825" title="Crise boursière de 1825">crise boursière au Royaume-Uni</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>1825-1826 : <a href="/wiki/Insurrection_d%C3%A9cabriste" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurrection décabriste">insurrection décabriste</a> en Russie<sup id="cite_ref-Klein-Gousseff_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-Gousseff-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>1825-1828 : <a href="/wiki/Guerre_de_Cisplatine" title="Guerre de Cisplatine">guerre de Cisplatine</a> entre les <a href="/wiki/Provinces-Unies_du_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Provinces-Unies du Río de la Plata">Provinces-Unies du Rio de la Plata</a> et l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_du_Br%C3%A9sil" title="Empire du Brésil">Empire</a> ; indépendance de l’<a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>1826 : les <a href="/wiki/Dynastie_Barakzai" title="Dynastie Barakzai">Barakzaï</a> prennent le pouvoir en <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> et partagent le pays<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>1826-1834 : <a href="/wiki/Crise_de_succession_portugaise_(1826-1834)" title="Crise de succession portugaise (1826-1834)">crise de succession portugaise</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guerre_civile_portugaise" title="Guerre civile portugaise">Guerre civile</a> (1828-1834)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>1826-1828 : <a href="/wiki/Guerre_russo-persane_de_1826-1828" title="Guerre russo-persane de 1826-1828">deuxième guerre russo-persane</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:View_from_the_Window_at_Le_Gras,_Joseph_Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/View_from_the_Window_at_Le_Gras%2C_Joseph_Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce.jpg/220px-View_from_the_Window_at_Le_Gras%2C_Joseph_Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/View_from_the_Window_at_Le_Gras%2C_Joseph_Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce.jpg/330px-View_from_the_Window_at_Le_Gras%2C_Joseph_Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/View_from_the_Window_at_Le_Gras%2C_Joseph_Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce.jpg/440px-View_from_the_Window_at_Le_Gras%2C_Joseph_Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2597" data-file-height="1805" /></a><figcaption> <i><a href="/wiki/Point_de_vue_du_Gras" title="Point de vue du Gras">Vue de la fenêtre du domaine du Gras</a></i>, à <a href="/wiki/Saint-Loup-de-Varennes" title="Saint-Loup-de-Varennes">Saint-Loup-de-Varennes</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1827 : <i><a href="/wiki/Point_de_vue_du_Gras" title="Point de vue du Gras">Point de vue du Gras</a></i>, première <a href="/wiki/Histoire_de_la_photographie" title="Histoire de la photographie">photographie</a> permanente réalisée par <a href="/wiki/Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce" title="Nicéphore Niépce">Nicéphore Niépce</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>1828 : <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cailli%C3%A9" title="René Caillié">René Caillié</a> à Tombouctou<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>1828-1829 : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerre_russo-turque_de_1828-1829" title="Guerre russo-turque de 1828-1829">guerre russo-turque</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerre_Grande_Colombie-P%C3%A9rou" title="Guerre Grande Colombie-Pérou">guerre Grande Colombie-Pérou</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ramel_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramel-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul></li> <li>1828-1833 : <a href="/wiki/Exp%C3%A9dition_de_Mor%C3%A9e" title="Expédition de Morée">expédition française de Morée</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personnages_significatifs">Personnages significatifs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann%C3%A9es_1820&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Personnages significatifs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann%C3%A9es_1820&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Personnages significatifs"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metternich" class="mw-redirect" title="Metternich">Metternich</a>, leader de la Sainte Alliance, fait réprimer l'agitation européenne (motivée par des aspirations libérales et le droit des peuples à disposer d'eux-mêmes).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronologies_thématiques"><span id="Chronologies_th.C3.A9matiques"></span>Chronologies thématiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann%C3%A9es_1820&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Chronologies thématiques" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann%C3%A9es_1820&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Chronologies thématiques"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Articles détaillés : <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9cennie_1820_en_arts_plastiques" title="Décennie 1820 en arts plastiques">Décennie 1820 en arts plastiques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronologie_des_faits_%C3%A9conomiques_et_sociaux_dans_les_ann%C3%A9es_1820" title="Chronologie des faits économiques et sociaux dans les années 1820">Chronologie des faits économiques et sociaux dans les années 1820</a> et <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1820_en_sport" title="Années 1820 en sport">Années 1820 en sport</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann%C3%A9es_1820&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann%C3%A9es_1820&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Champchesnel-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Champchesnel_1-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="de_Champchesnel2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hélène_de_Champchesnel2016">Hélène de Champchesnel, <cite class="italique">Petit livre de - L'Histoire de France</cite>, edi8, <time>2016</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782754086141" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782754086141"><span class="nowrap">9782754086141</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=RUJpCwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT69">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petit+livre+de+-+L%27Histoire+de+France&rft.pub=edi8&rft.au=H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne+de+Champchesnel&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9782754086141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnn%C3%A9es+1820"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bailliére1895"><span class="ouvrage" id="Germer_Bailliére1895">Germer Bailliére, <cite class="italique">Revue scientifique</cite>, <time>1895</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=opAKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA434">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revue+scientifique&rft.aulast=Bailli%C3%A9re&rft.aufirst=Germer&rft.date=1895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnn%C3%A9es+1820"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ade_Ajayi1996"><span class="ouvrage" id="J._F._Ade_Ajayi1996">J. F. Ade Ajayi, <cite class="italique">Histoire générale de l'Afrique : L'Afrique au <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle jusque vers les années 1880</cite>, UNESCO, <time>1996</time>, 936 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-92-3-201712-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-92-3-201712-3"><span class="nowrap">978-92-3-201712-3</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=d4eb6ny2whAC&pg=PA135">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+de+l%27Afrique+%3A+L%27Afrique+au+XIXe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle+jusque+vers+les+ann%C3%A9es+1880&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.aulast=Ade+Ajayi&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rft.date=1996&rft.tpages=936&rft.isbn=978-92-3-201712-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnn%C3%A9es+1820"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lugan2020"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bernard_Lugan2020">Bernard Lugan, <cite class="italique">Histoire de l’Afrique – Des origines à nos jours</cite>, Éditions Ellipses, <time>2020</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782340043718" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782340043718"><span class="nowrap">9782340043718</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=WRhEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT277">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%E2%80%99Afrique+%E2%80%93+Des+origines+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Ellipses&rft.aulast=Lugan&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9782340043718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnn%C3%A9es+1820"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Vincent2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bernard_Vincent2016">Bernard Vincent, <cite class="italique">Histoire des États-Unis</cite>, Flammarion, <time>2016</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782081393684" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782081393684"><span class="nowrap">9782081393684</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=Bg0KDQAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT120">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+%C3%89tats-Unis&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9782081393684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnn%C3%A9es+1820"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zinn-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Zinn_6-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Zinn2002"><span class="ouvrage" id="Howard_Zinn2002">Howard Zinn, <cite class="italique">Une histoire populaire des États-Unis : De 1492 à nos jours</cite>, Agone, <time>2002</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782748902440" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782748902440"><span class="nowrap">9782748902440</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=JyY-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT167">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Une+histoire+populaire+des+%C3%89tats-Unis+%3A+De+1492+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.pub=Agone&rft.aulast=Zinn&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9782748902440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnn%C3%A9es+1820"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Aprile,_Jean-Claude_Caron,_Emmanuel_Fureix"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sylvie_Aprile,_Jean-Claude_Caron,_Emmanuel_Fureix">Sylvie Aprile, Jean-Claude Caron, Emmanuel Fureix, <cite class="italique">La Liberté guidant les peuples: Les révolutions de 1830 en Europe</cite>, Éditions Champ Vallon <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782876737037" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782876737037"><span class="nowrap">9782876737037</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=_QBZAgAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT45">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Libert%C3%A9+guidant+les+peuples%3A+Les+r%C3%A9volutions+de+1830+en+Europe&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Champ+Vallon&rft.au=Sylvie+Aprile%2C+Jean-Claude+Caron%2C+Emmanuel+Fureix&rft.isbn=9782876737037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnn%C3%A9es+1820"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lombard"><span class="ouvrage" id="Denys_Lombard">Denys Lombard, <cite class="italique">La Chine impériale</cite>, Presses universitaires de France <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782705910754" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782705910754"><span class="nowrap">9782705910754</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=LCOFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT122">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Chine+imp%C3%A9riale&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.aulast=Lombard&rft.aufirst=Denys&rft.isbn=9782705910754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnn%C3%A9es+1820"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Soutif"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michel_Soutif">Michel Soutif, <cite class="italique">Fondements des civilisations de l'Asie</cite>, EDP Sciences <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782759803378" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782759803378"><span class="nowrap">9782759803378</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=t1W__qGfAnEC&pg=PA270">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fondements+des+civilisations+de+l%27Asie&rft.pub=EDP+Sciences&rft.aulast=Soutif&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.isbn=9782759803378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnn%C3%A9es+1820"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moussy-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Moussy_10-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Moussy_10-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Martin_de_Moussy1860"><span class="ouvrage" id="Victor_Martin_de_Moussy1860">Victor Martin de Moussy, <cite class="italique">Description géographique et statistique de la confédération Argentine</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 2, Didot, <time>1860</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=MU46AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA600">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Description+g%C3%A9ographique+et+statistique+de+la+conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+Argentine&rft.pub=Didot&rft.au=Victor+Martin+de+Moussy&rft.date=1860&rft.volume=2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnn%C3%A9es+1820"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bertrand-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bertrand_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bertrand_11-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Bertrand_11-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bertrand,_Jean-Michel_Blanquer,_Antoine_Coppolani,_Isabelle_Vagnoux2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michel_Bertrand,_Jean-Michel_Blanquer,_Antoine_Coppolani,_Isabelle_Vagnoux2016">Michel Bertrand, Jean-Michel Blanquer, Antoine Coppolani, Isabelle Vagnoux, <cite class="italique">Les Amériques - Du Précolombien à 1830</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 1, Robert Laffont, <time>2016</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782221197912" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782221197912"><span class="nowrap">9782221197912</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=8-xjDQAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT41">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Am%C3%A9riques+-+Du+Pr%C3%A9colombien+%C3%A0+1830&rft.pub=Robert+Laffont&rft.au=Michel+Bertrand%2C+Jean-Michel+Blanquer%2C+Antoine+Coppolani%2C+Isabelle+Vagnoux&rft.date=2016&rft.volume=1&rft.isbn=9782221197912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnn%C3%A9es+1820"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Roquette"><span class="ouvrage" id="Antoine_Roquette">Antoine Roquette, <cite class="italique">La France et l'indépendance de la Grèce (1821-1829): ou le romantisme dans les relations internationales</cite>, Édition du Félin <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782866459369" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782866459369"><span class="nowrap">9782866459369</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=iBsJEAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT11">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+France+et+l%27ind%C3%A9pendance+de+la+Gr%C3%A8ce+%281821-1829%29%3A+ou+le+romantisme+dans+les+relations+internationales&rft.pub=%C3%89dition+du+F%C3%A9lin&rft.aulast=Roquette&rft.aufirst=Antoine&rft.isbn=9782866459369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnn%C3%A9es+1820"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Roux2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Paul_Roux2000">Jean-Paul Roux, <cite class="italique">Histoire des Turcs : Deux mille ans du Pacifique à la méditerranée</cite>, Fayard, <time>2000</time>, 494 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-213-64065-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-213-64065-5"><span class="nowrap">978-2-213-64065-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=PLpvAi8lfRsC&pg=PAPT328">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+Turcs&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.stitle=Deux+mille+ans+du+Pacifique+%C3%A0+la+m%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e&rft.aulast=Roux&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&rft.date=2000&rft.tpages=494&rft.isbn=978-2-213-64065-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnn%C3%A9es+1820"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dupont2021"><span class="ouvrage" id="Alexandre_Dupont2021">Alexandre Dupont, <cite class="italique">Une internationale blanche: Histoire d’une mobilisation royaliste entre France et Espagne dans les années 1870</cite>, Éditions de la Sorbonne, <time>2021</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9791035107017" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9791035107017"><span class="nowrap">9791035107017</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=c09SEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA36">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Une+internationale+blanche%3A+Histoire+d%E2%80%99une+mobilisation+royaliste+entre+France+et+Espagne+dans+les+ann%C3%A9es+1870&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+de+la+Sorbonne&rft.aulast=Dupont&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9791035107017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnn%C3%A9es+1820"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Morris_15-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_15-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Morris2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Larry_E._Morris2013">Larry E. Morris, <cite class="italique">The Perilous West: Seven Amazing Explorers and the Founding of the Oregon Trail</cite>, Rowman & Littlefield, <time>2013</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9781442211124" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9781442211124"><span class="nowrap">9781442211124</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=W3xpBAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT140">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perilous+West%3A+Seven+Amazing+Explorers+and+the+Founding+of+the+Oregon+Trail&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Larry+E.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781442211124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnn%C3%A9es+1820"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Munyaradzi,_Mubaya,_Tapuwa_R.2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mawere,_Munyaradzi,_Mubaya,_Tapuwa_R.2017">Mawere, Munyaradzi, Mubaya, Tapuwa R., <cite class="italique">The African Conundrum : Rethinking the Trajectories of Historical, Cultural, Philosophical and Developmental Experiences of</cite>, Langaa RPCIG, <time>2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9789956764440" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9789956764440"><span class="nowrap">9789956764440</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=Nt4vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA207">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+African+Conundrum+%3A+Rethinking+the+Trajectories+of+Historical%2C+Cultural%2C+Philosophical+and+Developmental+Experiences+of&rft.pub=Langaa+RPCIG&rft.au=Mawere%2C+Munyaradzi%2C+Mubaya%2C+Tapuwa+R.&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789956764440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnn%C3%A9es+1820"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Falola,_Matthew_M._Heaton2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Toyin_Falola,_Matthew_M._Heaton2008">Toyin Falola, Matthew M. Heaton, <cite class="italique">A History of Nigeria</cite>, Cambridge University Press, <time>2008</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9781139472036" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9781139472036"><span class="nowrap">9781139472036</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=XygZjbNRap0C&pg=PA48">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Nigeria&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.au=Toyin+Falola%2C+Matthew+M.+Heaton&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781139472036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnn%C3%A9es+1820"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Flament,_Jeanne_Singer-Kérel"><span class="ouvrage" id="Maurice_Flament,_Jeanne_Singer-Kérel">Maurice Flament, Jeanne Singer-Kérel, <cite class="italique">Les Crises économiques</cite>, Presses universitaires de France <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782130660262" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782130660262"><span class="nowrap">9782130660262</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=Ji5YDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT16">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Crises+%C3%A9conomiques&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.au=Maurice+Flament%2C+Jeanne+Singer-K%C3%A9rel&rft.isbn=9782130660262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnn%C3%A9es+1820"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klein-Gousseff-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Klein-Gousseff_19-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Klein-Gousseff,_Yves_Sansonnens"><span class="ouvrage" id="Catherine_Klein-Gousseff,_Yves_Sansonnens">Catherine Klein-Gousseff, Yves Sansonnens, <cite class="italique">Les Grandes Dates de la Russie et de l'URSS</cite>, Larousse <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782295009258" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782295009258"><span class="nowrap">9782295009258</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=i657DwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT169">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Grandes+Dates+de+la+Russie+et+de+l%27URSS&rft.pub=Larousse&rft.au=Catherine+Klein-Gousseff%2C+Yves+Sansonnens&rft.isbn=9782295009258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnn%C3%A9es+1820"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gervaise2018"><span class="ouvrage" id="Yves_Gervaise2018">Yves Gervaise, <cite class="italique">Géopolitique du Brésil : Les chemins de la puissance</cite>, Presses universitaires de France, <time>2018</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782130806967" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782130806967"><span class="nowrap">9782130806967</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=eDNKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT320">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G%C3%A9opolitique+du+Br%C3%A9sil+%3A+Les+chemins+de+la+puissance&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.aulast=Gervaise&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9782130806967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnn%C3%A9es+1820"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nahavandi2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Firouzeh_Nahavandi2019">Firouzeh Nahavandi, <cite class="italique">Afghanistan</cite>, De Boeck Supérieur, <time>2019</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782807329270" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782807329270"><span class="nowrap">9782807329270</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=myWsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT27">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan&rft.pub=De+Boeck+Sup%C3%A9rieur&rft.aulast=Nahavandi&rft.aufirst=Firouzeh&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9782807329270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnn%C3%A9es+1820"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Henrique_R._de_Oliveira_Marques,_Jean-Michel_Massa1998"><span class="ouvrage" id="António_Henrique_R._de_Oliveira_Marques,_Jean-Michel_Massa1998">António Henrique R. de Oliveira Marques, Jean-Michel Massa, <cite class="italique">Histoire du Portugal et de son empire colonial</cite>, Karthala, <time>1998</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782865378449" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782865378449"><span class="nowrap">9782865378449</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=zLlPykZq80MC&pg=PA391">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+Portugal+et+de+son+empire+colonial&rft.pub=Karthala&rft.au=Ant%C3%B3nio+Henrique+R.+de+Oliveira+Marques%2C+Jean-Michel+Massa&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9782865378449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnn%C3%A9es+1820"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Therme2015"><span class="ouvrage" id="Clément_Therme2015">Clément Therme, <cite class="italique">Les relations entre Téhéran et Moscou depuis 1979</cite>, Graduate Institute Publications, <time>2015</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782940549023" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782940549023"><span class="nowrap">9782940549023</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=TUIaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+relations+entre+T%C3%A9h%C3%A9ran+et+Moscou+depuis+1979&rft.pub=Graduate+Institute+Publications&rft.aulast=Therme&rft.aufirst=Cl%C3%A9ment&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9782940549023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnn%C3%A9es+1820"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Chik2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Caroline_Chik2019">Caroline Chik, <cite class="italique">L'image paradoxale : Fixité et mouvement</cite>, Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, <time>2019</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782757421543" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782757421543"><span class="nowrap">9782757421543</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=MV21DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27image+paradoxale+%3A+Fixit%C3%A9+et+mouvement&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+du+Septentrion&rft.aulast=Chik&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9782757421543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnn%C3%A9es+1820"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Viguier2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pierre_Viguier2008">Pierre Viguier, <cite class="italique">Sur les traces de René Caillié : Le Mali de 1828 revisité</cite>, Editions Quae, <time>2008</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782759202713" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782759202713"><span class="nowrap">9782759202713</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=nc13sYyITP0C&pg=PA22">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sur+les+traces+de+Ren%C3%A9+Cailli%C3%A9+%3A+Le+Mali+de+1828+revisit%C3%A9&rft.pub=Editions+Quae&rft.aulast=Viguier&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9782759202713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnn%C3%A9es+1820"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Moreau2020"><span class="ouvrage" id="Odile_Moreau2020">Odile Moreau, <cite class="italique">L'Empire ottoman au XIXe siècle</cite>, Armand Colin, <time>2020</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782200620943" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782200620943"><span class="nowrap">9782200620943</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=P6TODwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT109">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Empire+ottoman+au+XIXe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.pub=Armand+Colin&rft.aulast=Moreau&rft.aufirst=Odile&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9782200620943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnn%C3%A9es+1820"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramel-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Ramel_27-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ramel,_Jean-Baptiste_Jeangène_Vilmer,_Benoît_Durieux2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="Frédéric_Ramel,_Jean-Baptiste_Jeangène_Vilmer,_Benoît_Durieux2017">Frédéric Ramel, Jean-Baptiste Jeangène Vilmer, Benoît Durieux, <cite class="italique">Dictionnaire de la guerre et de la paix</cite>, Presses universitaires de France, <time>2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782130798033" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782130798033"><span class="nowrap">9782130798033</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=UF46DwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT134">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+la+guerre+et+de+la+paix&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.au=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Ramel%2C+Jean-Baptiste+Jeang%C3%A8ne+Vilmer%2C+Beno%C3%AEt+Durieux&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9782130798033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnn%C3%A9es+1820"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Clément,_Daniel_de_Montplaisir2015"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Paul_Clément,_Daniel_de_Montplaisir2015">Jean-Paul Clément, Daniel de Montplaisir, <cite class="italique">Charles X</cite>, Place des éditeurs, <time>2015</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782262064617" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782262064617"><span class="nowrap">9782262064617</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=9ep6CgAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT339">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+X&rft.pub=Place+des+%C3%A9diteurs&rft.au=Jean-Paul+Cl%C3%A9ment%2C+Daniel+de+Montplaisir&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9782262064617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAnn%C3%A9es+1820"></span></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Ann%C3%A9es_1820" title="Portail des années 1820"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sunset_across_the_Ryogoku_bridge_from_the_bank_of_the_Sumida_river_at_Onmagayashi.jpg/36px-Sunset_across_the_Ryogoku_bridge_from_the_bank_of_the_Sumida_river_at_Onmagayashi.jpg" decoding="async" width="36" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sunset_across_the_Ryogoku_bridge_from_the_bank_of_the_Sumida_river_at_Onmagayashi.jpg/54px-Sunset_across_the_Ryogoku_bridge_from_the_bank_of_the_Sumida_river_at_Onmagayashi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sunset_across_the_Ryogoku_bridge_from_the_bank_of_the_Sumida_river_at_Onmagayashi.jpg/71px-Sunset_across_the_Ryogoku_bridge_from_the_bank_of_the_Sumida_river_at_Onmagayashi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4314" data-file-height="2913" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Ann%C3%A9es_1820" title="Portail:Années 1820">Portail des années 1820</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:XIXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Portail du XIXe siècle"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Journal-des-chemins-de-fer-image-titre.png/48px-Journal-des-chemins-de-fer-image-titre.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Journal-des-chemins-de-fer-image-titre.png/72px-Journal-des-chemins-de-fer-image-titre.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Journal-des-chemins-de-fer-image-titre.png/96px-Journal-des-chemins-de-fer-image-titre.png 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="280" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:XIXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Portail:XIXe siècle">Portail du <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:%C3%89poque_contemporaine" title="Portail du monde contemporain"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hannover_Gehry-Tower.jpg/18px-Hannover_Gehry-Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hannover_Gehry-Tower.jpg/27px-Hannover_Gehry-Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hannover_Gehry-Tower.jpg/36px-Hannover_Gehry-Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></span> <span 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