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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pedro+Fages%22">"Pedro Fages"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pedro+Fages%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pedro+Fages%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pedro+Fages%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pedro+Fages%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pedro+Fages%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>Pedro Fages</b> (1734–1794) was a Spanish soldier, explorer, and first lieutenant governor of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_the_Californias" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of the Californias">province of the Californias</a> under <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A1" title="Gaspar de Portolá">Gaspar de Portolá</a>. Fages claimed the governorship after Portolá's departure, acting as governor in opposition to the official governor <a href="/wiki/Felipe_de_Barri" title="Felipe de Barri">Felipe de Barri</a>, and later served officially as fifth (1782–91) governor of the Californias. </p><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Pedro Fages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">5th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Californias" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Californias">Governor of the Californias</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>12 July 1782 – 16 April 1791</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Felipe_de_Neve" title="Felipe de Neve">Felipe de Neve</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Rom%C3%A9u" title="José Antonio Roméu">José Antonio Roméu</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><i>Acting</i> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Californias" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Californias">Governor of the Californias</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>9 July 1770 – 25 May 1774</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A1" title="Gaspar de Portolá">Gaspar de Portolá</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Rivera_y_Moncada" title="Fernando Rivera y Moncada">Fernando Rivera y Moncada</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1734<br><a href="/wiki/Guissona" title="Guissona">Guissona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1794 (aged 60)<br><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Eulalia Callis</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Soldier, explorer, and military Governor of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Las_Californias" title="Province of Las Californias">Las Californias</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Emblem_of_the_Spanish_Army.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Spanish_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Emblem_of_the_Spanish_Army.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Spanish_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Emblem_of_the_Spanish_Army.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Spanish_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="939"></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of Spain">Army of Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oficial5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Oficial5.png/13px-Oficial5.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Oficial5.png/20px-Oficial5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Oficial5.png/26px-Oficial5.png 2x" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="158"></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Career"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Career</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Voyage_from_Baja_California_to_San_Diego"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Voyage from Baja California to San Diego</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Interaction_with_Kumeyaay_Indians"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Interaction with Kumeyaay Indians</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Portol%C3%A1_expedition_up_the_California_coast"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Portolá expedition up the California coast</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Second_Portol%C3%A1_expedition_to_Monterey"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Second Portolá expedition to Monterey</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Strict_discipline_to_build_Monterey_presidio"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Strict discipline to build Monterey presidio</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Expeditions_to_San_Francisco_Bay"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Expeditions to San Francisco Bay</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Tumultuous_marriage"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Tumultuous marriage</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#'But_let_a_woman_in_your_life%E2%80%A6'"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">'But let a woman in your life…'</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Reconciliation"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Reconciliation</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#California_Historical_Landmark"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">California Historical Landmark</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Fictional_portrayals"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Fictional portrayals</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Fages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Career" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Fages was born in <a href="/wiki/Guissona" title="Guissona">Guissona</a>, Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1762 he entered the light infantry in Catalonia and joined Spain's invasion of Portugal during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. In May 1767 Fages, commissioned as a lieutenant in the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a>, set sail from <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a> along with a company of light infantry, voyaging to New Spain (Mexico). He and his men served under <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Elizondo" title="Domingo Elizondo">Domingo Elizondo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voyage_from_Baja_California_to_San_Diego">Voyage from Baja California to San Diego</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Fages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Voyage from Baja California to San Diego" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In 1769, Fages was selected by <i>visitador</i> (<a href="/wiki/Inspector_general" title="Inspector general">Inspector general</a>) <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_G%C3%A1lvez" class="mw-redirect" title="José de Gálvez">José de Gálvez</a> to lead a detachment of soldiers on one of the ships of the Gaspar de Portolá-led <a href="/wiki/Portola_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Portola expedition">expedition</a> to found <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, California.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Lieutenant Fages sailed from <a href="/wiki/Guaymas" title="Guaymas">Guaymas</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja California Peninsula">Baja California</a> port of <a href="/wiki/La_Paz,_Baja_California_Sur" title="La Paz, Baja California Sur">La Paz</a>. On January 9, 1769, he boarded the <a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">galleon</a> <a href="/wiki/San_Carlos_(ship)" title="San Carlos (ship)"><i>San Carlos</i></a>, captained by Vicente Vila and bound for San Diego. Also on board were Franciscan friar Fernando Parrón, engineer and cartographer <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Costans%C3%B3" title="Miguel Costansó">Miguel Costansó</a>, surgeon Pedro Prat, and 25 soldiers under Fages' command along with a crew of sailors.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After sailing nearly 200 miles (320 kilometers) beyond San Diego due to cartography errors, the <i>San Carlos</i> doubled back south. It finally arrived in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Bay" title="San Diego Bay">San Diego Bay</a> on April 29, with scurvy-ridden troops and crewmen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interaction_with_Kumeyaay_Indians">Interaction with Kumeyaay Indians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Fages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Interaction with Kumeyaay Indians" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Upon recovering from the ill effects of the voyage, Fages set about carrying out the instructions of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_G%C3%A1lvez" class="mw-redirect" title="José de Gálvez">José de Gálvez</a>. Along with <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Costans%C3%B3" title="Miguel Costansó">Miguel Costansó</a>, he reconnoitered the port and inland areas of San Diego, exploring especially today's <a href="/wiki/Mission_Valley,_San_Diego" title="Mission Valley, San Diego">Mission Valley</a>. In his letter reporting to Gálvez, Fages observed of the local <a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumeyaay people">Kumeyaay Indians</a>: "…They appear to be docile and alert. We have made very good friends with them and we are never lacking some little rabbits, hares, and fish that they bring to us. We give them some glass beads. But they value very highly any kind of cloth — no matter how poor it might be — since in exchange for some that I had, I received some furs and nets."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Costansó, while branding the Kumeyaay as "lazy idlers," noted that "they have bestowed great affection upon Don Pedro Fages and they also respect him very much. They have invited him at various times to be with their women, an expression of friendship that the rest have not merited. "<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Costansó recounts a demonstration Fages arranged to prove the superiority of Spanish firearms. Armed with bows and arrows tipped with "very sharp flints," the Kumeyaay men initially viewed the Spaniards' guns as "simple sticks." Fages ordered a leather target erected at a practical distance. The Indians fired their arrows, which had only a "mild effect" on the leather. Fages then ordered his best marksmen to shoot at the same target. "Upon hearing the noise and seeing the destruction so close at hand, the Indians changed their expressions and some of the more timid ones left, giving very clear signs of their surprise and fear."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portolá_expedition_up_the_California_coast"><span id="Portol.C3.A1_expedition_up_the_California_coast"></span>Portolá expedition up the California coast</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Fages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Portolá expedition up the California coast" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Post_Office,_Berkeley,_California_-_Stierch_-_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/United_States_Post_Office%2C_Berkeley%2C_California_-_Stierch_-_14.jpg/220px-United_States_Post_Office%2C_Berkeley%2C_California_-_Stierch_-_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/United_States_Post_Office%2C_Berkeley%2C_California_-_Stierch_-_14.jpg/220px-United_States_Post_Office%2C_Berkeley%2C_California_-_Stierch_-_14.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/United_States_Post_Office%2C_Berkeley%2C_California_-_Stierch_-_14.jpg/330px-United_States_Post_Office%2C_Berkeley%2C_California_-_Stierch_-_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/United_States_Post_Office%2C_Berkeley%2C_California_-_Stierch_-_14.jpg/440px-United_States_Post_Office%2C_Berkeley%2C_California_-_Stierch_-_14.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><i>Incidents in California History</i> mural at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Post_Office_(Berkeley,_California)" title="United States Post Office (Berkeley, California)">United States Post Office, Berkeley</a> (<a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Post_Office,_Berkeley,_California_-_Stierch_-_12.jpg" title="File:United States Post Office, Berkeley, California - Stierch - 12.jpg">detail</a>).<br>Caption reads: "Pedro Fages and Fray Juan Crespi first white men to set foot on land now Berkeley..."</figcaption></figure> <p>On July 14, 1769, Fages set out from San Diego with a party of 74 men on the <a href="/wiki/Portol%C3%A1_expedition" title="Portolá expedition">Portolá expedition</a> to locate <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Bay" title="Monterey Bay">Monterey Bay</a>. The party included Catalan volunteers, leather-jacketed soldiers, Christian Indians from Baja California, and friars <a href="/wiki/Juan_Cresp%C3%AD" title="Juan Crespí">Juan Crespí</a> and Francisco Gómez, along with other military officers. During this time he was promoted to captain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although the party failed to recognize Monterey Bay as they passed it, they explored all the way up the coast to San Francisco. The 74 men returned exhausted to San Diego on January 24, 1770, having had to slaughter and eat their mules on the return trek south.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Portolá_expedition_to_Monterey"><span id="Second_Portol.C3.A1_expedition_to_Monterey"></span>Second Portolá expedition to Monterey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Fages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second Portolá expedition to Monterey" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In the spring of 1770, Fages joined the second overland Portolá expedition from San Diego to <a href="/wiki/Monterey,_California" title="Monterey, California">Monterey</a>, along with friar <a href="/wiki/Juan_Cresp%C3%AD" title="Juan Crespí">Juan Crespí</a>, twelve Catalan volunteers, seven leather-jacketed soldiers, two <a href="/wiki/Arriero" title="Arriero">muleteers</a>, and five Baja Christian Indians — aiming to establish a Catholic mission in Monterey.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Portolá left California in 1770, captain Pedro Fages was in charge of the <a href="/wiki/Presidio_of_Monterey" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidio of Monterey">Presidio of Monterey</a>, as the somewhat independent lieutenant-governor of <i>California Nueva</i> (New California) — which, in 1770, became part of <a href="/wiki/Las_Californias" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Californias">Las Californias</a>, and was later split from <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a> to become <a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a>. In March 1770 <a href="/wiki/Felipe_de_Barri" title="Felipe de Barri">Felipe de Barri</a>, in Baja California, was made governor of both Baja and Alta California (1770–75). But, since Monterey was far away, Fages had free rein to run Alta California as acting governor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strict_discipline_to_build_Monterey_presidio">Strict discipline to build Monterey presidio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Fages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Strict discipline to build Monterey presidio" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Taking charge of constructing the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Presidio" title="Presidio">presidio</a> (fort) in Monterey, Fages imposed strict discipline on his soldier-laborers. He decided the amount of work they had to do in a certain time, harshly punishing soldiers caught resting or rolling a cigarette. Heavy rains punctuated the winter and spring of 1770–1, but Fages permitted no let-up in the work. His soldiers had to trudge through mud to the forest to chop wood, then drag their mules out of the mud and head home. They had no chance to wash or mend their clothes during the six-day work week; Fages told them to do that on Sundays. </p><p>On Sundays, they had to carry a week's supply of wood for Fages' kitchen and fetch their own water from the <a href="/wiki/Carmel_River_(California)" title="Carmel River (California)">Carmel River</a> some six miles away; clean their weapons; and pass inspection. This work regime lasted a year and a half. Fages' soldiers viewed him as a tyrant, until complaints by the soldiers persuaded padre president <a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a> to intervene.<sup id="cite_ref-walton_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walton-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serra told Fages that, as a Christian, he had to observe the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">sabbath</a> and let his men rest on Sundays.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The soldiers raped the Indian women and took them as <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">concubines</a>. At Serra's urging, Fages punished some of the more excessive incidents of sexual abuse, but it did not stop.<sup id="cite_ref-walton_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walton-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two men did not get along and Serra soon made plans to move the mission across the peninsula to Carmel.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weekly rations for the soldiers consisted of two gallons of corn, a pound of beans, a pound of <a href="/wiki/Pinole" title="Pinole">pinole</a>, half a pound of <a href="/wiki/Panocha" title="Panocha">panocha</a>, and four pounds of meat. The meat, delivered in barrels from the galleon <i>San Antonio</i>, often proved too putrid to eat. Weevils infested some of the corn and meal. The soldiers supplemented their diet by gathering wild herbs and hunting geese on Sundays.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also traded what goods they had such as ponchos, knives, daggers, and handkerchiefs for food from the Indians. News of the soldiers' harsh treatment and poor conditions gradually reached Mexico, and Alta California became an undesirable assignment.<sup id="cite_ref-walton_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walton-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late June 1771, Fages wrote to viceroy <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Francisco_de_Croix,_marqu%C3%A9s_de_Croix" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Francisco de Croix, marqués de Croix">Carlos de Croix</a> in Mexico to inform him that the Monterey presidio had been built, sending along a simplified map. Fages had also started a large vegetable garden with an irrigation supply, and three plots dedicated to growing wheat, barley, rice and beans. He described the Indians of the Monterey/Carmel area as having well-proportioned bodies but feeble spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also described their dress: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Nearly all of them go naked, except a few who cover themselves with a small cloak of rabbit or hare skin, which does not fall below the waist. The women wear a short apron of red and white cords twisted and worked as closely as possible, which extends to the knee. Others use the green and dry tule interwoven, and complete their outfit with a deerskin half tanned or entirely untanned, to make wretched underskirts which scarcely serve to indicate the distinction of sex, or to cover their nakedness with sufficient modesty.<sup id="cite_ref-priestly_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-priestly-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expeditions_to_San_Francisco_Bay">Expeditions to San Francisco Bay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Fages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Expeditions to San Francisco Bay" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In November 1770, Fages led an expedition from Monterey by land to <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a>. Rather than follow Portolá's difficult trail around Monterey Bay to <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_California" title="Santa Cruz, California">Santa Cruz</a> and along the coast, Fages found an easier route through present-day <a href="/wiki/Salinas,_California" title="Salinas, California">Salinas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Clara Valley, California">Santa Clara Valley</a> (today's <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_101" title="U.S. Route 101">U.S. Route 101</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fages' new trail became the preferred route, and missions were later established along that road at <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Juan_Bautista" title="Mission San Juan Bautista">Mission San Juan Bautista</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mission_Santa_Clara" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Santa Clara">Mission Santa Clara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Jos%C3%A9_(California)" title="Mission San José (California)">Mission San Jose</a>. </p><p>From the southern end of the bay, Fages pushed on another day to the farthest camp used by Portolá's scouts of the previous year, at <a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_Creek" title="San Lorenzo Creek">San Lorenzo Creek</a> in modern Hayward, on the eastern shore of the bay. From there, scouts ranged a few miles farther north, to a point where the view opened up, and they became the first Europeans to see the entrance to the great bay (although from the opposite side of the bay), a vantage on the slopes above the bay in modern <a href="/wiki/Oakland" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakland">Oakland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fages set out north from Monterey again in 1772. The expedition was accompanied again by friar Juan Crespí, who kept a daily journal.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From his 1770 trail to the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay, Fages pushed on past his previous stopping point, seeing for himself the entrance to San Francisco Bay, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate" title="Golden Gate">Golden Gate</a>. The party continued north along <a href="/wiki/San_Pablo_Bay" title="San Pablo Bay">San Pablo Bay</a> but was prevented from going farther north by the <a href="/wiki/Carquinez_Strait" title="Carquinez Strait">Carquinez Strait</a>. Following the bay around to the east, Fages' group climbed the slopes of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Diablo" title="Mount Diablo">Mount Diablo</a> and became the first Europeans to see the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento-San_Joaquin_River_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta">Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Valley of California">Central Valley of California</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">Sierra Nevada</a> mountain range. Seeing that it was impossible to cross the wide river without boats, the party looped around to return to San Jose through today's <a href="/wiki/Contra_Costa_County,_California" title="Contra Costa County, California">Contra Costa County</a> (roughly following today's <a href="/wiki/I-680_(CA)" class="mw-redirect" title="I-680 (CA)">I-680</a> highway).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Messengers from Monterey met the party during its return, informing Fages and Crespí of an emergency. The other Spanish colony, at San Diego, was suffering from severe food shortages. Crespí immediately set out with a pack train to deliver food, but this left Monterey also suffering. The Spaniards had not so far had much luck as hunters in California but, in desperation, Fages ordered that the soldiers set out in small parties to hunt the huge and fearsome <a href="/wiki/California_grizzly_bear" title="California grizzly bear">California grizzly bear</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fages himself joined the hunt, and earned his nickname <i>El Oso</i> ("the bear") while hunting bears near <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo,_California" title="San Luis Obispo, California">San Luis Obispo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fages' first tenure as commander in Monterey ended in 1774, after he quarreled with Father <a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Missions_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Missions of California">Alta California missions</a>. He was replaced as lieutenant-governor by another veteran of the Portolá expedition, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Rivera_y_Moncada" title="Fernando Rivera y Moncada">Fernando Rivera y Moncada</a>. </p><p>In 1777, Fages was posted to <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a> to fight the <a href="/wiki/Apache_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache (tribe)">Apaches</a>, where he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. In 1781 he successfully quelled the <a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a> (Yuma) Indian revolt and temporarily reopened the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a> crossing of the <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_de_Anza_National_Historic_Trail" title="Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail">Anza trail</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma, Arizona</a>. The Quechan successfully re-closed the trail for the next 50+ years after Fages and his troops departed, ensuring that the two journeys led by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_de_Anza" title="Juan Bautista de Anza">Juan Bautista de Anza</a> were the only Spanish expeditions ever to use the trail. </p><p>Pedro Fages returned to Monterey in 1777, appointed Governor of the Californias, replacing <a href="/wiki/Felipe_de_Neve" title="Felipe de Neve">Felipe de Neve</a>. Monterey replaced <a href="/wiki/Loreto,_Baja_California_Sur" title="Loreto, Baja California Sur">Loreto</a> as the capital of the Californias in that year, the Loreto military governorship being replaced by a presidio commander and a civil administrator. In 1804, <i>Las Californias</i> was officially split into <i>Alta California</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Baja_California_peninsula" title="Baja California peninsula">Baja California</a></i>. </p><p>During Fages' second tenure as governor, two missions were founded: <a href="/wiki/Mission_Santa_Barbara" title="Mission Santa Barbara">Mission Santa Barbara</a> (December 4, 1786) and <a href="/wiki/La_Purisima_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="La Purisima Mission">La Purisima Mission</a> (December 8, 1787). Reporting on the <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Carlos_Borromeo_de_Carmelo" title="Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo">Carmel mission</a> in 1787, Fages described the area's Indians as the laziest, most brutish and least rational of all the natives discovered between San Diego and San Francisco. He reckoned those qualities — along with the foggy and windy climate, shortage of potable water, high death rate, and language barriers — accounted for the painfully slow progress of mission Carmel.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concerned over the shortage of skilled artisans in his domain, governor Fages proposed in 1787 that artisans imprisoned in Mexico City and Guadalajara have their sentences commuted to exile in California — provided they serve out their terms at presidios or missions and then stay on as settlers. New Spain's rulers did not act on Fages' proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fages was promoted to colonel in 1789, and resigned his governorship in 1791. Pedro Fages moved back to <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, where he died in 1794. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Tumultuous_marriage">Tumultuous marriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Fages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tumultuous marriage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Fages married Eulalia Francesca Josepha Callis on June 3, 1780, in Mexico City. Born October 4, 1758, in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona, Spain">Barcelona, Spain</a>, Eulalia was a full generation younger than Pedro Fages. She journeyed to Mexico City with her mother and brother to join her father Agustín Callis, captain of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a> formed to suppress rebellions by <a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seri_people" title="Seri people">Seri</a> Indians of Sonora. In 1781, Eulalia and Pedro traveled to <a href="/wiki/Arizpe" title="Arizpe">Arizpe</a>, Sonora, where Eulalia gave birth to her first child, Pedrito. </p><p>When Fages got reassigned to Alta California as governor in 1782, Eulalia and Pedrito remained in Sonora. Then they traveled to Baja California under military escort. Fages journeyed south to <a href="/wiki/Loreto,_Baja_California_Sur" title="Loreto, Baja California Sur">Loreto</a> to pick them up. Departing Loreto in July, they arrived in <a href="/wiki/Monterey,_California" title="Monterey, California">Monterey</a> in January 1783. In the spring of 1784 Pedro and Eulalia, now pregnant, traveled north — Eulalia being carried in a <a href="/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)" title="Litter (vehicle)">litter</a> — to San Francisco. There they met up with padre president Junípero Serra.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eulalia found the weather in San Francisco unpleasant and wanted to move to <a href="/wiki/Mission_Santa_Clara_de_As%C3%ADs" title="Mission Santa Clara de Asís">Santa Clara</a>. Fages repeatedly asked the friars running mission Santa Clara to grant Eulalia hospitality there. The friars, feeling it improper for them to host the pregnant <i>señora gobernadora</i>, feigned ignorance of governor Fages' insistent requests. They referred the matter to Serra, who seconded their circumspect posture. So Eulalia's second child, María del Carmen, was born in San Francisco in August 1784.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="'But_let_a_woman_in_your_life…'"><span id=".27But_let_a_woman_in_your_life.E2.80.A6.27"></span>'But let a woman in your life…'</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Fages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 'But let a woman in your life…'" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>After Eulalia returned to Monterey from San Francisco, she kept pressing her husband to give up his career in California and return to Mexico. Fages wanted to stay on as governor. After a series of quarrels, Eulalia broke off relations with Pedro. When Pedro seemed unfazed by the separation, Eulalia accused him of consorting with an Indian maidservant of their household. Threatening divorce, Eulalia left the house. In February 1785, Fages sought the advice of the friars at <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Carlos_Borromeo_de_Carmelo" title="Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo">Mission Carmel</a>. Friar Matías de Santa Catalina Noriega concluded that Eulalia still had the obligation to live with her husband and tried to persuade her to reunite with Pedro. Eulalia refused, and appealed her case to the bishop. When Fages returned from a trip to Baja California — during which time Eulalia lived at mission Carmel — she finally agreed to move back into her husband's house. </p><p>In August 1785, aging friar <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pal%C3%B3u" title="Francisco Palóu">Francisco Palóu</a> arrived at Monterey from <a href="/wiki/Mission_Santa_Clara_de_As%C3%ADs" title="Mission Santa Clara de Asís">mission Santa Clara</a>, planning to return to Mexico and retire. Fages confided to Palóu that Eulalia still felt unhappy in his house and still wanted to return to Mexico. He asked Palóu to escort Eulalia as far as <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a>. Palóu objected that it would be improper for him, a missionary, to escort any woman, even the governor's wife. Instead, Palóu spent a whole day trying to dissuade Eulalia from going to Mexico, pointing out all the hardships the trip would entail. Eulalia finally relented and agreed to stay in Monterey. Apparently dissatisfied with that resolution, Fages threw bureaucratic obstacles in the way of Palóu boarding the ship that would carry him to Mexico, delaying Palóu's departure until November.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconciliation">Reconciliation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Fages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reconciliation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In January 1787, Fages wrote a letter to padre Palóu, in which he reported: "[About] six months ago Eulalia suddenly called me one morning with a thousand protests, tears, and humility and asked my pardon for all the past. She voluntarily confessed that everything had been a pretense and falsehood and that she herself had bribed the Indian girl to take part in the plot… Thank God we are now living in union and harmony."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="California_Historical_Landmark">California Historical Landmark</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Fages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: California Historical Landmark" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>The place Fages entered in the <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley">San Joaquin Valley</a> is a California Historical Landmark number 291 signed on June 27, 1938. The spot is now on <a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_166" title="California State Route 166">California State Route 166</a>, about 20 miles south of <a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield, California</a>. The California Historical Landmark reads: </p> <dl><dd><i>NO. 291 FAGES-ZALVIDEA CROSSING - In 1772, Don Pedro Fages, first recorded non-Indian to visit the southern San Joaquin Valley, crossed this spot on his way from San Diego to San Luis Obispo. Near this point crossed Father José María de Zalvidea in 1806, while accompanying the Ruiz expedition in search of mission sites.</i><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Fictional_portrayals">Fictional portrayals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Fages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fictional portrayals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>The novel <i>Mistress of Monterey: A Story of Lost Romance in Eighteenth Century California</i> by Virginia Stivers Bartlett (1933, reprinted by Event Horizon Press) draws a psychological portrait of Eulalia Callis in her mercurial relationship with her husband Pedro Fages. Bartlett also sets the tensions between Eulalia and Pedro within the complex interplay between Spanish military officers and Franciscan missionaries in Alta California. </p><p>Pedro Fages appears as a minor character in the 1955 film <a href="/wiki/Seven_Cities_of_Gold_(film)" title="Seven Cities of Gold (film)"><i>Seven Cities of Gold</i></a>, which presents a fanciful and historically inaccurate account of the founding of Spanish California. Lieutenant Fages is played by Mexican actor <a href="/wiki/Victor_Junco" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Junco">Victor Junco</a>. In the credits, Fages' name is misspelled as "Faces."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Governor Fages and his wife make a brief appearance in the <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Allende" title="Isabel Allende">Isabel Allende</a> novel <a href="/wiki/Zorro_(novel)" title="Zorro (novel)"><i>Zorro</i></a>. Pere Fages is the protagonist of the historical novel <i>La última conquista</i> (2005) by Ramón Vilaró and is a secondary character in <i>Los acasos</i> (2010) by Javier Pascual. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Fages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nuttall 1964</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/75spring/fages.htm">"Pedro Fages and Miguel Costansó: Two Early Letters From San Diego in 1769". <i>Journal of San Diego History</i>, vol. 21, no. 2, spring 1975. Translated and edited by Iris Wilson Engstrand, footnote #10.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maynard Geiger. <i>The Life and Times of Fray Junípero Serra: The Man Who Never Turned Back.</i> Academy of American Franciscan History, 1959, vol. 1, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/75spring/fages.htm">"Pedro Fages and Miguel Costansó: Two Early Letters From San Diego in 1769". <i>Journal of San Diego History</i>, vol. 21, no. 2, spring 1975. Translated and edited by Iris Wilson Engstrand.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/75spring/fages.htm">"Pedro Fages and Miguel Costansó: Two Early Letters From San Diego in 1769". <i>Journal of San Diego History</i>, vol. 21, no. 2, spring 1975.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/75spring/fages.htm">Letter from Miguel Costansó to José de Gálvez, San Diego, June 28, 1769. <i>Journal of San Diego History</i>, vol. 21, no. 2, spring 1975.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maynard Geiger. <i>The Life and Times of Fray Junípero Serra.</i> Academy of American Franciscan History, 1959, vol. 1, pp. 232, 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maynard Geiger. <i>The Life and Times of Fray Junípero Serra</i>. Academy of American Franciscan History, 1959, vol. 1, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-walton-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-walton_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walton_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walton_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWalton2003" class="citation book cs1">Walton, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pr7YKHJFXtcC&pg=PA17"><i>Storied Land: Community and Memory in Monterey</i></a>. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. p. 15ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520935679" title="Special:BookSources/9780520935679"><bdi>9780520935679</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storied+Land%3A+Community+and+Memory+in+Monterey&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=15ff&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780520935679&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPr7YKHJFXtcC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+Fages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maynard Geiger. <i>The Life and Times of Fray Junípero Serra.</i> Academy of American Franciscan History, 1959, vol. 1, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paddison, p. 23: Fages regarded the Spanish installations in California as military institutions first and religious outposts second.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maynard Geiger. <i>The Life and Times of Fray Junípero Serra.</i> Academy of American Franciscan History, 1959, vol. 1, pp. 253-4, 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-priestly-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-priestly_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriestly1937" class="citation book cs1">Priestly, H. I. (1937). <i>A Historical, Political and Natural Description of California by Pedro Fages</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical%2C+Political+and+Natural+Description+of+California+by+Pedro+Fages&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Priestly&rft.aufirst=H.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+Fages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFages1911" class="citation book cs1">Fages, Pedro (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K5ULAAAAYAAJ"><i>Expedition to San Francisco Bay in 1770 (translated and annotated by Herbert Eugene Bolton for publication in 1911)</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expedition+to+San+Francisco+Bay+in+1770+%28translated+and+annotated+by+Herbert+Eugene+Bolton+for+publication+in+1911%29&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Fages&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK5ULAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+Fages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrimanBrown1969" class="citation book cs1">Merriman, Frank; Brown, Alan K. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qfQ8AAAAIAAJ"><i>Who discovered the Golden Gate? The explorers' own accounts, how they discovered a hidden harbor and at last found its entrance</i></a>. San Mateo, Calif.: San Mateo County Historical Association. p. 19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+discovered+the+Golden+Gate%3F+The+explorers%27+own+accounts%2C+how+they+discovered+a+hidden+harbor+and+at+last+found+its+entrance&rft.place=San+Mateo%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=San+Mateo+County+Historical+Association&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Merriman&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Brown%2C+Alan+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqfQ8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+Fages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolton1927" class="citation book cs1">Bolton, Herbert E. (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000288788"><i>Fray Juan Crespi, missionary explorer on the Pacific coast, 1769–1774</i></a>. HathiTrust Digital Library. pp. 275–303<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fray+Juan+Crespi%2C+missionary+explorer+on+the+Pacific+coast%2C+1769%E2%80%931774&rft.pages=275-303&rft.pub=HathiTrust+Digital+Library&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Bolton&rft.aufirst=Herbert+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F000288788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+Fages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merriman-Brown, p.20-21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merriman-Brown,p.21-23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlagona2013" class="citation book cs1">Alagona, Peter S. (2013-05-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aDUlDQAAQBAJ"><i>After the Grizzly: Endangered Species and the Politics of Place in California</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27506-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27506-5"><bdi>978-0-520-27506-5</bdi></a>. <q>Fages became an instant hero, and for his accomplishments he earned the nickname El Oso.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Grizzly%3A+Endangered+Species+and+the+Politics+of+Place+in+California&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2013-05-28&rft.isbn=978-0-520-27506-5&rft.aulast=Alagona&rft.aufirst=Peter+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaDUlDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+Fages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maynard Geiger. <i>The Life and Times of Fray Junípero Serra.</i> Academy of American Franciscan History, 1959, vol. 1, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubert_Howe_Bancroft1884" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Howe_Bancroft" title="Hubert Howe Bancroft">Hubert Howe Bancroft</a> (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9gRFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA605"><i>History of California: 1542-1800</i></a>. Vol. 1. History Company. pp. 605, 615.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+California%3A+1542-1800&rft.pages=605%2C+615&rft.pub=History+Company&rft.date=1884&rft.au=Hubert+Howe+Bancroft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9gRFAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+Fages" class="Z3988"></span>(reprinted 2015)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maynard Geiger. <i>The Life and Times of Fray Junípero Serra.</i> Academy of American Franciscan History, 1959, vol. 2, p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maynard Geiger. <i>The Life and Times of Fray Junípero Serra.</i> Academy of American Franciscan History, 1959, vol. 2, pp. 332-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maynard Geiger. <i>The Life and Times of Fray Junípero Serra.</i> Academy of American Franciscan History, 1959, vol. 2, pp. 394-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francisco Palóu, <i>Historical Memoirs of New California</i>, edited by Herbert E. Bolton. Literary Licensing, 2011, vol. 4, p. 379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.californiahistoricallandmarks.com/landmarks/chl-291">californiahistoricallandmarks.com Landmark chl-291</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0048603/">"Seven Cities of Gold"</a>. 24 February 1956 – via www.imdb.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seven+Cities+of+Gold&rft.date=1956-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0048603%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+Fages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Fages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBancroft1884" class="citation book cs1">Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bancrofthistcal01bancroft"><i>The History of California (vol. 1, 1542-1800)</i></a>. San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+California+%28vol.+1%2C+1542-1800%29&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=A.+L.+Bancroft+%26+Company&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Bancroft&rft.aufirst=Hubert+Howe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbancrofthistcal01bancroft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+Fages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeebeSenkewicz2015" class="citation book cs1">Beebe, Rose Marie; Senkewicz, Robert M. (2015). <i>Junípero Serra: California, Indians, and the Transformation of a Missionary</i>. University of Oklahoma Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jun%C3%ADpero+Serra%3A+California%2C+Indians%2C+and+the+Transformation+of+a+Missionary&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Beebe&rft.aufirst=Rose+Marie&rft.au=Senkewicz%2C+Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+Fages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFagesPriestley1937" class="citation book cs1">Fages, Pedro; Priestley, Herbert Ingram (1937). <i>A historical, political, and natural description of California</i>. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+historical%2C+political%2C+and+natural+description+of+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Fages&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rft.au=Priestley%2C+Herbert+Ingram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+Fages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeiger1959" class="citation book cs1">Geiger, Maynard J. (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015019766073;view=1up;seq=10"><i>The Life and Times of Fray Junípero Serra, O.F.M.</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(2 vol.)</span>. Publications of the Academy of American Franciscan History. Monograph series, v. 5-6. Washington D.C.: Academy of American Franciscan History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Fray+Jun%C3%ADpero+Serra%2C+O.F.M.&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.series=Publications+of+the+Academy+of+American+Franciscan+History.+Monograph+series%2C+v.+5-6&rft.pub=Academy+of+American+Franciscan+History&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Geiger&rft.aufirst=Maynard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015019766073%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+Fages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIves1968" class="citation journal cs1">Ives, Ronald L. (1968). "From Pitic to San Gabriel in 1782: The Journey of Don Pedro Fages". <i>The Journal of Arizona History</i>. <b>9</b> (4): 222–244.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Arizona+History&rft.atitle=From+Pitic+to+San+Gabriel+in+1782%3A+The+Journey+of+Don+Pedro+Fages&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=222-244&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Ives&rft.aufirst=Ronald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+Fages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuttall1964" class="citation thesis cs1">Nuttall, Donald (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p15799coll17/id/172151"><i>Pedro Fages and the Advance of the Northern Frontier of New Spain, 1767-1782</i></a> (PhD). USC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Pedro+Fages+and+the+Advance+of+the+Northern+Frontier+of+New+Spain%2C+1767-1782&rft.inst=USC&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Nuttall&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitallibrary.usc.edu%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Fp15799coll17%2Fid%2F172151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+Fages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuttall1977" class="citation journal cs1">Nuttall, Donald (1977). "Light Cast upon Shadows: The Non-California Years of Don Pedro Fages". <i>California Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>56</b> (3): 250–269. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25157724">10.2307/25157724</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25157724">25157724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Light+Cast+upon+Shadows%3A+The+Non-California+Years+of+Don+Pedro+Fages&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=250-269&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25157724&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25157724%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nuttall&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+Fages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuttall1998" class="citation book cs1">Nuttall, Donald A. (1998). <i>The Señoras Gobernadoras of Spanish Alta California A Comparative Study</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Se%C3%B1oras+Gobernadoras+of+Spanish+Alta+California+A+Comparative+Study&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Nuttall&rft.aufirst=Donald+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+Fages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>"Pedro Fages." (1936). <i>Dictionary of American Biography</i>, Charles Scribner's Sons.</li> <li>Sánchez, Joseph P. (2008). "Fages, Pedro (1734–1794)." <i>Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture</i>, Charles Scribner's Sons.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Fages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pedro_Fages" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pedro Fages">Pedro Fages</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li>Michael R. Hardwick, "Pedro Fages: Military Governor of Alta California, 1770–1774 and 1782–1791" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.militarymuseum.org/Fages.html">[1]</a></li> <li>"Pedro Fages and Miguel Costansó: Two Early Letters From San Diego in 1769"<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/75spring/fages.htm">[2]</a> <i>Journal of San Diego History</i>, vol. 21, no. 2, spring 1975. Translated and edited by Iris Wilson Engstrand.</li> <li><i>Expedition to San Francisco Bay in 1770, Diary of Pedro Fages</i>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924097805257#page/n3/mode/2up">[3]</a> Herbert Eugene Bolton, translator and annotator. University of California at Berkeley, 1911. 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