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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="إنجليزية جامايكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنجليزية جامايكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%A9s_xamaicanu" title="Inglés xamaicanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Inglés xamaicanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%A9s_jamaiquino" title="Inglés jamaiquino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inglés jamaiquino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglais_jama%C3%AFcain" title="Anglais jamaïcain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anglais jamaïcain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turanci_a_Jamaica" title="Turanci a Jamaica – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Turanci a Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="जमैकन अंग्रेजी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जमैकन अंग्रेजी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglese_giamaicano" title="Inglese giamaicano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inglese giamaicano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AB%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="ジャマイカ英語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャマイカ英語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s_jamaican" title="Anglés jamaican – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Anglés jamaican" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80" title="ਜਮੈਕਾਈ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਮੈਕਾਈ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumiekan_Ingglish" title="Jumiekan Ingglish – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Jumiekan Ingglish" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamajska_odmiana_j%C4%99zyka_angielskiego" title="Jamajska odmiana języka angielskiego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jamajska odmiana języka angielskiego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%AAs_jamaicano" title="Inglês jamaicano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inglês jamaicano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ямайский вариант английского языка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ямайский вариант английского языка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jamaican English" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaikanenglanti" title="Jamaikanenglanti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jamaikanenglanti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaicansk_engelska" title="Jamaicansk engelska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jamaicansk engelska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Anh_Jamaica" title="Tiếng Anh Jamaica – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Anh Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q603200#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" title="English as a second or foreign language">As a second language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English" title="History of English">History</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Advanced topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_by_country_or_language_of_origin" title="Lists of English words by country or language of origin">Loanwords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Linguistic purism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Phonology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">Phonology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English" title="Phonological history of English">History</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_Creole" title="Anguillian Creole">Anguillian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_English" title="Antarctic English">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_Creole" title="Antiguan and Barbudan Creole">Antiguan and Barbudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajan_English" title="Bajan English">Bajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_English" title="Belizean English">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Fiji#English" title="Languages of Fiji">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavia_English" title="Gustavia English">Gustavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Irish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s%E2%80%93Providencia_Creole" title="San Andrés–Providencia Creole">San Andrés–Providencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" title="Ugandan English">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwean</a></li> <li><i>see also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">List of dialects of English</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Teaching</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" title="Teaching English as a second or foreign language">Teaching English as a second language</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Sylbourne_Sydial_with_Nordia_Teape_on_Integrated_Diaspora_Services.flac" title="File:Sylbourne Sydial with Nordia Teape on Integrated Diaspora Services.flac">Speech example</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="102" data-mwtitle="Sylbourne_Sydial_with_Nordia_Teape_on_Integrated_Diaspora_Services.flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Sylbourne_Sydial_with_Nordia_Teape_on_Integrated_Diaspora_Services.flac/Sylbourne_Sydial_with_Nordia_Teape_on_Integrated_Diaspora_Services.flac.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Sylbourne_Sydial_with_Nordia_Teape_on_Integrated_Diaspora_Services.flac/Sylbourne_Sydial_with_Nordia_Teape_on_Integrated_Diaspora_Services.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Sylbourne_Sydial_with_Nordia_Teape_on_Integrated_Diaspora_Services.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASylbourne_Sydial_with_Nordia_Teape_on_Integrated_Diaspora_Services.flac&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">An example of a woman and man with Jamaican English accents.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p><b>Jamaican English</b>, including <b>Jamaican Standard English</b>, is the variety of English native to <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> and is the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A distinction exists between Jamaican English and <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Patois" title="Jamaican Patois">Jamaican Patois</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a>), though not entirely a sharp distinction so much as a gradual <a href="/wiki/Creole_continuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Creole continuum">continuum</a> between two extremes.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jamaican English tends to follow <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences" title="American and British English spelling differences">British English spelling conventions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_English&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sociolinguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">language varieties</a> that have significantly impacted the Jamaican dialect of English. English was introduced into Jamaica in 1655,<sup id="cite_ref-Justus_39_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Justus_39-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of British colonisation. <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> was spread through post-primary education, and through British teachers that immigrated to Jamaica.<sup id="cite_ref-Justus_39_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Justus_39-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Standard English in Jamaica conflated with the British standard.<sup id="cite_ref-Mair_31–58_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mair_31–58-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals who speak the standard variety are often considered to be of a higher social class; the people who speak more standard English than patois are known as “uptown” <sup id="cite_ref-Justus_39_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Justus_39-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> has contributed to the Jamaican English dialect. These impacts can be traced to the development of stronger social and economic ties with the United States,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the popularity of U.S. cultural offerings, including film, music, and <a href="/wiki/Televised" class="mw-redirect" title="Televised">televised</a> dramas and comedies and tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Patois" title="Jamaican Patois">Jamaican Patois</a> is another source of influence on Jamaican English.<sup id="cite_ref-Mair_31–58_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mair_31–58-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many rural homes are monolingually Patois. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_English&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are great similarities between standard British English and the standard variety of Jamaican English, including in grammar, idiom, and vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-Mair_31–58_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mair_31–58-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_English&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This section contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p>Features of standard Jamaican English include the characteristic pronunciation of the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aʊ/</span> <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> in words like <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">MOUTH</span>, which is often more closed and rounded <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɵʊ]</span> than in British <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a> (RP) or <a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a> (GA); the pronunciation of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">STRUT</span> vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʌ/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɵ~o]</span> (again, more closed and rounded than the RP or FA varieties); and the very distinctive feature of "variable semi-<a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">rhoticity</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-rhoticity (the pronunciation of "r" nowhere except before vowels) is highly variable in Jamaican English and can depend upon the phonemic and even social context.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jamaican English accents are: non-rhotic regarding words of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LETTER</span> <a href="/wiki/Lexical_set" title="Lexical set">lexical set</a> (at the ends of unstressed <a href="/wiki/Syllables" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllables">syllables</a>); rhotic (i.e., fully preserving the "r" sound) regarding words of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">NEAR</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FORCE</span> sets; high to middling in degrees of rhoticity regarding the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">SQUARE</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">NURSE</span>, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">CURE</span> sets; and low regarding rhoticity with most other word sets.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When "r" is followed by a consonant, non-rhoticity is more likely than when "r" is not followed by a consonant.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, overall more rhoticity is positively correlated with higher levels of education. This has been attributed to the Jamaican education system normalising and promoting a rhotic variety of English.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the overall degree of rhoticity in educated Jamaican English remains very low, with rhoticity occurring 21.7% of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Merger of the diphthongs in <a href="/wiki/Near-square_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-square merger">"fair" and "fear"</a> takes place both in Jamaican Standard English and <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Patois" title="Jamaican Patois">Jamaican Patois</a>, resulting in those two words (and many others, like "bear" and "beer") often becoming <a href="/wiki/Homophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Homophones">homophones</a>: the sound being <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eːɹ]</span>, though often <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iɛɹ]</span> (something like "ee-air"; thus "bear/beer" as "bee-air").<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The short "a" sound (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">TRAP</span>, man, hat, etc.) is very open <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span>, similar to its Irish variants, while <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">BATH</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">PALM</span>, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">START</span> all use this same sound too, but lengthened,<sup id="cite_ref-Devonish_2004_460_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devonish_2004_460-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and perhaps slightly backed;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this distinction can maintain a London-like <a href="/wiki/Trap-bath_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Trap-bath split"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">TRAP–BATH</span> split</a>. Both <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LOT/CLOTH</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">THOUGHT</span> use a rounded <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span>, though a <a href="/wiki/Cot-caught_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Cot-caught merger">cot-caught merger</a> is theoretically avoided by the latter set of words being more lengthened;<sup id="cite_ref-Devonish_2004_460_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devonish_2004_460-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, in reality, a full merger (of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LOT/CLOTH/THOUGHT</span>) is reportedly increasing in informal contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Jamaican Patois speakers, the merged vowel is much lower. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">GOAT</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FACE</span> vowels in the standard educated dialect are long <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthongs</a>: respectively <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oː]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eː]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Devonish_2004_460_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devonish_2004_460-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unstressed <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> phoneme (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">COMMA</span>) appears to be normally produced in the area of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a~ɐ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the low central vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span>, the <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velars</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span> can be realized with <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalisation</a>, so that <i>cat</i> can be pronounced [k<sup>h</sup>at ~ kjat] and <i>card</i> as [k<sup>h</sup>a:d ~ kja:d]); while [ɡ] and [ɡj] coexist, as in <i>gap</i> [ɡap ~ ɡjap] or guard [ɡa:(ɹ)d ~ ɡja:(ɹ)d]. These variations are distinct <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> in Jamaican Patois before [a]: [ɡja:dn̩] is <i>garden</i> while [ɡa:dn̩] is <i>Gordon</i>; [kja:f] is <i>calf</i> while [ka:f] is <i>cough</i>. They are not distinct phonemes in Jamaica English because these word pairs are distinguished by the vowel ([a] vs [ɔ]) instead. However, this fact hasn't stopped educated speakers from incorporating [kj] in their English at least before unlengthened "a". Hoewever, vowel length can be a relevant factor, since it is possible to hear forms like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kjat]</span> for <i>cat</i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kjaɹɪ]</span> for <i>carry</i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kjaɹaktʌ]</span> for <i>character</i>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kjaɹɪbiǝn]</span> for <i>Caribbean</i>, but affluent or aspiring middle-class speakers tend to avoid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kja:ɹ]</span> for <i>car</i> due to its longer vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Presumably less-educated <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Patois" title="Jamaican Patois">Jamaican Patois</a> speakers may speak English with several other notable features, including a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">TRAP–LOT</span> merger (e.g. with <i>rat</i> and <i>rot</i> homophones) to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span> and a <a href="/wiki/Line-loin_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Line-loin merger"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">PRIZE–CHOICE</span> merger</a> (e.g. with <i>line</i> and <i>loin</i> homophones) to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔi]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Th-stopping" title="Th-stopping">Th-stopping</a> is also common. </p><p>One of the most salient sounds of <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean English</a> to speakers of outside English dialects is its unique rhythm and intonation. Linguists debate whether this system centres mostly on stress, tone, or a mixture in which the two interact. Sometimes, Jamaican English is perceived as maintaining less of a contrast between <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stressed and unstressed syllables</a>, in other words, making all syllables sound relatively-equally stressed: thus <i>kitchen</i> not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkɪtʃɪn/</span> so much as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɪtʃɪn/</span> (perhaps even perceived by a non-Caribbean as having second-syllable stress: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɪˈtʃɪn/</span>). In Jamaican English, normally reduced English vowels are sometimes not reduced, and other times are hyper-reduced, so that <i>token</i> is not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*[ˈtuokn̩]</span> but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈtuoken]</span>, yet <i>cement</i> can be as reduced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sment]</span>; the exact nuances of the rules at play here are also highly debated.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_use:_Jamaican_Standard_English_versus_Patois">Language use: Jamaican Standard English versus Patois</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_English&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Language use: Jamaican Standard English versus Patois"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jamaican Standard English and <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Patois" title="Jamaican Patois">Jamaican Patois</a> exist together in a <a href="/wiki/Post-creole_speech_continuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-creole speech continuum">post-creole speech continuum</a>. Jamaican (Creole/Patois) is used by most people for everyday, informal situations; it is the language most Jamaicans use at home and are most familiar with, as well as the language of most local popular music. Jamaican Patois has begun to be used on the radio as well as the news.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Standard English, on the other hand, is the language of education, <a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">high culture</a>, government, the media and official/formal communications. It is also the native language of a small minority of Jamaicans (typically upper-class and upper/traditional middle-class). Most Creole-dominant speakers have a fair command of English and Standard English, through schooling and exposure to official culture and mass media; their receptive skills (understanding of Standard English) are typically much better than their productive skills (their own intended Standard English statements often show signs of Jamaican Creole influence). </p><p>Most writing in Jamaica is done in English (including private notes and correspondence). Jamaican Patois has a standardised orthography as well,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but has only recently been taught in some schools, so the majority of Jamaicans can read and write standard English only, and have trouble deciphering written Patois (in which the writer tries to reflect characteristic structures and pronunciations to differing degrees, without compromising readability). Written Patois appears mostly in literature, especially in folkloristic "dialect poems"; in humoristic newspaper columns; and most recently, on internet chat sites frequented by younger Jamaicans, who seem to have a more positive attitude toward their own language use than their parents.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While, for the sake of simplicity, it is customary<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2011)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to describe Jamaican speech in terms of standard English versus Jamaican Creole, a clear-cut <a href="/wiki/Dichotomy" title="Dichotomy">dichotomy</a> does not describe the actual language use of most Jamaicans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Between the two extremes—"broad Patois" on one end of the spectrum, and "perfect" Standard English on the other—there are various in-between varieties. This situation typically results when a Creole language is in constant contact with Standardised English (superstrate or lexifier language) and is called a <a href="/wiki/Post-creole_speech_continuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-creole speech continuum">creole speech continuum</a>. The least prestigious (most Creole) variety is called the <a href="/wiki/Basilect" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilect">basilect</a>; Standard English (or high prestige) variety, the <a href="/wiki/Acrolect" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrolect">acrolect</a>; and in-between versions are known as <a href="/wiki/Mesolect" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesolect">mesolects</a>. </p><p>Consider, for example, the following forms: </p> <ul><li>"im/(h)ihn de/da/a wok úoba désò" (basilect)</li> <li>"im workin ova deso" (low mesolect)</li> <li>"(H)e (h)is workin' over dere" (high mesolect)</li> <li>"He is working over there." (acrolect)</li></ul> <p>(As noted above, the "r" in "over" is not pronounced in any variety, but the one in "dere" or "there" is.) </p><p>Jamaicans choose from the varieties available to them according to the situation. A Creole-dominant speaker may choose a higher variety for formal occasions like official business or a wedding speech, and a lower one for relating to friends; a standard English-dominant speaker is likely to employ a lower variety when shopping at the market than at their workplace. <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">Code-switching</a> can also be <a href="/wiki/Metacommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacommunication">metacommunicative</a> (as when a Standard-dominant speaker switches to a more heavily basilect-influenced variety in an attempt at humor or to express solidarity). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_English&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional accents of English speakers">Regional accents of English speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_language" title="Nation language">Nation language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_English&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jis.gov.jm/information/parish-profiles/">"Parish Profiles"</a>. <i>Jamaica Information Service</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Information+Service&rft.atitle=Parish+Profiles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjis.gov.jm%2Finformation%2Fparish-profiles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_L._Patrick1999" class="citation book cs1">Peter L. Patrick (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yK7-_j4VsIEC"><i>Urban Jamaican Creole: Variation in the Mesolect</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-4875-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-272-4875-3"><bdi>90-272-4875-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Jamaican+Creole%3A+Variation+in+the+Mesolect&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=90-272-4875-3&rft.au=Peter+L.+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyK7-_j4VsIEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSand,_A.1999" class="citation book cs1">Sand, A. (1999). <i>Linguistic variation in Jamaica: A corpus-based study of radio and newspaper usage</i>. Tübingen: G. Narr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8233-4943-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8233-4943-3"><bdi>978-3-8233-4943-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+variation+in+Jamaica%3A+A+corpus-based+study+of+radio+and+newspaper+usage&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=G.+Narr&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-8233-4943-3&rft.au=Sand%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Justus_39-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Justus_39_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Justus_39_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Justus_39_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustus1978" class="citation journal cs1">Justus, Joyce Bennett (January 1978). "Language and National Integration: The Jamaican Case". <i>Ethnology</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 39–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3773278">10.2307/3773278</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3773278">3773278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnology&rft.atitle=Language+and+National+Integration%3A+The+Jamaican+Case&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-51&rft.date=1978-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3773278&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3773278%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Justus&rft.aufirst=Joyce+Bennett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mair_31–58-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mair_31–58_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mair_31–58_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mair_31–58_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMair2002" class="citation journal cs1">Mair, Christian (1 June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233697602">"Creolisms in an emerging standard: Written English in Jamaica"</a>. <i>English World-Wide</i>. <b>23</b>: 31–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Feww.23.1.03mai">10.1075/eww.23.1.03mai</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+World-Wide&rft.atitle=Creolisms+in+an+emerging+standard%3A+Written+English+in+Jamaica&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=31-58&rft.date=2002-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Feww.23.1.03mai&rft.aulast=Mair&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F233697602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosenfelder, Ingrid (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freidok.uni-freiburg.de/fedora/objects/freidok:9336/datastreams/FILE1/content">"Sociophonetic variation in educated Jamaican English: An analysis of the spoken component of ICE-Jamaica</a>" (PDF). PhD dissertation, University of Freiburg.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosenfelder, 2009, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosenfelder, 2009, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosenfelder, 2009, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1982" class="citation book cs1">Wells, J C (1982). <i>Accents of English 3: Beyond the British Isles</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 577. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-28541-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-28541-0"><bdi>0-521-28541-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English+3%3A+Beyond+the+British+Isles&rft.pages=577&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-521-28541-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=J+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosenfelder, 2009, pp. 93, 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irvine-Sobers, G. Alison (2018). "The acrolect in Jamaica: The architecture of phonological variation" (Studies in Caribbean Languages 1). Berlin: Language Science Press. p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosenfelder, Ingrid (2009). "Rhoticity in Educated Jamaican English: An analysis of the spoken component of ICE-Jamaica." p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDevonishHarry2004">Devonish & Harry (2004</a>:463)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Devonish_2004_460-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Devonish_2004_460_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devonish_2004_460_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devonish_2004_460_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDevonishHarry2004">Devonish & Harry (2004</a>:460)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosenfelder, 2009, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosenfelder, 2009, pp. 145, 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosenfelder, 2009, pp. 139-140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irving-Sobers, G. Alison, 2018, pp. 45-46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irving-Sober, G. Alison (1994). "Dialect Variation in Jamaican English: A Study of the Phonology of Social Group Marking". English World-Wide, Volume 15(1). p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDevonishHarry2004">Devonish & Harry (2004</a>:465)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDevonishHarry2004">Devonish & Harry (2004</a>:462, 468)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bryan, Beverley (2004). "Jamaican Creole: in the process of becoming". <i>Ethnic and Racial Studies</i>. <b>27</b> (4): 641–659. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01491987042000216753">10.1080/01491987042000216753</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145631532">145631532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnic+and+Racial+Studies&rft.atitle=Jamaican+Creole%3A+in+the+process+of+becoming&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=641-659&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01491987042000216753&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145631532%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bryan&rft.aufirst=Beverley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dynamics of orthographic standardisation in Jamaican Creole and Nigerian Pidgin, Dagmar Deuber and Lars Hinrichs, <i>World Englishes</i> <b>26</b>, No. 1 (February 2007), pp. 22–47, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-971X.2007.00486.x">10.1111/j.1467-971X.2007.00486.x</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lars Hinrichs (2006), <i>Codeswitching on the Web: English and Jamaican Patois in E-Mail Communication</i>. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevonishHarry2004" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Devonish, Hubert; Harry, Otelemate G. (2004), "Jamaican Creole and Jamaican English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), <i>A handbook of varieties of English</i>, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 964–984, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017532-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017532-0"><bdi>3-11-017532-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jamaican+Creole+and+Jamaican+English%3A+phonology&rft.btitle=A+handbook+of+varieties+of+English&rft.pages=964-984&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-11-017532-0&rft.aulast=Devonish&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rft.au=Harry%2C+Otelemate+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+English" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="Template:Jamaica topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jamaica_topics" title="Template talk:Jamaica topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jamaica_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jamaica topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jamaica_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jamaica-related_articles" title="Index of Jamaica-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamaica" title="History of Jamaica">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taínos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Jamaica" title="Invasion of Jamaica">British conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Jamaica" title="List of governors of Jamaica">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Royal" title="Port Royal">Port Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroons" title="Jamaican Maroons">Maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1692_Jamaica_earthquake" title="1692 Jamaica earthquake">1692 earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Maroon_War" title="First Maroon War">First Maroon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacky%27s_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacky's War">Tacky's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Maroon_War" title="Second Maroon War">Second Maroon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_War" title="Baptist War">Baptist War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morant_Bay_rebellion" title="Morant Bay rebellion">Morant Bay rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Kingston_earthquake" title="1907 Kingston earthquake">1907 earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Independence_Act_1962" title="Jamaica Independence Act 1962">Jamaica Independence Act 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Charley_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of Hurricane Charley in Jamaica">Hurricane Charley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Ivan_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of Hurricane Ivan in Jamaica">Hurricane Ivan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Jamaica" title="Flag of Jamaica"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/100px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/150px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/200px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jamaica" title="Geography of Jamaica">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Jamaica" title="List of cities and towns in Jamaica">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Jamaica" title="Category:Fauna of Jamaica">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Jamaica" title="Category:Flora of Jamaica">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Jamaica" title="List of islands of Jamaica">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Jamaica" title="Parishes of Jamaica">Parishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Jamaica" title="List of rivers of Jamaica">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Jamaica" title="Water resources management in Jamaica">Water resources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jamaica" title="Politics of Jamaica">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Jamaica" title="Attorney General of Jamaica">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jamaica" title="Cabinet of Jamaica">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of Jamaica">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Jamaica" title="Constitution of Jamaica">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Jamaica" title="Elections in Jamaica">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Jamaica" title="Foreign relations of Jamaica">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Jamaica" title="Judiciary of Jamaica">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Constabulary_Force" title="Jamaica Constabulary Force">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Jamaica">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Defence_Force" title="Jamaica Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Jamaica" title="Governor-General of Jamaica">Governor-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Jamaica" title="Royal tours of Jamaica">Royal tours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jamaica" title="Parliament of Jamaica">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Jamaica" title="List of political parties in Jamaica">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jamaica" title="Prime Minister of Jamaica">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of Jamaica">Privy Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jamaica" title="Economy of Jamaica">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Jamaica" title="Bank of Jamaica">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_dollar" title="Jamaican dollar">Dollar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Free_Zones" title="Jamaican Free Zones">Free trade zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Stock_Exchange" title="Jamaica Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jamaica" title="Telecommunications in Jamaica">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Jamaica" title="Transport in Jamaica">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Jamaica" title="Category:Society of Jamaica">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Jamaica" title="Crime in Jamaica">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Jamaica" title="Demographics of Jamaica">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jamaica" title="Education in Jamaica">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Jamaica" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Jamaica">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Jamaica" title="Health in Jamaica">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Jamaica" title="Immigration to Jamaica">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Jamaica">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Jamaica" title="Water supply and sanitation in Jamaica">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jamaica" title="Culture of Jamaica">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica,_Land_We_Love" title="Jamaica, Land We Love">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jamaican_films" title="List of Jamaican films">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Jamaica" title="Coat of arms of Jamaica">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_cuisine" title="Jamaican cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Jamaica" title="Flag of Jamaica">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Heritage_Sites_in_Jamaica" title="List of National Heritage Sites in Jamaica">Heritage sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_literature" title="Jamaican literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Jamaica" title="List of newspapers in Jamaica">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Jamaica" title="Public holidays in Jamaica">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Jamaica" title="Sport in Jamaica">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of television stations in the Caribbean">Television stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jamaica" title="Outline of Jamaica">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jamaica-related_articles" title="Index of Jamaica-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jamaica" title="Category:Jamaica">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jamaica" title="Portal:Jamaica">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_dialects" title="Template:English dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_dialects" title="Template talk:English dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">Dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English" title="Regional accents of English">accents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> by continent</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">Great <br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Northern_England" title="English language in Northern England">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_dialect" title="Cheshire dialect">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbrian_dialect" title="Cumbrian dialect">Cumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrovian" title="Barrovian">Barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_dialect" title="Lancashire dialect">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect" title="Northumbrian dialect">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitmatic" title="Pitmatic">Pitmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackem" title="Mackem">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoggie" title="Smoggie">Teesside</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_English" title="West Midlands English">West Midlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Country_dialect" title="Black Country dialect">Black Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potteries_dialect" title="Potteries dialect">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Southern_England" title="English language in Southern England">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_English" title="East Anglian English">East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">London & Thames Estuary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_English" title="West Country English">West Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_dialect" title="Dorset dialect">Dorset</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_dialect" title="Glasgow dialect">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abercraf_English" title="Abercraf English">Abercraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_English" title="Cardiff English">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gower_dialect" title="Gower dialect">Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_English" title="Port Talbot English">Port Talbot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_English" title="Dublin English">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Irish_English" title="South-West Irish English">South-West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="Ulster English">Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_English" title="Channel Island English">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_English" title="Gibraltarian English">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="North_America" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North <br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_English_in_Canada" title="Indigenous English in Canada">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_English" title="Lunenburg English">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_slang" title="Toronto slang">Multicultural Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley_English" title="Ottawa Valley English">Ottawa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">United <br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_accent" title="Baltimore accent">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider">High Tider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and <br />ethno-cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_English" title="Pennsylvania Dutch English">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_English" title="Bahamian English">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="English in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bequia_English" title="Bequia English">Bequia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_English" title="Cayman Islands English">Cayman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saban_English" title="Saban English">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_English" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian English">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Variation_in_Australian_English" title="Variation in Australian English">variation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_English" title="South Australian English">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_English" title="Western Australian English">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji#Fiji_English" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_English" title="Palauan English">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_English" title="Solomon Islands English">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats_English" title="Cape Flats English">Cape Flats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" title="Ugandan English">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">Hong Kong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_differences_and_dialects_in_Indian_English" title="Regional differences and dialects in Indian English">regional and occupational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_English" title="Southeast Asian English">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_and_general_accents" title="Broad and general accents">Broad and general accents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English" title="Comparison of American and British English">Comparison of American and British English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Prime" title="E-Prime">E-Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englishisation" title="Englishisation">Englishisation</a></li> <li>Globish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Gogate)" title="Globish (Gogate)">Gogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Nerri%C3%A8re)" title="Globish (Nerrière)">Nerrière</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_English" title="International English">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_English_(version_of_English)" title="Learning English (version of English)">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Linguistic purism in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English-based_pidgins" title="List of English-based pidgins">List of English-based pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_accent" title="Mid-Atlantic accent">Mid-Atlantic accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_English" title="Non-native pronunciations of English">Non-native pronunciations of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_English" title="Plain English">Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English-speaking_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template talk:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English-speaking_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_language#Geographical_distribution" title="English language">English-speaking world</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span title="English speaking countries"><img alt="English speaking countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/600px-Anglophone_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/900px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/1200px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="974" resource="/wiki/File:Anglophone_World.svg" /></span><figcaption>English speaking countries</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_links" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further links</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the English language">History of the English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">English in the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;color:darkblue;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">List of countries by English-speaking population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_English_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where English is an official language">List of countries where English is an official language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:blue;"><span style="padding-left:1.0em;"> </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_the_national_language_or_the_native_language_of_the_majority"> <ul><li><b>Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightblue;"><span style="padding-left:1.0em;"> </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language,_but_not_the_majority_first_language"> <ul><li><b>Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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