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id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Contemporary history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Administrative divisions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Provinces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provinces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Provinces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provinces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Districts_and_local_authorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts_and_local_authorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Districts and local authorities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts_and_local_authorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_to_biological_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_biological_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Transition to biological agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_biological_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Largest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Largest cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_and_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_and_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Human rights and media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_and_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Food and festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual,_literary_and_performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual,_literary_and_performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Visual, literary and performing arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual,_literary_and_performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Sources and further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_and_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overviews_and_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overviews_and_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Overviews and data </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overviews_and_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.4 Maps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.5 Trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sri Lanka</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 243 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-243" aria-hidden="true" > 243 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srilanka" title="Srilanka – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Srilanka" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%BD%E1%88%AA_%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%AB" title="ሽሪ ላንካ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሽሪ ላንካ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="श्रीलंका – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="श्रीलंका" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81prabane" title="Tāprabane – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Tāprabane" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шри-Ланка – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Шри-Ланка" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7" title="سريلانكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سريلانكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="শ্ৰীলংকা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শ্ৰীলংকা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="श्रीलंका – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="श्रीलंका" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seil%C3%A3u" title="Seilãu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Seilãu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eri-Lanka" title="Şri-Lanka – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şri-Lanka" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="سری لانکا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سری لانکا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="শ্রীলঙ্কা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শ্রীলঙ্কা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шри-Ланка – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шри-Ланка" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D1%8B-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шры-Ланка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шры-Ланка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D1%8B-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шры-Ланка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шры-Ланка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="श्री लंका – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="श्री लंका" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шри Ланка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шри Ланка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="སེང་ག་གླིང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སེང་ག་གླིང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ri_Lanka" title="Šri Lanka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Šri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шри Ланка – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Шри Ланка" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шри-Ланка – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шри-Ланка" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sr%C3%AD_Lanka" title="Srí Lanka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Srí Lanka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanca" title="Sri Lanca – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sri Lanca" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7" title="سري لانكا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سري لانكا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AE%DE%85%DE%AA%DE%8B%DE%AB%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A6" title="އޮޅުދޫކަރަ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އޮޅުދޫކަރަ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naakaii_Doot%C5%82%CA%BCizh%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah_Dah_Naa%CA%BCee%C5%82%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Naakaii Dootłʼizhí Bikéyah Dah Naaʼeełígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naakaii Dootłʼizhí Bikéyah Dah Naaʼeełígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="श्रीलंका – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="श्रीलंका" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A4%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B1%E0%BE%80%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%80%E0%BC%8B" title="ཤྲཱྀ་ལངཀ་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཤྲཱྀ་ལངཀ་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%81%CE%B9_%CE%9B%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Σρι Λάνκα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σρι Λάνκα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srilanko" title="Srilanko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Srilanko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="سری‌لانکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سری‌لانکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sry_Lanka" title="Sry Lanka – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sry Lanka" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirlanka" title="Sirlanka – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Sirlanka" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sr%C3%AD_Lanca" title="Srí Lanca – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Srí Lanca" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eri-Lanka" title="Şri-Lanka – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Şri-Lanka" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanca" title="Sri Lanca – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sri Lanca" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE" title="શ્રીલંકા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="શ્રીલંકા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B9-%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍃𐍂𐌹-𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌺𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐍂𐌹-𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌺𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="श्रीलंका – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="श्रीलंका" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EB%A6%AC%EB%9E%91%EC%B9%B4" title="스리랑카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스리랑카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sililanaka" title="Sililanaka – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Sililanaka" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D6%80%D5%AB_%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Շրի Լանկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շրի Լանկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="श्रीलंका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="श्रीलंका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ri_Lanka" title="Šri Lanka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri-Lanka" title="Sri-Lanka – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sri-Lanka" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="শ্রীলঙ্কা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="শ্রীলঙ্কা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шри-Ланка – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Шри-Ланка" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sr%C3%AD_Lanka" title="Srí Lanka – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Srí Lanka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%94" title="סרי לנקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרי לנקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A8ylon" title="Cèylon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Cèylon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sriilanka" title="Sriilanka – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sriilanka" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE" title="ಶ್ರೀಲಂಕಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶ್ರೀಲಂಕಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esrilangka" title="Esrilangka – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Esrilangka" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шри-Ланка – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Шри-Ланка" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98-%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="შრი-ლანკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შრი-ლანკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%90%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="سِری لنٛکا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سِری لنٛکا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шри-Ланка – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шри-Ланка" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shri_Lanka" title="Shri Lanka – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Shri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siri_Lanka" title="Siri Lanka – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Siri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шри-Ланка – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Шри-Ланка" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srilanka" title="Srilanka – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Srilanka" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sr%C3%AE_Lanka" title="Srî Lanka – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Srî Lanka" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шри-Ланка – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шри-Ланка" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2" title="ປະເທດສີລັງກາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດສີລັງກາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srilanca" title="Srilanca – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Srilanca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0rilanka" title="Šrilanka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šrilanka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шри-Ланка – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Шри-Ланка" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ri_Lanka" title="Šri Lanka – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srilanca" title="Srilanca – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Srilanca" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sr%C3%AD_Lanka" title="Srí Lanka – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Srí Lanka" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="श्रीलङ्का – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="श्रीलङ्का" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шри Ланка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шри Ланка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srilanka" title="Srilanka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Srilanka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95" title="ശ്രീലങ്ക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശ്രീലങ്ക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%ABraka" title="Hīraka – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hīraka" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="श्रीलंका – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="श्रीलंका" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98-%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="შრი-ლანკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შრი-ლანკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7" title="سريلانكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سريلانكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="سری لانکا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سری لانکا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%AA%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯁ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯂꯪꯀꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯂꯪꯀꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarilangka" title="Sarilangka – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sarilangka" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шри Ланка – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шри Ланка" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="သီရိလင်္ကာနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သီရိလင်္ကာနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="श्रीलङ्का – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="श्रीलङ्का" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="श्रीलङ्का – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="श्रीलङ्का" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB" title="スリランカ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スリランカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шри-Ланка – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Шри-Ланка" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шри-Ланка – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шри-Ланка" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE" title="ଶ୍ରୀଲଙ୍କା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଶ୍ରୀଲଙ୍କା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirilaankaa" title="Sirilaankaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Sirilaankaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shri_Lanka" title="Shri Lanka – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸ੍ਰੀਲੰਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ੍ਰੀਲੰਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="श्रीलङ्का – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="श्रीलङ्का" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_lanka" title="Sri lanka – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Sri lanka" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="سری لنکا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سری لنکا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="သီရိလင်ႏကာႏခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="သီရိလင်ႏကာႏခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="سریلانکا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سریلانکا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Langka" title="Sri Langka – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Sri Langka" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6" title="ស្រីលង្កា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ស្រីលង្កា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shri-Lanka" title="Shri-Lanka – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Shri-Lanka" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eri_Lanka" title="Şri Lanka – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Şri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шрі Ланка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Шрі Ланка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шри-Ланка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шри-Ланка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шри Ланка – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Шри Ланка" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siri_Laka" title="Siri Laka – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Siri Laka" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="श्रीलङ्का – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="श्रीलङ्का" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱨᱤᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ශ්‍රී ලංකාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශ්‍රී ලංකාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%86%DA%AA%D8%A7" title="سري لنڪا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سري لنڪا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siri_Lanka" title="Siri Lanka – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Siri Lanka" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sr%C3%AD_Lanka" title="Srí Lanka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Srí Lanka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0rilanka" title="Šrilanka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Šrilanka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siri_Lanka" title="Siri Lanka – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Siri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="سریلانکا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سریلانکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шри Ланка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шри Ланка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ri_Lanka" title="Šri Lanka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Langka" title="Sri Langka – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sri Langka" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="இலங்கை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலங்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шри-Ланка – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шри-Ланка" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%82%83" title="မိူင်းသီႇရိလင်းၵႃ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းသီႇရိလင်းၵႃ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">တႆး</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_lanka" title="Sri lanka – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Sri lanka" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95" title="శ్రీలంక – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శ్రీలంక" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srilanka" title="Srilanka – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Srilanka" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="ประเทศศรีลังกา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศศรีลังกา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шри-Ланка – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шри-Ланка" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%ABlangik%C4%81" title="Sīlangikā – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Sīlangikā" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE" title="ಶ್ರೀಲಂಕಾ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಶ್ರೀಲಂಕಾ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eri-Lanka" title="Şri-Lanka – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Şri-Lanka" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шри-Ланка – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Шри-Ланка" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D1%96-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шрі-Ланка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шрі-Ланка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="سری لنکا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سری لنکا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7" title="سرىلانكا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سرىلانكا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0rilank" title="Šrilank – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Šrilank" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri-Lank%C3%A4n" title="Sri-Lankän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sri-Lankän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%8D%A1" title="斯里蘭卡 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="斯里蘭卡" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siri_Laanka" title="Siri Laanka – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Siri Laanka" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%85%B0%E5%8D%A1" title="斯里兰卡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="斯里兰卡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%90" title="סרי לאנקא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סרי לאנקא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%8D%A1" title="斯里蘭卡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="斯里蘭卡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" 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class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siri_Lanka" title="Siri Lanka – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Siri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9long" title="Sélong – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Sélong" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sri_Lanka&params=7_N_81_E_region:LK_type:country_source:dewiki">7°N 81°E / 7°N 81°E / 7; 81</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in South Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ceylon" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ceylon (disambiguation)">Ceylon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>ශ්‍රී ලංකා ප්‍රජාතාන්ත්‍රික සමාජවාදී ජනරජය (<a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>)</li><li>இலங்கை சனநாயக சோசலிசக் குடியரசு (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>)</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox" style="font-size:0.85rem;font-weight:normal;"><tbody><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Śrī Laṅkā Prajātāntrika Samājavādī Janarajaya</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Ilaṅkai Caṉanāyaka Cōcalicak Kuṭiyaracu</td></tr></tbody></table></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Sri Lanka"><img alt="Flag of Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/250px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Flag of Sri Lanka">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Sri Lanka"><img alt="Emblem of Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/250px-Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="851" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Emblem of Sri Lanka"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Matha" title="Sri Lanka Matha">Sri Lanka Matha</a>" ශ්‍රී ලංකා මාතා (Sinhala) ஸ்ரீ லங்கா தாயே (Tamil) (English: "Mother Sri Lanka") <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="174" data-mwtitle="Sri_Lankan_national_anthem,_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/Sri_Lankan_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga/Sri_Lankan_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Sri_Lankan_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASri_Lankan_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=as&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="as" label="অসমীয়া ‪(as)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASri_Lankan_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=bn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bn" label="বাংলা ‪(bn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASri_Lankan_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASri_Lankan_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASri_Lankan_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=si&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="si" label="සිංහල ‪(si)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASri_Lankan_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=ta&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ta" label="தமிழ் ‪(ta)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASri_Lankan_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.oga&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Lanka_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Sri Lanka"><img alt="Location of Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sri_Lanka_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Sri_Lanka_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sri_Lanka_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Sri_Lanka_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sri_Lanka_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Sri_Lanka_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Jayawardenepura_Kotte" title="Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte">Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte</a> (legislative)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a> (executive and judicial)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sri_Lanka&params=6_56_N_79_52_E_type:city">6°56′N 79°52′E / 6.933°N 79.867°E / 6.933; 79.867</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognised national languages</th><td class="infobox-data">Same as Official languages</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognised language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2012<a href="#cite_note-CIATONGA-4">[4]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>75% <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a></li><li>11% <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamils</a></li><li>9% <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Moors" title="Sri Lankan Moors">Sri Lankan Moors</a></li><li>4% <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamils</a></li><li>0.5% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2012)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>70% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Buddhism</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>)</li><li>13% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Hinduism in Sri Lanka">Hinduism</a></li><li>10% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Islam in Sri Lanka">Islam</a></li><li>7% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Christianity in Sri Lanka">Christianity</a></li><li>0.1% other/none</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan people">Sri Lankan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Politics of Sri Lanka">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">semi-presidential republic</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka" title="President of Sri Lanka">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anura_Kumara_Dissanayake" title="Anura Kumara Dissanayake">Anura Kumara Dissanayake</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prime Minister of Sri Lanka">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harini_Amarasuriya" title="Harini Amarasuriya">Harini Amarasuriya</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka">Speaker of the Parliament</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jagath_Wickramaratne" title="Jagath Wickramaratne">Jagath Wickramaratne</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Chief Justice of Sri Lanka">Chief Justice</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Murdu_Fernando" title="Murdu Fernando">Murdu Fernando</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Parliament of Sri Lanka">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhala Kingdom">Sinhala Kingdom</a> established<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">543 BCE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_period" title="Anuradhapura period">Anuradhapura period</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">377 BCE – 1017 CE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa_period" title="Polonnaruwa period">Polonnaruwa period</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1017–1232</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Transitional_period_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Transitional period of Sri Lanka">Transitional period</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1232–1592</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_period" title="Kandyan period">Kandyan period</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1592–1815</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon_period" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ceylon period">British Ceylon period</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1815–1948</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Independence Day (Sri Lanka)">Independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 February 1948</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 May 1972</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Constitution of Sri Lanka">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 September 1978</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">65,610.2 km2 (25,332.2 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">120th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4.4</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Demographics of Sri Lanka">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">21,916,000<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">60th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2012 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">20,277,600<a href="#cite_note-popsl-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">337.7/km2 (874.6/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">43rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $318.6 billion (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">60th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $14,455 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">101st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $98.9 billion<a href="#cite_note-Sri_Lanka_GDP_2024-9">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">N/A</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $4,516 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">N/A</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(2023)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/20px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/40px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 39.8<a href="#cite_note-wb-gini-10">[10]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.780<a href="#cite_note-HDI-11">[11]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">78th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_rupee" title="Sri Lankan rupee">Sri Lankan rupee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_rupee" title="Sri Lankan rupee">Rs</a>) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">LKR</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+5:30 (<a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Standard_Time" title="Sri Lanka Standard Time">SLST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Telephone numbers in Sri Lanka">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Telephone numbers in Sri Lanka">+94</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:LK" title="ISO 3166-2:LK">LK</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.lk" title=".lk">.lk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/.%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F" class="mw-redirect" title=".ලංකා">.ලංකා</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/.%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" class="mw-redirect" title=".இலங்கை">.இலங்கை</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-website">Website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.lk">gov.lk</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">special characters</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> Sri Lanka,<a href="#cite_note-12">[a]</a> historically known as Ceylon,<a href="#cite_note-13">[b]</a> and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an <a href="/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">island country</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. It lies in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, southwest of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>, separated from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian peninsula</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar" title="Gulf of Mannar">Gulf of Mannar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palk_Strait" title="Palk Strait">Palk Strait</a>. It shares a <a href="/wiki/Maritime_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime border">maritime border</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> in the southwest and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in the northwest. <a href="/wiki/Sri_Jayawardenepura_Kotte" title="Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte">Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte</a> is the legislative capital of Sri Lanka and the largest city, <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a> is the administrative and judicial capital which is the nation's political, financial and cultural centre. <a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Kandy</a> is the second-largest urban area and also the capital of the last native kingdom of Sri Lanka. The most spoken language <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>, is spoken by the majority of the population (approximately 17 million). <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> is also spoken by approximately five million people, making it the second most-spoken language in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka has a population of approximately 22 million and is home to several cultures, languages and ethnicities. The <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese people</a> form the majority of the population, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamils</a>, who are the largest minority group and are concentrated in northern Sri Lanka; both groups have played an influential role in the island's history. Other long-established groups include the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Moors" title="Sri Lankan Moors">Moors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgher_people" title="Burgher people">Burghers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Malays" title="Sri Lankan Malays">Malays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Chinese people in Sri Lanka">Chinese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vedda" title="Vedda">Vedda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> Sri Lanka's documented history goes back 3,000 years, with evidence of prehistoric human settlements dating back 125,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-histr-15">[13]</a> The earliest known <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Buddhist writings of Sri Lanka</a>, known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a>, date to the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Therav%C4%81da_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Theravāda Council">fourth Buddhist council</a>, which took place in 29 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> Also called the Pearl of the Indian Ocean, or the Granary of the East, Sri Lanka's geographic location and deep harbours have made it of great strategic importance, from the earliest days of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> trade route to today's so-called <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">maritime Silk Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-silkr-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> Because its location made it a major trading hub, it was already known to both East Asians and Europeans as long ago as the <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_period" title="Anuradhapura period">Anuradhapura period</a>. During a period of <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Sixteenth_Century" title="Crisis of the Sixteenth Century">great political crisis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kotte" title="Kingdom of Kotte">Kingdom of Kotte</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> arrived in Sri Lanka and sought to control its maritime trade, with a part of Sri Lanka subsequently becoming a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese possession</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhalese–Portuguese War">Sinhalese–Portuguese War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch colonial empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy" title="Kingdom of Kandy">Kingdom of Kandy</a> took control of those areas. <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Dutch Ceylon</a> was taken by the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, which extended control over the whole island, colonising it as <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British Ceylon</a> from 1815 to 1948. A national movement for political independence arose in the early 20th century, and in 1948, Ceylon became a <a href="/wiki/Dominion#Ceylon" title="Dominion">dominion</a>. It was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> of Sri Lanka in 1972. Sri Lanka's more recent history was marred by the 26-year <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a>, which began in 1983 and ended in 2009, when the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Armed_Forces" title="Sri Lanka Armed Forces">Sri Lanka Armed Forces</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> Sri Lanka is a <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing country</a>, ranking 78th on the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>. It is the highest-ranked South Asian nation in terms of development and has the second-highest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">per capita income</a> in South Asia. The country has had a long history of engagement with modern international groups; it is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">G77</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, as well as a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Names of Sri Lanka">Names of Sri Lanka</a></div> In antiquity, Sri Lanka was known to travellers by a variety of names. According to the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa" title="Mahāvaṃsa">Mahāvaṃsa</a>, the legendary <a href="/wiki/Prince_Vijaya" title="Prince Vijaya">Prince Vijaya</a> named the island <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tambapanni" title="Kingdom of Tambapanni">Tambapaṇṇĩ</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Copper_(color)" title="Copper (color)">copper-red</a> hands" or "copper-red earth"), because his followers' hands were reddened by the <a href="/wiki/Red_soil" title="Red soil">red soil</a> of the area where he landed.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-JMS_1997-23">[21]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a>, the term <a href="/wiki/Lanka" title="Lanka">Lankā</a> ("Island") appears but it is unknown whether it refers to the island. The Tamil term <a href="/wiki/Eelam" title="Eelam">Eelam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: ஈழம், romanized: īḻam) was used to designate the whole island in <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> The island was known <a href="/wiki/Chola_conquest_of_Anuradhapura" title="Chola conquest of Anuradhapura">under Chola rule</a> as Mummudi Cholamandalam ("realm of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Crowned_Kings" title="Three Crowned Kings">three crowned</a> Cholas").<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> geographers called it <a href="/wiki/Taprobana" title="Taprobana">Taprobanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Ταπροβανᾶ) or Taprobanē (Ταπροβανῆ)<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> from the word Tambapanni. The Persians and Arabs referred to it as Sarandīb (the origin of the word "<a href="/wiki/Serendipity" title="Serendipity">serendipity</a>") from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> Siṃhaladvīpaḥ.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> Ceilão, the name given to Sri Lanka by the Portuguese when they arrived in 1505,<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> was transliterated into English as Ceylon.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> As a British <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">crown colony</a>, the island was known as Ceylon; it achieved independence as the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Dominion of Ceylon</a> in 1948. The country is now known in Sinhala as Śrī Laṅkā (<a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>: ශ්‍රී ලංකා) and in Tamil as Ilaṅkai (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: இலங்கை, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tamil" title="Help:IPA/Tamil">[iˈlaŋɡaɪ]</a>). In 1972, its formal name was changed to "Free, Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka". Later, on 7 September 1978, it was changed to the "Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka".<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> As the name Ceylon still appears in the names of a number of organisations, the Sri Lankan government announced in 2011 a plan to rename all those over which it has authority.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">History of Sri Lanka</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prehistory of Sri Lanka">Prehistory of Sri Lanka</a></div> The pre-history of Sri Lanka goes back 125,000 years and possibly even as far back as 500,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-pps-35">[33]</a> The era spans the <a href="/wiki/Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeolithic">Palaeolithic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a>, and early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Ages</a>. Among the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> human settlements discovered in Sri Lanka, <a href="/wiki/Fa_Hien_Cave" title="Fa Hien Cave">Pahiyangala</a> (37,000 BP), named after the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> traveller <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">monk</a> <a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Faxian</a>;<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Batadombalena" title="Batadombalena">Batadombalena</a> (28,500 BP);<a href="#cite_note-btd-37">[35]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belilena" class="mw-redirect" title="Belilena">Belilena</a> (12,000 BP) are the most important. In these caves, archaeologists have found the remains of <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomically</a> modern <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humans</a> which they have named <a href="/wiki/Balangoda_Man" title="Balangoda Man">Balangoda Man</a>, and other evidence<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> suggesting that they may have engaged in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and kept domestic dogs for driving game.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> The earliest inhabitants of Sri Lanka were probably ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Vedda_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedda people">Vedda people</a>,<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> an indigenous people numbering approximately 2,500 living in modern-day Sri Lanka. During the protohistoric period (1000–500 BCE) Sri Lanka was culturally united with southern India,<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> and shared the same megalithic burials, <a href="/wiki/Black_and_red_ware_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Black and red ware culture">pottery</a>, iron technology, farming techniques and <a href="/wiki/Megalithic_graffiti_symbols" title="Megalithic graffiti symbols">megalithic graffiti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Seneviratne-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Karunaratne-43">[41]</a> This cultural complex spread from southern India along with Dravidian clans such as the <a href="/wiki/Velir" title="Velir">Velir</a>, prior to the migration of <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> speakers.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seneviratne-42">[40]</a> One of the first written references to the island is found in the Indian <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, which provides details of a kingdom named <a href="/wiki/Lanka" title="Lanka">Lanka</a> that was created by the divine sculptor <a href="/wiki/Vishwakarma" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwakarma">Vishvakarma</a> for <a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a>, the God of Wealth.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> It is said that Kubera was overthrown by his <a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">rakshasa</a> stepbrother, <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-parkrsl-47">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Anuradhapura_period" title="Pre-Anuradhapura period">Pre-Anuradhapura period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_period" title="Anuradhapura period">Anuradhapura period</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ptolemy%27s_Taprobana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ptolemy%27s_Taprobana.jpg/250px-Ptolemy%27s_Taprobana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ptolemy%27s_Taprobana.jpg/330px-Ptolemy%27s_Taprobana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ptolemy%27s_Taprobana.jpg/500px-Ptolemy%27s_Taprobana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2094" data-file-height="1426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_world_map" title="Ptolemy's world map">Ptolemy's world map</a> of Ceylon, first century CE, in a 1535 publication</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa" title="Mahāvaṃsa">Mahāvaṃsa</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a> chronicle written in the 5th century CE, the original inhabitants of Sri Lanka are said to be the <a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yakshas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naga_people_(Lanka)" title="Naga people (Lanka)">Nagas</a>. Sinhalese history traditionally starts in 543 BCE with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Vijaya" title="Prince Vijaya">Prince Vijaya</a>, a semi-legendary prince who sailed with 700 followers to Sri Lanka, after being expelled from <a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vanga kingdom</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>).<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> He established the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tambapanni" title="Kingdom of Tambapanni">Kingdom of Tambapanni</a>, near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Mannar,_Sri_Lanka" title="Mannar, Sri Lanka">Mannar</a>. Vijaya (Singha) is the first of the approximately <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_monarchs" title="List of Sri Lankan monarchs">189 monarchs of Sri Lanka</a> described in chronicles such as the <a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABpava%E1%B9%83sa" title="Dīpavaṃsa">Dīpavaṃsa</a>, Mahāvaṃsa, <a href="/wiki/C%C5%AB%E1%B8%B7ava%E1%B9%83sa" title="Cūḷavaṃsa">Cūḷavaṃsa</a>, and Rājāvaliya.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> Once <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> speakers had attained dominance on the island, the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa" title="Mahāvaṃsa">Mahāvaṃsa</a> further recounts the later migration of royal brides and service castes from the Tamil <a href="/wiki/Pandya_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandya kingdom">Pandya kingdom</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Anuradhapura kingdom</a> in the early historic period.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buda_de_Avukana_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Buda_de_Avukana_-_01.jpg/240px-Buda_de_Avukana_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Buda_de_Avukana_-_01.jpg/360px-Buda_de_Avukana_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Buda_de_Avukana_-_01.jpg/480px-Buda_de_Avukana_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5143" data-file-height="3429" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Avukana_Buddha_statue" title="Avukana Buddha statue">Avukana Buddha statue</a>, a 12-metre-tall (39 ft) standing Buddha statue from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Dhatusena_of_Anuradhapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhatusena of Anuradhapura">Dhatusena of Anuradhapura</a>, 5th century</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_period" title="Anuradhapura period">Anuradhapura period</a> (377 BCE – 1017 CE) began with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Anuradhapura kingdom</a> in 380 BCE during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Pandukabhaya" title="Pandukabhaya">Pandukabhaya</a>. Thereafter, Anuradhapura served as the capital city of the country for nearly 1,400 years.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> Ancient Sri Lankans excelled at building certain types of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_constructions_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Ancient constructions of Sri Lanka">structures</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_irrigation_network" title="Sri Lankan irrigation network">tanks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">dagobas</a> and palaces.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> Society underwent a major transformation during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Devanampiya_Tissa" title="Devanampiya Tissa">Devanampiya Tissa</a>, with the arrival of Buddhism from India. In 250 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_(Buddhist_monk)" title="Mahinda (Buddhist monk)">Mahinda</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">bhikkhu</a> and the son of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryan</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/Mihintale" title="Mihintale">Mihintale</a> carrying the message of Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-Macmillan1-54">[52]</a> His mission won over the monarch, who embraced the faith and propagated it throughout the <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese population</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mahav1-55">[53]</a> Succeeding kingdoms of Sri Lanka would maintain many <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Buddhist schools</a> and monasteries and support the propagation of Buddhism into other countries in Southeast Asia. Sri Lankan Bhikkhus studied in India's famous ancient Buddhist University of <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a>, which was destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji" title="Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji">Bakhtiyar Khalji</a>. It is probable that many of the scriptures from Nalanda are preserved in Sri Lanka's many monasteries and that the written form of the <a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a>, including Sinhalese Buddhist literature, were part of the University of Nalanda.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> In 245 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">bhikkhunī</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanghamitta" title="Sanghamitta">Sanghamitta</a> arrived with the <a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a> tree, which is considered to be a sapling from the historical <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a> under which <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> became enlightened.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> It is considered the oldest human-planted tree (with a continuous historical record) in the world. (<a href="/wiki/Bodhiva%E1%B9%83sa" title="Bodhivaṃsa">Bodhivaṃsa</a>)<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> Sri Lanka experienced the first of many foreign invasions during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Suratissa_of_Anuradhapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Suratissa of Anuradhapura">Suratissa</a>, who was defeated by two horse traders named <a href="/wiki/Sena_and_Guttika" title="Sena and Guttika">Sena and Guttika</a> from South India.<a href="#cite_note-mahav1-55">[53]</a> The next invasion came immediately in 205 BCE by a <a href="/wiki/Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola">Chola</a> named <a href="/wiki/Elara_(monarch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elara (monarch)">Elara</a>, who overthrew <a href="/wiki/Asela_of_Anuradhapura" title="Asela of Anuradhapura">Asela</a> and ruled the country for 44 years. <a href="/wiki/Dutugamunu" title="Dutugamunu">Dutugamunu</a>, the eldest son of the southern regional sub-king, <a href="/wiki/Kavan_Tissa,_Prince_of_Ruhuna" title="Kavan Tissa, Prince of Ruhuna">Kavan Tissa</a>, defeated Elara in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vijithapura" title="Battle of Vijithapura">Battle of Vijithapura</a>. During its two and a half millennia of existence, the <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_kingdom" title="Sinhala kingdom">Sinhala kingdom</a> was invaded at least eight times by neighbouring South Indian dynasties such as the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There also were incursions by the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(region)" title="Kalinga (region)">Kalinga</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>) and from the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> as well.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigiriya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sigiriya.jpg/250px-Sigiriya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sigiriya.jpg/330px-Sigiriya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sigiriya.jpg/500px-Sigiriya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya">Sigiriya</a> ("Lion Rock"), a rock fortress and city, built by King <a href="/wiki/Kashyapa_I_of_Anuradhapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashyapa I of Anuradhapura">Kashyapa</a> (477–495 CE) as a new more defensible capital. It was also used as a Buddhist monastery after the capital was moved back to <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Therav%C4%81da_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Theravāda Council">Fourth Theravāda Council</a> was held at the <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_Maha_Viharaya" title="Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya">Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya</a> in Sri Lanka under the patronage of <a href="/wiki/Valagamba" title="Valagamba">Valagamba</a> in 25 BCE. The council was held in response to a year in which the harvests in Sri Lanka were particularly poor and many <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Buddhist monks</a> subsequently died of starvation. Because the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a> was at that time <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">oral literature</a> maintained in several recensions by dhammabhāṇakas (<a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> reciters), the surviving monks recognised the danger of not writing it down so that even if some of the monks whose duty it was to study and remember parts of the Canon for later generations died, the teachings would not be lost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013200-60">[58]</a> After the council, <a href="/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript" title="Palm-leaf manuscript">palm-leaf manuscripts</a> containing the completed Canon were taken to other countries such as <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>. Sri Lanka was the first Asian country known to have a female ruler: <a href="/wiki/Anula_of_Anuradhapura" title="Anula of Anuradhapura">Anula of Anuradhapura</a> (r. 47–42 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-sigiriya12-61">[59]</a> Sri Lankan monarchs undertook some remarkable construction projects such as <a href="/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya">Sigiriya</a>, the so-called "Fortress in the Sky", built during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Kashyapa_I" title="Kashyapa I">Kashyapa I</a>, who ruled between 477 and 495. The Sigiriya rock fortress is surrounded by an extensive network of ramparts and moats. Inside this protective enclosure were gardens, ponds, pavilions, palaces and other structures.<a href="#cite_note-Ponnamperuma_2013-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bandaranayake_1999-63">[61]</a> In 993 CE, the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_I" title="Rajaraja I">Rajaraja I</a> forced the then Sinhalese ruler <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_V" title="Mahinda V">Mahinda V</a> to flee to the southern part of Sri Lanka. Taking advantage of this situation, <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_I" title="Rajendra I">Rajendra I</a>, son of Rajaraja I, launched a large invasion in 1017. Mahinda V was captured and taken to India, and the Cholas <a href="/wiki/Chola_conquest_of_Anuradhapura" title="Chola conquest of Anuradhapura">sacked the city of Anuradhapura</a> causing the fall of <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Anuradhapura kingdom</a>. Subsequently, they moved the capital to <a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa" title="Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Siriweera_2004,_p._44-64">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-classical_period">Post-classical period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa_period" title="Polonnaruwa period">Polonnaruwa period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transitional_period_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Transitional period of Sri Lanka">Transitional period of Sri Lanka</a></div> Following a 17-year-long campaign, <a href="/wiki/Vijayabahu_I_of_Polonnaruwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayabahu I of Polonnaruwa">Vijayabahu I</a> successfully drove the Chola out of Sri Lanka in 1070, reuniting the country for the first time in over a century.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> Upon his request, ordained monks were sent from <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> to Sri Lanka to re-establish Buddhism, which had almost disappeared from the country during the Chola reign.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> During the medieval period, Sri Lanka was divided into three sub-territories, namely, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ruhuna" title="Principality of Ruhuna">Ruhunu</a>, Pihiti and <a href="/wiki/Maya_Rata" title="Maya Rata">Maya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gal_Viharaya_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gal_Viharaya_02.jpg/220px-Gal_Viharaya_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gal_Viharaya_02.jpg/330px-Gal_Viharaya_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gal_Viharaya_02.jpg/440px-Gal_Viharaya_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1825" /></a><figcaption>The seated image of <a href="/wiki/Gal_Vihara" title="Gal Vihara">Gal Vihara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa" title="Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa</a>, 12th century, which depicts the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mudras_(yoga)" title="List of mudras (yoga)">dhyana mudra</a>, shows signs of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> influence.</figcaption></figure> Sri Lanka's <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_irrigation_network" title="Sri Lankan irrigation network">irrigation system</a> was extensively expanded during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Parakramabahu_I_of_Polonnaruwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Parakramabahu I of Polonnaruwa">Parākramabāhu the Great</a> (1153–1186).<a href="#cite_note-ethniccr-69">[67]</a> This period is considered as a time when Sri Lanka was at the height of its power.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> He built 1,470 reservoirs – the highest number by any ruler in Sri Lanka's history – repaired 165 dams, 3,910 canals, 163 major reservoirs, and 2,376 mini-reservoirs.<a href="#cite_note-ethniccr1-72">[70]</a> His most famous construction is the <a href="/wiki/Parakrama_Samudra" title="Parakrama Samudra">Parakrama Samudra</a>,<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> the largest irrigation project of medieval Sri Lanka. Parākramabāhu's reign is memorable for two major campaigns – in the south of India as part of a Pandyan war of succession, and a punitive strike against the kings of Ramanna (<a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burma</a>) for various perceived insults to Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> After his demise, Sri Lanka gradually decayed in power. In 1215, <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_Magha" title="Kalinga Magha">Kalinga Magha</a>, an invader with uncertain origins, identified as the founder of the Jaffna kingdom, invaded and captured the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Polonnaruwa" title="Kingdom of Polonnaruwa">Kingdom of Polonnaruwa</a>. He sailed from <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a><a href="#cite_note-ethniccr1-72">[70]</a> 690 nautical miles on 100 large ships with a 24,000 strong army. Unlike previous invaders, he <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">looted</a>, ransacked and destroyed everything in the ancient Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa Kingdoms beyond recovery.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> His priorities in ruling were to extract as much as possible from the land and overturn as many of the traditions of <a href="/wiki/Rajarata" title="Rajarata">Rajarata</a> as possible. His reign saw the massive migration of native <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese people</a> to the south and west of Sri Lanka, and into the mountainous interior, in a bid to escape his power.<a href="#cite_note-Nadarajan,_V_p._72-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Indrapala,_K_p._16-77">[75]</a> Sri Lanka never really recovered from the effects of Kalinga Magha's invasion. King Vijayabâhu III, who led the resistance, brought the kingdom to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dambadeniya" title="Kingdom of Dambadeniya">Dambadeniya</a>. The north, in the meanwhile, eventually evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nadarajan,_V_p._72-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Indrapala,_K_p._16-77">[75]</a> The Jaffna kingdom never came under the rule of any kingdom of the south except on one occasion; in 1450, following the conquest led by king <a href="/wiki/Parakramabahu_VI_of_Kotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Parakramabahu VI of Kotte">Parâkramabâhu VI</a>'s adopted son, <a href="/wiki/Bhuvanaikabahu_VI_of_Kotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhuvanaikabahu VI of Kotte">Prince Sapumal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> He ruled the North from 1450 to 1467 CE.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> The next three centuries starting from 1215 were marked by kaleidoscopically shifting collections of capitals in south and central Sri Lanka, including Dambadeniya, <a href="/wiki/Yapahuwa" title="Yapahuwa">Yapahuwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gampola" title="Gampola">Gampola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raigama" class="mw-redirect" title="Raigama">Raigama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kotte" title="Kingdom of Kotte">Kotte</a>,<a href="#cite_note-HC-80">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sitawaka" title="Kingdom of Sitawaka">Sitawaka</a>, and finally, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy" title="Kingdom of Kandy">Kandy</a>. In 1247, the Malay kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Tambralinga" title="Tambralinga">Tambralinga</a> which was a vassal of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Vijaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Vijaya">Sri Vijaya</a> led by their king <a href="/wiki/Chandrabhanu" title="Chandrabhanu">Chandrabhanu</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> briefly invaded Sri Lanka from <a href="/wiki/Insular_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Southeast Asia">Insular Southeast Asia</a>. They were then expelled by the South Indian Pandyan dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> However, this temporary invasion reinforced the steady flow of the presence of various <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesian</a> merchant ethnic groups, from <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Malays" title="Sri Lankan Malays">Sumatrans</a> (Indonesia) to <a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Philippines–Sri Lanka relations">Lucoes</a> (Philippines) into Sri Lanka which occurred since 200 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Chinese admiral <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> and his naval expeditionary force landed at Galle, Sri Lanka in 1409 and got into <a href="/wiki/Ming-Kotte_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming-Kotte War">battle</a> with the local king <a href="/wiki/Vira_Alakesvara_of_Gampola" class="mw-redirect" title="Vira Alakesvara of Gampola">Vira Alakesvara of Gampola</a>. Zheng He captured King Vira Alakesvara and later released him.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> Zheng He erected the <a href="/wiki/Galle_Trilingual_Inscription" title="Galle Trilingual Inscription">Galle Trilingual Inscription</a>, a stone tablet at <a href="/wiki/Galle" title="Galle">Galle</a> written in three <a href="/wiki/Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages">languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>), to commemorate his visit.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> was discovered by S. H. Thomlin at Galle in 1911 and is now preserved in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Colombo" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Colombo">Colombo National Museum</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_period" title="Kandyan period">Kandyan period</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Dutch Ceylon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British Ceylon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SpilbergenVimala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/SpilbergenVimala.jpg/220px-SpilbergenVimala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/SpilbergenVimala.jpg/330px-SpilbergenVimala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/SpilbergenVimala.jpg/440px-SpilbergenVimala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>A 17th-century engraving of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Joris_van_Spilbergen" title="Joris van Spilbergen">Joris van Spilbergen</a> meeting with King Vimaladharmasuriya in 1602</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laor_Sri_Lanka_Map_(Cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A 1595 map of Sri Lanka created by Dutch cartographer Petrus Plancius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Laor_Sri_Lanka_Map_%28Cropped%29.jpg/220px-Laor_Sri_Lanka_Map_%28Cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Laor_Sri_Lanka_Map_%28Cropped%29.jpg/330px-Laor_Sri_Lanka_Map_%28Cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Laor_Sri_Lanka_Map_%28Cropped%29.jpg/440px-Laor_Sri_Lanka_Map_%28Cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11929" data-file-height="8297" /></a><figcaption>A 1595 map of Sri Lanka created by <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a> cartographer <a href="/wiki/Petrus_Plancius" title="Petrus Plancius">Petrus Plancius</a></figcaption></figure> The early modern period of Sri Lanka begins with the arrival of Portuguese soldier and explorer <a href="/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_de_Almeida" title="Lourenço de Almeida">Lourenço de Almeida</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida" title="Francisco de Almeida">Francisco de Almeida</a>, in 1505.<a href="#cite_note-francal-90">[88]</a> In 1517, the Portuguese built a fort at the port city of <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a> and gradually extended their control over the coastal areas. In 1592, after decades of intermittent warfare with the Portuguese, <a href="/wiki/Vimaladharmasuriya_I" title="Vimaladharmasuriya I">Vimaladharmasuriya I</a> moved his kingdom to the inland city of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy" title="Kingdom of Kandy">Kandy</a>, a location he thought more secure from attack.<a href="#cite_note-isl23-91">[89]</a> In 1619, succumbing to attacks by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a>, the independent existence of the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna kingdom</a> came to an end.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> During the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Rajasinha_II" title="Rajasinha II">Rajasinha II</a>, Dutch explorers arrived on the island. In 1638, the king signed a <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Treaty_of_1638" title="Kandyan Treaty of 1638">treaty</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> to get rid of the Portuguese who ruled most of the coastal areas.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> The following <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War">Dutch–Portuguese War</a> resulted in a Dutch victory, with Colombo falling into Dutch hands by 1656. The Dutch remained in the areas they had captured, thereby violating the treaty they had signed in 1638. The <a href="/wiki/Burgher_people" title="Burgher people">Burgher people</a>, a distinct ethnic group, emerged as a result of intermingling between the Dutch and native Sri Lankans in this period.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> The Kingdom of Kandy was the last independent monarchy of Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-kandyk-95">[93]</a> In 1595, Vimaladharmasurya brought the sacred <a href="/wiki/Relic_of_the_tooth_of_the_Buddha" title="Relic of the tooth of the Buddha">Tooth Relic</a>—the traditional symbol of royal and religious authority amongst the <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a>—to Kandy and built the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kandyk-95">[93]</a> In spite of on-going intermittent warfare with Europeans, the kingdom survived. Later, a crisis of succession emerged in Kandy upon king <a href="/wiki/Vira_Narendra_Sinha" title="Vira Narendra Sinha">Vira Narendra Sinha </a>'s death in 1739. He was married to a <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Nayaks_of_Madurai" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayaks of Madurai">Nayakkar</a> princess from South India (<a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a>) and was childless by her.<a href="#cite_note-kandyk-95">[93]</a> Eventually, with the support of <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">bhikkhu</a> Weliwita Sarankara and ignoring the right of "Unambuwe Bandara", the crown passed to the brother of one of Narendrasinha's princesses, overlooking Narendrasinha's own son by a Sinhalese <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">concubine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> The new king was crowned <a href="/wiki/Sri_Vijaya_Rajasinha" title="Sri Vijaya Rajasinha">Sri Vijaya Rajasinha</a> later that year. Kings of the Nayakkar dynasty launched several attacks on Dutch controlled areas, which proved to be unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Vikrama_Rajasinha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sri_Vikrama_Rajasinha.jpg/250px-Sri_Vikrama_Rajasinha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Sri_Vikrama_Rajasinha.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vikrama_Rajasinha" title="Sri Vikrama Rajasinha">Sri Vikrama Rajasinha</a> of Kandy, the last ruling native Sri Lankan monarch</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, fearing that French control of the Netherlands might deliver Sri Lanka to the French, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> occupied the coastal areas of the island (which they called the colony of <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British Ceylon</a>) with little difficulty in 1796.<a href="#cite_note-colvoyg-98">[96]</a> Two years later, in 1798, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Rajadhi_Rajasinha" title="Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha">Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha</a>, third of the four Nayakkar kings of Sri Lanka, died of a fever. Following his death, a nephew of Rajadhi Rajasinha, eighteen-year-old Kannasamy, was crowned.<a href="#cite_note-scnsl-99">[97]</a> The young king, now named <a href="/wiki/Sri_Vikrama_Rajasinha" title="Sri Vikrama Rajasinha">Sri Vikrama Rajasinha</a>, faced a <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> invasion in 1803 but successfully retaliated. The First Kandyan War ended in a stalemate.<a href="#cite_note-scnsl-99">[97]</a> By then the entire coastal area was under the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a>. On 14 February 1815, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy" title="Kingdom of Kandy">Kandy</a> was occupied by the British in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Kandyan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Kandyan War">Second Kandyan War</a>, ending Sri Lanka's independence.<a href="#cite_note-scnsl-99">[97]</a> Sri Vikrama Rajasinha, the last native monarch of Sri Lanka, was exiled to India.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Convention" title="Kandyan Convention">Kandyan Convention</a> formally ceded the entire country to the British Empire. Attempts by Sri Lankan noblemen to undermine British power in 1818 during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Rebellion_of_1817%E2%80%931818" title="Great Rebellion of 1817–1818">Uva Rebellion</a> were thwarted by <a href="/wiki/Governors_of_British_Ceylon" title="Governors of British Ceylon">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brownrigg" title="Robert Brownrigg">Robert Brownrigg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-keppetipola-101">[99]</a> The beginning of the modern period of Sri Lanka is marked by the <a href="/wiki/Colebrooke%E2%80%93Cameron_Commission" title="Colebrooke–Cameron Commission">Colebrooke–Cameron reforms</a> of 1833.<a href="#cite_note-corankel-102">[100]</a> They introduced a <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> political culture to the country based on the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> and amalgamated the Kandyan and maritime provinces as a single unit of government.<a href="#cite_note-corankel-102">[100]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Ceylon" title="Executive Council of Ceylon">executive council</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Ceylon" title="Legislative Council of Ceylon">legislative council</a> were established, later becoming the foundation of a representative legislature. By this time, experiments with <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> plantations were largely successful.<a href="#cite_note-Nubin_2002_115-103">[101]</a> Soon, coffee became the primary commodity export of Sri Lanka. Falling coffee prices as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1847" title="Panic of 1847">depression of 1847</a> stalled economic development and prompted the governor to introduce a series of taxes on firearms, dogs, shops, boats, etc., and to reintroduce a form of rajakariya, requiring six days free labour on roads or payment of a cash equivalent.<a href="#cite_note-Nubin_2002_115-103">[101]</a> These harsh measures antagonised the locals, and <a href="/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">another rebellion</a> broke out in 1848.<a href="#cite_note-matale1-104">[102]</a> A devastating leaf disease, <a href="/wiki/Hemileia_vastatrix" title="Hemileia vastatrix">Hemileia vastatrix</a>, struck the coffee plantations in 1869, destroying the entire industry within fifteen years.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> The British quickly found a replacement: abandoning coffee, they began cultivating tea instead. <a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Tea production in Sri Lanka">Tea production in Sri Lanka</a> thrived in the following decades. Large-scale rubber plantations began in the early 20th century. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kandyan_Chiefs_in_1905.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Kandyan_Chiefs_in_1905.JPG/330px-Kandyan_Chiefs_in_1905.JPG" decoding="async" width="310" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Kandyan_Chiefs_in_1905.JPG/500px-Kandyan_Chiefs_in_1905.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Kandyan_Chiefs_in_1905.JPG/960px-Kandyan_Chiefs_in_1905.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>British appointed <a href="/wiki/Native_headmen_of_Ceylon" title="Native headmen of Ceylon">Kandyan chief headmen</a> in 1905.</figcaption></figure> By the end of the 19th century, a new educated <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a> transcending race and <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> arose through British attempts to staff the <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_Civil_Service" title="Ceylon Civil Service">Ceylon Civil Service</a> and the legal, educational, engineering, and medical professions with natives.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> New leaders represented the various ethnic groups of the population in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Ceylon" title="Legislative Council of Ceylon">Ceylon Legislative Council</a> on a communal basis. Buddhist and Hindu revivalists reacted against <a href="/wiki/Christian_missionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian missionary">Christian missionary</a> activities.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-tamlwk-108">[106]</a> The first two decades in the 20th century are noted by the unique harmony among Sinhalese and <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamil</a> political leadership, which has since been lost.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1906_malaria_outbreak_in_Ceylon" title="1906 malaria outbreak in Ceylon">1906 malaria outbreak in Ceylon</a> actually started in the early 1900s, but the first case was documented in 1906. In 1919, major Sinhalese and Tamil political organisations united to form the Ceylon National Congress, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Ponnambalam_Arunachalam" title="Ponnambalam Arunachalam">Ponnambalam Arunachalam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> pressing colonial masters for more constitutional reforms. But without massive popular support, and with the governor's encouragement for "communal representation" by creating a "Colombo seat" that dangled between Sinhalese and Tamils, the Congress lost momentum towards the mid-1920s.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Donoughmore_Constitution" title="Donoughmore Constitution">Donoughmore reforms</a> of 1931 repudiated the communal representation and introduced <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal adult franchise</a> (the franchise stood at 4% before the reforms). This step was strongly criticised by the Tamil political leadership, who realised that they would be reduced to a minority in the newly created <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Ceylon" title="State Council of Ceylon">State Council of Ceylon</a>, which succeeded the legislative council.<a href="#cite_note-tamllib-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> In 1937, Tamil leader <a href="/wiki/G._G._Ponnambalam" title="G. G. Ponnambalam">G. G. Ponnambalam</a> demanded a 50–50 representation (50% for the Sinhalese and 50% for other ethnic groups) in the State Council. However, this demand was not met by the <a href="/wiki/Soulbury_Commission" title="Soulbury Commission">Soulbury reforms</a> of 1944–45. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_history">Contemporary history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka_(1948%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)">History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_independence_movement" title="Sri Lankan independence movement">Sri Lankan independence movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Civil War">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SL_Independence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/SL_Independence.jpg/250px-SL_Independence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/SL_Independence.jpg/330px-SL_Independence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/SL_Independence.jpg/500px-SL_Independence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>The formal ceremony marking the start of self-rule, with the opening of the first parliament at <a href="/wiki/Independence_Square,_Colombo" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Square, Colombo">Independence Square</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J._R._Jayawardene,_President_of_the_Democratic_Socialist_Republic_of_Sri_Lanka_on_June_20,_1984.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/J._R._Jayawardene%2C_President_of_the_Democratic_Socialist_Republic_of_Sri_Lanka_on_June_20%2C_1984.jpg/250px-J._R._Jayawardene%2C_President_of_the_Democratic_Socialist_Republic_of_Sri_Lanka_on_June_20%2C_1984.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/J._R._Jayawardene%2C_President_of_the_Democratic_Socialist_Republic_of_Sri_Lanka_on_June_20%2C_1984.jpg/330px-J._R._Jayawardene%2C_President_of_the_Democratic_Socialist_Republic_of_Sri_Lanka_on_June_20%2C_1984.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="995" /></a><figcaption>J. R. Jayewardene was the most influential political figure of Sri Lanka in the 1970s and 1980s.</figcaption></figure> The Soulbury constitution ushered in <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">dominion status</a>, with independence proclaimed on 4 February 1948.<a href="#cite_note-countrst68-114">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Don_Stephen_Senanayake" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Stephen Senanayake">D. S. Senanayake</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prime Minister of Sri Lanka">Prime Minister of Ceylon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DS-115">[113]</a> Prominent <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamil</a> leaders including Ponnambalam and <a href="/wiki/Arunachalam_Mahadeva" title="Arunachalam Mahadeva">Arunachalam Mahadeva</a> joined his cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-tamllib-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">British Royal Navy</a> remained stationed at <a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a> until 1956. A countrywide <a href="/wiki/1953_Ceylonese_Hartal" title="1953 Ceylonese Hartal">popular demonstration</a> against withdrawal of the rice rations resulted in the resignation of prime minister <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Senanayake" title="Dudley Senanayake">Dudley Senanayake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-islnksd-117">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/S._W._R._D._Bandaranaike" title="S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike">S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike</a> was elected prime minister in 1956. His three-year rule had a profound influence through his self-proclaimed role of "defender of the besieged Sinhalese culture".<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> He introduced the controversial <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Only_Act" title="Sinhala Only Act">Sinhala Only Act</a>, recognising <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a> as the only official language of the government. Although partially reversed in 1958, the bill posed a grave concern for the Tamil community, which perceived in it a threat to their language and culture.<a href="#cite_note-FW-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-AV-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-a1-121">[119]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Illankai_Tamil_Arasu_Kachchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi">Federal Party</a> (FP) launched a movement of non-violent resistance (<a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">satyagraha</a>) against the bill, which prompted Bandaranaike to reach an agreement (<a href="/wiki/Bandaranaike%E2%80%93Chelvanayakam_Pact" title="Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact">Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact</a>) with <a href="/wiki/S._J._V._Chelvanayakam" title="S. J. V. Chelvanayakam">S. J. V. Chelvanayakam</a>, leader of the FP, to resolve the looming ethnic conflict.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> The pact proved ineffective in the face of ongoing protests by opposition and the Buddhist clergy. The bill, together with various government <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_state-sponsored_colonisation_schemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan state-sponsored colonisation schemes">colonisation schemes</a>, contributed much towards the political rancour between Sinhalese and Tamil political leaders.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> Bandaranaike was <a href="/wiki/S._W._R._D._Bandaranaike#Assassination" title="S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike">assassinated</a> by an extremist Buddhist monk in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Leaders in 1960</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:107px;max-width:107px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Her_Majesty_The_Queen_(1959).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Her_Majesty_The_Queen_%281959%29.jpg/105px-Her_Majesty_The_Queen_%281959%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Her_Majesty_The_Queen_%281959%29.jpg/158px-Her_Majesty_The_Queen_%281959%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Her_Majesty_The_Queen_%281959%29.jpg/210px-Her_Majesty_The_Queen_%281959%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="607" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Queen of Ceylon</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:101px;max-width:101px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sirimavo_Bandaranaike,_Prime_Minister_of_Ceylon_1960_(cropped).PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Sirimavo_Bandaranaike%2C_Prime_Minister_of_Ceylon_1960_%28cropped%29.PNG/120px-Sirimavo_Bandaranaike%2C_Prime_Minister_of_Ceylon_1960_%28cropped%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="99" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Sirimavo_Bandaranaike%2C_Prime_Minister_of_Ceylon_1960_%28cropped%29.PNG/250px-Sirimavo_Bandaranaike%2C_Prime_Minister_of_Ceylon_1960_%28cropped%29.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="339" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Sirimavo_Bandaranaike" title="Sirimavo Bandaranaike">Sirimavo Bandaranaike</a> Prime Minister</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">1960 saw the election of Sirimavo Bandaranaike as Ceylon's Prime Minister and the first time in world history that the heads of both state and government in a country were female.</div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Sirimavo_Bandaranaike" title="Sirimavo Bandaranaike">Sirimavo Bandaranaike</a>, the widow of Bandaranaike, took office as prime minister in 1960, and withstood an <a href="/wiki/1962_Ceylonese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1962 Ceylonese coup d'état attempt">attempted coup d'état</a> in 1962. During her second term as prime minister, the government instituted socialist economic policies, strengthening ties with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and China, while promoting a policy of non-alignment. In 1971, Ceylon experienced a <a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">Marxist insurrection</a>, which was quickly suppressed. In 1972, the country became a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> named Sri Lanka, repudiating its dominion status. Prolonged minority grievances and the use of communal emotionalism as an election campaign weapon by both Sinhalese and Tamil leaders abetted a fledgling Tamil militancy in the north during the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Policy_of_standardisation" title="Policy of standardisation">policy of standardisation</a> by the Sirimavo government to rectify disparities created in university enrolment, which was in essence an <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a> to assist geographically disadvantaged students to obtain tertiary education,<a href="#cite_note-affrmact-126">[124]</a> resulted in reducing the proportion of Tamil students at university level and acted as the immediate catalyst for the rise of militancy.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> The assassination of <a href="/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna">Jaffna</a> <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">Mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Duraiyappah" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Duraiyappah">Alfred Duraiyappah</a> in 1975 by the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a> (LTTE) marked a crisis point.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman139-129">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-rohang-130">[128]</a> The government of <a href="/wiki/J._R._Jayawardene" class="mw-redirect" title="J. R. Jayawardene">J. R. Jayawardene</a> swept to power in 1977, defeating the <a href="/wiki/United_Front_(Sri_Lanka)" title="United Front (Sri Lanka)">United Front</a> government.<a href="#cite_note-attms-131">[129]</a> Jayawardene introduced a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Constitution of Sri Lanka">new constitution</a>, together with a <a href="/wiki/Free-market_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market economy">free-market economy</a> and a powerful <a href="/wiki/Executive_president" title="Executive president">executive presidency</a> modelled after that of France. It made Sri Lanka the first <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> country to <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalise</a> its economy.<a href="#cite_note-filbrn-132">[130]</a> Beginning in <a href="/wiki/Four_Four_Bravo" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Four Bravo">1983</a>, ethnic tensions were manifested in an <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">on-and-off insurgency</a> against the government by the LTTE. An <a href="/wiki/Four_Four_Bravo" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Four Bravo">LTTE attack on 13 soldiers</a> resulted in the start of a civil war, and in response anti-Tamil <a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">race riots</a> took place, allegedly backed by <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese hard-line</a> ministers, which resulted in more than 150,000 Tamil civilians fleeing the island, seeking asylum in other countries.<a href="#cite_note-Remembering-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-lkwbblk-134">[132]</a> Lapses in foreign policy resulted in India strengthening the Tigers by providing arms and training.<a href="#cite_note-sndaytst-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> In 1987, the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Sri_Lanka_Accord" title="Indo-Sri Lanka Accord">Indo-Sri Lanka Accord</a> was signed and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force</a> (IPKF) was deployed in northern Sri Lanka to stabilise the region by neutralising the LTTE.<a href="#cite_note-Stokke2000a-138">[136]</a> The same year, the <a href="/wiki/Janatha_Vimukthi_Peramuna" title="Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna">JVP</a> launched its <a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%9389_JVP_Insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="1987–89 JVP Insurrection">second insurrection</a> in Southern Sri Lanka,<a href="#cite_note-secninsr-139">[137]</a> necessitating redeployment of the IPKF in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-atimes-140">[138]</a> In October 1990, the LTTE <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Muslims_from_the_Northern_province_by_LTTE" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Muslims from the Northern province by LTTE">expelled Sri Lankan Moors</a> (Muslims by religion) from northern Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-slnp-141">[139]</a> In 2002, the Sri Lankan government and LTTE signed a Norwegian-mediated ceasefire agreement.<a href="#cite_note-a1-121">[119]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">2004 Asian tsunami</a> killed over 30,000 and displaced over 500,000 people in Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2005-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-wsws1-143">[141]</a> From 1985 to 2006, the Sri Lankan government and Tamil insurgents held four rounds of peace talks without success. Both LTTE and the government resumed fighting in 2006, and the government officially backed out of the ceasefire in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-a1-121">[119]</a> In 2009, under the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka" title="President of Sri Lanka">Presidency</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_Rajapaksa" title="Mahinda Rajapaksa">Mahinda Rajapaksa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Armed_Forces" title="Sri Lanka Armed Forces">Sri Lanka Armed Forces</a> defeated the LTTE, bringing an end to the 26 year long civil war on 19 May 2009,<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> and re-established control of the entire country by the Sri Lankan Government.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> Overall, between 60,000 and 100,000 people were killed during the course of the 26 year long conflict.<a href="#cite_note-ABC200509-149">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings" title="2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings">2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings</a> carried out by the terrorist group <a href="/wiki/National_Thowheeth_Jama%27ath" title="National Thowheeth Jama'ath">National Thowheeth Jama'ath</a> on 21 April 2019 resulted in the brutal death of 261 innocent people.<a href="#cite_note-timeline-151">[149]</a> On 26 April 2019 an anti <a href="/wiki/Sainthamaruthu_shootout" title="Sainthamaruthu shootout">terrorist operation</a> was carried out against the National Thowheeth Jama'ath by the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army" title="Sri Lanka Army">Sri Lanka Army</a> with the operation being successful and National Thowheeth Jama'ath's insurgency ending.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> Economic troubles in Sri Lanka began in 2019, when a <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%93present_Sri_Lankan_economic_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–present Sri Lankan economic crisis">severe economic crisis</a> occurred caused by rapidly increasing foreign debt, massive government budget deficits due to tax cuts, falling foreign remittances, a food crisis caused by mandatory organic farming along with a ban on chemical fertilizers, and a multitude of other factors.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> The Sri Lankan Government officially declared the ongoing crisis to be the worst <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Economy of Sri Lanka">economic crisis in the country</a> in 73 years.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> In August 2021, a food emergency was declared.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> In June 2022, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ranil_Wickremesinghe" title="Ranil Wickremesinghe">Ranil Wickremesinghe</a> declared the collapse of the Sri Lankan economy in parliament.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> The crisis resulted in Sri Lanka defaulting on its $51 billion sovereign debt for the first time in its history, along with double-digit inflation, a crippling energy crisis that led to approximately 15 hour power cuts, severe fuel shortages leading to the suspension of fuel to all non-essential vehicles, and more such economic disorder.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> Due to the crisis, massive <a href="/wiki/2022_Sri_Lankan_protests" title="2022 Sri Lankan protests">street protests</a> erupted all over the country, with protesters demanding the resignation of the President <a href="/wiki/Gotabaya_Rajapaksa" title="Gotabaya Rajapaksa">Gotabaya Rajapaksa</a>. The protests culminated with the storming and siege of the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_House,_Colombo" title="President's House, Colombo">President's House</a> on July 9, 2022, and resulted in President Gotabaya Rajapaksa fleeing to Singapore<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> and later emailing his resignation to parliament, formally announcing his resignation and making him the first Sri Lankan president to resign in the middle of his term.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> On the same day the President's House was stormed, protesters besieged and stormed the <a href="/wiki/115_Fifth_Lane" title="115 Fifth Lane">private residence of the prime minister</a> and burnt it down.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Parliament of Sri Lanka">Parliament</a> elected the new president as <a href="/wiki/Ranil_Wickremesinghe" title="Ranil Wickremesinghe">Ranil Wickremesinghe</a> on <a href="/wiki/2022_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election" title="2022 Sri Lankan presidential election">20 July 2022</a>, Wickremesinghe took oath as the ninth President of Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> He implemented various economic reforms in efforts to stabilize Sri Lanka's economy, which has shown slight improvement since.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> On 23 September 2024, <a href="/wiki/Anura_Kumara_Dissanayake" title="Anura Kumara Dissanayake">Anura Kumara Dissanayake</a> was sworn in as Sri Lanka's new president after winning the presidential <a href="/wiki/2024_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election" title="2024 Sri Lankan presidential election">election</a> as a left-wing candidate.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> On 14 November 2024, President Anura Kumara Dissanayake's <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Power" title="National People's Power">National People's Power</a> (NPP), a left-leaning alliance, received a two-thirds majority in parliament in Sri Lankan <a href="/wiki/2024_Sri_Lankan_parliamentary_election" title="2024 Sri Lankan parliamentary election">parliamentary election.</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Geography of Sri Lanka</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Topography_Sri_Lanka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A roughly oval island with a mountainous centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Topography_Sri_Lanka.jpg/250px-Topography_Sri_Lanka.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Topography_Sri_Lanka.jpg/330px-Topography_Sri_Lanka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Topography_Sri_Lanka.jpg/500px-Topography_Sri_Lanka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="5200" /></a><figcaption>Topographic map of Sri Lanka</figcaption></figure> Sri Lanka, an island in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> shaped as a teardrop or a pear/<a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a>,<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> lies on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a>, a major <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">tectonic plate</a> that was formerly part of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Australian Plate">Indo-Australian Plate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> It is in the Indian Ocean southwest of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>, between latitudes <a href="/wiki/5th_parallel_north" title="5th parallel north">5°</a> and <a href="/wiki/10th_parallel_north" title="10th parallel north">10° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/79th_meridian_east" title="79th meridian east">79°</a> and <a href="/wiki/82nd_meridian_east" title="82nd meridian east">82° E</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> Sri Lanka is separated from the mainland portion of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar" title="Gulf of Mannar">Gulf of Mannar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palk_Strait" title="Palk Strait">Palk Strait</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a>, a land bridge existed between the Indian mainland and Sri Lanka. It now amounts to only a <a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_Bridge" title="Adam's Bridge">chain of limestone shoals</a> remaining above <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> Legends claim that it was passable on foot up to 1480 CE, until <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclones</a> deepened the channel.<a href="#cite_note-Garg1992-173">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> Portions are still as shallow as 1 metre (3 ft), hindering navigation.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> The island consists mostly of flat to rolling coastal plains, with mountains rising only in the south-central part. The highest point is <a href="/wiki/Pidurutalagala" title="Pidurutalagala">Pidurutalagala</a>, reaching 2,524 metres (8,281 ft) above sea level. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Paada1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sri_Paada1.JPG/220px-Sri_Paada1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sri_Paada1.JPG/330px-Sri_Paada1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sri_Paada1.JPG/440px-Sri_Paada1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2012" /></a><figcaption>A view of <a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_Peak" title="Adam's Peak">Sripada</a> from <a href="/wiki/Maskeliya" title="Maskeliya">Maskeliya</a></figcaption></figure> Sri Lanka has 103 rivers. The longest of these is the <a href="/wiki/Mahaweli_River" title="Mahaweli River">Mahaweli River</a>, extending 335 kilometres (208 mi).<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> These waterways give rise to 51 natural waterfalls of 10 metres (33 ft) or more. The highest is <a href="/wiki/Bambarakanda_Falls" title="Bambarakanda Falls">Bambarakanda Falls</a>, with a height of 263 metres (863 ft).<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> Sri Lanka's coastline is 1,585 km (985 mi) long.<a href="#cite_note-unep-178">[176]</a> Sri Lanka claims an <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> extending 200 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a>, which is approximately 6.7 times Sri Lanka's land area. The coastline and adjacent waters support highly productive marine ecosystems such as <a href="/wiki/Fringing_reef" title="Fringing reef">fringing</a> <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> and shallow beds of coastal and <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuarine</a> <a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">seagrasses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-faosl-179">[177]</a> Sri Lanka has 45 <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a> and 40 <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-unep-178">[176]</a> Sri Lanka's <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> ecosystem spans over 7,000 <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectares</a> and played a vital role in buffering the force of the waves in the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">2004 Indian Ocean tsunami</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iucnas-180">[178]</a> The island is rich in minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaolin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaolin">kaolin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-minr-181">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-thor-182">[180]</a> Existence of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> and gas in the Gulf of Mannar has also been confirmed, and the extraction of recoverable quantities is underway.<a href="#cite_note-prdssl-183">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka#Climate" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Geography_of_Sri_Lanka § Climate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_LKA_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Koppen-Geiger_Map_LKA_present.svg/250px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_LKA_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Koppen-Geiger_Map_LKA_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_LKA_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Koppen-Geiger_Map_LKA_present.svg/500px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_LKA_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Sri Lanka map of Köppen climate classification</figcaption></figure> The climate is <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical</a> and warm because of moderating effects of ocean winds. Mean temperatures range from 17 °C (62.6 °F) in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Central Highlands of Sri Lanka">Central Highlands</a>, where frost may occur for several days in the winter, to a maximum of 33 °C (91.4 °F) in low-altitude areas. Average yearly temperatures range from 28 °C (82.4 °F) to nearly 31 °C (87.8 °F). Day and night temperatures may vary by 14 °C (25 °F) to 18 °C (32 °F).<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> The rainfall pattern is influenced by <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> winds from the Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal. The "wet zone" and some of the windward slopes of the central highlands receive up to 2,500 millimetres (98.4 in) of rain each year, but the leeward slopes in the east and northeast receive little rain. Most of the east, southeast, and northern parts of Sri Lanka constitute the "dry zone", which receives between 1,200 and 1,900 mm (47 and 75 in) of rain annually.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> The arid northwest and southeast coasts receive the least rain at 800 to 1,200 mm (31 to 47 in) per year. Periodic squalls occur and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a> bring overcast skies and rains to the southwest, northeast, and eastern parts of the island. Humidity is typically higher in the southwest and mountainous areas and depends on the seasonal patterns of rainfall.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> An increase in average rainfall coupled with heavier rainfall events has resulted in recurrent flooding and related damages to infrastructure, utility supply and the urban economy.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Environment of Sri Lanka">Environment of Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Wildlife of Sri Lanka">Wildlife of Sri Lanka</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of mammals of Sri Lanka">List of mammals of Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of birds of Sri Lanka">List of birds of Sri Lanka</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephas_maximus_maximus_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Elephas_maximus_maximus_-_01.jpg/250px-Elephas_maximus_maximus_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Elephas_maximus_maximus_-_01.jpg/330px-Elephas_maximus_maximus_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Elephas_maximus_maximus_-_01.jpg/500px-Elephas_maximus_maximus_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_elephant" title="Sri Lankan elephant">Sri Lankan elephant</a> is one of three recognised <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a>. The 2011 elephant census estimated a population of 5,879.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> of India and Sri Lanka were included among the first 18 global <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">biodiversity hotspots</a> due to high levels of species endemism. The number of biodiversity hotspots has now increased to 34.<a href="#cite_note-Current_Science-189">[187]</a> Sri Lanka has the highest biodiversity per unit area among Asian countries for flowering plants and all vertebrate groups except birds.<a href="#cite_note-mahindapala-190">[188]</a> A remarkably high proportion of the species among its flora and fauna, 27% of the 3,210 flowering plants and 22% of the mammals, are <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> Sri Lanka supports a rich avifauna of that stands at 453 species and this include 240 species of birds that are known to breed in the country. <a href="/wiki/List_of_endemic_birds_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of endemic birds of Sri Lanka">33 species</a> are accepted by some ornithologists as endemic while some ornithologists consider only 27 are endemic and the remaining six are considered as proposed endemics.<a href="#cite_note-redlist2012-192">[190]</a> Sri Lanka's protected areas are administrated by two government bodies; The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Forest_Conservation_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Department of Forest Conservation (Sri Lanka)">Department of Forest Conservation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Wildlife_Conservation_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Department of Wildlife Conservation (Sri Lanka)">Department of Wildlife Conservation</a>. Department of Wildlife Conservation administrates 61 wildlife sanctuaries, 22 national parks, four nature reserves, three strict nature reserves, and one jungle corridor while Department of Forest Conservation oversees 65 conservation forests and one national heritage wilderness area. 26.5% of the country's land area is legally protected. This is a higher percentage of protected areas when compared to the rest of Asia.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> Sri Lanka contains four terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_lowland_rain_forests" title="Sri Lanka lowland rain forests">Sri Lanka lowland rain forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_montane_rain_forests" title="Sri Lanka montane rain forests">Sri Lanka montane rain forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_dry-zone_dry_evergreen_forests" title="Sri Lanka dry-zone dry evergreen forests">Sri Lanka dry-zone dry evergreen forests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deccan_thorn_scrub_forests" title="Deccan thorn scrub forests">Deccan thorn scrub forests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-194">[192]</a> Flowering <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">acacias</a> flourish on the arid <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Peninsula" title="Jaffna Peninsula">Jaffna Peninsula</a>. Among the trees of the dry-land forests are valuable species such as <a href="/wiki/Chloroxylon" title="Chloroxylon">satinwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">ebony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesua_ferrea" title="Mesua ferrea">ironwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a>. The wet zone is a tropical evergreen forest with tall trees, broad foliage, and a dense undergrowth of vines and creepers. Subtropical evergreen forests resembling those of temperate climates flourish in the higher altitudes.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainbirder_-_Leopard_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rainbirder_-_Leopard_%281%29.jpg/250px-Rainbirder_-_Leopard_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rainbirder_-_Leopard_%281%29.jpg/330px-Rainbirder_-_Leopard_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rainbirder_-_Leopard_%281%29.jpg/500px-Rainbirder_-_Leopard_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_leopard" title="Sri Lankan leopard">Sri Lankan leopard</a> (Panthera pardus kotiya) is an <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered</a> subspecies of <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopard</a> native to Sri Lanka.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Yala_National_Park" title="Yala National Park">Yala National Park</a> in the southeast protects herds of elephant, deer, and peacocks. The <a href="/wiki/Wilpattu_National_Park" title="Wilpattu National Park">Wilpattu National Park</a> in the northwest, the largest national park, preserves the habitats of many water birds such as storks, pelicans, ibis, and spoonbills. The island has four <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">biosphere reserves</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bundala_National_Park" title="Bundala National Park">Bundala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurulu_Forest_Reserve" title="Hurulu Forest Reserve">Hurulu Forest Reserve</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kanneliya-Dediyagala-Nakiyadeniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanneliya-Dediyagala-Nakiyadeniya">Kanneliya-Dediyagala-Nakiyadeniya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sinharaja_Forest_Reserve" title="Sinharaja Forest Reserve">Sinharaja</a>.<a href="#cite_note-unesco_biosphere_reserves-196">[194]</a> Sinharaja is home to 26 endemic birds and 20 rainforest species, including the elusive <a href="/wiki/Red-faced_malkoha" title="Red-faced malkoha">red-faced malkoha</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Green-billed_coucal" title="Green-billed coucal">green-billed coucal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_blue_magpie" title="Sri Lanka blue magpie">Sri Lanka blue magpie</a>. The untapped genetic potential of Sinharaja flora is enormous. Of the 211 woody trees and lianas within the reserve, 139 (66%) are endemic. The total vegetation density, including trees, shrubs, herbs, and seedlings, has been estimated at 240,000 individuals per hectare. The Minneriya National Park borders the <a href="/wiki/Minneriya_Tank" title="Minneriya Tank">Minneriya Tank</a>, which is an important source of water for elephants inhabiting the surrounding forests. Dubbed "The Gathering", the congregation of elephants can be seen on the tank-bed in the late dry season (August to October) as the surrounding water sources steadily disappear. The park also encompasses a range of micro-habitats which include classic dry zone tropical monsoonal evergreen forest, thick stands of giant bamboo, hilly pastures (patanas), and grasslands (talawas).<a href="#cite_note-Minneriya-197">[195]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhododendron_arboreum_zeylanicum_flower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Rhododendron_arboreum_zeylanicum_flower.jpg/220px-Rhododendron_arboreum_zeylanicum_flower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Rhododendron_arboreum_zeylanicum_flower.jpg/330px-Rhododendron_arboreum_zeylanicum_flower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Rhododendron_arboreum_zeylanicum_flower.jpg/440px-Rhododendron_arboreum_zeylanicum_flower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1356" /></a><figcaption>Maha rath mala (Rhododendron arboreum ssp. zeylanicum) is a rare sub-species of <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron_arboreum" title="Rhododendron arboreum">Rhododendron arboreum</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Central Highlands of Sri Lanka">Central Highlands of Sri Lanka</a>.</figcaption></figure> During the Mahaweli Program of the 1970s and 1980s in northern Sri Lanka, the government set aside four areas of land totalling 1,900 km2 (730 sq mi) as national parks. Statistics of Sri Lanka's forest cover show rapid deforestation from 1956 to 2010. In 1956, 44.2 percent of the country's land area had forest cover. Forest cover depleted rapidly in recent decades; 29.6 percent in 1999, 28.7 percent in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-forests-198">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Government of Sri Lanka">Government of Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Constitution of Sri Lanka">Constitution of Sri Lanka</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion with: is missing explication of the constitutional socialist nature of the republic that is reflected in the formal name of the country: "Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka". You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ASri_Lanka&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+31+March+2025&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Sri+Lanka">making an edit request</a><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> . (July 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Parliament_Building,_Colombo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Old_Parliament_Building%2C_Colombo.JPG/250px-Old_Parliament_Building%2C_Colombo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Old_Parliament_Building%2C_Colombo.JPG/330px-Old_Parliament_Building%2C_Colombo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Old_Parliament_Building%2C_Colombo.JPG/500px-Old_Parliament_Building%2C_Colombo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4965" data-file-height="3310" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Parliament_Building,_Colombo" title="Old Parliament Building, Colombo">old Sri Lankan Parliament building</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Galle_Face_Green" title="Galle Face Green">Galle Face Green</a> in Colombo. It now serves as the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Secretariat_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Presidential Secretariat (Sri Lanka)">Presidential Secretariat</a>'s headquarters.</figcaption></figure> Sri Lanka is a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> which is governed by a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-constnt-199">[197]</a> Sri Lanka is the oldest democracy in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> Most provisions of the constitution can be amended by a <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">two-thirds majority</a> in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Parliament of Sri Lanka">parliament</a>. The amendment of <a href="/wiki/Entrenched_clause" title="Entrenched clause">certain fundamental features</a>, including clauses on national symbols, religion, term limits, the reference to Sri Lanka as a unitary state, and the entrenchment mechanism itself, requires both a two-thirds majority in Parliament and approval in a nationwide <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-201">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> The Constitution of Sri Lanka officially declares it to be a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> In common with many democracies, the Sri Lankan government has three branches: <ul><li>Executive: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka" title="President of Sri Lanka">President of Sri Lanka</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander in chief</a> of the armed forces; <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_(gubernatorial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief executive (gubernatorial)">chief executive</a>, and is popularly elected for a five-year term.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> The president heads the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">cabinet</a> and appoints <a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">ministers</a> from elected <a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">members of parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> The president is immune from legal proceedings while in the office with respect to any acts done or omitted to be done by him or her in either an official or private capacity.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> Following the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka">19th amendment to the constitution</a> in 2015, the president has two terms, which previously stood at no term limit.</li> <li>Legislative: The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Parliament of Sri Lanka">Parliament of Sri Lanka</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> 225-member legislature with 196 members elected from 22 multi-seat constituencies and 29 elected by <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> Members are elected by universal suffrage for a five-year term. The president may summon, suspend, or end a legislative session and dissolve Parliament at any time after four and a half years. The parliament reserves the power to make all laws.<a href="#cite_note-parliam-208">[206]</a> The president's deputy and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prime Minister of Sri Lanka">prime minister</a>, leads the <a href="/wiki/Ruling_party" title="Ruling party">ruling party</a> in parliament and shares many executive responsibilities, mainly in domestic affairs.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_Colombo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Supreme_Court_Colombo.jpg/250px-Supreme_Court_Colombo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Supreme_Court_Colombo.jpg/330px-Supreme_Court_Colombo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Supreme_Court_Colombo.jpg/500px-Supreme_Court_Colombo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>The Supreme Court of Sri Lanka, Colombo</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Judicial: Sri Lanka's judiciary consists of a <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Supreme Court of Sri Lanka">Supreme Court</a> – the highest and final superior court of record,<a href="#cite_note-parliam-208">[206]</a> a Court of Appeal, High Courts and a number of subordinate courts. The highly complex legal system reflects diverse cultural influences.<a href="#cite_note-unpanh-209">[207]</a> Criminal law is based almost entirely on <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">British law</a>. Basic civil law derives from <a href="/wiki/Roman-Dutch_law" title="Roman-Dutch law">Roman-Dutch law</a>. Laws pertaining to marriage, divorce, and inheritance are <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">communal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lawsd-210">[208]</a> Because of ancient customary practices and religion, the Sinhala customary law (Kandyan law), the <a href="/wiki/Thesavalamai" title="Thesavalamai">Thesavalamai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> law are followed in special cases.<a href="#cite_note-custmryl-211">[209]</a> The president appoints judges to the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal, and the High Courts. A judicial service commission, composed of the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Chief Justice of Sri Lanka">chief justice</a> and two Supreme Court judges, appoints, transfers, and dismisses lower court judges.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Politics of Sri Lanka">Politics of Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Elections in Sri Lanka">Elections in Sri Lanka</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#EEEEEE; font-size: 100%; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Sri_Lanka" title="National symbols of Sri Lanka">National symbols of Sri Lanka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Flag</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Flag of Sri Lanka">Lion Flag</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Emblem</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Emblem of Sri Lanka">Gold Lion Passant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Anthem</th><td class="infobox-data">"<a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Matha" title="Sri Lanka Matha">Sri Lanka Matha</a>"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Butterfly</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Troides_darsius" title="Troides darsius">Sri Lankan birdwing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Animal</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ratufa_macroura" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratufa macroura">Grizzled giant squirrel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bird</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_junglefowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka junglefowl">Sri Lanka junglefowl</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Flower</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nymphaea_nouchali" title="Nymphaea nouchali">Blue water lily</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tree</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mesua_ferrea" title="Mesua ferrea">Ceylon ironwood</a> (nā)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sport</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Source: <a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sri_Lankan_symbols" title="Template:Sri Lankan symbols"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sri_Lankan_symbols" title="Template talk:Sri Lankan symbols"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sri_Lankan_symbols" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sri Lankan symbols"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The current political culture in Sri Lanka is a contest between two rival coalitions led by the <a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">centre-left</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> <a href="/wiki/United_People%27s_Freedom_Alliance" title="United People's Freedom Alliance">United People's Freedom Alliance</a> (UPFA), an offspring of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Freedom_Party" title="Sri Lanka Freedom Party">Sri Lanka Freedom Party</a> (SLFP), and the comparatively <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a> and pro-<a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> <a href="/wiki/United_National_Party" title="United National Party">United National Party</a> (UNP). After 2018, two major political parties have split from these two parties: The <a href="/wiki/Samagi_Jana_Balawegaya" title="Samagi Jana Balawegaya">Samagi Jana Balawegaya</a> split from the UNP, and the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Podujana_Peramuna" title="Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna">Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna</a> split from the UPFA. The third wing party <a href="/wiki/Janatha_Vimukthi_Peramuna" title="Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna">Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna</a> has gained popularity after 2022. <a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> Sri Lanka is essentially a multi-party democracy with many smaller Buddhist, socialist, and Tamil nationalist political parties. As of July 2011, the number of registered political parties in the country is 67.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> Of these, the <a href="/wiki/Lanka_Sama_Samaja_Party" title="Lanka Sama Samaja Party">Lanka Sama Samaja Party</a> (LSSP), established in 1935, is the oldest.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> The UNP, established by D. S. Senanayake in 1946, was until recently the largest single political party.<a href="#cite_note-unpl-217">[215]</a> It is the only political group which had representation in all parliaments since independence.<a href="#cite_note-unpl-217">[215]</a> SLFP was founded by <a href="/wiki/S._W._R._D._Bandaranaike" title="S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike">S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike</a> in July 1951.<a href="#cite_note-slfps-218">[216]</a> SLFP registered its first victory in 1956, defeating the ruling UNP in the <a href="/wiki/1956_Ceylonese_parliamentary_election" title="1956 Ceylonese parliamentary election">1956 Parliamentary election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-slfps-218">[216]</a> Following the parliamentary election in <a href="/wiki/July_1960_Ceylonese_parliamentary_election" title="July 1960 Ceylonese parliamentary election">July 1960</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirimavo_Bandaranaike" title="Sirimavo Bandaranaike">Sirimavo Bandaranaike</a> became the prime minister and the world's first elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_elected_and_appointed_female_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government">female head of government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbcsirimavo-219">[217]</a> <a href="/wiki/G._G._Ponnambalam" title="G. G. Ponnambalam">G. G. Ponnambalam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">Tamil nationalist</a> counterpart of S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike,<a href="#cite_note-socs-220">[218]</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/All_Ceylon_Tamil_Congress" title="All Ceylon Tamil Congress">All Ceylon Tamil Congress</a> (ACTC) in 1944. Objecting to Ponnambalam's cooperation with D. S. Senanayake, a dissident group led by <a href="/wiki/S._J._V._Chelvanayakam" title="S. J. V. Chelvanayakam">S.J.V. Chelvanayakam</a> broke away in 1949 and formed the <a href="/wiki/Illankai_Tamil_Arasu_Kachchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi">Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi</a> (ITAK), also known as the Federal Party, becoming the main Tamil political party in Sri Lanka for next two decades.<a href="#cite_note-poltitak-221">[219]</a> The Federal Party advocated a more aggressive stance toward the Sinhalese.<a href="#cite_note-postcolhist-222">[220]</a> With the constitutional reforms of 1972, the ACTC and ITAK created the Tamil United Front (later <a href="/wiki/Tamil_United_Liberation_Front" title="Tamil United Liberation Front">Tamil United Liberation Front</a>). Following a period of turbulence as Tamil militants rose to power in the late 1970s, these Tamil political parties were succeeded in October 2001 by the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_National_Alliance" title="Tamil National Alliance">Tamil National Alliance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-postcolhist-222">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-tnas-223">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/Janatha_Vimukthi_Peramuna" title="Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna">Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> political party founded by <a href="/wiki/Rohana_Wijeweera" title="Rohana Wijeweera">Rohana Wijeweera</a> in 1965, serves as a third force in the current political context.<a href="#cite_note-jvpnew-224">[222]</a> It endorses leftist policies which are more radical than the traditionalist leftist politics of the LSSP and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Communist Party of Sri Lanka">Communist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-postcolhist-222">[220]</a> Founded in 1981, the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Muslim_Congress" title="Sri Lanka Muslim Congress">Sri Lanka Muslim Congress</a> is the largest Muslim political party in Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-muslcon-225">[223]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_Rajapaksa" title="Mahinda Rajapaksa">Mahinda Rajapaksa</a> lost the <a href="/wiki/2015_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election" title="2015 Sri Lankan presidential election">2015 presidential elections</a>, ending his ten-year presidency. However, his successor as Sri Lankan President, <a href="/wiki/Maithripala_Sirisena" title="Maithripala Sirisena">Maithripala Sirisena</a>, decided not to seek re-election in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> The Rajapaksa family regained power in November <a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election" title="2019 Sri Lankan presidential election">2019 presidential elections</a> when Mahinda's younger brother and former wartime defence chief <a href="/wiki/Gotabaya_Rajapaksa" title="Gotabaya Rajapaksa">Gotabaya Rajapaksa</a> won the election, and he was later sworn in as the new president of Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> Their firm grip of power was consolidated in the <a href="/wiki/2020_Sri_Lankan_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Sri Lankan parliamentary election">parliamentary elections</a> in August 2020. The family's political party, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_People%27s_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka People's Front">Sri Lanka People's Front</a> (known by its Sinhala initials SLPP), obtained a landslide victory and a clear majority in the parliament. Five members of the Rajapaksa family won seats in the new parliament. Former president Mahinda Rajapaksa became the new prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> In 2022, a <a href="/wiki/2022_Sri_Lankan_political_crisis" title="2022 Sri Lankan political crisis">political crisis</a> started due to the power struggle between <a href="/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka" title="President of Sri Lanka">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotabaya_Rajapaksa" title="Gotabaya Rajapaksa">Gotabaya Rajapaksa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Parliament of Sri Lanka">Parliament of Sri Lanka</a>. The crisis was fuelled by <a href="/wiki/2022_Sri_Lankan_protests" title="2022 Sri Lankan protests">anti-government protests and demonstrations by the public</a> and also due to the worsening <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Economy of Sri Lanka">economy of Sri Lanka</a> since 2019. The anti-government sentiment across various parts of Sri Lanka has triggered unprecedented political instability, creating shockwaves in the political arena.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> On July 20, 2022, <a href="/wiki/Ranil_Wickremesinghe" title="Ranil Wickremesinghe">Ranil Wickremesinghe</a> was elected as the ninth President via a <a href="/wiki/2022_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election" title="2022 Sri Lankan presidential election">parliamentarian election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> President Ranil Wickremesinghe was defeated by left-leaning <a href="/wiki/Anura_Kumara_Dissanayake" title="Anura Kumara Dissanayake">Anura Kumara Dissanayake</a> in 2024 presidential <a href="/wiki/2024_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election" title="2024 Sri Lankan presidential election">elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Administrative divisions of Sri Lanka">Administrative divisions of Sri Lanka</a></div> For administrative purposes, Sri Lanka is divided into nine <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Provinces of Sri Lanka">provinces</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> and twenty-five <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Districts of Sri Lanka">districts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provinces">Provinces</h3></div> Provinces in Sri Lanka have existed since the 19th century, but they had no legal status until 1987 when the 13th Amendment of the 1978 constitution established provincial councils after several decades of increasing demand for a <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">decentralisation</a> of the government.<a href="#cite_note-official-235">[233]</a> Each provincial council is an autonomous body not under the authority of any ministry. Some of its functions had been undertaken by central government ministries, departments, corporations, and statutory authorities,<a href="#cite_note-official-235">[233]</a> but authority over land and police is not as a rule given to provincial councils.<a href="#cite_note-landpolc-236">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-landpolc2-237">[235]</a> Between 1989 and 2006, the Northern and Eastern provinces were temporarily merged to form the <a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="North Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">North-East Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lnpx-238">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-norteastn-239">[237]</a> Prior to 1987, all administrative tasks for the provinces were handled by a district-based civil service which had been in place since colonial times. Now each province is administered by a directly elected provincial council: <div role="img" class="floatleft noresize" style="width: 400px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sri_Lankan_Provinces_and_districts.PNG/500px-Sri_Lankan_Provinces_and_districts.PNG" decoding="async" width="400" height="639" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sri_Lankan_Provinces_and_districts.PNG/600px-Sri_Lankan_Provinces_and_districts.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Sri_Lankan_Provinces_and_districts.PNG 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="960" /> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:244px; top:75px"><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-2px; top:92px"><a href="/wiki/Palk_Strait" title="Palk Strait">Palk Strait</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:122px; top:120px"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Northern Province, Sri Lanka">Northern Province</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:10px; top:184px"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar" title="Gulf of Mannar">Gulf of Mannar</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:162px; top:268px"><a href="/wiki/North_Central_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="North Central Province, Sri Lanka">North Central Province</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:90px; top:332px"><a href="/wiki/North_Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="North Western Province, Sri Lanka">North Western Province</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:322px; top:348px"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">Eastern Province</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:202px; top:391.996px"><a href="/wiki/Central_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Central Province, Sri Lanka">Central Province</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:282px; top:452px"><a href="/wiki/Uva_Province" title="Uva Province">Uva Province</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:74px; top:472px"><a href="/wiki/Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Western Province, Sri Lanka">Western Province</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:154px; top:508px"><a href="/wiki/Sabaragamuwa_Province" title="Sabaragamuwa Province">Sabaragamuwa Province</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:162px; top:584px"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Southern Province, Sri Lanka">Southern Province</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:331px; top:592px"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:90px; top:120px"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Northern Province, Sri Lanka"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Northern_Province.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Province.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Northern_Province.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Province.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:130px; top:268px"><a href="/wiki/North_Central_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="North Central Province, Sri Lanka"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flag_of_the_North_Central_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29.PNG/40px-Flag_of_the_North_Central_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flag_of_the_North_Central_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29.PNG/60px-Flag_of_the_North_Central_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29.PNG 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="216" /></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:58px; top:332px"><a href="/wiki/North_Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="North Western Province, Sri Lanka"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_the_North_Western_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_North_Western_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_the_North_Western_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_North_Western_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:290px; top:348px"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Eastern Province, Sri Lanka"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Eastern_Province_Flag_%28SRI_LANKA%29.png/25px-Eastern_Province_Flag_%28SRI_LANKA%29.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Eastern_Province_Flag_%28SRI_LANKA%29.png/38px-Eastern_Province_Flag_%28SRI_LANKA%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Eastern_Province_Flag_%28SRI_LANKA%29.png/50px-Eastern_Province_Flag_%28SRI_LANKA%29.png 2x" data-file-width="813" data-file-height="509" /></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:170px; top:391.996px"><a href="/wiki/Central_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Central Province, Sri Lanka"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Central_Province.png/25px-Central_Province.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Central_Province.png/38px-Central_Province.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Central_Province.png/50px-Central_Province.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:250px; top:452px"><a href="/wiki/Uva_Province" title="Uva Province"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_the_Uva_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29.PNG/25px-Flag_of_the_Uva_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_the_Uva_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29.PNG/38px-Flag_of_the_Uva_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_the_Uva_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29.PNG/50px-Flag_of_the_Uva_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29.PNG 2x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="216" /></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:80.4px; top:456px"><a href="/wiki/Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Western Province, Sri Lanka"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Western_Province_Flag_%28SRI_LANKA%29.png/25px-Western_Province_Flag_%28SRI_LANKA%29.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Western_Province_Flag_%28SRI_LANKA%29.png/38px-Western_Province_Flag_%28SRI_LANKA%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Western_Province_Flag_%28SRI_LANKA%29.png/50px-Western_Province_Flag_%28SRI_LANKA%29.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="160" /></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:122px; top:508px"><a href="/wiki/Sabaragamuwa_Province" title="Sabaragamuwa Province"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Sabaragamuwa_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29.PNG/25px-Flag_of_the_Sabaragamuwa_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Sabaragamuwa_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29.PNG/38px-Flag_of_the_Sabaragamuwa_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Sabaragamuwa_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29.PNG/50px-Flag_of_the_Sabaragamuwa_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29.PNG 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="216" /></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:130px; top:584px"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Southern Province, Sri Lanka"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Southern_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29.PNG/40px-Flag_of_the_Southern_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Southern_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29.PNG/60px-Flag_of_the_Southern_Province_%28Sri_Lanka%29.PNG 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="216" /></a></div> </div> <table cellspacing="2px"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:85%;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:100%; text-align:right;"> <th style="width:160px;"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Provinces of Sri Lanka">Province</a></th> <th style="width:85px;">Capital</th> <th style="width:75px;">Area (km2)</th> <th style="width:70px;">Population (2012)<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a></th> <th style="width:100px;">Density (Persons per km2)</th> <th style="width:100px;">Provincial GDP share (%) (2023)<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a></th> <th style="width:100px;">Sri Lanka Prosperity Index (2021)<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Central Province, Sri Lanka">Central</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Kandy</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">5,674</td> <td style="text-align:right">2,571,557</td> <td style="text-align:right">453</td> <td style="text-align:right">10.3</td> <td style="text-align:right">0.559 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">Eastern</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">9,996</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,555,510</td> <td style="text-align:right">155</td> <td style="text-align:right">4.7</td> <td style="text-align:right">0.519 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Central_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="North Central Province, Sri Lanka">North Central</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">10,714</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,266,663</td> <td style="text-align:right">118</td> <td style="text-align:right">4.8</td> <td style="text-align:right">0.521 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="North Western Province, Sri Lanka">North Western</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurunegala" title="Kurunegala">Kurunegala</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">7,812</td> <td style="text-align:right">2,380,861</td> <td style="text-align:right">305</td> <td style="text-align:right">10.9</td> <td style="text-align:right">0.541 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Northern Province, Sri Lanka">Northern</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna">Jaffna</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">8,884</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,061,315</td> <td style="text-align:right">119</td> <td style="text-align:right">4.5</td> <td style="text-align:right">0.564 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabaragamuwa_Province" title="Sabaragamuwa Province">Sabaragamuwa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ratnapura" title="Ratnapura">Ratnapura</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">4,902</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,928,655</td> <td style="text-align:right">393</td> <td style="text-align:right">7.0</td> <td style="text-align:right">0.499 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Southern Province, Sri Lanka">Southern</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Galle" title="Galle">Galle</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">5,559</td> <td style="text-align:right">2,477,285</td> <td style="text-align:right">446</td> <td style="text-align:right">9.3</td> <td style="text-align:right">0.582 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uva_Province" title="Uva Province">Uva</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Badulla" title="Badulla">Badulla</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">8,488</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,266,463</td> <td style="text-align:right">149</td> <td style="text-align:right">4.7</td> <td style="text-align:right">0.468 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Western Province, Sri Lanka">Western</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">3,709</td> <td style="text-align:right">5,851,130</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,578</td> <td style="text-align:right">43.7</td> <td style="text-align:right">0.802 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sri Lanka</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sri_Jayawardenepura_Kotte" title="Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte">Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">65,610</td> <td style="text-align:right">20,359,439</td> <td style="text-align:right">310</td> <td style="text-align:right">100</td> <td style="text-align:right">0.796 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Districts_and_local_authorities">Districts and local authorities</h3></div> Each district is administered under a <a href="/wiki/Government_Agent_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Government Agent (Sri Lanka)">district secretariat</a>. The districts are further subdivided into 256 <a href="/wiki/Divisional_Secretariats_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisional Secretariats of Sri Lanka">divisional secretariats</a>, and these to approximately 14,008 <a href="/wiki/Grama_Niladhari" title="Grama Niladhari">Grama Niladhari</a> divisions.<a href="#cite_note-tstasgov-243">[241]</a> The districts are known in Sinhala as disa and in Tamil as māwaddam. Originally, a disa (usually rendered into English as Dissavony) was a <a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">duchy</a>, notably Matale and Uva. There are three other types of local authorities: municipal councils (18), urban councils (13) and pradeshiya sabha, also called pradesha sabhai (256).<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> Local authorities were originally based on feudal counties named korale and rata, and were formerly known as "D.R.O. divisions" after the divisional revenue officer.<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> Later, the D.R.O.s became "assistant government agents", and the divisions were known as "A.G.A. divisions". These divisional secretariats are currently administered by a divisional secretary. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Foreign relations of Sri Lanka">Foreign relations of Sri Lanka</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Sri Lanka and the Non-Aligned Movement">Sri Lanka and the Non-Aligned Movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jayewardene_presents_elephant_to_Reagan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jayewardene_presents_elephant_to_Reagan.jpg/220px-Jayewardene_presents_elephant_to_Reagan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jayewardene_presents_elephant_to_Reagan.jpg/330px-Jayewardene_presents_elephant_to_Reagan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jayewardene_presents_elephant_to_Reagan.jpg/440px-Jayewardene_presents_elephant_to_Reagan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/J._R._Jayewardene" title="J. R. Jayewardene">J. R. Jayewardene</a> gifting <a href="/wiki/Jayathu" title="Jayathu">Jayathu</a>, a baby elephant to US President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in 1984</figcaption></figure> Sri Lanka is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> (NAM). While ensuring that it maintains its independence, Sri Lanka has cultivated <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="India–Sri Lanka relations">relations with India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-relatns-246">[244]</a> Sri Lanka became a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in 1955. Today, it is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Colombo_Plan" title="Colombo Plan">Colombo Plan</a>. The United National Party has traditionally favoured links with the West, while the Sri Lanka Freedom Party has favoured links with the East.<a href="#cite_note-relatns-246">[244]</a> Sri Lankan Finance Minister J. R. Jayewardene, together with then Australian Foreign Minister Sir Percy Spencer, proposed the Colombo Plan at the Commonwealth Foreign Minister's Conference held in Colombo in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">San Francisco Peace Conference</a> in 1951, while many countries were reluctant, Sri Lanka argued for a free <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and refused to accept payment of reparations for <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> damage because it believed it would harm Japan's economy.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> Sri Lanka-China relations started as soon as the People's Republic of China was formed in 1949. The two countries signed an important <a href="/wiki/Ceylon-China_Trade_Agreement_of_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon-China Trade Agreement of 1952">Rubber-Rice Pact</a> in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a> Sri Lanka played a vital role at the <a href="/wiki/Asian%E2%80%93African_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian–African Conference">Asian–African Conference</a> in 1955, which was an important step in the crystallisation of the NAM.<a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> The Bandaranaike government of 1956 significantly changed the pro-western policies set by the previous UNP government. It recognised Cuba under <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> in 1959. Shortly afterward, Cuba's revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a> paid a visit to Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sirima%E2%80%93Shastri_Pact" title="Sirima–Shastri Pact">Sirima-Shastri Pact</a> of 1964<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sirima%E2%80%93Gandhi_Pact" title="Sirima–Gandhi Pact">Sirima-Gandhi Pact</a> of 1974<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> were signed between Sri Lankan and Indian leaders in an attempt to solve the <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_Citizenship_Act" title="Ceylon Citizenship Act">long-standing dispute</a> over the status of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">plantation workers of Indian origin</a>. In 1974, <a href="/wiki/Katchatheevu" title="Katchatheevu">Kachchatheevu</a>, a small island in <a href="/wiki/Palk_Strait" title="Palk Strait">Palk Strait</a>, was formally ceded to Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> By this time, Sri Lanka was strongly involved in the NAM, and the <a href="/wiki/5th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="5th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">fifth NAM summit</a> was held in Colombo in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> The relationship between Sri Lanka and India became tense under the government of <a href="/wiki/Junius_Richard_Jayewardene" class="mw-redirect" title="Junius Richard Jayewardene">J. R. Jayawardene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-atimes-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-indnrel-256">[254]</a> As a result, <a href="/wiki/Indian_intervention_in_the_Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War">India intervened in the Sri Lankan Civil War</a> and subsequently deployed an <a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force</a> in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> In the present, Sri Lanka enjoys extensive relations with China,<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> Russia,<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> and Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2></div> The <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Armed_Forces" title="Sri Lanka Armed Forces">Sri Lanka Armed Forces</a>, comprising the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army" title="Sri Lanka Army">Sri Lanka Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Navy" title="Sri Lanka Navy">Sri Lanka Navy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Air_Force" title="Sri Lanka Air Force">Sri Lanka Air Force</a>, come under the purview of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Ministry of Defence (Sri Lanka)">Ministry of Defence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-261">[259]</a> The total strength of the three services is around 346,000 personnel, with nearly 36,000 reserves.<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> Sri Lanka has not enforced <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">military conscription</a>.<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a> Paramilitary units include the <a href="/wiki/Special_Task_Force_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Special Task Force (Sri Lanka)">Special Task Force</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Civil_Security_Force" title="Sri Lanka Civil Security Force">Civil Security Force</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Coast_Guard" title="Sri Lanka Coast Guard">Sri Lanka Coast Guard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a> Since independence in 1948, the primary focus of the armed forces has been internal security, crushing three major insurgencies, two by <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> militants of the <a href="/wiki/Janatha_Vimukthi_Peramuna" title="Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna">JVP</a> and a 26-year-long conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">LTTE</a>. The armed forces have been in a continuous mobilised state for the last 30 years.<a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a> The Sri Lankan Armed Forces have engaged in <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> operations since the early 1960s, contributing forces to permanent contingents deployed in several UN peacekeeping missions in <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_the_Central_African_Republic_and_Chad" title="United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Force_in_Lebanon" title="United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Stabilisation_Mission_in_Haiti" title="United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti">Haiti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-unmissions09-268">[266]</a> Sri Lanka is the 100th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Economy of Sri Lanka">Economy of Sri Lanka</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Agriculture in Sri Lanka">Agriculture in Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Tea production in Sri Lanka">Tea production in Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Tourism in Sri Lanka">Tourism in Sri Lanka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Transport in Sri Lanka">Transport in Sri Lanka</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Sri_Lanka.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/250px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/500px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Development of real GDP per capita, 1820 to 2018</figcaption></figure> According to the International Monetary Fund, Sri Lanka's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> in terms of <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> is the second highest in the South Asian region in terms of <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">per capita income</a>. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Sri Lanka became a <a href="/wiki/Plantation_economy" title="Plantation economy">plantation economy</a> famous for its production and export of <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Tea production in Sri Lanka">Ceylon tea</a>, which remains a trademark national export.<a href="#cite_note-plnyn-270">[268]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Ports_and_Aviation_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Ministry of Ports and Aviation (Sri Lanka)">development of modern ports</a> under British rule raised the strategic importance of the island as a centre of trade.<a href="#cite_note-startim-271">[269]</a> From 1948 to 1977, socialism strongly influenced the government's economic policies. Colonial plantations were dismantled, industries were nationalised, and a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> established. In 1977, the <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> economy was introduced to the country, incorporating privatisation, deregulation, and the promotion of private enterprise.<a href="#cite_note-filbrn-132">[130]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LK-Colombo-altes-parlament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/LK-Colombo-altes-parlament.jpg/220px-LK-Colombo-altes-parlament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/LK-Colombo-altes-parlament.jpg/330px-LK-Colombo-altes-parlament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/LK-Colombo-altes-parlament.jpg/440px-LK-Colombo-altes-parlament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_Colombo" title="World Trade Center Colombo">World Trade Center</a> in Colombo. <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Secretariat_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Presidential Secretariat (Sri Lanka)">Presidential Secretariat</a>, Bank of Ceylon and Galadari Hotel are also visible in the image.</figcaption></figure> While the production and export of tea, rubber, coffee, sugar, and other commodities remain important, industrialisation has increased the importance of food processing, textiles, telecommunications, and finance. The country's main economic sectors are tourism, tea export, clothing, rice production, and other agricultural products. In addition to these economic sectors, overseas employment, especially in the Middle East, contributes substantially in foreign exchange.<a href="#cite_note-treasry-272">[270]</a> As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lanka&action=edit">[update]</a>, the service sector makes up 59.7% of GDP, the industrial sector 26.2%, and the agriculture sector 8.4%.<a href="#cite_note-Annual_Report_2020-273">[271]</a> The private sector accounts for 85% of the economy.<a href="#cite_note-adbrep-274">[272]</a> China, India and the United States are Sri Lanka's largest trading partners.<a href="#cite_note-Sri_Lanka's_Trading_Partners-275">[273]</a> Economic disparities exist between the provinces with the Western Province contributing 45.1% of the GDP and the Southern Province and the Central Province contributing 10.7% and 10%, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-ecdisp-276">[274]</a> With the end of the war, the Northern Province reported a record 22.9% GDP growth in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-northpr-277">[275]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Lanka_030.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sri_Lanka_030.jpg/250px-Sri_Lanka_030.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sri_Lanka_030.jpg/330px-Sri_Lanka_030.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sri_Lanka_030.jpg/500px-Sri_Lanka_030.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1723" /></a><figcaption>Sri Lanka's most widely known export, <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_tea" title="Ceylon tea">Ceylon tea</a>, which <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a> considers the cleanest tea in the world in terms of pesticide residues. Sri Lanka is also the world's 2nd largest exporter of tea.<a href="#cite_note-clnst-278">[276]</a></figcaption></figure> The per capita income of Sri Lanka doubled from 2005 to 2011.<a href="#cite_note-toplsl-279">[277]</a> During the same period, poverty dropped from 15.2% to 7.6%, unemployment rate dropped from 7.2% to 4.9%, <a href="/wiki/Market_capitalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Market capitalisation">market capitalisation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Colombo_Stock_Exchange" title="Colombo Stock Exchange">Colombo Stock Exchange</a> quadrupled, and the <a href="/wiki/Government_budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Government budget deficit">budget deficit</a> doubled.<a href="#cite_note-treasry-272">[270]</a> 99% of the households in Sri Lanka are electrified; 93.2% of the population have access to safe drinking water; and 53.1% have access to pipe-borne water.<a href="#cite_note-Annual_Report_2020-273">[271]</a> Income inequality has also dropped in recent years, indicated by a <a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a> of 0.36 in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-statgovineq-280">[278]</a> The 2011 <a href="/wiki/Global_Competitiveness_Report" title="Global Competitiveness Report">Global Competitiveness Report</a>, published by the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>, described Sri Lanka's economy as transitioning from the factor-driven stage to the efficiency-driven stage and that it ranked 52nd in global competitiveness.<a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a> Also, out of the 142 countries surveyed, Sri Lanka ranked 45th in health and primary education, 32nd in business sophistication, 42nd in innovation, and 41st in goods market efficiency. In 2016, Sri Lanka ranked 5th in the <a href="/wiki/World_Giving_Index" title="World Giving Index">World Giving Index</a>, registering high levels of contentment and charitable behaviour in its society.<a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> placed Sri Lanka at the top of its list of 31 places to visit.<a href="#cite_note-283">[281]</a> <a href="/wiki/S%26P_Dow_Jones_Indices" title="S&P Dow Jones Indices">S&P Dow Jones Indices</a> classifies Sri Lanka as a <a href="/wiki/Frontier_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontier markets">frontier market</a> as of 2018.<a href="#cite_note-284">[282]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">Sri Lanka ranks</a> well above other South Asian countries in the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> (HDI) with an index of 0.750. By 2016, the country's debt soared as it was developing its infrastructure to the point of near bankruptcy which required a bailout from the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF).<a href="#cite_note-285">[283]</a> The IMF had agreed to provide a US$1.5 billion bailout loan in April 2016 after Sri Lanka provided a set of criteria intended to improve its economy. By the fourth quarter of 2016, the debt was estimated to be $64.9 billion. Additional debt had been incurred in the past by state-owned organisations and this was said to be at least $9.5 billion. Since early 2015, domestic debt increased by 12% and external debt by 25%.<a href="#cite_note-286">[284]</a> In November 2016, the IMF reported that the initial disbursement was larger than US$150 million originally planned, a full US$162.6 million (SDR 119.894 million). The agency's evaluation for the first tranche was cautiously optimistic about the future. Under the program, the Sri Lankan government implemented a new Inland Revenue Act and an automatic fuel pricing formula which was noted by the IMF in its fourth review. In 2018 China agreed to bail out Sri Lanka with a loan of $1.25 billion to deal with foreign debt repayment spikes in 2019 to 2021.<a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[287]</a> In September 2021, Sri Lanka declared a major <a href="/wiki/Economic_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic crisis">economic crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2021_crisis-290">[288]</a> The Chief of its Central Bank has stepped down amid the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg_2021-291">[289]</a> The Parliament has declared emergency regulations due to the crisis, seeking to ban "food hoarding".<a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera_2021_crisis-292">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[291]</a> Tourism, which provided the economy with an input of foreign currency, has significantly declined as a result of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2021sri-294">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Transport in Sri Lanka">Transport in Sri Lanka</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UG-LK_Photowalk_-_Colombo_Harbour_-_2017-03-12_(10).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/UG-LK_Photowalk_-_Colombo_Harbour_-_2017-03-12_%2810%29.jpg/220px-UG-LK_Photowalk_-_Colombo_Harbour_-_2017-03-12_%2810%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/UG-LK_Photowalk_-_Colombo_Harbour_-_2017-03-12_%2810%29.jpg/330px-UG-LK_Photowalk_-_Colombo_Harbour_-_2017-03-12_%2810%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/UG-LK_Photowalk_-_Colombo_Harbour_-_2017-03-12_%2810%29.jpg/440px-UG-LK_Photowalk_-_Colombo_Harbour_-_2017-03-12_%2810%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Colombo" title="Port of Colombo">Colombo Port</a> is the largest and busiest port in Sri Lanka</figcaption></figure> Sri Lanka has an extensive road network for inland transportation. With more than 100,000 km (62,000 mi) of paved roads,<a href="#cite_note-295">[293]</a> it has one of the highest road densities in the world (1.5 km or 0.93 mi of paved roads per every 1 km2 or 0.39 sq mi of land). The road network consists of 35 <a href="/wiki/List_of_A-Grade_highways_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of A-Grade highways in Sri Lanka">A-Grade highways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Expressways of Sri Lanka">four</a> <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">controlled-access highways</a>.<a href="#cite_note-296">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a> A and B grade roads are national (arterial) highways administered by Road Development Authority.<a href="#cite_note-298">[296]</a> C and D grade roads are provincial roads coming under the purview of the Provincial Road Development Authority of the respective province. The other roads are local roads falling under local government authorities. The <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Railways" title="Sri Lanka Railways">railway network</a>, operated by the state-run <a href="/wiki/National_Railway" title="National Railway">National Railway</a> operator <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Railways" title="Sri Lanka Railways">Sri Lanka Railways</a>, spans 1,447 kilometres (900 mi).<a href="#cite_note-299">[297]</a> Sri Lanka also has three <a href="/wiki/Deep-water_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep-water port">deep-water ports</a> at <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Colombo" title="Port of Colombo">Colombo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galle" title="Galle">Galle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a>, in addition to the newest port being built at <a href="/wiki/Ruhunu_Magampura_International_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhunu Magampura International Port">Hambantota</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_to_biological_agriculture">Transition to biological agriculture</h3></div> In June 2021, Sri Lanka imposed a nationwide ban on inorganic fertilisers and pesticides. The program was welcomed by its advisor <a href="/wiki/Vandana_Shiva" title="Vandana Shiva">Vandana Shiva</a>,<a href="#cite_note-300">[298]</a> but ignored critical voices from scientific and farming community who warned about possible collapse of farming,<a href="#cite_note-:7-301">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[303]</a> including financial crisis due to devaluation of national currency pivoted around tea industry.<a href="#cite_note-:7-301">[299]</a> The situation in the tea industry was described as critical, with farming under the organic program being described as ten times more expensive and producing half of the yield by the farmers.<a href="#cite_note-306">[304]</a> In September 2021 the government declared an economic emergency, as the situation was further aggravated by falling national currency exchange rate, inflation rising as a result of high food prices, and pandemic restrictions in tourism which further decreased country's income.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2021_crisis-290">[288]</a> In November 2021, Sri Lanka abandoned its plan to become the world's first organic farming nation following rising food prices and weeks of protests against the plan.<a href="#cite_note-307">[305]</a> As of December 2021, the damage to agricultural production was already done, with prices having risen substantially for vegetables in Sri Lanka, and time needed to recover from the crisis. The ban on fertiliser has been lifted for certain crops, but the price of urea has risen internationally due to the price for oil and gas.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2021sri-294">[292]</a> Jeevika Weerahewa, a senior lecturer at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Peradeniya" title="University of Peradeniya">University of Peradeniya</a>, predicted that the ban would reduce the paddy harvest in 2022 by an unprecedented 50%.<a href="#cite_note-308">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Tourism in Sri Lanka">Tourism in Sri Lanka</a></div> Sri Lanka's tourism industry is recovering, with tourism revenue reaching over $1.5 billion in the first half of 2024, a 78% increase year-on-year. Tourist arrivals also increased to 1.01 million, up 62% from the same period in 2023. This growth is attributed to the government's proactive measures and improvements from <a href="/wiki/SriLankan_Airlines" title="SriLankan Airlines">SriLankan Airlines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-k997-309">[307]</a> The government launched a global tourism marketing campaign and offered visa-free entry for visitors from several countries to encourage tourism. A free tourist visa program was introduced for visitors from selected countries, allowing them to stay for up to 30 days.<a href="#cite_note-k997-309">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Demographics of Sri Lanka">Demographics of Sri Lanka</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SL_population_growth.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/SL_population_growth.png/240px-SL_population_growth.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/SL_population_growth.png/360px-SL_population_growth.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/SL_population_growth.png/480px-SL_population_growth.png 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>Sri Lanka's population, (1871–2001)</figcaption></figure> Sri Lanka has roughly 22,156,000 people and an annual population growth rate of 0.5%. The <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a> is 13.8 births per 1,000 people, and the <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">death rate</a> is 6.0 deaths per 1,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-Annual_Report_2020-273">[271]</a> Population density is highest in western Sri Lanka, especially in and around the capital. <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> constitute the largest ethnic group in the country, with 74.8% of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-CPH2011_1-310">[308]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamils</a> are the second major ethnic group in the island, with a percentage of 11.2%. <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Moors" title="Sri Lankan Moors">Moors</a> comprise 9.2%. There are also small ethnic groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Burgher_people" title="Burgher people">Burghers</a> (of mixed European descent) and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Malays" title="Sri Lankan Malays">Malays</a> from Southeast Asia. Moreover, there is a small population of <a href="/wiki/Vedda_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedda people">Vedda people</a> who are believed to be the original indigenous group to inhabit the island.<a href="#cite_note-311">[309]</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Sri Lanka <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">(2012 Department of Census and Statistics enumeration)<a href="#cite_note-312">[310]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of cities in Sri Lanka">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Provinces of Sri Lanka">Province</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of cities in Sri Lanka">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Provinces of Sri Lanka">Province</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunset_from_Kingsbury_Hotel,_Colombo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colombo"><img alt="Colombo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sunset_from_Kingsbury_Hotel%2C_Colombo.jpg/120px-Sunset_from_Kingsbury_Hotel%2C_Colombo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sunset_from_Kingsbury_Hotel%2C_Colombo.jpg/180px-Sunset_from_Kingsbury_Hotel%2C_Colombo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Sunset_from_Kingsbury_Hotel%2C_Colombo.jpg/240px-Sunset_from_Kingsbury_Hotel%2C_Colombo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Battaramulla_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaduwela"><img alt="Kaduwela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Battaramulla_City.jpg/120px-Battaramulla_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Battaramulla_City.jpg/180px-Battaramulla_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Battaramulla_City.jpg/240px-Battaramulla_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kaduwela,_Western_Province" title="Kaduwela, Western Province">Kaduwela</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Western Province, Sri Lanka">Western</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">561,314</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Galle" title="Galle">Galle</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Southern Province, Sri Lanka">Southern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">86,333 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kaduwela,_Western_Province" title="Kaduwela, Western Province">Kaduwela</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Western Province, Sri Lanka">Western</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">252,041</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Batticaloa" title="Batticaloa">Batticaloa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">Eastern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">86,227 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maharagama" title="Maharagama">Maharagama</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Western Province, Sri Lanka">Western</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">196,423</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna">Jaffna</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Northern Province, Sri Lanka">Northern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">80,829 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kesbewa" title="Kesbewa">Kesbewa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Western Province, Sri Lanka">Western</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">185,122</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Matara,_Sri_Lanka" title="Matara, Sri Lanka">Matara</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Southern Province, Sri Lanka">Southern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">74,193 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dehiwala-Mount_Lavinia" title="Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia">Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Western Province, Sri Lanka">Western</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">184,468</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gampaha" title="Gampaha">Gampaha</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Western Province, Sri Lanka">Western</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">62,335 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Moratuwa" title="Moratuwa">Moratuwa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Western Province, Sri Lanka">Western</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">168,280</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Katunayake" title="Katunayake">Katunayake</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Western Province, Sri Lanka">Western</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">60,915 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Negombo" title="Negombo">Negombo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Western Province, Sri Lanka">Western</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">142,449</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Boralesgamuwa" title="Boralesgamuwa">Boralesgamuwa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Western Province, Sri Lanka">Western</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">60,110 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Jayawardenepura_Kotte" title="Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte">Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Western Province, Sri Lanka">Western</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">107,925</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kolonnawa" title="Kolonnawa">Kolonnawa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Western Province, Sri Lanka">Western</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">60,044 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kalmunai" title="Kalmunai">Kalmunai</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">Eastern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">99,893</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Central_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="North Central Province, Sri Lanka">North Central</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">50,595 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Kandy</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Central Province, Sri Lanka">Central</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">98,828</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">Eastern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">48,351 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Languages of Sri Lanka</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> are the two <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-313">[311]</a> The constitution defines <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">English</a> as the link language. English is widely used for education, scientific and commercial purposes. Members of the <a href="/wiki/Burgher_people" title="Burgher people">Burgher</a> community speak variant forms of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Creole">Portuguese Creole</a> and Dutch with varying proficiency, while members of the Malay community speak a form of <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole</a> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka Malay">Malay</a> that is unique to the island.<a href="#cite_note-314">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Religion in Sri Lanka</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1279587269">.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:none;position:relative;width:100px;height:100px;border-radius:50%;background-color:yellowgreen;color:black;border:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie div{position:absolute;transform-origin:left bottom;background-color:#655;color:black;top:0;left:50%;width:50%;height:50%;border-radius:0 500%0 0}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie50{transform-origin:left center;height:100%;border-radius:0 100%100%0/50%}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie12-5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,100%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,32.49197%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie7{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,47.056428%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie1{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,6.2914667%0%,0 100%)}@supports(clip-path:circle(50%)){.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:1em;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend{list-style-type:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:.5em;margin:0;margin-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>span{display:block;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>.l-color{border:1px solid var(--color-base,black);width:.8em;height:.8em;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-container{padding:.5em;padding-bottom:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-caption{margin-bottom:1em;font-size:94%}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{flex-direction:column-reverse}@media screen and (min-width:641px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{width:min-content}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{break-inside:avoid-page}}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-container{align-items:center}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend-container{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.5;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(190px,1fr));gap:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-footer{margin-top:.5em}}</style> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style=""> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">Religion in Sri Lanka (2012 census)<a href="#cite_note-315">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-2011census-316">[314]</a></div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Buddhism</a> (70.2%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Hinduism in Sri Lanka">Hinduism</a> (12.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Islam in Sri Lanka">Islam</a> (9.7%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Christianity in Sri Lanka">Christianity</a> (7.4%)</li> <li>Others (0.05%)</li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:#FEFDFD;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Other (0.05%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie50" style="background:Gold;color:#000" title="Buddhism (70.2%)"></div> <div class="pie50" style="background:Gold;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.202turn)" title="Buddhism (70.2%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:DarkOrange;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.702turn)" title="Hinduism (12.6%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:DarkOrange;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.703turn)" title="Hinduism (12.6%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:Green;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.828turn)" title="Islam (9.7%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:Green;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.855turn)" title="Islam (9.7%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:Blue;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.925turn)" title="Christianity (7.4%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:Blue;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.929turn)" title="Christianity (7.4%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.999turn); background:White;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 0.62832680% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Others (0.05%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> is the largest and is considered as an "<a href="/wiki/Official_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Official religion">Official religion</a>" of Sri Lanka under Chapter II, Article 9, "The Republic of Sri Lanka shall give to Buddhism the foremost place and accordingly it shall be the duty of the State to protect and foster the Buddha Sasana".<a href="#cite_note-lawnet.gov.lk-317">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[316]</a> Buddhism is practised by 70.2% of the Sri Lankan population with most being predominantly from <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> school of thought.<a href="#cite_note-bisl-sn-319">[317]</a> Most Buddhists are of the Sinhalese ethnic group with minority Tamils. Buddhism was introduced to Sri Lanka in the 2nd century BCE by <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_(buddhist_monk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahinda (buddhist monk)">Mahinda Maurya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bisl-sn-319">[317]</a> A sapling of the <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a> under which <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">the Buddha</a> attained enlightenment was brought to Sri Lanka during the same time. The <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a> (Thripitakaya), having previously been preserved as an oral tradition, was first committed to writing in Sri Lanka around 30 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-ph-tbas-320">[318]</a> Sri Lanka has the longest continuous history of Buddhism of any predominantly Buddhist nation.<a href="#cite_note-bisl-sn-319">[317]</a> During periods of decline, the Sri Lankan monastic lineage was revived through contact with Thailand and Burma.<a href="#cite_note-ph-tbas-320">[318]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Hinduism in Sri Lanka">Hindus in Sri Lanka</a> form a religious minority, Hinduism has been present in Sri Lanka at least since the 2nd century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-321">[319]</a> Hinduism was the dominant religion in Sri Lanka before the arrival of Buddhism in the 3rd century BCE. Buddhism was introduced into Sri Lanka by Mahinda, the son of Emperor Ashoka, during the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Devanampiya_Tissa" title="Devanampiya Tissa">Devanampiya Tissa</a>;<a href="#cite_note-322">[320]</a> the Sinhalese embraced Buddhism and Tamils remain Hindus in Sri Lanka. However, it was activity from across the <a href="/wiki/Palk_Strait" title="Palk Strait">Palk Strait</a> that truly set the scene for <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>'s survival in Sri Lanka. <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> (devotional worship of Lord Shiva) was the dominant branch practised by the Tamil peoples, thus most of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> of Sri Lanka drew heavily from this particular strand of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. Thirugnanasambanthar mentioned the names of several Sri Lankan Hindu temples in his works.<a href="#cite_note-323">[321]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Islam in Sri Lanka">Islam</a> is the third most prevalent religion in the country, having first been brought to the island by Arab traders over the course of many centuries, starting around the mid or late 7th century CE. Most followers on the island today are <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> who follow the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%CA%BDi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafiʽi school">Shafi'i school</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[322]</a> and are believed to be descendants of Arab traders and the local women whom they married.<a href="#cite_note-325">[323]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Christianity in Sri Lanka">Christianity</a> reached the country at least as early as the fifth century (and possibly in the first),<a href="#cite_note-326">[324]</a> gaining a wider foothold through Western colonists who began to arrive early in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-327">[325]</a> Around 7.4% of the Sri Lankan population are Christians, of whom 82% are <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Catholic Church in Sri Lanka">Roman Catholics</a> who trace their religious heritage directly to the Portuguese. Tamil Catholics attribute their religious heritage to <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">St. Francis Xavier</a> as well as Portuguese missionaries. The remaining Christians are evenly split between the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ceylon" title="Church of Ceylon">Anglican Church of Ceylon</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant denominations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-328">[326]</a> There is also a small population of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> immigrants from India (<a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a>) who settled in Ceylon during the period of British rule.<a href="#cite_note-329">[327]</a> This community has steadily dwindled in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-330">[328]</a> Religion plays a prominent role in the life and culture of Sri Lankans. The <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> majority observe <a href="/wiki/Poya" title="Poya">Poya</a> Days each month according to the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar calendar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> also observe their own holidays. In a 2008 <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a>, Sri Lanka was ranked the third most religious country in the world, with 99% of Sri Lankans saying religion was an important part of their daily life.<a href="#cite_note-gallu-331">[329]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_Sri_Lanka.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Life_expectancy_in_Sri_Lanka.svg/250px-Life_expectancy_in_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Life_expectancy_in_Sri_Lanka.svg/330px-Life_expectancy_in_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Life_expectancy_in_Sri_Lanka.svg/500px-Life_expectancy_in_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Development of life expectancy</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Health in Sri Lanka">Health in Sri Lanka</a></div> Sri Lankans have a <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> of 75.5 years at birth, which is 10% higher than the world average.<a href="#cite_note-Annual_Report_2020-273">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-treasry-272">[270]</a> The infant mortality rate stands at 8.5 per 1,000 births and the maternal mortality rate at 0.39 per 1,000 births, which is on par with figures from developed countries. The universal "pro-poor"<a href="#cite_note-332">[330]</a> health care system adopted by the country has contributed much towards these figures.<a href="#cite_note-333">[331]</a> Sri Lanka ranks first among southeast Asian countries with respect to deaths by suicide, with 33 deaths per 100,000 persons. According to the Department of Census and Statistics, poverty, destructive pastimes, and inability to cope with stressful situations are the main causes behind the high suicide rates.<a href="#cite_note-334">[332]</a> On 8 July 2020, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> declared that Sri Lanka had successfully eliminated <a href="/wiki/Rubella" title="Rubella">rubella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a> ahead of their 2023 target.<a href="#cite_note-335">[333]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Education in Sri Lanka">Education in Sri Lanka</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SLINTEC060917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/SLINTEC060917.jpg/250px-SLINTEC060917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/SLINTEC060917.jpg/330px-SLINTEC060917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/SLINTEC060917.jpg/500px-SLINTEC060917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2315" data-file-height="1384" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Institute_of_Nanotechnology" title="Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology">Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology</a> is a research institute specialising in the field of <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a>.</figcaption></figure> With a <a href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">literacy rate</a> of 92.9%,<a href="#cite_note-Annual_Report_2020-273">[271]</a> Sri Lanka has one of the most literate populations amongst developing nations.<a href="#cite_note-336">[334]</a> Its youth literacy rate stands at 98.8%,<a href="#cite_note-337">[335]</a> computer literacy rate at 35%,<a href="#cite_note-daynwsl-338">[336]</a> and primary school enrollment rate at over 99%.<a href="#cite_note-339">[337]</a> An education system which dictates nine years of <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory schooling</a> for every child is in place. The <a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">free education</a> system established in 1945<a href="#cite_note-340">[338]</a> is a result of the initiative of <a href="/wiki/C._W._W._Kannangara" title="C. W. W. Kannangara">C. W. W. Kannangara</a> and A. Ratnayake.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-341">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[340]</a> It is one of the few countries in the world that provide universal free education from primary to tertiary stage.<a href="#cite_note-343">[341]</a> Kannangara led the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Vidyalaya" title="Madhya Vidyalaya">Madhya Vidyalayas</a> (central schools) in different parts of the country in order to provide education to Sri Lanka's rural children.<a href="#cite_note-daynwsl-338">[336]</a> In 1942, a special education committee proposed extensive reforms to establish an efficient and quality education system for the people. However, in the 1980s changes to this system separated the administration of schools between the central government and the provincial government. Thus the elite <a href="/wiki/National_school_(Sri_Lanka)" title="National school (Sri Lanka)">national schools</a> are controlled directly by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Ministry of Education (Sri Lanka)">ministry of education</a> and the provincial schools by the provincial government. Sri Lanka has approximately 10,155 government schools, 120 private schools and 802 <a href="/wiki/Pirivena" title="Pirivena">pirivenas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Annual_Report_2020-273">[271]</a> Sri Lanka has 17 public universities.<a href="#cite_note-344">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[343]</a> A lack of responsiveness of the education system to labour market requirements, disparities in access to quality education, lack of an effective linkage between secondary and tertiary education remain major challenges for the education sector.<a href="#cite_note-346">[344]</a> A number of private, degree awarding institutions have emerged in recent times to fill in these gaps, yet the participation at tertiary level education remains at 5.1%.<a href="#cite_note-347">[345]</a> Sri Lanka was ranked 89th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-348">[346]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_rights_and_media">Human rights and media</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Human rights in Sri Lanka">Human rights in Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Sri Lanka">Media in Sri Lanka</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation">Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Radio_Ceylon" title="Radio Ceylon">Radio Ceylon</a>) is the oldest-running radio station in Asia,<a href="#cite_note-slbcv-349">[347]</a> established in 1923 by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Harper_(engineer)" title="Edward Harper (engineer)">Edward Harper</a> just three years after broadcasting began in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-slbcv-349">[347]</a> The station broadcasts services in Sinhala, Tamil, English and Hindi. Since the 1980s, many private radio stations have also been introduced. Broadcast television was introduced in 1979 when the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Television_Network" title="Independent Television Network">Independent Television Network</a> was launched. Initially, all television stations were state-controlled, but private television networks began broadcasting in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-350">[348]</a> As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lanka&action=edit">[update]</a>, 192 newspapers (122 Sinhala, 24 Tamil, 43 English, 3 multilingual) are published and 25 TV stations and 58 radio stations are in operation.<a href="#cite_note-Annual_Report_2020-273">[271]</a> In recent years, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a> in Sri Lanka has been alleged by media freedom groups to be amongst the <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">poorest in democratic countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-351">[349]</a> Alleged abuse of a newspaper editor by a senior government minister<a href="#cite_note-You_are_pigs_who_eat_shit-352">[350]</a> achieved international notoriety because of the unsolved murder of the editor's predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Lasantha_Wickrematunge" title="Lasantha Wickrematunge">Lasantha Wickrematunge</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Death_foretold-353">[351]</a> who had been a critic of the government and had presaged his own death in a posthumously published article.<a href="#cite_note-pre-written_posthumous_editorial-354">[352]</a> Officially, the constitution of Sri Lanka guarantees human rights as ratified by the United Nations. However, several groups, such as <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_from_Torture" title="Freedom from Torture">Freedom from Torture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>,<a href="#cite_note-355">[353]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[354]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> have criticised human rights violations in Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-357">[355]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Government of Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan Government</a> and the LTTE have both been accused of violating human rights. A <a href="/wiki/Report_of_the_Secretary-General%27s_Panel_of_Experts_on_Accountability_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka">report by an advisory panel to the UN secretary-general</a> accused both the LTTE and the Sri Lankan government of <a href="/wiki/Alleged_war_crimes_during_the_Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Alleged war crimes during the Sri Lankan Civil War">war crimes</a> during final stages of the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-358">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[357]</a> Corruption remains a problem in Sri Lanka, and there is little protection for those who stand up against corruption.<a href="#cite_note-360">[358]</a> The 135-year-old <a href="/wiki/Article_365_of_the_Sri_Lankan_Penal_Code" title="Article 365 of the Sri Lankan Penal Code">Article 365 of the Sri Lankan Penal Code</a> criminalises <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Sri Lanka">homosexual acts</a>, with a penalty of up to ten years in prison.<a href="#cite_note-361">[359]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">UN Human Rights Council</a> has documented <a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearances_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Enforced disappearances in Sri Lanka">over 12,000 named individuals</a> who have disappeared after detention by security forces in Sri Lanka, the second-highest figure in the world since the Working Group came into being in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-UNHRC_involuntary_disappearances_report-362">[360]</a> The Sri Lankan government confirmed that 6,445 of these died. Allegations of human rights abuses have not ended with the close of the ethnic conflict.<a href="#cite_note-People_are_disappearing-363">[361]</a> <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">UN Human Rights Commissioner</a> <a href="/wiki/Navanethem_Pillay" class="mw-redirect" title="Navanethem Pillay">Navanethem Pillay</a> visited Sri Lanka in May 2013. After her visit, she said: "The war may have ended [in Sri Lanka], but in the meantime, democracy has been undermined and the rule of law eroded." Pillay spoke about the military's increasing involvement in civilian life and reports of military <a href="/wiki/Land_grabbing" title="Land grabbing">land grabbing</a>. She also said that, while in Sri Lanka, she had been allowed to go wherever she wanted, but that Sri Lankans who came to meet her were harassed and intimidated by security forces.<a href="#cite_note-364">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[363]</a> In 2012, the UK charity <a href="/wiki/Freedom_from_Torture" title="Freedom from Torture">Freedom from Torture</a> reported that it had received 233 referrals of torture survivors from Sri Lanka for clinical treatment or other services provided by the charity. In the same year, the group published Out of the Silence, which documents evidence of torture in Sri Lanka and demonstrates that the practice has continued long after the end of the civil war in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-366">[364]</a> On 29 July 2020, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> said that the Sri Lanka government has targeted lawyers, human rights defenders, and journalists to suppress criticism against the government.<a href="#cite_note-367">[365]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vavuniya_Kavadi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Vavuniya_Kavadi.JPG/220px-Vavuniya_Kavadi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Vavuniya_Kavadi.JPG/330px-Vavuniya_Kavadi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Vavuniya_Kavadi.JPG/440px-Vavuniya_Kavadi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2559" data-file-height="2010" /></a><figcaption>Hindu devotees engaging in <a href="/wiki/Kavadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavadi">Kavadi</a> at a temple in <a href="/wiki/Vavuniya" title="Vavuniya">Vavuniya</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Culture of Sri Lanka">culture of Sri Lanka</a> is influenced primarily by Buddhism and Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-precol-368">[366]</a> Sri Lanka is the home to two main traditional cultures: the Sinhalese (centred in Kandy and Anuradhapura) and the Tamil (centred in Jaffna). Tamils co-existed with the Sinhalese people since then, and the early mixing rendered the two ethnic groups almost physically indistinguishable.<a href="#cite_note-369">[367]</a> Ancient Sri Lanka is marked for its genius in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_constructions_of_Sri_Lanka#Irrigation_Works" title="Ancient constructions of Sri Lanka">hydraulic engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_ancient_Sri_Lanka" title="Architecture of ancient Sri Lanka">architecture</a>. The British colonial culture has also influenced the locals. The rich cultural traditions shared by all Sri Lankan cultures is the basis of the country's long life expectancy, advanced health standards, and high literacy rate.<a href="#cite_note-nub94-370">[368]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_festivals">Food and festivals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Sri Lankan cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Festivals_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Festivals in Sri Lanka">Festivals in Sri Lanka</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Lankan_Rice_and_Curry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sri_Lankan_Rice_and_Curry.jpg/220px-Sri_Lankan_Rice_and_Curry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sri_Lankan_Rice_and_Curry.jpg/330px-Sri_Lankan_Rice_and_Curry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sri_Lankan_Rice_and_Curry.jpg/440px-Sri_Lankan_Rice_and_Curry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Sri Lankan rice and curry</figcaption></figure> Dishes include rice and curry, <a href="/wiki/Puttu" title="Puttu">pittu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiribath" title="Kiribath">kiribath</a>, wholemeal <a href="/wiki/Roti" title="Roti">roti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idiyappam" title="Idiyappam">string hoppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watalappam" title="Watalappam">watalappam</a> (a rich pudding of Malay origin made with <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">coconut milk</a>, jaggery, cashews, eggs, and spices including cinnamon and nutmeg), <a href="/wiki/Kottu" title="Kottu">kottu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Appam" title="Appam">appam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-simplysl-371">[369]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a> may sometimes replace rice. Traditionally food is served on a <a href="/wiki/Plantain_(cooking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantain (cooking)">plantain leaf or lotus leaf</a>. Middle Eastern influences and practices are found in traditional Moor dishes, while Dutch and Portuguese influences are found with the island's Burgher community preserving their culture through traditional dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Lamprais" title="Lamprais">lamprais</a> (rice cooked in stock and baked in a banana leaf), <a href="/wiki/Breudher" title="Breudher">breudher</a> (Dutch holiday biscuit), and <a href="/wiki/Bolo_fiado" title="Bolo fiado">Bolo fiado</a> (Portuguese-style layer cake).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In April, Sri Lankans celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_New_Year" title="Sinhalese New Year">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_New_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil New Year">Hindu</a> new year festivals.<a href="#cite_note-dersl-372">[370]</a> <a href="/wiki/Esala_Perahera" class="mw-redirect" title="Esala Perahera">Esala Perahera</a> is a symbolic Buddhist festival consisting of dances and decorated elephants held in Kandy in July and August.<a href="#cite_note-esalasl-373">[371]</a> Fire dances, whip dances, Kandyan dances and various other cultural dances are integral parts of the festival. Christians celebrate <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> on 25 December to celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ and <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> to celebrate the resurrection of Jesus. Tamils celebrate <a href="/wiki/Thai_Pongal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Pongal">Thai Pongal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a>, and Muslims celebrate <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual,_literary_and_performing_arts">Visual, literary and performing arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Cinema of Sri Lanka">Cinema of Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Music of Sri Lanka">Music of Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dances_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Dances of Sri Lanka">Dances of Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Theatre of Sri Lanka">Theatre of Sri Lanka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_literature" title="Sri Lankan literature">Sri Lankan literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_Women_in_Traditional_Kandyan_Dress_Laugh_While_Waiting_as_Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_Sri_Lankan_Foreign_Minister_Samaraweera_(16720359423).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Two_Women_in_Traditional_Kandyan_Dress_Laugh_While_Waiting_as_Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_Sri_Lankan_Foreign_Minister_Samaraweera_%2816720359423%29.jpg/220px-Two_Women_in_Traditional_Kandyan_Dress_Laugh_While_Waiting_as_Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_Sri_Lankan_Foreign_Minister_Samaraweera_%2816720359423%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Two_Women_in_Traditional_Kandyan_Dress_Laugh_While_Waiting_as_Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_Sri_Lankan_Foreign_Minister_Samaraweera_%2816720359423%29.jpg/330px-Two_Women_in_Traditional_Kandyan_Dress_Laugh_While_Waiting_as_Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_Sri_Lankan_Foreign_Minister_Samaraweera_%2816720359423%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Two_Women_in_Traditional_Kandyan_Dress_Laugh_While_Waiting_as_Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_Sri_Lankan_Foreign_Minister_Samaraweera_%2816720359423%29.jpg/440px-Two_Women_in_Traditional_Kandyan_Dress_Laugh_While_Waiting_as_Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_Sri_Lankan_Foreign_Minister_Samaraweera_%2816720359423%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4142" data-file-height="2755" /></a><figcaption>Female dancers in traditional <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_dance" title="Kandyan dance">Kandyan dress</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_landmark_Nelum_Pokuna_(Lotus_Pond)_Mahinda_Rajapaksa_Theatre.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_landmark_Nelum_Pokuna_%28Lotus_Pond%29_Mahinda_Rajapaksa_Theatre.JPG/220px-The_landmark_Nelum_Pokuna_%28Lotus_Pond%29_Mahinda_Rajapaksa_Theatre.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_landmark_Nelum_Pokuna_%28Lotus_Pond%29_Mahinda_Rajapaksa_Theatre.JPG/330px-The_landmark_Nelum_Pokuna_%28Lotus_Pond%29_Mahinda_Rajapaksa_Theatre.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_landmark_Nelum_Pokuna_%28Lotus_Pond%29_Mahinda_Rajapaksa_Theatre.JPG/440px-The_landmark_Nelum_Pokuna_%28Lotus_Pond%29_Mahinda_Rajapaksa_Theatre.JPG 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nelum_Pokuna_Mahinda_Rajapaksa_Theatre" title="Nelum Pokuna Mahinda Rajapaksa Theatre">Nelum Pokuna Mahinda Rajapaksa Theatre</a> was constructed as a major venue for the performing arts.</figcaption></figure> The movie <a href="/wiki/Kadawunu_Poronduwa" title="Kadawunu Poronduwa">Kadawunu Poronduwa</a> (The Broken Promise), produced by <a href="/wiki/S._M._Nayagam" title="S. M. Nayagam">S. M. Nayagam</a> of Chitra Kala Movietone, heralded the coming of Sri Lankan cinema in 1947. <a href="/wiki/Ranmuthu_Duwa" title="Ranmuthu Duwa">Ranmuthu Duwa</a> (Island of Treasures) marked the transition of cinema from <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a> to colour. In recent years, movies have featured subjects such as family melodrama, social transformation and the years of conflict between the military and the LTTE.<a href="#cite_note-easiancinem-374">[372]</a> The Sri Lankan cinematic style is similar to <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> movies. In 1979, movie attendance rose to an all-time high but has been in a steady decline since then.<a href="#cite_note-denandind-375">[373]</a> An influential filmmaker is <a href="/wiki/Lester_James_Peiris" class="mw-redirect" title="Lester James Peiris">Lester James Peiris</a>, who has directed a number of movies which led to global acclaim, including <a href="/wiki/Rekava" title="Rekava">Rekava</a> (Line of Destiny, 1956), <a href="/wiki/Gamperaliya_(film)" title="Gamperaliya (film)">Gamperaliya</a> (The Changing Village, 1964), <a href="/wiki/Nidhanaya" title="Nidhanaya">Nidhanaya</a> (The Treasure, 1970) and <a href="/wiki/Golu_Hadawatha" title="Golu Hadawatha">Golu Hadawatha</a> (Cold Heart, 1968).<a href="#cite_note-lstjms-376">[374]</a> Sri Lankan-Canadian poet <a href="/wiki/Rienzi_Crusz" title="Rienzi Crusz">Rienzi Crusz</a>, is the subject of a documentary on his life in Sri Lanka. His work is published in Sinhala and English. Naturalised Canadian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ondaatje" title="Michael Ondaatje">Michael Ondaatje</a> is well known for his English-language novels and three films.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The earliest music in Sri Lanka came from theatrical performances such as Kolam, Sokari and Nadagam.<a href="#cite_note-cambrmu-377">[375]</a> Traditional music instruments such as Béra, Thammátama, Daŭla and Răbān were performed at these dramas. The first music album, Nurthi, recorded in 1903, was released through Radio Ceylon. Songwriters like <a href="/wiki/Mahagama_Sekara" title="Mahagama Sekara">Mahagama Sekara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Samarakoon" title="Ananda Samarakoon">Ananda Samarakoon</a> and musicians such as <a href="/wiki/W._D._Amaradeva" title="W. D. Amaradeva">W. D. Amaradeva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ratnayake" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Ratnayake">Victor Ratnayake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Malini" title="Nanda Malini">Nanda Malini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Wijewardene" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence Wijewardene">Clarence Wijewardene</a> have contributed much towards the progression of Sri Lankan music.<a href="#cite_note-wmrhg-378">[376]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baila_music" title="Baila music">Baila music</a> originated among <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Kaffirs" title="Sri Lanka Kaffirs">Kaffirs</a> or the Afro-Sinhalese community.<a href="#cite_note-lnlypnlu-379">[377]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Lanka_traditional_drum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sri_Lanka_traditional_drum.jpg/250px-Sri_Lanka_traditional_drum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sri_Lanka_traditional_drum.jpg/330px-Sri_Lanka_traditional_drum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sri_Lanka_traditional_drum.jpg/500px-Sri_Lanka_traditional_drum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>A Low Country drummer playing the traditional Yak Béra</figcaption></figure> There are three main styles of Sri Lankan classical dance. They are, the <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_dance" title="Kandyan dance">Kandyan dances</a>, low country dances and <a href="/wiki/Sabaragamuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaragamuwa">Sabaragamuwa</a> dances. Of these, the Kandyan style is most prominent. It is a sophisticated form of dance<a href="#cite_note-dncen2-380">[378]</a> that consists of five sub-categories: Ves dance, Naiyandi dance, Udekki dance, Pantheru dance and 18 Vannam.<a href="#cite_note-sldance-381">[379]</a> An elaborate headdress is worn by the male dancers, and a drum called Geta Béraya is used to assist the dancers to keep on rhythm.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-382">[380]</a> The history of Sri Lankan painting and sculpture can be traced as far back as to the 2nd or 3rd century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-lklibrform-383">[381]</a> The earliest mention about the art of painting on Mahāvaṃsa, is to the drawing of a palace on cloth using <a href="/wiki/Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a> in the 2nd century BCE. The chronicles have a description of various paintings in relic chambers of Buddhist stupas and in monastic residences. Theatre came to the country when a <a href="/wiki/Parsi_theatre" title="Parsi theatre">Parsi theatre</a> company from <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> introduced Nurti, a blend of European and Indian theatrical conventions to the Colombo audience in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-sldance-381">[379]</a> The golden age of Sri Lankan drama and theatre began with the staging of Maname, a play written by <a href="/wiki/Ediriweera_Sarachchandra" title="Ediriweera Sarachchandra">Ediriweera Sarachchandra</a> in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-theatresl-384">[382]</a> It was followed by a series of popular dramas like Sinhabāhu, Pabāvatī, Mahāsāra, Muudu Puththu and Subha saha Yasa. Sri Lankan literature spans at least two millennia and is heir to the <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a> literary tradition as embodied in the hymns of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lklinbr-385">[383]</a> The <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a>, the standard collection of scriptures in the Theravada Buddhist tradition, was written down in Sri Lanka during the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Buddhist_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Buddhist council">Fourth Buddhist council</a>, at the Alulena cave temple, <a href="/wiki/Kegalle" title="Kegalle">Kegalle</a>, as early as 29 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-alulena-386">[384]</a> Chronicles such as the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa" title="Mahāvaṃsa">Mahāvaṃsa</a>, written in the 6th century, provide vivid descriptions of Sri Lankan dynasties. According to the German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Geiger" title="Wilhelm Geiger">Wilhelm Geiger</a>, the chronicles are based on Sinhala <a href="/wiki/Atthakatha" title="Atthakatha">Atthakatha</a> (commentary).<a href="#cite_note-lklinbr-385">[383]</a> The oldest surviving prose work is the Dhampiya-Atuva-Getapadaya, compiled in the 9th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-lklinbr-385">[383]</a> The greatest literary feats of medieval Sri Lanka include Sandesha Kāvya (poetic messages) such as Girā Sandeshaya (parrot message), Hansa Sandeshaya (swan message) and Salalihini Sandeshaya (myna message). Poetry including Kavsilumina, Kavya-Sekharaya (Diadem of Poetry) and proses such as Saddharma-Ratnāvaliya, Amāvatura (Flood of Nectar) and Pujāvaliya are also notable works of this period, which is considered to be the golden age of Sri Lankan literature.<a href="#cite_note-lklinbr-385">[383]</a> The first modern-day novel, Meena by Simon de Silva appeared in 1905<a href="#cite_note-sldance-381">[379]</a> and was followed by several revolutionary literary works. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Wickramasinghe" title="Martin Wickramasinghe">Martin Wickramasinghe</a>, the author of <a href="/wiki/Madol_Doova" title="Madol Doova">Madol Doova</a> is considered the iconic figure of Sri Lankan literature.<a href="#cite_note-martinw-387">[385]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sport in Sri Lanka">Sport in Sri Lanka</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_clouds_roll_in.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The_clouds_roll_in.jpg/220px-The_clouds_roll_in.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The_clouds_roll_in.jpg/330px-The_clouds_roll_in.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The_clouds_roll_in.jpg/440px-The_clouds_roll_in.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/R._Premadasa_Stadium" title="R. Premadasa Stadium">R. Premadasa Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a></figcaption></figure> While the <a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">national sport</a> is <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>, by far the most popular sport in the country is <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a>.<a href="#cite_note-388">[386]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> also enjoys extensive popularity,<a href="#cite_note-389">[387]</a> as do <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">netball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>. Aquatic sports such as boating, surfing, swimming, kitesurfing<a href="#cite_note-390">[388]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba diving</a> attract many Sri Lankans and foreign tourists. There are two styles of martial arts native to Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/Cheena_di" title="Cheena di">Cheena di</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angampora" title="Angampora">Angampora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-391">[389]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MUTTIAH_MURALITHARAN_(5155181205).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Muttiah Muralitharan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/MUTTIAH_MURALITHARAN_%285155181205%29.jpg/250px-MUTTIAH_MURALITHARAN_%285155181205%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/MUTTIAH_MURALITHARAN_%285155181205%29.jpg/330px-MUTTIAH_MURALITHARAN_%285155181205%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/MUTTIAH_MURALITHARAN_%285155181205%29.jpg/500px-MUTTIAH_MURALITHARAN_%285155181205%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1752" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muttiah_Muralitharan" title="Muttiah Muralitharan">Muttiah Muralitharan</a> holds the record for the highest number of <a href="/wiki/Wicket#Dismissing_a_batsman" title="Wicket">wickets</a> in <a href="/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">Test cricket</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Muralitharan-392">[390]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_cricket_team" title="Sri Lanka national cricket team">Sri Lanka national cricket team</a> achieved considerable success beginning in the 1990s, rising from <a href="/wiki/Underdog_(competition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underdog (competition)">underdog</a> status to winning the <a href="/wiki/1996_Cricket_World_Cup" title="1996 Cricket World Cup">1996 Cricket World Cup</a>, defeating <a href="/wiki/Australia_national_cricket_team" title="Australia national cricket team">Australia</a> in the final on 17 March 1996.<a href="#cite_note-393">[391]</a> They also won the <a href="/wiki/2014_ICC_World_Twenty20" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 ICC World Twenty20">2014 ICC World Twenty20</a> played in Bangladesh, beating India in the final. In addition, Sri Lanka became the runners-up of the <a href="/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup" title="Cricket World Cup">Cricket World Cup</a> in <a href="/wiki/2007_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2007 Cricket World Cup">2007</a><a href="#cite_note-394">[392]</a> and <a href="/wiki/2011_Cricket_World_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Cricket World Cup Final">2011</a>,<a href="#cite_note-395">[393]</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/ICC_World_Twenty20" class="mw-redirect" title="ICC World Twenty20">ICC World Twenty20</a> in <a href="/wiki/2009_ICC_World_Twenty20" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 ICC World Twenty20">2009</a> and <a href="/wiki/2012_ICC_World_Twenty20" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 ICC World Twenty20">2012</a>.<a href="#cite_note-396">[394]</a> Former Sri Lankan <a href="/wiki/Off_spin" title="Off spin">off-spinner</a> <a href="/wiki/Muttiah_Muralitharan" title="Muttiah Muralitharan">Muttiah Muralitharan</a> has been rated as the greatest <a href="/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">test match</a> <a href="/wiki/Bowler_(cricket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowler (cricket)">bowler</a> ever by <a href="/wiki/Wisden_Cricketers%27_Almanack" title="Wisden Cricketers' Almanack">Wisden Cricketers' Almanack</a>,<a href="#cite_note-397">[395]</a> and four Sri Lankan cricketers ranked 2nd (<a href="/wiki/Kumar_Sangakkara" title="Kumar Sangakkara">Sangakkara</a>), 4th (<a href="/wiki/Sanath_Jayasuriya" title="Sanath Jayasuriya">Jayasuriya</a>), 5th (<a href="/wiki/Mahela_Jayawardene" title="Mahela Jayawardene">Jayawardene</a>) and 11th (<a href="/wiki/Tillakaratne_Dilshan" title="Tillakaratne Dilshan">Dilshan</a>) highest ODI run scorers of all time, which is the second best by a team. As of June 2022, Muttiah Muralitharan has the highest aggregate wickets in Test Cricket with a record 800 wickets, a feat he achieved in a Test Match against India in July 2010 that Sri Lanka had won by 10 Wickets.<a href="#cite_note-398">[396]</a><a href="#cite_note-399">[397]</a> Sri Lanka has won the <a href="/wiki/Asia_Cup" title="Asia Cup">Asia Cup</a> in 1986,<a href="#cite_note-400">[398]</a> 1997,<a href="#cite_note-401">[399]</a> 2004,<a href="#cite_note-402">[400]</a> 2008,<a href="#cite_note-403">[401]</a> 2014.<a href="#cite_note-404">[402]</a> and 2022.<a href="#cite_note-405">[403]</a> Sri Lanka once held the highest team score in all three formats of cricket.<a href="#cite_note-406">[404]</a> The country co-hosted the Cricket World Cup in <a href="/wiki/1996_Cricket_World_Cup" title="1996 Cricket World Cup">1996</a> and <a href="/wiki/2011_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2011 Cricket World Cup">2011</a> and hosted the <a href="/wiki/2012_ICC_World_Twenty20" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 ICC World Twenty20">2012 ICC World Twenty20</a>. Sri Lankans have won two medals at <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>: one silver, by <a href="/wiki/Duncan_White" title="Duncan White">Duncan White</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics" title="1948 Summer Olympics">1948 London Olympics</a> for men's <a href="/wiki/400_metres_hurdles" title="400 metres hurdles">400 metres hurdles</a>;<a href="#cite_note-407">[405]</a> and one silver by <a href="/wiki/Susanthika_Jayasinghe" title="Susanthika Jayasinghe">Susanthika Jayasinghe</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics" title="2000 Summer Olympics">2000 Sydney Olympics</a> for women's <a href="/wiki/200_metres" title="200 metres">200 metres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-408">[406]</a> In 1973, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Lafir" title="Muhammad Lafir">Muhammad Lafir</a> won the <a href="/wiki/IBSF_World_Billiards_Championship" title="IBSF World Billiards Championship">World Billiards Championship</a>, the highest feat by a Sri Lankan in a <a href="/wiki/Cue_sports" title="Cue sports">Cue sport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-409">[407]</a> Sri Lanka has also won the Carrom World Championship titles twice in 2012, <a href="/wiki/2016_Carrom_World_Championship" title="2016 Carrom World Championship">2016</a><a href="#cite_note-410">[408]</a> and 2018, the men's team becoming champions and the women's team winning second place. The <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_National_Badminton_Championships" title="Sri Lankan National Badminton Championships">Sri Lankan National Badminton Championships</a> was annually held between 1953 and 2011. Sri Lanka is ranked 6th in the ICC Men's Test Team Rankings 2025 with rating 86.<a href="#cite_note-411">[409]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_football_team" title="Sri Lanka national football team">Sri Lanka national football team</a> also won the prestigious <a href="/wiki/1995_South_Asian_Gold_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 South Asian Gold Cup">1995 South Asian Gold Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-412">[410]</a><a href="#cite_note-413">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-414">[412]</a><a href="#cite_note-415">[413]</a><a href="#cite_note-416">[414]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/120px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sri_Lanka" title="Portal:Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Outline of Sri Lanka">Outline of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of cities in Sri Lanka">List of cities in Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/sri ˈlæŋkə, ʃriː -/</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/- ˈlɑːŋkə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/ae\/En-us-Sri_Lanka.ogg\/En-us-Sri_Lanka.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Sri Lanka.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/En-us-Sri_Lanka.ogg/En-us-Sri_Lanka.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Sri_Lanka.ogg" title="File:En-us-Sri Lanka.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>: ශ්‍රී ලංකා, romanized: Śrī Laṅkā (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" />IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ʃriː laŋkaː]</a>); <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: இலங்கை, romanized: Ilaṅkai (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" />IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tamil" title="Help:IPA/Tamil">[ilaŋɡaj]</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Many names have been used to refer to the island, with Ceylon being used post-independence and still in use in some cases. For other names, see <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Names of Sri Lanka">Names of Sri Lanka</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Sri-Jayewardenepura-Kotte">"Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200617044803/https://www.britannica.com/place/Sri-Jayewardenepura-Kotte">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2020. 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Asian Development Bank. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-561-607-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-561-607-2"><bdi>978-971-561-607-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka%3A+Introduction&rft.btitle=Urbanization+and+sustainability+in+Asia%3A+case+studies+of+good+practice&rft.pub=Asian+Development+Bank&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-971-561-607-2&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPD8DseEWyuoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJack_Maguire2001" class="citation book cs1">Jack Maguire (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=62KQpPX1oVkC&pg=PA69">Essential Buddhism: A Complete Guide to Beliefs and Practices</a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-04188-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-04188-5"><bdi>978-0-671-04188-5</bdi></a>. <q>... the Pali canon of Theravada is the earliest known collection of Buddhist writings ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Buddhism%3A+A+Complete+Guide+to+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-671-04188-5&rft.au=Jack+Maguire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D62KQpPX1oVkC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/dharmadata/fdd16.htm">"Religions – Buddhism: Theravada Buddhism"</a>. BBC. 2 October 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306115250/http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/dharmadata/fdd16.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religions+%E2%80%93+Buddhism%3A+Theravada+Buddhism&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2002-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhanet.net%2Fe-learning%2Fdharmadata%2Ffdd16.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-silkr-18"><a href="#cite_ref-silkr_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBandaranayake,_Senake1990" class="citation book cs1">Bandaranayake, Senake (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xmNuAAAAMAAJ">"Sri Lankan Role in the Maritime Silk Route"</a>. Sri Lanka and the silk road of the sea. Sri Lanka National Commission for Unesco and the Central Cultural Fund. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-9043-02-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-9043-02-7"><bdi>978-955-9043-02-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sri+Lankan+Role+in+the+Maritime+Silk+Route&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka+and+the+silk+road+of+the+sea&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Sri+Lanka+National+Commission+for+Unesco+and+the+Central+Cultural+Fund&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-955-9043-02-7&rft.au=Bandaranayake%2C+Senake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxmNuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> British Prime Minister Winston Churchill described the moment a Japanese fleet prepared to invade Sri Lanka as "the most dangerous and distressing moment of the entire conflict". – Commonwealth Air Training Program Museum, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airmuseum.ca/mag/0410.html">The Saviour of Ceylon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071022152654/http://www.airmuseum.ca/mag/0410.html">Archived</a> 22 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.localhistories.org/srilanka.html">"A Brief History of Sri Lanka"</a>. localhistories.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140723124255/http://www.localhistories.org/srilanka.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=localhistories.org&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Sri+Lanka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.localhistories.org%2Fsrilanka.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-srilanka-war-sb-idUSTRE54D1GR20090518">Reuters Sri Lanka wins civil war, says kills rebel leader</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016032645/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/18/us-srilanka-war-sb-idUSTRE54D1GR20090518">Archived</a> 16 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> (18 May 2009). Retrieved 18 November 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNanda_Pethiyagoda_Wanasundera2002" class="citation book cs1">Nanda Pethiyagoda Wanasundera (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ts1khhfXm8C&pg=PA26">Sri Lanka</a>. Marshall Cavendish. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1477-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1477-3"><bdi>978-0-7614-1477-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-1477-3&rft.au=Nanda+Pethiyagoda+Wanasundera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Ts1khhfXm8C%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JMS_1997-23"><a href="#cite_ref-JMS_1997_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_M._Senaveratna1997" class="citation book cs1">John M. Senaveratna (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X9TeEcMi0e0C&pg=PA11+">The story of the Sinhalese from the most ancient times up to the end of "the Mahavansa" or Great dynasty</a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1271-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1271-6"><bdi>978-81-206-1271-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+story+of+the+Sinhalese+from+the+most+ancient+times+up+to+the+end+of+%22the+Mahavansa%22+or+Great+dynasty&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-206-1271-6&rft.au=John+M.+Senaveratna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX9TeEcMi0e0C%26pg%3DPA11%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSkutsch2005" class="citation book cs1">Skutsch, Carl (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zS4OAQAAMAAJ">Encyclopedia of the world's minorities</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-470-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-470-2"><bdi>978-1-57958-470-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023929/https://books.google.com/books?id=zS4OAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023. 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Macmillan Reference. pp. 795–799. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5459-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5459-6"><bdi>978-0-8160-5459-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka&rft.btitle=Macmillan+Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E795-%3C%2Fspan%3E799&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5459-6&rft.au=Holt%2C+John+Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5dxCHAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mahav1-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mahav1_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mahav1_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mahavamsa.org/2008/05/king-devanampiya-tissa-306-bc/">"King Devanampiya Tissa (306 BC – 266 BC)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa" title="Mahāvaṃsa">Mahāvaṃsa</a>. 28 May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140814102643/http://mahavamsa.org/2008/05/king-devanampiya-tissa-306-bc/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa&rft.atitle=King+Devanampiya+Tissa+%28306+BC+%E2%80%93+266+BC%29&rft.date=2008-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmahavamsa.org%2F2008%2F05%2Fking-devanampiya-tissa-306-bc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/lanka-txt.htm">"Buddhism in Sri Lanka"</a>. buddhanet.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130221072955/http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/lanka-txt.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=buddhanet.net&rft.atitle=Buddhism+in+Sri+Lanka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhanet.net%2Fe-learning%2Fbuddhistworld%2Flanka-txt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaw">Paw</a>, p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGunawardana,_Jagath" class="citation web cs1">Gunawardana, Jagath. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120715154617/http://print.dailymirror.lk/features/139-feature/38344.html">"Historical trees: Overlooked aspect of heritage that needs a revival of interest"</a>. Daily Mirror. 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Clarendon Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198542575" title="Special:BookSources/9780198542575"><bdi>9780198542575</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plantation+Forestry+in+the+Tropics%3A+Tree+Planting+for+Industrial%2C+Social%2C+Environmental%2C+and+Agroforestry+Purposes&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780198542575&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh1oF-88qKRsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013200-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013200_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2013">Buswell & Lopez 2013</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-sigiriya12-61"><a href="#cite_ref-sigiriya12_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808014733/http://www.sltda.gov.lk/history">"The History of Ceylon"</a>. sltda.gov.lk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sltda.gov.lk/history">the original</a> on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sltda.gov.lk&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Ceylon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sltda.gov.lk%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ponnamperuma_2013-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Ponnamperuma_2013_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPonnamperuma2013" class="citation book cs1">Ponnamperuma, Senani (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=25zxmgEACAAJ">Story of Sigiriya</a>. Melbourne: Panique Pty Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9873451-1-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9873451-1-0"><bdi>978-0-9873451-1-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Story+of+Sigiriya&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Panique+Pty+Ltd&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-9873451-1-0&rft.aulast=Ponnamperuma&rft.aufirst=Senani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D25zxmgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bandaranayake_1999-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Bandaranayake_1999_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBandaranayake1999" class="citation book cs1">Bandaranayake, Senake (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vw9uAAAAMAAJ">Sigiriya: City, Palace, and Royal Gardens</a>. Colombo: Central Cultural Fund, Ministry of Cultural Affairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-613-111-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-613-111-6"><bdi>978-955-613-111-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sigiriya%3A+City%2C+Palace%2C+and+Royal+Gardens&rft.place=Colombo&rft.pub=Central+Cultural+Fund%2C+Ministry+of+Cultural+Affairs&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-955-613-111-6&rft.aulast=Bandaranayake&rft.aufirst=Senake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvw9uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siriweera_2004,_p._44-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._44_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSiriweera1994" class="citation book cs1">Siriweera, W. I. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OubsAAAAMAAJ">A Study of the Economic History of Pre Modern Sri Lanka</a>. Vikas Publishing House. pp. 44–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7069-7621-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7069-7621-2"><bdi>978-0-7069-7621-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240106105344/https://books.google.com/books?id=OubsAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Study+of+the+Economic+History+of+Pre+Modern+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.pub=Vikas+Publishing+House&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7069-7621-2&rft.aulast=Siriweera&rft.aufirst=W.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOubsAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Codrington, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lakdiva.org/codrington/chap04.html">Ch. 4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160807212106/http://lakdiva.org/codrington/chap04.html">Archived</a> 7 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLambert,_Tim" class="citation web cs1">Lambert, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.localhistories.org/srilanka.html">"A Brief History of Sri Lanka"</a>. localhistories.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140723124255/http://www.localhistories.org/srilanka.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=localhistories.org&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.au=Lambert%2C+Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.localhistories.org%2Fsrilanka.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBokay,_Mon1966" class="citation journal cs1">Bokay, Mon (1966). "Relations between Ceylon and Burma in the 11th Century AD". Artibus Asiae. Supplementum. 23. Artibus Asiae Publishers: 93–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1522637">10.2307/1522637</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1423-0526">1423-0526</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1522637">1522637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artibus+Asiae.+Supplementum&rft.atitle=Relations+between+Ceylon+and+Burma+in+the+11th+Century+AD&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.date=1966&rft.issn=1423-0526&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1522637%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1522637&rft.au=Bokay%2C+Mon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102152939/http://lakdiva.org/coins/medievallanka/1153_1186_parakramabahu~i_Em.html">"Ancient Irrigation Works"</a>. lakdiva.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lakdiva.org/coins/medievallanka/1153_1186_parakramabahu~i_Em.html">the original</a> on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lakdiva.org&rft.atitle=Ancient+Irrigation+Works&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flakdiva.org%2Fcoins%2Fmedievallanka%2F1153_1186_parakramabahu~i_Em.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethniccr-69"><a href="#cite_ref-ethniccr_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerath,_R._B.2002" class="citation book cs1">Herath, R. B. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzMCzJxJBpsC">Sri Lankan Ethnic Crisis: Towards a Resolution</a>. Trafford Publishing. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55369-793-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55369-793-0"><bdi>978-1-55369-793-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240106105345/https://books.google.com/books?id=jzMCzJxJBpsC">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2018. <q>Parakramabahu 1 further extended the system to the highest resplendent peak of hydraulic civilization of the country's history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lankan+Ethnic+Crisis%3A+Towards+a+Resolution&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-55369-793-0&rft.au=Herath%2C+R.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjzMCzJxJBpsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rPo78i8KrlEC">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: Volume 7</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> for the Royal Asiatic Society. 1875. p. 152. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240106105344/https://books.google.com/books?id=rPo78i8KrlEC">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 20 June 2015. <q>... and when at the height of its prosperity, during the long and glorious reign of Parakramabahu the Great ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland%3A+Volume+7&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press+for+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.date=1875&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrPo78i8KrlEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeveridge1894" class="citation journal cs1">Beveridge, H. (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VRngAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA324">"The Site of Karna Suvarna"</a>. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 62: 324. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240106105344/https://books.google.com/books?id=VRngAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA324#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2020 – via Google Books. <q>His [Parakramabahu's] reign is described by Tumour as having been the most martial, enterprising, and glorious in Singhalese history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Asiatic+Society+of+Bengal&rft.atitle=The+Site+of+Karna+Suvarna&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=324&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Beveridge&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVRngAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethniccr1-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ethniccr1_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethniccr1_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerath,_R.B.2002" class="citation book cs1">Herath, R.B. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzMCzJxJBpsC">Sri Lankan Ethnic Crisis: Towards a Resolution</a>. Trafford Publishing. pp. 18–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55369-793-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55369-793-0"><bdi>978-1-55369-793-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240106105345/https://books.google.com/books?id=jzMCzJxJBpsC">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lankan+Ethnic+Crisis%3A+Towards+a+Resolution&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-55369-793-0&rft.au=Herath%2C+R.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjzMCzJxJBpsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605083015/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/asi/asi-45.html">"Parakrama Samudra"</a>. International Lake Environment Committee. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/asi/asi-45.html">the original</a> on 5 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parakrama+Samudra&rft.pub=International+Lake+Environment+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilec.or.jp%2Fdatabase%2Fasi%2Fasi-45.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140204034638/http://srilankanheritage.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28&Itemid=32&lang=en">"ParakramaBahu I: 1153–1186"</a>. lakdiva.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://srilankanheritage.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28&Itemid=32&lang=en">the original</a> on 4 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lakdiva.org&rft.atitle=ParakramaBahu+I%3A+1153%E2%80%931186&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsrilankanheritage.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D28%26Itemid%3D32%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJayasekera,_P.V.J.1992" class="citation book cs1">Jayasekera, P.V.J. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VRngAAAAMAAJ">Security dilemma of a small state, Part 1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Peradeniya" title="Peradeniya">Peradeniya</a>: Institute for International Studies <a href="/wiki/University_of_Peradeniya" title="University of Peradeniya">University of Peradeniya</a>, Sri Lanka. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7003-148-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7003-148-2"><bdi>978-81-7003-148-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240106105345/https://books.google.com/books?id=VRngAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2020. <q>..His invasion in 1215 was more or less a looting expedition..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security+dilemma+of+a+small+state%2C+Part+1&rft.place=Peradeniya&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Institute+for+International+Studies+University+of+Peradeniya%2C+Sri+Lanka&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-7003-148-2&rft.au=Jayasekera%2C+P.V.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVRngAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nadarajan,_V_p._72-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nadarajan,_V_p._72_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nadarajan,_V_p._72_76-1">b</a> Nadarajan, V History of Ceylon Tamils, p. 72 </li> <li id="cite_note-Indrapala,_K_p._16-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Indrapala,_K_p._16_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indrapala,_K_p._16_77-1">b</a> Indrapala, K Early Tamil Settlements in Ceylon, p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGnanaprakasar,_Swamy2003" class="citation book cs1">Gnanaprakasar, Swamy (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o9H53Sldfv8C">A Critical History of Jaffna</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>: Asian Educational Services. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1686-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1686-8"><bdi>978-81-206-1686-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240106105345/https://books.google.com/books?id=o9H53Sldfv8C">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+History+of+Jaffna&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-206-1686-8&rft.au=Gnanaprakasar%2C+Swamy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do9H53Sldfv8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolt,_John_Clifford1991" class="citation book cs1">Holt, John Clifford (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eDbnCwAAQBAJ">Buddha in the Crown: Avalokitesvara in the Buddhist Traditions of Sri Lanka</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506418-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506418-6"><bdi>978-0-19-506418-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240106105345/https://books.google.com/books?id=eDbnCwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddha+in+the+Crown%3A+Avalokitesvara+in+the+Buddhist+Traditions+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506418-6&rft.au=Holt%2C+John+Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeDbnCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HC-80"><a href="#cite_ref-HC_80-0">^</a> Codrington, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lakdiva.org/codrington/chap06.html">Ch. 6</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071210180428/http://lakdiva.org/codrington/chap06.html">Archived</a> 10 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> India's interaction with Southeast Asia, by Govind Chandra Pande p.286 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCraig_J._Reynolds2019" class="citation book cs1">Craig J. Reynolds (2019). Power, Protection and Magic in Thailand: The Cosmos of a Southern Policeman. ANU Press. pp. 74–75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power%2C+Protection+and+Magic+in+Thailand%3A+The+Cosmos+of+a+Southern+Policeman&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Craig+J.+Reynolds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p69411/pdf/book.pdf">"Astronesians Historical and Comparative Perspectives" Page 146</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524202017/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p69411/pdf/book.pdf">Archived</a> 24 May 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Annual trade between China and India through the Malacca Straits had opened by about 200 BCE. Perhaps by that time Austronesian sailors were regularly carrying cloves and cinnamon to India and Sri Lanka, and perhaps even as far as the coast of Africa in boats with outriggers. Certainly they have left numerous traces in canoe design, rigs, outriggers and fishing techniques, and a mention in Greek literature (Christie 1957)." </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150623012455/http://epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/entry/1778?hl=%22Zheng+He%22">"South East Aisa in Ming Shi-lu"</a>. Geoff Wade, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/entry/1778?hl=%22Zheng+He%22">the original</a> on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+East+Aisa+in+Ming+Shi-lu&rft.pub=Geoff+Wade%2C+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epress.nus.edu.sg%2Fmsl%2Fentry%2F1778%3Fhl%3D%2522Zheng%2BHe%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071218063244/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0507/feature2/map.html">"Voyages of Zheng He 1405–1433"</a>. National Geographic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0507/feature2/map.html">the original</a> on 18 December 2007. Retrieved 13 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Voyages+of+Zheng+He+1405%E2%80%931433&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2Fngm%2F0507%2Ffeature2%2Fmap.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1000ce_mingvoyages.htm">"Ming Voyages"</a>. Columbia University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100306203037/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1000ce_mingvoyages.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ming+Voyages&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafe.easia.columbia.edu%2Fspecial%2Fchina_1000ce_mingvoyages.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141031051234/https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200504/the.admiral.zheng.he.htm">"Admiral Zheng He"</a>. aramco world. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200504/the.admiral.zheng.he.htm">the original</a> on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Admiral+Zheng+He&rft.pub=aramco+world&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiaramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F200504%2Fthe.admiral.zheng.he.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150620165307/http://www.lankalibrary.com/phpBB/viewtopic.php?t=1022">"The trilingual inscription of Admiral Zheng He"</a>. lankalibrary forum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lankalibrary.com/phpBB/viewtopic.php?t=1022">the original</a> on 20 June 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+trilingual+inscription+of+Admiral+Zheng+He&rft.pub=lankalibrary+forum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lankalibrary.com%2FphpBB%2Fviewtopic.php%3Ft%3D1022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100412063521/http://www.worldheritagesite.org/tags/tag622.html">"Zheng He"</a>. world heritage site. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldheritagesite.org/tags/tag622.html">the original</a> on 12 April 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zheng+He&rft.pub=world+heritage+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldheritagesite.org%2Ftags%2Ftag622.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-francal-90"><a href="#cite_ref-francal_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thondaman.org/srilankanhistory.html">"Sri Lanka History"</a>. Thondaman Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111082707/http://www.thondaman.org/srilankanhistory.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka+History&rft.pub=Thondaman+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thondaman.org%2Fsrilankanhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-isl23-91"><a href="#cite_ref-isl23_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131126054442/http://www.island.lk/2005/08/27/satmag1.html">"King Wimaladharmasuriya"</a>. S.B. Karalliyadde – The Island. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.island.lk/2005/08/27/satmag1.html">the original</a> on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S.B.+Karalliyadde+%E2%80%93+The+Island&rft.atitle=King+Wimaladharmasuriya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.island.lk%2F2005%2F08%2F27%2Fsatmag1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnox,_Robert1681" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Knox_(sailor)" title="Robert Knox (sailor)">Knox, Robert</a> (1681). <a href="/wiki/An_Historical_Relation_of_the_Island_Ceylon" title="An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon">An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon</a>. London: Reprint. Asian Educational Services. pp. 19–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Relation+of+the+Island+Ceylon&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.pub=Reprint.+Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1681&rft.au=Knox%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnthonisz,_Richard_Gerald2003" class="citation book cs1">Anthonisz, Richard Gerald (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h2mkUharg6AC">The Dutch in Ceylon: an account of their early visits to the island, their conquests, and their rule over the maritime regions during a century and a half</a>. Asian Educational Services. pp. 37–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1845-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1845-9"><bdi>978-81-206-1845-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+in+Ceylon%3A+an+account+of+their+early+visits+to+the+island%2C+their+conquests%2C+and+their+rule+over+the+maritime+regions+during+a+century+and+a+half&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-206-1845-9&rft.au=Anthonisz%2C+Richard+Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh2mkUharg6AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBosma,_U.2008" class="citation book cs1">Bosma, U. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=47wCTCJX9X4C">"1"</a>. Being "Dutch" in the Indies: a history of creolisation and empire, 1500–1920. University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-261-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-261-2"><bdi>978-0-89680-261-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240106105859/https://books.google.com/books?id=47wCTCJX9X4C">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1&rft.btitle=Being+%22Dutch%22+in+the+Indies%3A+a+history+of+creolisation+and+empire%2C+1500%E2%80%931920&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-89680-261-2&rft.au=Bosma%2C+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D47wCTCJX9X4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kandyk-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kandyk_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kandyk_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kandyk_95-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sundaytimes.lk/070304/KandyTimes/514_kt1.html">"A kingdom is born, a kingdom is lost"</a>. The Sunday Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140724004438/http://www.sundaytimes.lk/070304/KandyTimes/514_kt1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=A+kingdom+is+born%2C+a+kingdom+is+lost&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsundaytimes.lk%2F070304%2FKandyTimes%2F514_kt1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDharmadasa,_K.N.O.1992" class="citation book cs1">Dharmadasa, K.N.O. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x8NQrTmjpRcC">Language, Religion, and Ethnic Assertiveness: The Growth of Sinhalese Nationalism in Sri Lanka</a>. University of Michigan Press. pp. 8–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10288-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10288-4"><bdi>978-0-472-10288-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240106105900/https://books.google.com/books?id=x8NQrTmjpRcC">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+Religion%2C+and+Ethnic+Assertiveness%3A+The+Growth+of+Sinhalese+Nationalism+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-472-10288-4&rft.au=Dharmadasa%2C+K.N.O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx8NQrTmjpRcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Codrington, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lakdiva.org/codrington/chap09.html">Ch. 9</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150613031731/http://lakdiva.org/codrington/chap09.html">Archived</a> 13 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-colvoyg-98"><a href="#cite_ref-colvoyg_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colonialvoyage.com/trincomalee-first-british-occupation-definitive-dutch-surrender/">"The first British occupation and the definitive Dutch surrender"</a>. colonialvoyage.com. 18 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151011023258/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/trincomalee-first-british-occupation-definitive-dutch-surrender/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=colonialvoyage.com&rft.atitle=The+first+British+occupation+and+the+definitive+Dutch+surrender&rft.date=2014-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colonialvoyage.com%2Ftrincomalee-first-british-occupation-definitive-dutch-surrender%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-scnsl-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scnsl_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scnsl_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scnsl_99-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102055412/http://www.scenicsrilanka.com/history-of-sri-lanka-1948.html">"History of Sri Lanka and significant World events from 1796 AD to 1948"</a>. scenicsrilanka.com. 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Retrieved 15 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scenicsrilanka.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Sri+Lanka+and+significant+World+events+from+1796+AD+to+1948&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scenicsrilanka.com%2Fhistory-of-sri-lanka-1948.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Codrington, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lakdiva.org/codrington/chap11.html">Ch. 11</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150621214254/http://lakdiva.org/codrington/chap11.html">Archived</a> 21 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-keppetipola-101"><a href="#cite_ref-keppetipola_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lankalibrary.com/geo/keppetipola2.htm">"Keppetipola and the Uva Rebellion"</a>. lankalibrary.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131126125830/http://www.lankalibrary.com/geo/keppetipola2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lankalibrary.com&rft.atitle=Keppetipola+and+the+Uva+Rebellion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lankalibrary.com%2Fgeo%2Fkeppetipola2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-corankel-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-corankel_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-corankel_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCorea,_GamaniKelegama,_Saman2004" class="citation book cs1">Corea, Gamani & Kelegama, Saman (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vTOJiGQ2mLIC">Economic policy in Sri Lanka: Issues and debates</a>. SAGE. pp. 405–406. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3278-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3278-9"><bdi>978-0-7619-3278-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+policy+in+Sri+Lanka%3A+Issues+and+debates&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E405-%3C%2Fspan%3E406&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-3278-9&rft.au=Corea%2C+Gamani&rft.au=Kelegama%2C+Saman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvTOJiGQ2mLIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nubin_2002_115-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nubin_2002_115_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nubin_2002_115_103-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNubin2002">Nubin 2002</a>, p. 115 </li> <li id="cite_note-matale1-104"><a href="#cite_ref-matale1_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lankalibrary.com/geo/gongalegoda.htm">"Gongale Goda Banda (1809–1849) : The leader of the 1848 rebellion"</a>. Wimalaratne, K.D.G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131126130118/http://www.lankalibrary.com/geo/gongalegoda.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wimalaratne%2C+K.D.G.&rft.atitle=Gongale+Goda+Banda+%281809%E2%80%931849%29+%3A+The+leader+of+the+1848+rebellion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lankalibrary.com%2Fgeo%2Fgongalegoda.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLennox_A._Mills1964" class="citation book cs1">Lennox A. Mills (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YyHG9ZKl3bwC&pg=PA246">Ceylon Under British Rule, 1795–1932</a>. Psychology Press. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-2019-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-2019-0"><bdi>978-0-7146-2019-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240106105900/https://books.google.com/books?id=YyHG9ZKl3bwC&pg=PA246">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ceylon+Under+British+Rule%2C+1795%E2%80%931932&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-2019-0&rft.au=Lennox+A.+Mills&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYyHG9ZKl3bwC%26pg%3DPA246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNubin2002">Nubin 2002</a>, pp. 116–117 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBond,_George_D.1992" class="citation book cs1">Bond, George D. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q11ID2xfqD8C">The Buddhist revival in Sri Lanka: Religious tradition, reinterpretation and response</a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. pp. 11–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1047-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1047-1"><bdi>978-81-208-1047-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240106105900/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q11ID2xfqD8C">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+revival+in+Sri+Lanka%3A+Religious+tradition%2C+reinterpretation+and+response&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1047-1&rft.au=Bond%2C+George+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ11ID2xfqD8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tamlwk-108"><a href="#cite_ref-tamlwk_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134643/http://www.tamilweek.com/Cutting_edge_hindu_revivalism_0625.html">"Cutting edge of Hindu revivalism in Jaffna"</a>. Balachandran, P.K. 25 June 2006. 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Retrieved 18 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Balachandran%2C+P.K.&rft.atitle=Cutting+edge+of+Hindu+revivalism+in+Jaffna&rft.date=2006-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamilweek.com%2FCutting_edge_hindu_revivalism_0625.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Silva1981">De Silva 1981</a>, p. 387 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Silva1981">De Silva 1981</a>, p. 386 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Silva1981">De Silva 1981</a>, pp. 389–395 </li> <li id="cite_note-tamllib-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tamllib_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamllib_112-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tamilelibrary.org/teli/slhist.html">"Chronology of events related to Tamils in Sri Lanka (1500–1948)"</a>. Hellmann-Rajanayagam, Dagmar. <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Malaysia" title="National University of Malaysia">National University of Malaysia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194411/http://www.tamilelibrary.org/teli/slhist.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hellmann-Rajanayagam%2C+Dagmar&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+events+related+to+Tamils+in+Sri+Lanka+%281500%E2%80%931948%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftamilelibrary.org%2Fteli%2Fslhist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Silva1981">De Silva 1981</a>, p. 423 </li> <li id="cite_note-countrst68-114"><a href="#cite_ref-countrst68_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/sri-lanka/21.htm">"Sinhalese Parties"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140401001002/http://countrystudies.us/sri-lanka/21.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2014. 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Retrieved 15 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jayatunge%2C+Ruwan+M.&rft.atitle=The+Black+July+1983+that+Created+a+Collective+Trauma&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lankaweb.com%2Fnews%2Fitems%2F2010%2F04%2F27%2Fthe-black-july-1983-that-created-a-collective-trauma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sndaytst-135"><a href="#cite_ref-sndaytst_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sundaytimes.lk/970119/plus4.html">"LTTE: the Indian connection"</a>. Sunday Times. 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140915053716/http://sundaytimes.lk/970119/plus4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2014. 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Retrieved 12 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Easter+Sunday+massacres%3A+Where+do+we+go+from+here%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sundaytimes.lk%2F190428%2Fcolumns%2Feaster-sunday-massacres-where-do-we-go-from-here-347090.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sri-lanka-blasts-hospital-idUSKCN1S5113">"Wife, daughter of Sri Lanka bombings mastermind will survive blast:..."</a> Reuters. 29 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190521204214/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sri-lanka-blasts-hospital-idUSKCN1S5113">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019 – via www.reuters.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Wife%2C+daughter+of+Sri+Lanka+bombings+mastermind+will+survive+blast%3A...&rft.date=2019-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-sri-lanka-blasts-hospital-idUSKCN1S5113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaderana.lk/news/54693/15-bodies-including-children-found-at-blast-site-in-sainthamaruthu">"15 bodies including children found at blast site in Sainthamaruthu"</a>. adaderana.lk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428081702/http://www.adaderana.lk/news/54693/15-bodies-including-children-found-at-blast-site-in-sainthamaruthu">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=adaderana.lk&rft.atitle=15+bodies+including+children+found+at+blast+site+in+Sainthamaruthu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adaderana.lk%2Fnews%2F54693%2F15-bodies-including-children-found-at-blast-site-in-sainthamaruthu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hirunews.lk/215282/15-bodies-found-from-site-of-shootout-and-explosions-in-saindamaradu6-suicide-bombers-among-them">"15 bodies found from site of shootout and explosions in Saindamaradu;6 Suicide bombers among them"</a>. Hiru News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428081706/http://www.hirunews.lk/215282/15-bodies-found-from-site-of-shootout-and-explosions-in-saindamaradu6-suicide-bombers-among-them">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hiru+News&rft.atitle=15+bodies+found+from+site+of+shootout+and+explosions+in+Saindamaradu%3B6+Suicide+bombers+among+them&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hirunews.lk%2F215282%2F15-bodies-found-from-site-of-shootout-and-explosions-in-saindamaradu6-suicide-bombers-among-them&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.borgenmagazine.com/sri-lankas-economic-crisis/">"Everything to Know About Sri Lanka's Economic Crisis"</a>. 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France 24. 30 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211015180503/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210430-sri-lanka-declares-worst-economic-downturn-in-73-years">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka+declares+worst+economic+downturn+in+73+years&rft.date=2021-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20210430-sri-lanka-declares-worst-economic-downturn-in-73-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/sri-lanka-declares-food-emergency-forex-crisis-1847478-2021-08-31">"Sri Lanka declares food emergency as forex crisis worsens"</a>. India Today. Agence France-Presse. 31 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220406094041/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/sri-lanka-declares-food-emergency-forex-crisis-1847478-2021-08-31">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka+declares+food+emergency+as+forex+crisis+worsens&rft.date=2021-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fworld%2Fstory%2Fsri-lanka-declares-food-emergency-forex-crisis-1847478-2021-08-31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/sri-lankas-pm-says-its-debt-laden-economy-has-collapsed-12638329">"Sri Lanka's PM says its debt-laden economy has 'collapsed'"</a>. Sky News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220622094829/https://news.sky.com/story/sri-lankas-pm-says-its-debt-laden-economy-has-collapsed-12638329">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sky+News&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka%27s+PM+says+its+debt-laden+economy+has+%27collapsed%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fsri-lankas-pm-says-its-debt-laden-economy-has-collapsed-12638329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newswire.lk/2022/05/19/sri-lanka-becomes-first-asia-pacific-country-in-decades-to-default-on-foreign-debt/">"Sri Lanka becomes first Asia-Pacific country in decades to default on foreign debt"</a>. NewsWire. 19 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220519121627/https://www.newswire.lk/2022/05/19/sri-lanka-becomes-first-asia-pacific-country-in-decades-to-default-on-foreign-debt/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NewsWire&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka+becomes+first+Asia-Pacific+country+in+decades+to+default+on+foreign+debt&rft.date=2022-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newswire.lk%2F2022%2F05%2F19%2Fsri-lanka-becomes-first-asia-pacific-country-in-decades-to-default-on-foreign-debt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economynext.com/sri-lanka-to-reduce-power-cut-duration-from-april-18-as-rains-start-pucsl-92927">"Sri Lanka to reduce power cut duration from April 18 as rains start – PUCSL"</a>. EconomyNext. 11 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194528/https://economynext.com/sri-lanka-to-reduce-power-cut-duration-from-april-18-as-rains-start-pucsl-92927/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EconomyNext&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka+to+reduce+power+cut+duration+from+April+18+as+rains+start+%E2%80%93+PUCSL&rft.date=2022-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomynext.com%2Fsri-lanka-to-reduce-power-cut-duration-from-april-18-as-rains-start-pucsl-92927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/09/asia/sri-lanka-protest-president-saturday-intl-hnk/index.html">"Sri Lanka protesters break into President's House as thousands rally"</a>. CNN. 9 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220715132642/https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/09/asia/sri-lanka-protest-president-saturday-intl-hnk/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka+protesters+break+into+President%27s+House+as+thousands+rally&rft.date=2022-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2022%2F07%2F09%2Fasia%2Fsri-lanka-protest-president-saturday-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hirunews.lk/english/309987/president-gotabaya-rajapaksa-resigns-letter-sent-to-speaker-of-parliament">"President Gotabaya Rajapaksa Resigns – letter sent to Speaker of Parliament"</a>. Hiru News. 14 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220714134628/https://www.hirunews.lk/english/309987/president-gotabaya-rajapaksa-resigns-letter-sent-to-speaker-of-parliament">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hiru+News&rft.atitle=President+Gotabaya+Rajapaksa+Resigns+%E2%80%93+letter+sent+to+Speaker+of+Parliament&rft.date=2022-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hirunews.lk%2Fenglish%2F309987%2Fpresident-gotabaya-rajapaksa-resigns-letter-sent-to-speaker-of-parliament&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/protesters-set-sri-lankan-pm-ranil-wickremesinghe-s-residence-on-fire-101657381849320.html">"Sri Lankan crisis: Protesters set PM Ranil Wickremesinghe's residence on fire"</a>. Hindustan Times News. 9 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713064308/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/protesters-set-sri-lankan-pm-ranil-wickremesinghe-s-residence-on-fire-101657381849320.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times+News&rft.atitle=Sri+Lankan+crisis%3A+Protesters+set+PM+Ranil+Wickremesinghe%27s+residence+on+fire&rft.date=2022-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fworld-news%2Fprotesters-set-sri-lankan-pm-ranil-wickremesinghe-s-residence-on-fire-101657381849320.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/ranil-wickremesinghe-takes-oath-as-sri-lankan-president-video-1978092-2022-07-21">"Ranil Wickremesinghe takes oath as President of Sri Lanka"</a>. indiatoday.in. 21 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325190951/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/ranil-wickremesinghe-takes-oath-as-sri-lankan-president-video-1978092-2022-07-21">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indiatoday.in&rft.atitle=Ranil+Wickremesinghe+takes+oath+as+President+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.date=2022-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fworld%2Fstory%2Franil-wickremesinghe-takes-oath-as-sri-lankan-president-video-1978092-2022-07-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/sri-lanka-cuts-policy-rates-to-reduce-inflation-and-boost-economic-recovery/article66919025.ece">"Sri Lanka cuts policy rates to reduce inflation and boost economic recovery"</a>. The Hindu. 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Retrieved 6 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka+cuts+policy+rates+to+reduce+inflation+and+boost+economic+recovery&rft.date=2023-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Fsri-lanka-cuts-policy-rates-to-reduce-inflation-and-boost-economic-recovery%2Farticle66919025.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2024/03/01/022224oped-srilanka-economic-reform-program-is-starting-to-work">"Sri Lanka's Economic Reform Program is Starting to Work—Keep at It for a Full Recovery"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transport.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=128&Itemid=114&lang=en">the original</a> on 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+%E2%80%93+Sri+Lanka+Railways&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Transport+Sri+Lanka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transport.gov.lk%2Fweb%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D128%26Itemid%3D114%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://navdanyainternational.org/sri-lankas-shift-towards-organic-farming/">"Sri Lanka's shift towards organic farming"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Navdanya+international&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka%27s+shift+towards+organic+farming&rft.date=2021-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnavdanyainternational.org%2Fsri-lankas-shift-towards-organic-farming%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-301">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_301-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_301-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agrigateglobal.com/reads/opinion/opinion-the-ban-on-chemical-fertilizer-and-the-way-forward-of-sri-lankan-tea-industry/">"Opinion | The ban on chemical fertilizer and the way forward of Sri Lankan Tea Industry"</a>. Agrigate Global. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905104247/https://agrigateglobal.com/amp/reads/opinion/opinion-the-ban-on-chemical-fertilizer-and-the-way-forward-of-sri-lankan-tea-industry/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021. <q>By diverting the attention of policymakers towards pointless nonscientific arguments instead of promoting such integrated management systems and high technological fertilizer production, will be only a time-wasting effort and meanwhile, the global demand for Ceylon Tea will generate diminishing returns. At present, there are about 500,000 direct beneficiaries from the tea industry and about 600 factories are operating around the country. In general, the livelihood of around 3 million people is directly and indirectly woven around the domestic tea industry. The researchers and the experienced growers have predicted that a 50 percent reduction in the yield has to be anticipated with the ban of chemical fertilizer. The negative implication of this yield reduction is such that there is a risk of collapsing the banking sector which is centralized around the tea industry in the major tea growing areas including Ratnapura, Galle, Matara, Kaluthara, and Kegalle.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agrigate+Global&rft.atitle=Opinion+%7C+The+ban+on+chemical+fertilizer+and+the+way+forward+of+Sri+Lankan+Tea+Industry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagrigateglobal.com%2Freads%2Fopinion%2Fopinion-the-ban-on-chemical-fertilizer-and-the-way-forward-of-sri-lankan-tea-industry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agrigateglobal.com/reads/opinion/inorganic-fertilizer-and-agrochemicals-ban-in-sri-lanka-and-fallacies-of-organic-agriculture/">"Opinion | Inorganic Fertilizer and Agrochemicals Ban in Sri Lanka and Fallacies of Organic Agriculture"</a>. 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Prepare. 10 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prepare&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka+emerged+as+world+champions&rft.date=2016-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepapare.com%2Fsri-lanka-mens-champions-carrom-world-championship-2016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFicc" class="citation web cs1">icc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/team-rankings/mens/test">"ICC Men's Test Team Rankings"</a>. icc. Retrieved 8 March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=icc&rft.atitle=ICC+Men%27s+Test+Team+Rankings&rft.au=icc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icc-cricket.com%2Frankings%2Fteam-rankings%2Fmens%2Ftest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210918095651/https://saffederation.org/saff-gold-cup-1995/">"SAFF Website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saffederation.org/saff-gold-cup-1995/">the original</a> on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SAFF+Website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsaffederation.org%2Fsaff-gold-cup-1995%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalsportsarchive.com/competition/soccer/saff-gold-cup-1995-sri-lanka/semi-finals/17371/">"1995 SAFF Championship;globalsport archive.com"</a>. Retrieved 24 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1995+SAFF+Championship%3Bglobalsport+archive.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalsportsarchive.com%2Fcompetition%2Fsoccer%2Fsaff-gold-cup-1995-sri-lanka%2Fsemi-finals%2F17371%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-414"><a href="#cite_ref-414">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.11v11.com/competitions/south-asian-football-federation-(saff)-championship/1995/">"1995 SAFF Championship"</a>. Retrieved 24 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1995+SAFF+Championship&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.11v11.com%2Fcompetitions%2Fsouth-asian-football-federation-%28saff%29-championship%2F1995%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-415"><a href="#cite_ref-415">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/saffgold95.html">"1995 SAFF Championship;RSSSF.com"</a>. Retrieved 24 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1995+SAFF+Championship%3BRSSSF.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsssf.org%2Ftabless%2Fsaffgold95.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-416"><a href="#cite_ref-416">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.dailynews.lk/2009/04/04/spo03.asp">"Lanka hopes to regain supremacy"</a>. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lanka+hopes+to+regain+supremacy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.dailynews.lk%2F2009%2F04%2F04%2Fspo03.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_and_further_reading">Sources and further reading</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCodrington1926" class="citation book cs1">Codrington, H.W. (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4hyiaAXhNd8C">A Short History of Ceylon</a>. London: Macmillan & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-5596-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-5596-5"><bdi>978-0-8369-5596-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2154168">2154168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Ceylon&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+%26+Co.&rft.date=1926&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2154168&rft.isbn=978-0-8369-5596-5&rft.aulast=Codrington&rft.aufirst=H.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4hyiaAXhNd8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuswellLopez2013" class="citation book cs1">Buswell, R.E.; Lopez, D.S. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-fWKngEACAAJ">The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15786-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15786-3"><bdi>978-0-691-15786-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15786-3&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=R.E.&rft.au=Lopez%2C+D.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-fWKngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ganguly, Sumit. "Ending the Sri Lankan civil war." Dædalus 147.1 (2018): 78–89. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://direct.mit.edu/daed/article-pdf/147/1/78/1831032/daed_a_00475.pdf">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNubin2002" class="citation book cs1">Nubin, Walter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Iudi2JJLaUAC">Sri Lanka: Current issues and historical background</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nova_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Publishers">Nova Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-573-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-573-4"><bdi>978-1-59033-573-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka%3A+Current+issues+and+historical+background&rft.pub=Nova+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-59033-573-4&rft.aulast=Nubin&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIudi2JJLaUAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Peebles, Patrick. The History of Sri Lanka (Greenwood, 2005).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaw" class="citation web cs1">Paw, Maung. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724120135/http://www.usamyanmar.net/Buddha/Article/The%20Theri%20Arahant%20Sanghamitta.pdf">"Theri Sanghamitta and the Bodhi Tree"</a> (PDF). usamyanmar.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usamyanmar.net/Buddha/Article/The%20Theri%20Arahant%20Sanghamitta.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usamyanmar.net&rft.atitle=Theri+Sanghamitta+and+the+Bodhi+Tree&rft.aulast=Paw&rft.aufirst=Maung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usamyanmar.net%2FBuddha%2FArticle%2FThe%2520Theri%2520Arahant%2520Sanghamitta.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_Silva1981" class="citation book cs1">De Silva, K. M. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dByI_qil26YC">A history of Sri Lanka</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04320-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04320-6"><bdi>978-0-520-04320-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04320-6&rft.aulast=De+Silva&rft.aufirst=K.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdByI_qil26YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link 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.mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ceylon" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ceylon">Ceylon</a>".</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.lk/">Official Sri Lankan Government Web Portal</a>, a gateway to government sites.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.lk/">Official website</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Parliament of Sri Lanka">Parliament of Sri Lanka</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.lk/">Official Government News Portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.president.gov.lk/">Official website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725214707/http://www.president.gov.lk/">Archived</a> 25 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka" title="President of Sri Lanka">President of Sri Lanka</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmoffice.gov.lk/">Official website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113000513/http://www.pmoffice.gov.lk/">Archived</a> 13 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prime Minister of Sri Lanka">Prime Minister of Sri Lanka</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Office_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Prime Minister's Office (Sri Lanka)">Prime Minister's Office</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.lk/">Official website</a> of the Office of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Cabinet of Sri Lanka">Cabinet of Ministers of Sri Lanka</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190810153706/http://www.supremecourt.lk/">Official website</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Supreme Court of Sri Lanka">Supreme Court of Sri Lanka</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overviews_and_data">Overviews and data</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sri-lanka/">Sri Lanka</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.lk/">Official site</a> of the Department of Census and Statistics.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111201012336/http://www.treasury.gov.lk/reports/annualreport/AnnualReport2010-eng.pdf">Annual Report 2010</a> from the Ministry of Finance and Planning.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120829212335/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/srilanka.htm">Sri Lanka</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11999611">Sri Lanka profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/561906/Sri-Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/sri-lanka">Introducing Sri Lanka</a> Overview of the country from <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=LK">Key Development Forecasts for Sri Lanka</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lakdiva.org/mahavamsa/chapters.html">Mahavamsa</a> an ancient Sri Lankan chronicle written in the 6th century.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13325/13325-h/13325-h.htm">Sketches of the Natural History of Ceylon</a> by Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Emerson_Tennent" title="James Emerson Tennent">James Emerson Tennent</a>, 1861.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maps">Maps</h3></div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Sri_Lanka" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Sri Lanka">Wikimedia Atlas of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/536807">Sri Lanka</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps?q=sri+lanka">Sri Lanka Map</a> in <a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://merhav.nli.org.il/primo-explore/search?query=any,contains,sri%20lanka&tab=default_tab&search_scope=Local&sortby=lso01&vid=NLI&mfacet=rtype,include,Maps,1&mfacet=tlevel,include,online_resources,2&lang=iw_IL&offset=0&came_from=sort">Old maps of Sri Lanka</a>, Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">The National Library of Israel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/LKA/Year/2012/Summary">World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sri_Lanka_topics" title="Template:Sri Lanka topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sri_Lanka_topics" title="Template talk:Sri Lanka topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sri_Lanka_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sri Lanka topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sri_Lanka_topics441" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sri Lanka</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankans">Sri Lankans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Outline of Sri Lanka">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Bibliography of Sri Lanka">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Sri_Lankan_history" title="Timeline of Sri Lankan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of years in Sri Lanka">Years</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2025_in_Sri_Lanka" title="2025 in Sri Lanka">2025</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prehistory of Sri Lanka">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Anuradhapura_period" title="Pre-Anuradhapura period">Pre-Anuradhapura period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_period" title="Anuradhapura period">Anuradhapura period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa_period" title="Polonnaruwa period">Polonnaruwa period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_period_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Transitional period of Sri Lanka">Transitional period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_period" title="Kandyan period">Kandyan period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon_period" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ceylon period">British Ceylon period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka_(1948%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)">Sri Lanka (1948–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Epochs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa" title="Mahāvaṃsa">Mahāvaṃsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Vijaya" title="Prince Vijaya">Vijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tambapanni" title="Kingdom of Tambapanni">Tambapanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Anuradhapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_conquest_of_Anuradhapura" title="Chola conquest of Anuradhapura">Chola conquest of Anuradhapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Polonnaruwa" title="Kingdom of Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dambadeniya" title="Kingdom of Dambadeniya">Dambadeniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gampola" title="Kingdom of Gampola">Gampola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kotte" title="Kingdom of Kotte">Kotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Sixteenth_Century" title="Crisis of the Sixteenth Century">Crisis of the Sixteenth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sitawaka" title="Kingdom of Sitawaka">Sitawaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy" title="Kingdom of Kandy">Kandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Dutch Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rebellion_of_1817%E2%80%9318" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Rebellion of 1817–18">Uva Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">Matale rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_independence_movement" title="Sri Lankan independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Dominion of Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aragalaya">Aragalaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chronicles_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of chronicles of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_monarchs" title="List of Sri Lankan monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographic_history_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demographic history of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Sri Lanka">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="History of education in Sri Lanka">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_minorities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of sexual minorities in Sri Lanka">Sexual Minorities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Government of Sri Lanka">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Law of Sri Lanka">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Constitution of Sri Lanka">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Constitutional Council (Sri Lanka)">Constitutional Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Heads_of_state_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Heads of state of Sri Lanka">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka" title="President of Sri Lanka">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Secretariat_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Presidential Secretariat (Sri Lanka)">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers_of_the_Sri_Lanka_Government" title="Ministers of the Sri Lanka Government">Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Cabinet of Sri Lanka">Cabinet</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_ministries_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of ministries of Sri Lanka">Ministries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Administrative_Service" title="Sri Lanka Administrative Service">Administrative Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Sri_Lanka)" title="National Security Council (Sri Lanka)">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Law enforcement in Sri Lanka">Law enforcement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Judiciary of Sri Lanka">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Supreme Court of Sri Lanka">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka">Court of appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Sri_Lanka" title="High Court of Sri Lanka">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="District courts of Sri Lanka">District courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrate%27s_Courts_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrate's Courts of Sri Lanka">Magistrate's Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_Courts_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary Courts of Sri Lanka">Primary Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Tribunal" title="Labour Tribunal">Labour Tribunal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Parliament of Sri Lanka">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prime Minister of Sri Lanka">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Office_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Prime Minister's Office (Sri Lanka)">Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka">Speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_speaker_and_chairman_of_committees_of_the_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy speaker and chairman of committees of the Parliament of Sri Lanka">Deputy speaker and chairman of committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chairman_of_Committees" title="Deputy Chairman of Committees">Deputy Chairman of Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Leader of the House (Sri Lanka)">Leader of the House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Sri Lanka)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Government_Whip_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Chief Government Whip (Sri Lanka)">Chief Government Whip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Opposition_Whip_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Chief Opposition Whip (Sri Lanka)">Chief Opposition Whip</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretaries-General_of_Parliament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretaries-General of Parliament (page does not exist)">Secretaries-General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="15th Parliament of Sri Lanka">15th Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_15th_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of the 15th Parliament of Sri Lanka">Members</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">National security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Armed_Forces" title="Sri Lanka Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Air_Force" title="Sri Lanka Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army" title="Sri Lanka Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Navy" title="Sri Lanka Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Coast_Guard" title="Sri Lanka Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li>Intelligence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Service_(Sri_Lanka)" title="State Intelligence Service (Sri Lanka)">State Intelligence Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (Sri Lanka)">Directorate of Military Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Criminal Investigation Department (Sri Lanka)">Criminal Investigation Department</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Police" title="Sri Lanka Police">Sri Lanka Police Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devolution_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Devolution in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Devolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_government_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial government in Sri Lanka">Provincial governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Local government in Sri Lanka">Local governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_councils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Municipal councils of Sri Lanka">Municipal councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_councils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Urban councils of Sri Lanka">Urban councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradeshiya_Sabha" title="Pradeshiya Sabha">Pradeshiya Sabha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wards_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wards of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Wards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Politics of Sri Lanka">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Capital of Sri Lanka">Capital city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_districts_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Electoral districts of Sri Lanka">Electoral districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Elections in Sri Lanka">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Foreign relations of Sri Lanka">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of political parties in Sri Lanka">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Freedom_Party" title="Sri Lanka Freedom Party">Sri Lanka Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_National_Party" title="United National Party">United National Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Political_scandals_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Political scandals of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Administrative divisions of Sri Lanka">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Provinces of Sri Lanka">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Districts of Sri Lanka">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisional_Secretariats_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisional Secretariats of Sri Lanka">Divisional Secretariats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grama_Niladhari" title="Grama Niladhari">Grama Niladhari divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of cities in Sri Lanka">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of towns in Sri Lanka">Towns</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of ecoregions in Sri Lanka">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Environment of Sri Lanka">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Extreme points of Sri Lanka">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of islands of Sri Lanka">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of mountains of Sri Lanka">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pidurutalagala" title="Pidurutalagala">Pidurutalagala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Central Highlands of Sri Lanka">Central Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanthana_Mountain_Range" title="Hanthana Mountain Range">Hanthana Mountain Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knuckles_Mountain_Range" title="Knuckles Mountain Range">Knuckles Mountain Range</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of national parks of Sri Lanka">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Protected areas of Sri Lanka">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of rivers of Sri Lanka">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahaweli_River" title="Mahaweli River">Mahaweli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvathu_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvathu River">Malvathu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelani_River" title="Kelani River">Kelani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalu_Ganga" title="Kalu Ganga">Kalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_Ganga" title="Gin Ganga">Gin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of Sri Lanka">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Wildlife of Sri Lanka">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Economy of Sri Lanka">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Agriculture in Sri Lanka">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Banking in Sri Lanka">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Central Bank of Sri Lanka">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Telecommunications in Sri Lanka">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of companies of Sri Lanka">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Electricity sector in Sri Lanka">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Information technology in Sri Lanka">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lanka_public_debt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sri Lanka public debt (page does not exist)">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_rupee" title="Sri Lankan rupee">Rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Science and technology in Sri Lanka">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombo_Stock_Exchange" title="Colombo Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Taxation in Sri Lanka">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign trade of Sri Lanka">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Transport in Sri Lanka">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unemployment_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unemployment in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Welfare in Sri Lanka">Welfare</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Industries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparel_industry_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Apparel industry of Sri Lanka">Apparel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Beer in Sri Lanka">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinnamon_production_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinnamon production in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Cocoa production in Sri Lanka">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Coconut production in Sri Lanka">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Coffee production in Sri Lanka">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gems_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Gems of Sri Lanka">Gems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphite_mining_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Graphite mining in Sri Lanka">Graphite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Rice production in Sri Lanka">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Rubber production in Sri Lanka">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_production_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar production in Sri Lanka">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Tea production in Sri Lanka">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Tourism in Sri Lanka">Tourism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan society">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Childbirth in Sri Lanka">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Demographics of Sri Lanka">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women in Sri Lanka">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minorities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sexual minorities in Sri Lanka">Sexual Minorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Education in Sri Lanka">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Health in Sri Lanka">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Sri Lanka">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Mass media in Sri Lanka">Mass media</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Public holidays in Sri Lanka">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Sri Lanka">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Culture of Sri Lanka">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Architecture of Sri Lanka">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Visual arts of Sri Lanka">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Cinema of Sri Lanka">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Dance in Sri Lanka">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fashion in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Flag of Sri Lanka">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_literature" title="Sri Lankan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Music of Sri Lanka">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Sri_Lanka" title="National symbols of Sri Lanka">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sri Lankan philosophy (page does not exist)">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Radio in Sri Lanka">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sport in Sri Lanka">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Traditional games of Sri Lanka">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angampora" title="Angampora">Angampora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheena_di" title="Cheena di">Cheena di</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Television in Sri Lanka">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Theatre of Sri Lanka">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Capital punishment in Sri Lanka">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Crime in Sri Lanka">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Disability in Sri Lanka">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Gender inequality in Sri Lanka">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Human rights in Sri Lanka">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Sri_Lanka" title="International rankings of Sri Lanka">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_minorities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of sexual minorities in Sri Lanka">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Sri Lanka">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Poverty in Sri Lanka">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Terrorism in Sri Lanka">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Sri Lanka">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Sri_Lanka" title="Portal:Sri Lanka">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles83" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles83" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sri_Lanka_ties" title="Template talk:Sri Lanka ties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sri_Lanka_ties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sri Lanka ties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_ties_of_Sri_Lanka114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International ties of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sri Lanka</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographical and geopolitical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Indies">Indies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical and cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">ADB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_24" title="Group of 24">G24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">Group of 77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombo_Plan" title="Colombo Plan">Colombo Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_15" title="Group of 15"> Group of Fifteen (G15)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia997" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia997" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_Asian_topics540" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Asian_topics" title="Template:South Asian topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Asian_topics" title="Template talk:South Asian topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Asian_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Asian topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_Asian_topics540" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_countries" title="Category:South Asian countries">Countries and regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (sometimes not included)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of India">Regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia#Regions" title="South Asia">South Asian regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_South_Asia" title="Northwestern South Asia">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Asia" title="Northern South Asia">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Asia" title="Eastern South Asia">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_South_Asia" title="Southern South Asia">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:GeoSouthAsia" title="Template:GeoSouthAsia">General geography</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries%2C_with_ambiguities_indicated.svg/120px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries%2C_with_ambiguities_indicated.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries%2C_with_ambiguities_indicated.svg/160px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries%2C_with_ambiguities_indicated.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="218" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andamanese" title="Andamanese">Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_peoples_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic peoples of South Asia">Austroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Iranic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Iranic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuristani peoples">Nuristani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Tibeto-Burman_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></li> <li>Other groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians_in_South_Asia" title="Afro-Asians in South Asia">Afro-Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#European_and_Eurasian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">European and Eurasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Semitic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Semitic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_diaspora" title="South Asian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Asia" title="Culture of South Asia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_architecture" title="Category:South Asian architecture">Architecture‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cinema" title="South Asian cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Cultural sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Clothing_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Clothing in South Asia">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_literature" title="South Asian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Music of South Asia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_mythology" title="Category:South Asian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_philosophy" title="Category:South Asian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Surnames_of_South_Asian_origin" title="Category:Surnames of South Asian origin">Surnames</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Environment of South Asia">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Monsoon">Monsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in South Asia">Climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Asia" title="Economy of South Asia">Economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Politics of South Asia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in South Asia">Human rights in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_stock_exchanges#Southern_Asia" title="List of Asian stock exchanges">Stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste#In_South_Asia" title="Caste">Caste system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Archaeology of South Asia">Archaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Archaeological cultures of South Asia">Archaeological cultures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India#Early_modern_India" title="India">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia#Contemporary_era" title="South Asia">Contemporary era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_South_Asia" title="Category:Former countries in South Asia">Former countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Asia" title="Religion in South Asia">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmic religions">Dharmic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in South Asia">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_South_Asia" title="Hinduism in South Asia">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Islam in South Asia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bangladesh#Persecution" title="Freedom of religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India#Modern_India" title="Religious violence in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan" title="Religious discrimination in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Asia" title="Sport in South Asia">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_South_Asia" title="Cricket in South Asia">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Football_Federation" title="South Asian Football Federation">South Asian Football Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Games" title="South Asian Games">South Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_physical_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_South_Asia" title="Traditional games of South Asia">Traditional games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_South_Asia" title="Category:Education in South Asia">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian studies">South Asian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of education in the Indian subcontinent">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Technology">Indian Institutes of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Indian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_swords" title="Category:South Asian swords">Swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_traditional_medicine" title="Category:South Asian traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Template:Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Template talk:Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories bordering the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Ocean.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Indian Ocean"><img alt="Map of the Indian Ocean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Indian_Ocean.svg/120px-Indian_Ocean.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Indian_Ocean.svg/250px-Indian_Ocean.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="440" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation_(SAARC)135" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="Template:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="Template talk:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation_(SAARC)135" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a> (SAARC)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Free_Trade_Area" title="South Asian Free Trade Area">South Asian Free Trade Area</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Dhaka 1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Bangalore 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Kathmandu 1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Islamabad 1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Malé 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Colombo 1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Dhaka 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">New Delhi 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Malé 1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Colombo 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Kathmandu 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Islamabad 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Dhaka 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">New Delhi 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Colombo 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits" title="List of SAARC summits">Thimphu 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_SAARC_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="17th SAARC summit">Addu 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_SAARC_summit" title="18th SAARC summit">Kathmandu 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_SAARC_summit" title="19th SAARC summit">Islamabad 2016</a> (Cancelled)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialised agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Consortium_on_Open_and_Distance_Learning" title="SAARC Consortium on Open and Distance Learning">SAARC Consortium on Open and Distance Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Documentation_Centre" title="SAARC Documentation Centre">SAARC Documentation Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia_Co-operative_Environment_Programme" title="South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme">South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_of_SAARC_Writers_and_Literature" title="Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature">Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Chamber_of_Commerce_and_Industry" title="SAARC Chamber of Commerce and Industry">SAARC Chamber of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Federation_of_Accountants" title="South Asian Federation of Accountants">South Asian Federation of Accountants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_COVID-19_Emergency_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund">SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Secretary_General" class="mw-redirect" title="SAARC Secretary General">SAARC Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation_Secretariat" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Secretariat">SAARC Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia_Satellite" title="South Asia Satellite">SAARC satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_University" title="South Asian University">South Asian University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Games" title="South Asian Games">South Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Literary_Award" title="SAARC Literary Award">SAARC Literary Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AH48" title="AH48">SAARC Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAARC_Fountain" title="SAARC Fountain">SAARC Fountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations321" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Commonwealth" title="Template talk:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a> (members)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries">Commonwealth Secretariat – Member Countries</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)212" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template talk:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)212" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_SCO_summit" title="2012 SCO summit">Beijing 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_SCO_summit" title="2014 SCO summit">Dushanbe 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_SCO_summit" title="2017 SCO summit">Astana 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_SCO_summit" title="2022 SCO summit">Samarkand 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit" title="2024 SCO summit">Astana 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit_(heads_of_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 SCO summit (heads of government)">Islamabad 2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/60px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="280" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialogue partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/20px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/40px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applicants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/60px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/40px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/60px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Anti-Terrorist_Structure" title="Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure">Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Evils" title="Three Evils">Three Evils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO_Interbank_Consortium" title="SCO Interbank Consortium">SCO Interbank Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="Eurasian Land Bridge">Eurasian Land Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nations_in_the_Group_of_15_(G-15)63" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G-15_nations" title="Template:G-15 nations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G-15_nations" title="Template talk:G-15 nations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G-15_nations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:G-15 nations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nations_in_the_Group_of_15_(G-15)63" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Group_of_15" title="Group of 15">Nations in the Group of 15 (G-15)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_G-15_summit" title="9th G-15 summit">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_G-15_summit" title="12th G-15 summit">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_G-15_summit" title="13th G-15 summit">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_G-15_summit" title="14th G-15 summit">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_G-15_summit" title="15th G-15 summit">2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Sri_Lanka" title="Portal:Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/21px-P_countries-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/32px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/42px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Countries" title="Portal:Countries">Countries</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Sri Lanka at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" class="extiw" title="c:Sri Lanka">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Sri_Lanka" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Sri Lanka">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" class="extiw" title="q:Sri Lanka">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/20px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" class="extiw" title="voy:Sri Lanka">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121527336">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/126600002">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1208730/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxxhfJ3gPxWYfHqy7mTpP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4009696-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80061039">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933311p">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933311p">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570366">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128585&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX451823">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810689799505606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007548187405171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058615346106706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/6e2d562d-a754-3036-8484-7ac576606e27">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/7064e939-0883-48da-8b6e-e51cb7514606">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/M3pnSKeN">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026401371">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003427">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035678">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sri-lanka">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sri_Lanka&params=7_N_81_E_region:LK_type:country_source:dewiki">7°N 81°E / 7°N 81°E / 7; 81</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 243 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-65585cc8dc-sl4xh","wgBackendResponseTime":465,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.775","walltime":"4.370","ppvisitednodes":{"value":31434,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1089150,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":113772,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":82,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1513726,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3624.675 1 -total"," 46.63% 1690.336 2 Template:Reflist"," 21.35% 773.731 237 Template:Cite_web"," 11.76% 426.391 1 Template:Navboxes"," 9.93% 360.067 1 Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organization"," 9.21% 333.844 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 7.62% 276.130 66 Template:Cite_book"," 6.02% 218.360 65 Template:Cite_news"," 3.97% 143.895 2 Template:Ubl"," 3.96% 143.649 1 Template:Sfn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.404","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23719577,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbeydeera,_Ananda\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnthonisz,_Richard_Gerald2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtkinson,_Brett2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAves,_Edward2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBandaranayake,_Senake1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBandaranayake1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBastiansSchultz2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeveridge1894\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhutia2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBokay,_Mon1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBond,_George_D.1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBosma,_U.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrandon,_James_R.1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuswellLopez2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClaveyrolasGoreau-PonceaudMadavanMeyer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCodrington1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCommonwealth_Secretariat2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorea,_GamaniKelegama,_Saman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig_J._Reynolds2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCummings,_Joe2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDassanayake,_M._B.1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Silva,_K.M.1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Silva1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_SilvaK._M.1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDehejia1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeraniyagal,_Siran1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeraniyagala,_S.U.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeraniyagala,_Siran_U.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDharmadasa,_K.N.O.1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDilesh_Jayanntha2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDisappearances_in_Sri_Lanka2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDissanayake,_Wimal2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoucet2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernando,_Maxwell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanguly,_Šumit2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanguly2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarg,_Ganga_Ram1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGnanaprakasar,_Swamy2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunaratna,_Rohan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunawardana,_Jagath\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunawardena,_Chandra1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunawardeneDanielsGunatillekeGunatilleke2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGurusinghe,_Nimal2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaviland,_Charles2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerath,_R.B.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerath,_R._B.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffman,_Bruce2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolt,_John_Clifford1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolt,_John_Clifford2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJack_Maguire2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJansz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayakody,_Padmini2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayasekera,_P.V.J.1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayasekera,_Upali_S.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayasinghePalGhoshal2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayasuriya,_J.E.1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_M._Senaveratna1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarunaratne2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeerthisinghe2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy,_Kenneth_A.R.,_Disotell,_T.W.,_Roertgen,_J.,_Chiment,_J.,_Sherry,_J.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeshavadas,_Sant1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnox,_Robert1681\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLakshman,_W._D.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambert,_Tim\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLennox_A._Mills1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahindapala2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcConnachie,_James2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonald2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGlashan,_Andrew2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurthy2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNanda_Pethiyagoda_Wanasundera2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorton,_James_H.K.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNubin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlsen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOndaatjie2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker,_H.1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaw\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeebles,_Patrick2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerera_H._R.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinto,_Leonard2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPonnamperuma2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajasingham,_K.T.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajasingham2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRanagalageGunarathnaSurasingheDissanayake2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts,_Brian2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRohan_Gunaratna1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmid,_BettinaSchroeder,_Ingo2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwab,_Klaus2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelvey,_Mike1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenevirathnaPerera2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeneviratne1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeneviratne1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeth_Stein\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaffer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShepard2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheringham,_Sam2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiriweera1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkutsch2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSociety_of_Jesus_in_India1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStokke,_K.Ryntveit,_A.K.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuryanarayan,_V.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaraki_Sivaram1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThawfeeq,_Sa\u0026#039;adi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasu,_Anand2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeera2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFW._D.Tisdell2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallenHewage2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalpola2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatt2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeaverChamberlain2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWeerakoon,_Batty\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeerakoonGunawardena2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeisman,_Steven_R.1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWickramasinghe2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWickremeratne,_Swarna2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWipulasenaMashal2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung,_R._F.Sēnānāyaka,_J._E._B.1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZubair,_Lareef\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFicc\"] = 1,\n [\"IISS2010\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 25,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 66,\n [\"Cite constitution\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 65,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 234,\n [\"Clear\"] = 4,\n [\"Commonwealth of Nations\"] = 1,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 17,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries of Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 4,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 1,\n [\"G15\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 14,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA\"] = 3,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 7,\n [\"Largest cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 26,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Shanghai Cooperation Organization\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 3,\n [\"South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation\"] = 1,\n [\"South Asian topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Sri Lanka ties\"] = 1,\n [\"Sri Lanka topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Sri Lankan Provinces and districts\"] = 1,\n [\"Sri Lankan symbols\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 4,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 2,\n [\"Ubli\"] = 2,\n [\"Use Sri Lankan English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 12,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","460","19.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","380","16.0"],["dataWrapper 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Lanka","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sri_Lanka","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q854","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q854","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-06-30T13:20:33Z","dateModified":"2025-03-30T00:08:38Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/11\/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg","headline":"island country in South Asia"}</script> </body> </html>