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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1358 treaty between England and France</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;">First Treaty of London</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Treaty of perpetual peace</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Context</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist">Hundred Years' War</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Drafted</th><td class="infobox-data">October 1357 – May 1358</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sealed</th><td class="infobox-data">8 May 1358<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1358-05-08</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data">8 May 1358</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Negotiators</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John II, king of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III, king of England</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signatories</th><td class="infobox-data attendee plainlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John II, king of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III, king of England</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parties</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div 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.navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Edwardian_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Edwardian War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Edwardian_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Edwardian War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Edwardian_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Edwardian War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hundred_Years&#039;_WarEdwardian_phase(1337–1360)4607" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Hundred Years' War<br /><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1337%E2%80%931360" title="Hundred Years' War, 1337–1360">Edwardian phase<br />(1337–1360)</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1337–1340</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cadzand" title="Battle of Cadzand">Cadzand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arnemuiden" title="Battle of Arnemuiden">Arnemuiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Channel_naval_campaign,_1338%E2%80%931339" title="English Channel naval campaign, 1338–1339">English Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%C3%A9rache_campaign" title="Thiérache campaign">Thiérache campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cambrai_(1339)" title="Siege of Cambrai (1339)">Cambrai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheldt_campaigns_of_1339%E2%80%931340" title="Scheldt campaigns of 1339–1340">Scheldt campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sluys" title="Battle of Sluys">Sluys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tournaisis_campaign_of_1340" title="Tournaisis campaign of 1340">Tournaisis campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Omer" title="Battle of Saint-Omer">Saint-Omer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tournai_(1340)" title="Siege of Tournai (1340)">Tournai</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>1342–1343</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brest_(1342)" title="Siege of Brest (1342)">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morlaix" title="Battle of Morlaix">Morlaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III%27s_Breton_campaign" title="Edward III's Breton campaign">Edward III's Breton campaign</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1345%E2%80%931347" title="Hundred Years' War, 1345–1347">1345–1347</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_campaign_of_1345" title="Gascon campaign of 1345">Gascony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bergerac" title="Battle of Bergerac">Bergerac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Auberoche" title="Battle of Auberoche">Auberoche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aiguillon" title="Siege of Aiguillon">Aiguillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9cy_campaign" title="Crécy campaign">Crécy campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caen_(1346)" title="Battle of Caen (1346)">Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blanchetaque" title="Battle of Blanchetaque">Blanchetaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Battle of Crécy">Crécy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1346%E2%80%931347)" title="Siege of Calais (1346–1347)">Calais (1346–1347)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster%27s_chevauch%C3%A9e_of_1346" title="Lancaster's chevauchée of 1346">Lancaster's chevauchée (1346)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1349–1352</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lunalonge" title="Battle of Lunalonge">Lunalonge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calais" title="Battle of Calais">Calais (1350)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Winchelsea" title="Battle of Winchelsea">Winchelsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Saint-Jean-d%27Ang%C3%A9ly_(1351)" title="Siege of Saint-Jean-d'Angély (1351)">Saint-Jean-d'Angély</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saintes" title="Battle of Saintes">Saintes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ardres" title="Battle of Ardres">Ardres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gu%C3%AEnes_(1352)" title="Siege of Guînes (1352)">Guînes</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1355–1356</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Prince%27s_chevauch%C3%A9e_of_1355" title="Black Prince's chevauchée of 1355">Black Prince's chevauchée (1355)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III%27s_chevauch%C3%A9e_of_1355" title="Edward III's chevauchée of 1355">Edward III's chevauchée (1355)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster%27s_Normandy_chevauch%C3%A9e_of_1356" title="Lancaster's Normandy chevauchée of 1356">Normandy chevauchée (1356)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breteuil" title="Siege of Breteuil">Breteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster%27s_Loire_campaign_of_1356" title="Lancaster's Loire campaign of 1356">Loire campaign (1356)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Prince%27s_chevauch%C3%A9e_of_1356" title="Black Prince's chevauchée of 1356">Black Prince's chevauchée (1356)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers" title="Battle of Poitiers">Poitiers</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1358–1360</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacquerie" title="Jacquerie">Jacquerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reims_campaign" title="Reims campaign">Reims campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Monday_(1360)" title="Black Monday (1360)">Chartres</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Treaties and truces</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Espl%C3%A9chin" title="Truce of Espléchin">Espléchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Malestroit" title="Truce of Malestroit">Malestroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Calais" title="Truce of Calais">Calais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gu%C3%AEnes" title="Treaty of Guînes">Guînes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Treaty_of_London" title="Second Treaty of London">Second London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Br%C3%A9tigny" title="Treaty of Brétigny">Brétigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>First Treaty of London</b>, also known as the <b>Treaty of Windsor</b>, was formally agreed on 8 May 1358 at <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a> in England. Its terms ended the then 21-year-old <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Anglo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a> conflict now known as the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>. It was <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">sealed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III, king of England</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John II, king of France</a>; the latter was a prisoner in England, having been captured with much of his council at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers" title="Battle of Poitiers">Battle of Poitiers</a> in 1356. </p><p>The treaty set <a href="/wiki/Ransom_of_John_II_of_France" title="Ransom of John II of France">John's ransom</a> at four million <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cu" title="Écu">écus</a>. This was £667,000 – the equivalent of the peacetime income of the English Crown for about 20 years. In exchange for peace, France was to transfer to England approximately a quarter of its territory; while Edward would give up his claim to the French throne. The first instalment of the ransom – 600,000 écus (£100,000) – was due to be paid on 1 November, but with the French government collapsing into insurrection and anarchy it proved impossible to raise it. Edward refused to accept less than full performance of the terms of the treaty and it lapsed. Subsequent negotiations led to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Treaty_of_London" title="Second Treaty of London">Second Treaty of London</a> in March 1359, which was so harsh the French government repudiated it. Hostilities resumed in October, when Edward again invaded France. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Treaty_of_London&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> of 1066, English monarchs had held titles and lands within France, the possession of which made them <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassals</a> of the kings of France. By the first quarter of the fourteenth century, the only sizeable French possession still held by the English in France was <a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a> in the south west. But Gascony was disproportionately important: duty levied by the English Crown on wine from <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> in Gascony totalled more than all other English customs duties combined and was by far the largest source of state income.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption199039–40_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption199039–40-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a series of disagreements between <a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philip VI of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a>, on 24 May 1337 Philip's <a href="/wiki/Conseil_du_Roi" title="Conseil du Roi">Great Council</a> agreed that the lands held by Edward<span class="nowrap"> </span>III in France should be taken back into Philip's hands on the grounds that Edward was in breach of his obligations as a vassal. This marked the start of the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, which was to last 116 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990184_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990184-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodger200479_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger200479-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francia1328-Shepherd-Simplificado.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a map of France showing only a small part of the south-west under English control" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Francia1328-Shepherd-Simplificado.svg/250px-Francia1328-Shepherd-Simplificado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Francia1328-Shepherd-Simplificado.svg/330px-Francia1328-Shepherd-Simplificado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Francia1328-Shepherd-Simplificado.svg/500px-Francia1328-Shepherd-Simplificado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1076" data-file-height="1261" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">France in 1328: English-controlled Gascony is shown in blue in the south west</div></figcaption></figure> <p>After ten years of fierce but sporadic fighting the <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Calais" title="Truce of Calais">Truce of Calais</a> was signed in September 1347,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990585_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990585-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> partly as a result of both countries being financially exhausted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990584_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990584-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> reached northern France and <a href="/wiki/Black_Death_in_England" title="Black Death in England">southern England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeaux1969122_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeaux1969122-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated to have killed a third of the population of Western Europe; the death rate was over 40 per cent in southern England. This catastrophe temporarily halted the fighting,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption19996–8_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption19996–8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner200653–54_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner200653–54-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarari2007110_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarari2007110-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the Truce of Calais being repeatedly extended. This did not stop ongoing naval clashes, nor small-scale fighting – which was especially fierce in south-west France<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurne1999225_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurne1999225-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – nor occasional fighting on a larger scale.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner200674_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner200674-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarari2007114_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarari2007114-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gu%C3%AEnes" title="Treaty of Guînes">Treaty of Guînes</a>, which would have ended the war, was signed on 6 April 1354. However, the composition of the inner council of the new French king, <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John<span class="nowrap"> </span>II</a>, changed and French sentiment turned against its terms. John decided not to ratify it, and it was clear that from the summer of 1355 both sides would be committed to full-scale war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2006142–143_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2006142–143-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1999139–142_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1999139–142-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1355 Edward<span class="nowrap"> </span>III and his council, with the treasury in an unusually favourable financial position, decided to launch offensives that year in both northern France and Gascony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1999153,_160_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1999153,_160-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadden201826_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadden201826-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John attempted to strongly garrison his northern towns and fortifications against the expected descent by Edward<span class="nowrap"> </span>III, at the same time as assembling a field army; he was unable to, largely because of a lack of money.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1999171–172_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1999171–172-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_the_Black_Prince_1430.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Edward, the Black Prince" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Edward_the_Black_Prince_1430.jpg/250px-Edward_the_Black_Prince_1430.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Edward_the_Black_Prince_1430.jpg/330px-Edward_the_Black_Prince_1430.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Edward_the_Black_Prince_1430.jpg/500px-Edward_the_Black_Prince_1430.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="884" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Edward, the Black Prince</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Edward<span class="nowrap"> </span>III's eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Woodstock" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward of Woodstock">Edward of Woodstock</a>, referred to by historians as the Black Prince, was given the Gascon command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadden201820_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadden201820-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1999153–154_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1999153–154-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From October he led a <a href="/wiki/Black_Prince%27s_chevauch%C3%A9e_of_1355" title="Black Prince's chevauchée of 1355">two-month-long chevauchée</a> – a large-scale mounted raid – by 5,000 men 300 miles (480 km) into southern France and back. The Anglo-Gascon force devastated a wide swathe of French territory, <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">sacking</a> many French towns, while facing almost no armed resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers1994100–102_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers1994100–102-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2006116_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2006116-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurne1999252,_258_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurne1999252,_258-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 August 1356 the Black Prince commenced <a href="/wiki/Black_Prince%27s_chevauch%C3%A9e_of_1356" title="Black Prince's chevauchée of 1356">another chevauchée</a>, leading 6,000 Anglo-Gascon soldiers north from <a href="/wiki/Bergerac,_Dordogne" title="Bergerac, Dordogne">Bergerac</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Bourges" title="Bourges">Bourges</a>, leaving a trail of death and burning towns on the way. John mustered the largest army he could and attempted to bring the Black Prince to battle. By early September the Anglo-Gascons were withdrawing towards Gascony in the face of this much larger force. The French succeeded in cutting off the Prince's army, and initiated the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers" title="Battle of Poitiers">Battle of Poitiers</a> by attacking the English in their prepared defensive position, partly from fear they might slip away, but mostly as a question of honour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2006256–258_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2006256–258-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 14,000 and 16,000 French troops, including at least 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Men-at-arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Men-at-arms">men-at-arms</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attacked on the morning of 19 September in four separate waves. The Anglo-Gascons defeated each in turn during a long-drawn-out battle. They partially surrounded the final French attack and captured the French King and one of his sons. In total 5,800 Frenchmen were killed and 2,000 to 3,000 men-at-arms captured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2014383–384_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2014383–384-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1999247_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1999247-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskins2011191–192_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskins2011191–192-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of the battle English and Gascon forces raided widely across France, against little or no opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1999250,_267,_271,_274_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1999250,_267,_271,_274-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With no effective central authority France dissolved into near anarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen201162_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen201162-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2014393,_395_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2014393,_395-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 March 1357 John and the Black Prince agreed a truce between France and England at Bordeaux, to last until 19 April 1359.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskins2011201_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskins2011201-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1357 the pair sailed for England,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskins2011201_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskins2011201-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> entering London to a rapturous reception.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen201162_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen201162-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Negotiations">Negotiations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Treaty_of_London&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Negotiations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JeanIIdFrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A bearded man with long red hair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/JeanIIdFrance.jpg/170px-JeanIIdFrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/JeanIIdFrance.jpg/255px-JeanIIdFrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/JeanIIdFrance.jpg/340px-JeanIIdFrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1979" data-file-height="3239" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Contemporary image of John<span class="nowrap"> </span>II</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Negotiations to both end the war and agree a <a href="/wiki/Ransom" title="Ransom">ransom</a> for the French king began between the royal councils of John and Edward III in October 1357; most of the French Great Council were in London, having been captured by the English. The starting point for negotiations was the final draft of the Treaty of Guînes,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2001198_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2001198-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but little was agreed until November, when news arrived that the <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bad" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles the Bad">King of Navarre</a>, known as Charles the Bad, had escaped from his French prison cell. Charles had a strong claim to the French throne and had repeatedly negotiated with the English, plotted to kidnap John and in 1354 had murdered the <a href="/wiki/Constable_of_France" title="Constable of France">constable of France</a>, one of John's closest advisers, in his bedroom, and boasted of it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1999124–125_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1999124–125-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner200693–94_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner200693–94-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1356 he had been dining with colleagues at the table of John's eldest son (the <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin</a>), <a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles</a>, when John arrived accompanied by armed men and arrested ten of the most outspoken diners; four were summarily executed, the others, including Charles the Bad, were imprisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1999124–125_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1999124–125-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner200693–94_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner200693–94-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John, believing correctly that Charles would raise an army against the Crown, now felt compelled to be back on his throne so he could attempt to control the situation, while Edward felt this was the moment at which he could obtain the best deal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2014332–334_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2014332–334-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner200693,_198_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner200693,_198-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In John's absence France was proving ungovernable. Charles the Dauphin was the regent, but had so little control that in February 1358 two of his senior advisers were murdered in his presence in Paris. Also in February, the French national assembly, the <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_(France)" title="Estates General (France)">Estates General</a>, fearing what John might agree to, attempted to prohibit him from negotiating with Edward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2006198,_208_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2006198,_208-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To add to the pressure on the French, in October 1357 the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berwick_(1357)" title="Treaty of Berwick (1357)">Treaty of Berwick</a> was sealed between England and Scotland. This ended the <a href="/wiki/Second_War_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Second War of Scottish Independence">Anglo-Scottish war</a>, fudged the issue of English <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> and freed the captured Scottish king, <a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a>, for a ransom of £67,000, to be paid in instalments over ten years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenman2004192_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenman2004192-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrmrod199026_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrmrod199026-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English men and resources previously needed to hold the Scots in check could now be used in France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1999291_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1999291-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By early 1358 the English and French negotiators had agreed that John's personal ransom would be the huge amount of four million <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cu" title="Écu">écus</a>. This was £667,000, which was the equivalent of the peacetime income of the English Crown for about 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2014388–389_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2014388–389-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John was not to be released until an initial payment of 600,000 écus (£100,000) was paid, according to the treaty this was to be received on 1 November. The balance was to be paid in annual instalments for an unspecified period. With regard to a territorial settlement, the final terms were less harsh for France than those incorporated in the never-ratified Treaty of Guînes.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, a quarter of France was to be transferred to England to become its sovereign territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2014388–389_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2014388–389-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2006198_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2006198-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly all of this was in the south west – <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saintonge_(region)" title="Saintonge (region)">Saintonge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poitou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angoumois" title="Angoumois">Angoumois</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rigord" title="Périgord">Périgord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agenais" title="Agenais">Agenais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limousin" title="Limousin">Limousin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rouergue" title="Rouergue">Rouergue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quercy" title="Quercy">Quercy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bigorre" title="Bigorre">Bigorre</a>, Gaure – but also included <a href="/wiki/Ponthieu" title="Ponthieu">Ponthieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montreuil" title="Montreuil">Montreuil</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Calais" title="Pale of Calais">Pale of Calais</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskins2011202_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskins2011202-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2001199–201_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2001199–201-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were various other provisions, mostly concerning France's internal affairs, such as France abandoning its long-standing alliance with Scotland and a mechanism for ending the <a href="/wiki/Breton_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton Civil War">Breton Civil War</a>. Several issues were only agreed in draft in order to speed the process of generating the main agreement – details were to be settled later. Almost all of the senior nobility of France were to be held in England as hostages for compliance with the terms of the treaty, along with two of the more important <a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">burghers</a> from each of 20 principal French towns. In exchange the war would be ended and Edward would give up his and his descendants' claim to the French throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2014388–389_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2014388–389-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2001201_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2001201-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2006198_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2006198-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward insisted that the agreement be so structured that if any of its terms were not fulfilled, the entire treaty lapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007333_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007333-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2014389_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2014389-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was made public that an agreement had been reached, but the terms were not disclosed. John undertook a campaign to prepare his subjects for the details of the treaty, which he was aware would be unpopular. Edward assisted by releasing four senior French prisoners on parole so they could travel to Paris and commend the agreement to the Dauphin and the main parties making up the Estates General. The draft treaty was received sympathetically by them and ratified by the Dauphin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007330_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007330-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1999299,_308_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1999299,_308-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty was formally <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">sealed</a> by John and Edward on 8 May 1358 at <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>. John and Edward kissed each other and exchanged rings to demonstrate their new-found amity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1999326–327_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1999326–327-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outcome">Outcome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Treaty_of_London&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Outcome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>French opinion was strongly against the treaty from the start,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestwich1980182_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestwich1980182-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and between its sealing and the date on which the first tranche of John's ransom was due the calamitous situation in France grew worse. An unaffiliated army of unemployed soldiers and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/freebooter" class="extiw" title="wikt:freebooter">freebooters</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Routiers" title="Routiers">routiers</a>, cut a swath of destruction through the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> valley; Charles the Bad, backed by armed force, continued to manoeuvre to seize the French throne; a savage peasant uprising, the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Jacquerie" title="Jacquerie">Jacquerie</a></i></span>, broke out against the established order; the Dauphin had to leave Paris, although he returned in July and laid siege to the city. Raising the money to secure John's freedom was impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007333–334_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007333–334-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingstoneWitzel2018Triumphant_homecoming_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstoneWitzel2018Triumphant_homecoming-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French were not even able to arrange for the hostages who were named in the treaty to be in London by November. Brooking no excuses, on 20 November 1358 Edward declared that the treaty had lapsed and that fighting would recommence once the truce expired in April.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2006198_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2006198-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2001202_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2001202-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the end of 1358 instructions had gone out to muster a large army and a commensurate fleet for the following year. By the start of 1359 the English were gathering <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">materiel</a> in preparation for another round of campaigning and it had been agreed to invade northern France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1999375_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1999375-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007334_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007334-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In despair, in February John negotiated face to face with Edward and they rapidly came to a revised agreement, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Treaty_of_London" title="Second Treaty of London">Second Treaty of London</a>. The ransom sum remained the same, but John was to cede almost half of France in full sovereignty to England. This treaty was sealed on 24 March. There was an outcry against it in France when the details became known and the Dauphin refused to ratify it. Edward therefore reinstated the plans to mobilise the English army and invade France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2006198–199_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2006198–199-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007334–335_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007334–335-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Treaty_of_London&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Reims_campaign" title="Reims campaign">Reims campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Br%C3%A9tigny" title="Treaty of Brétigny">Treaty of Brétigny</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-_France_at_the_Treaty_of_Bretigny_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of Medieval France showing the territory ceded to England at the Treaty of Brétigny" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Map-_France_at_the_Treaty_of_Bretigny_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Map-_France_at_the_Treaty_of_Bretigny_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Map-_France_at_the_Treaty_of_Bretigny_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Map-_France_at_the_Treaty_of_Bretigny_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">France after the 1360 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Br%C3%A9tigny" title="Treaty of Brétigny">Treaty of Brétigny</a>; French territory in green, English territory in pink</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In October 1359 Edward III led a <a href="/wiki/Reims_campaign" title="Reims campaign">campaign in northern France</a>. It was unopposed by French field forces but was unable to take any strongly fortified places.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry200245_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry200245-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead the English army spread out and for six months devastated much of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskins2011203_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskins2011203-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both countries were finding it almost impossible to finance continued hostilities, but neither was inclined to change their attitude to the proposed peace terms. On 13 April 1360, near <a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a>, a sharp fall in temperature and a heavy hail storm killed many English baggage horses and some soldiers. Taking this as a sign from God, Edward reopened negotiations, directly with the Dauphin. By 8 May the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Br%C3%A9tigny" title="Treaty of Brétigny">Treaty of Brétigny</a> had been agreed, which largely replicated the First Treaty of London or the Treaty of Guînes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2014292,_414–416_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2014292,_414–416-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By this treaty vast areas of France were ceded to England, to be personally ruled by the Black Prince as the Prince of Aquitaine and Gascony and John was ransomed for three million <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cu" title="Écu">écus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1999135–136,_447_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1999135–136,_447-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well as John, sixteen of the more senior nobles captured at Poitiers were finally released with the sealing of this treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiven-WilsonBériac2001803–804_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiven-WilsonBériac2001803–804-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time it seemed this was the end of the war, but large-scale fighting broke out again in 1369 and the Hundred Years' War did not end until 1453, with a French victory which left only Calais in English hands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry200246,_91_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry200246,_91-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes,_citations_and_sources"><span id="Notes.2C_citations_and_sources"></span>Notes, citations and sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Treaty_of_London&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes, citations and sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Treaty_of_London&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Men-at-arms were, broadly, <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a> or knights in training. They were drawn from the landed gentry and ranged from great lords to the relatives and attendants of minor landowners. They needed to be able to equip themselves with a full suit of <a href="/wiki/Plate_armour" title="Plate armour">plate armour</a> and a war horse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner200621–23_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner200621–23-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The main difference was that the new treaty excluded the provinces of the western Loire which had been ceded to England by the Treaty of Guînes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1999299_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1999299-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Treaty_of_London&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption199039–40-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption199039–40_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, pp. 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990184-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990184_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger200479-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodger200479_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodger2004">Rodger 2004</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990585-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990585_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, p. 585.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990584-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990584_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, p. 584.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeaux1969122-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeaux1969122_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeaux1969">Deaux 1969</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption19996–8-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption19996–8_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1999">Sumption 1999</a>, pp. 6–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner200653–54-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner200653–54_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2006">Wagner 2006</a>, pp. 53–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarari2007110-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarari2007110_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarari2007">Harari 2007</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurne1999225-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurne1999225_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurne1999">Burne 1999</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner200674-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner200674_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2006">Wagner 2006</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarari2007114-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarari2007114_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarari2007">Harari 2007</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2006142–143-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2006142–143_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2006">Wagner 2006</a>, pp. 142–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1999139–142-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1999139–142_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1999">Sumption 1999</a>, pp. 139–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1999153,_160-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1999153,_160_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1999">Sumption 1999</a>, pp. 153, 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadden201826-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadden201826_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadden2018">Madden 2018</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1999171–172-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1999171–172_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1999">Sumption 1999</a>, pp. 171–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadden201820-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadden201820_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadden2018">Madden 2018</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1999153–154-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1999153–154_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1999">Sumption 1999</a>, pp. 153–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers1994100–102-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers1994100–102_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1994">Rogers 1994</a>, pp. 100–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2006116-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2006116_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2006">Wagner 2006</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurne1999252,_258-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurne1999252,_258_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurne1999">Burne 1999</a>, pp. 252, 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2006256–258-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2006256–258_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2006">Wagner 2006</a>, pp. 256–258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner200621–23-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner200621–23_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2006">Wagner 2006</a>, pp. 21–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2014383–384-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2014383–384_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers2014">Rogers 2014</a>, pp. 383–384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1999247-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1999247_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1999">Sumption 1999</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskins2011191–192-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskins2011191–192_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoskins2011">Hoskins 2011</a>, pp. 191–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1999250,_267,_271,_274-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1999250,_267,_271,_274_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1999">Sumption 1999</a>, pp. 250, 267, 271, 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen201162-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen201162_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen201162_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen2011">Green 2011</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2014393,_395-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2014393,_395_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers2014">Rogers 2014</a>, pp. 393, 395.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskins2011201-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskins2011201_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskins2011201_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoskins2011">Hoskins 2011</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2001198-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2001198_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers2001">Rogers 2001</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1999124–125-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1999124–125_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1999124–125_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1999">Sumption 1999</a>, pp. 124–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner200693–94-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner200693–94_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner200693–94_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2006">Wagner 2006</a>, pp. 93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2014332–334-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2014332–334_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers2014">Rogers 2014</a>, pp. 332–334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner200693,_198-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner200693,_198_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2006">Wagner 2006</a>, pp. 93, 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2006198,_208-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2006198,_208_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2006">Wagner 2006</a>, pp. 198, 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenman2004192-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenman2004192_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenman2004">Penman 2004</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrmrod199026-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrmrod199026_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrmrod1990">Ormrod 1990</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1999291-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1999291_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1999">Sumption 1999</a>, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2014388–389-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2014388–389_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2014388–389_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2014388–389_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers2014">Rogers 2014</a>, pp. 388–389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1999299-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1999299_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1999">Sumption 1999</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2006198-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2006198_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2006198_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2006198_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2006">Wagner 2006</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskins2011202-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskins2011202_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoskins2011">Hoskins 2011</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2001199–201-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2001199–201_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers2001">Rogers 2001</a>, pp. 199–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2001201-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2001201_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers2001">Rogers 2001</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007333-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007333_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer2007">Mortimer 2007</a>, p. 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2014389-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2014389_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers2014">Rogers 2014</a>, p. 389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007330-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007330_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer2007">Mortimer 2007</a>, p. 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1999299,_308-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1999299,_308_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1999">Sumption 1999</a>, pp. 299, 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1999326–327-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1999326–327_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1999">Sumption 1999</a>, pp. 326–327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestwich1980182-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestwich1980182_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrestwich1980">Prestwich 1980</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007333–334-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007333–334_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer2007">Mortimer 2007</a>, pp. 333–334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivingstoneWitzel2018Triumphant_homecoming-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivingstoneWitzel2018Triumphant_homecoming_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLivingstoneWitzel2018">Livingstone & Witzel 2018</a>, Triumphant homecoming.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2001202-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2001202_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers2001">Rogers 2001</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1999375-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1999375_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1999">Sumption 1999</a>, p. 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007334-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007334_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer2007">Mortimer 2007</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2006198–199-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner2006198–199_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2006">Wagner 2006</a>, pp. 198–199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007334–335-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer2007334–335_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer2007">Mortimer 2007</a>, pp. 334–335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry200245-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry200245_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurry2002">Curry 2002</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskins2011203-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskins2011203_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoskins2011">Hoskins 2011</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers2014292,_414–416-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers2014292,_414–416_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers2014">Rogers 2014</a>, pp. 292, 414–416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1999135–136,_447-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1999135–136,_447_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1999">Sumption 1999</a>, pp. 135–136, 447.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiven-WilsonBériac2001803–804-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiven-WilsonBériac2001803–804_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiven-WilsonBériac2001">Given-Wilson & Bériac 2001</a>, pp. 803–804.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry200246,_91-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry200246,_91_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurry2002">Curry 2002</a>, pp. 46, 91.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Treaty_of_London&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBurne1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Burne" title="Alfred Burne">Burne, Alfred</a> (1999) [1955]. <i>The Crecy War</i>. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84022-210-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84022-210-4"><bdi>978-1-84022-210-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crecy+War&rft.place=Ware%2C+Hertfordshire&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Editions&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-84022-210-4&rft.aulast=Burne&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Treaty+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCurry2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Curry" title="Anne Curry">Curry, Anne</a> (2002). <i>The Hundred Years' War 1337–1453</i>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-269-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-269-2"><bdi>978-1-84176-269-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hundred+Years%27+War+1337%E2%80%931453&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-269-2&rft.aulast=Curry&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Treaty+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeaux1969" class="citation book cs1">Deaux, George (1969). <i>The Black Death, 1347</i>. London: Hamilton. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/242352826">242352826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Death%2C+1347&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamilton&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F242352826&rft.aulast=Deaux&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Treaty+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGiven-WilsonBériac2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Given-Wilson" title="Chris Given-Wilson">Given-Wilson, Chris</a> & Bériac, Françoise (2001). "Edward III's Prisoners of War: The Battle of Poitiers and its Context". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>112</b> (468): <span class="nowrap">802–</span>833. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FCXVI.468.802">10.1093/ehr/CXVI.468.802</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-8266">0013-8266</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/579193">579193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Edward+III%27s+Prisoners+of+War%3A+The+Battle+of+Poitiers+and+its+Context&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=468&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E802-%3C%2Fspan%3E833&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0013-8266&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F579193%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FCXVI.468.802&rft.aulast=Given-Wilson&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=B%C3%A9riac%2C+Fran%C3%A7oise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Treaty+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreen2011" class="citation book cs1">Green, David (2011). <i>The Black Prince</i>. New York: History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-7306-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-7306-2"><bdi>978-0-7524-7306-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Prince&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-7306-2&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Treaty+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarari2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yuval_Noah_Harari" title="Yuval Noah Harari">Harari, Yuval N.</a> (2007). <i>Special Operations in the Age of Chivalry, 1100–1550</i>. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-292-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-292-8"><bdi>978-1-84383-292-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Special+Operations+in+the+Age+of+Chivalry%2C+1100%E2%80%931550&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-292-8&rft.aulast=Harari&rft.aufirst=Yuval+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Treaty+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoskins2011" class="citation book cs1">Hoskins, Peter (2011). <i>In the Steps of the Black Prince: The Road to Poitiers, 1355–1356</i>. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-611-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-611-7"><bdi>978-1-84383-611-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Steps+of+the+Black+Prince%3A+The+Road+to+Poitiers%2C+1355%E2%80%931356&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pub=Boydell&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-611-7&rft.aulast=Hoskins&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Treaty+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLivingstoneWitzel2018" class="citation book cs1">Livingstone, Marilyn & <a href="/wiki/Morgen_Witzel" title="Morgen Witzel">Witzel, Morgen</a> (2018). <i>The Black Prince and the Capture of a King, Poitiers 1356</i>. Oxford; Havertown, Pennsylvania: Casemate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-452-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-452-5"><bdi>978-1-61200-452-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Prince+and+the+Capture+of+a+King%2C+Poitiers+1356&rft.place=Oxford%3B+Havertown%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Casemate&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-61200-452-5&rft.aulast=Livingstone&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rft.au=Witzel%2C+Morgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Treaty+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMadden2018" class="citation book cs1">Madden, Mollie (2018). <i>The Black Prince and the Grande Chevauchée of 1355</i>. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78327-356-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78327-356-0"><bdi>978-1-78327-356-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Prince+and+the+Grande+Chevauch%C3%A9e+of+1355&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pub=Boydell&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78327-356-0&rft.aulast=Madden&rft.aufirst=Mollie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Treaty+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMortimer2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Mortimer_(historian)" title="Ian Mortimer (historian)">Mortimer, Ian</a> (2007). <i>The Perfect King: The Life of Edward III, Father of the English Nation</i>. London: Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84413-530-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84413-530-1"><bdi>978-1-84413-530-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perfect+King%3A+The+Life+of+Edward+III%2C+Father+of+the+English+Nation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84413-530-1&rft.aulast=Mortimer&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Treaty+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrmrod1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ormrod_(historian)" title="Mark Ormrod (historian)">Ormrod, W. M.</a> (1990). <i>The Reign of Edward III: Crown and Political Society in England 1327–1377</i>. New Haven; London: Yale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04875-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04875-9"><bdi>978-0-300-04875-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+Edward+III%3A+Crown+and+Political+Society+in+England+1327%E2%80%931377&rft.place=New+Haven%3B+London&rft.pub=Yale&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-300-04875-9&rft.aulast=Ormrod&rft.aufirst=W.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Treaty+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPenman2004" class="citation book cs1">Penman, Michael (2004). <i>David II</i>. East Linton, East Lothian: Tuckwell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8623-2202-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8623-2202-8"><bdi>978-1-8623-2202-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+II&rft.place=East+Linton%2C+East+Lothian&rft.pub=Tuckwell+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-8623-2202-8&rft.aulast=Penman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Treaty+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrestwich1980" class="citation book cs1">Prestwich, M. (1980). <i>The Three Edwards: War and State in England, 1272–1377</i>. Fakenham: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-29777-730-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-29777-730-4"><bdi>978-0-29777-730-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Edwards%3A+War+and+State+in+England%2C+1272%E2%80%931377&rft.place=Fakenham&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-29777-730-4&rft.aulast=Prestwich&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Treaty+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRodger2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_A._M._Rodger" title="Nicholas A. M. Rodger">Rodger, N. A. M.</a> (2004). <i>The Safeguard of the Sea</i>. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029724-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029724-9"><bdi>978-0-14-029724-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Safeguard+of+the+Sea&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-14-029724-9&rft.aulast=Rodger&rft.aufirst=N.+A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Treaty+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRogers1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_J._Rogers" title="Clifford J. Rogers">Rogers, Clifford J.</a> (1994). "Edward III and the Dialectics of Strategy, 1327–1360". <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i>. <b>4</b>: <span class="nowrap">83–</span>102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3679216">10.2307/3679216</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679216">3679216</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/931311378">931311378</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163041276">163041276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Edward+III+and+the+Dialectics+of+Strategy%2C+1327%E2%80%931360&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F931311378&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163041276%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3679216%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3679216&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Clifford+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Treaty+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRogers2001" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Clifford J. (2001). "The Anglo-French Peace Negotiations of 1354–1360 Reconsidered". In Bothwell, J. S. (ed.). <i>The Age of Edward III</i>. Woodbridge, Suffolk: York Medieval Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">193–</span>214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903153-06-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903153-06-2"><bdi>978-1-903153-06-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Anglo-French+Peace+Negotiations+of+1354%E2%80%931360+Reconsidered&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Edward+III&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E214&rft.pub=York+Medieval+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-903153-06-2&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Clifford+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Treaty+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRogers2014" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Clifford J. (2014) [2000]. <i>War Cruel and Sharp: English Strategy under Edward III, 1327–1360</i>. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-804-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-804-4"><bdi>978-0-85115-804-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Cruel+and+Sharp%3A+English+Strategy+under+Edward+III%2C+1327%E2%80%931360&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-804-4&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Clifford+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Treaty+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSumption1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sumption,_Lord_Sumption" title="Jonathan Sumption, Lord Sumption">Sumption, Jonathan</a> (1990). <i>Trial by Battle</i>. The Hundred Years' War. Vol. I. London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-20095-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-20095-5"><bdi>978-0-571-20095-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trial+by+Battle&rft.place=London&rft.series=The+Hundred+Years%27+War&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-571-20095-5&rft.aulast=Sumption&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Treaty+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSumption1999" class="citation book cs1">Sumption, Jonathan (1999). <i>Trial by Fire</i>. The Hundred Years' War. Vol. II. London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-13896-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-13896-8"><bdi>978-0-571-13896-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trial+by+Fire&rft.place=London&rft.series=The+Hundred+Years%27+War&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-571-13896-8&rft.aulast=Sumption&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Treaty+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWagner2006" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, John A. (2006). <i>Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War</i>. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32736-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32736-0"><bdi>978-0-313-32736-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Hundred+Years+War&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32736-0&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Treaty+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Treaty_of_London&oldid=1281610133">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Treaty_of_London&oldid=1281610133</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1358_in_England" title="Category:1358 in England">1358 in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:14th_century_in_London" title="Category:14th century in London">14th century in London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1350s_in_France" title="Category:1350s in France">1350s in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace_treaties_of_England" title="Category:Peace treaties of England">Peace treaties of England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Category:Treaties of the Hundred Years' War">Treaties of the Hundred Years' War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_medieval_England" title="Category:Treaties of medieval England">Treaties of medieval England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1350s_treaties" title="Category:1350s treaties">1350s treaties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace_treaties_of_the_Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" title="Category:Peace treaties of the Ancien Régime">Peace treaties of the Ancien Régime</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edward_III_of_England" title="Category:Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edward_the_Black_Prince" title="Category:Edward the Black Prince">Edward the Black Prince</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hundred_Years%27_War,_1337%E2%80%931360" title="Category:Hundred Years' War, 1337–1360">Hundred Years' War, 1337–1360</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2022">Use dmy dates from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 March 2025, at 12:06<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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