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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%A1%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Мендэле Мойхер-Сфорым – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мендэле Мойхер-Сфорым" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%A1%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Менделе Мойхер-Сфорим – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Менделе Мойхер-Сфорим" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendele_Moicher_Sforim" title="Mendele Moicher Sforim – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mendele Moicher Sforim" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendele_Mocher_Sforim" title="Mendele Mocher Sforim – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mendele Mocher Sforim" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendele_Mocher_Sforim" title="Mendele Mocher Sforim – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mendele Mocher Sforim" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendele_Mojkher_Sforim" title="Mendele Mojkher Sforim – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mendele Mojkher Sforim" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendele_Moicher_Sforim" title="Mendele Moicher Sforim – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mendele Moicher Sforim" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B5_%CE%9C%CF%8C%CF%87%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%A3%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BC" title="Μέντελε Μόχερ Σφόριμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μέντελε Μόχερ Σφόριμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9ndele_M%C3%B3ijer_Sf%C3%B3rim" title="Méndele Móijer Sfórim – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Méndele Móijer Sfórim" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendele_Sforim" title="Mendele Sforim – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mendele Sforim" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendele_Mo%C3%AFkher_Sforim" title="Mendele Moïkher Sforim – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mendele Moïkher Sforim" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A5_%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AD%D5%A5%D6%80-%D5%8D%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B4" title="Մենդելե Մոյխեր-Սֆորիմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մենդելե Մոյխեր-Սֆորիմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendele_Moicher_Sforim" title="Mendele Moicher Sforim – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mendele Moicher Sforim" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A8_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מנדלי מוכר ספרים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנדלי מוכר ספרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%A1%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Менделе Мойхер-Сфорим – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Менделе Мойхер-Сфорим" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85" title="مينديل موتشير سفوريم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مينديل موتشير سفوريم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A0" title="メンデレ・スフォリム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メンデレ・スフォリム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon_Abramovitsj" title="Salomon Abramovitsj – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Salomon Abramovitsj" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendele_Mojcher_Sforim" title="Mendele Mojcher Sforim – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mendele Mojcher Sforim" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendele_Moicher_Sforim" title="Mendele Moicher Sforim – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mendele Moicher Sforim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendele_Moher_Sfarim" title="Mendele Moher Sfarim – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mendele Moher Sfarim" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%A1%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Менделе Мойхер-Сфорим – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Менделе Мойхер-Сфорим" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendele_Mojkher_Seforim" title="Mendele Mojkher Seforim – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mendele Mojkher Seforim" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schalom_Jakob_Abramovitj" title="Schalom Jakob Abramovitj – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Schalom Jakob Abramovitj" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%A1%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Менделе Мойхер-Сфорім – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Менделе Мойхер-Сфорім" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A8_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מענדעלע מוכר ספרים – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מענדעלע מוכר ספרים" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Belarusian-Ukrainian Jewish author</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mendele_Mocher_Sforim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mendele_Mocher_Sforim.jpg/220px-Mendele_Mocher_Sforim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mendele_Mocher_Sforim.jpg/330px-Mendele_Mocher_Sforim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mendele_Mocher_Sforim.jpg/440px-Mendele_Mocher_Sforim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1161" data-file-height="1575" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Mendele Mocher Sforim</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mendele Mocher Sforim</b> (<a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מענדעלע מוכר ספֿרים</span>‎</span>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מנדלי מוכר ספרים</span>; lit. "Mendele the <a href="/wiki/Book_peddler" title="Book peddler">book peddler</a>"; January 2, 1836, <a href="/wiki/Kapyl" title="Kapyl">Kapyl</a> – December 8, 1917 [N.S.], <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a>), born <b>Sholem Yankev Abramovich</b> (<a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שלום יעקבֿ אַבראַמאָװיטש</span>‎</span>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Соломон Моисеевич Абрамович</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Solomon Moiseyevich Abramovich</i></span>) or <b>S. J. Abramowitch</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> author and one of the founders of modern <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a>. His name was variously transliterated as <b>Moykher</b>, <b>Sfarim</b>,<b>Seforim</b>, etc. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Youth">Youth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendele_Mocher_Sforim&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Youth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mendele was born to a poor <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jews">Lithuanian Jewish</a> family in <a href="/wiki/Kapyl" title="Kapyl">Kapyl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Governorate" title="Minsk Governorate">Minsk Governorate</a>, Russian Empire. His father, Chaim Moyshe Broyde, died shortly after Mendele's <a href="/wiki/Bar_mitzvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar mitzvah">bar mitzvah</a>. He studied in <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshiva</a> in <a href="/wiki/Slutsk" title="Slutsk">Slutsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vilna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilna">Vilna</a> until he was 17; during this time he was a day-boarder under the system of <i><a href="/wiki/Teg-essen" class="mw-redirect" title="Teg-essen">Teg-essen</a></i>, barely scraping by, and often hungry. </p><p>Mendele traveled extensively around <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> at the mercy of an abusive beggar named Avreml Khromoy (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> for "Avreml the Lame"); Avreml would later become the source for the title character of <i>Fishke der Krumer</i> (Fishke the Lame). In 1854, Mendele settled in <a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a>, where he got to know writer and poet <a href="/wiki/Avrom_Ber_Gotlober" title="Avrom Ber Gotlober">Avrom Ber Gotlober</a>, who helped him to understand secular culture, philosophy, literature, history, Russian and other languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_work">Early work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendele_Mocher_Sforim&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mendele's first article, "Letter on Education", appeared in 1857, in the first Hebrew newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/Hamagid" title="Hamagid">Hamagid</a></i>; his mentor Gotlober submitted Mendele's school paper without Mendele's prior knowledge. In <a href="/wiki/Berdichev" class="mw-redirect" title="Berdichev">Berdichev</a>, where he lived from 1858 to 1869, he began to publish fiction both in Hebrew and Yiddish. Having offended the local powers with his satire, he left Berdichev to train as a <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> at the relatively theologically liberal, government-sponsored rabbinical school in <a href="/wiki/Zhitomir" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhitomir">Zhitomir</a>, where he lived from 1869 to 1881, and became the head of the traditional school (<a href="/wiki/Talmud_Torah" title="Talmud Torah">Talmud Torah</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a> in 1881. He lived in Odessa until his death in 1917, except for two years spent in Geneva, where he fled the government-inspired pogroms following the <a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution">failed revolution of 1905</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grandfather_of_Yiddish_literature">Grandfather of Yiddish literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendele_Mocher_Sforim&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Grandfather of Yiddish literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mendele initially wrote in Hebrew, coining many words in that language, but ultimately switched to Yiddish in order to expand his audience. Like <a href="/wiki/Sholem_Aleichem" title="Sholem Aleichem">Sholem Aleichem</a>, he used a pseudonym because of the contemporary perception of Yiddish as a <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghetto</a> vernacular unsuitable for serious literary work — an idea he did much to dispel. His writing strongly bore the mark of the <a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a>. He is considered by many to be the "grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish literature</a>", an epithet first accorded to him by Sholem Aleichem, in the dedication to his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Stempenyu:_A_Jewish_Novel" title="Stempenyu: A Jewish Novel">Stempenyu: A Jewish Novel</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mendele's style in both Hebrew and Yiddish has strongly influenced several generations of later writers. </p><p>While the tradition of journalism in Yiddish had a bit more of a history than in Hebrew, <i><a href="/wiki/Kol_Mevasser" title="Kol Mevasser">Kol Mevasser</a></i>, which he supported from the outset and where he published his first Yiddish story, <span title="Yiddish-language text"><i lang="yi-Latn">Dos kleyne Mentshele</i></span>, 'The Little Man', in 1863, is generally seen as the first stable and important Yiddish newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology_and_later_work">Ideology and later work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendele_Mocher_Sforim&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ideology and later work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ravnitzki_An-ski_Mocher_Sforim_Bialik_Frug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ravnitzki_An-ski_Mocher_Sforim_Bialik_Frug.jpg/300px-Ravnitzki_An-ski_Mocher_Sforim_Bialik_Frug.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ravnitzki_An-ski_Mocher_Sforim_Bialik_Frug.jpg/450px-Ravnitzki_An-ski_Mocher_Sforim_Bialik_Frug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ravnitzki_An-ski_Mocher_Sforim_Bialik_Frug.jpg/600px-Ravnitzki_An-ski_Mocher_Sforim_Bialik_Frug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>The Odessa literary group in 1916; from left to right: <a href="/wiki/Yehoshua_Ravnitzky" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehoshua Ravnitzky">Yehoshua Ravnitzky</a> (1859-1944), <a href="/wiki/Shloyme_Ansky" class="mw-redirect" title="Shloyme Ansky">Shloyme Ansky</a>, Mendele M. Sforim, <a href="/wiki/Hayim_Nahman_Bialik" title="Hayim Nahman Bialik">Hayim N. Bialik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Frug" title="Simon Frug">Simon Frug</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sol_Liptzin" title="Sol Liptzin">Sol Liptzin</a> writes that in his early Yiddish narratives, Mendele "wanted to be useful to his people rather than gain literary laurels".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of his early works, the story <span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">דאס קליינע מענטשעלע</span></span>, <span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">Dos kleyne mentshele</i></span> and the unstaged 1869 drama <span title="Yiddish-language text"><i lang="yi-Latn">Di Takse</i></span> (The Tax), condemned the corruption by which religious taxes (in the latter case, specifically the tax on <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a> meat) were diverted to benefit community leaders rather than the poor. This <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satiric</a> tendency continued in <span title="Yiddish-language text"><i lang="yi-Latn">Di Klatshe</i></span> (The Nag, 1873) about a prince, a stand-in for the Jewish people, who is bewitched and becomes a much put-upon beast of burden, but maintains his moral superiority throughout his sufferings (a theme evidently influenced by <a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a>'s classical <a href="/wiki/Picaresque_novel" title="Picaresque novel">picaresque novel</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Ass" title="The Golden Ass">The Golden Ass</a></i>). </p><p>His later work became more humane and less satiric, starting with <span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">פישקע דער קרומער</span></span>, <span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">Fishke der Krumer</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>Fishke the Lame</i>; written 1868-1888) – which was adapted as a film of the same title in 1939 (known in English as <i>The Light Ahead</i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) – and continuing with the unfinished <a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Benjamin_III" title="The Travels of Benjamin III">The Travels of Benjamin III</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מסעות בנימין השלישי</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Masoes Benyomin Hashlishi</i></span>, 1878), something of a Jewish <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i>. (The title is a reference to the well-known travel book of the Medieval Spanish-Jewish traveller <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_of_Tudela" title="Benjamin of Tudela">Benjamin of Tudela</a>.) In 1938, this work was adapted by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Sinsheimer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Sinsheimer (page does not exist)">Hermann Sinsheimer</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Sinsheimer" class="extiw" title="de:Hermann Sinsheimer">de</a>]</span> as a play for the <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCdischer_Kulturbund" title="Jüdischer Kulturbund">Jüdischer Kulturbund</a> in Germany, and performed there shortly after <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a> (the Night of Broken Glass), in November of that year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As with <i>Fishke</i>, Mendele worked on and off for decades on his long novel <span title="Yiddish-language text"><i lang="yi-Latn">Dos Vinshfingeril</i></span> (The Wishing Ring, 1865–1889), with at least two versions preceding the final one. It is the story of a <i><a href="/wiki/Maskil" class="mw-redirect" title="Maskil">maskil</a></i> — that is, a supporter of the <i>Haskalah</i>, like Mendele himself — who escapes a poor town, survives misery to obtain a secular education much like Mendele's own, but is driven by the <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> of the 1880s from his dreams of universal brotherhood to one of Jewish <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>. The first English translation, by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Wex" title="Michael Wex">Michael Wex</a> (author of <i><a href="/wiki/Born_to_Kvetch" title="Born to Kvetch">Born to Kvetch</a></i>), was published in 2003. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendele_Mocher_Sforim&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Limdu hetev</i> (Learn to Do Good, 1862-)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-miku_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miku-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>דאס קליינע מענטשעלע, Dos kleyne mentshele, 1864</li> <li>drama Di Takse (The Tax, 1869)</li> <li>Di Klatshe (The Nag, 1873)</li> <li><span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">פישקע דער קרומער</span></span>, <span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">Fishke der Krumer</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>Fishke the Lame</i>; written 1868-1888)</li> <li><i>Beémek Habakhá</i> ("In the Vale of Tears"): Yiddish title: "Dos vintshfingerl"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("The Wishing Ring", 1865–1889)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Benjamin_III" title="The Travels of Benjamin III">The Travels of Benjamin III</a> (מסעות בנימין השלישי, Masoes Benyomin Hashlishi, 1878)</li> <li>"The Burned-Out" ("Ha-nisforim, 1896)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>autobiographical <i>Shloyme Reb Khayims: A bild fun yídishn lebn in der Líte</i> ("Shloyme, son of Reb Khayim: An Image of the Yiddish Life in Lithuania"; never completed; 1899–1912)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>“BeSeter ra'am” (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">בסתר רעם</span>, In the Secret Place of Thunder; 1886–1887)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>“Shem va-Yefet ba-‘agalah” (Shem and Japheth in the Train Compartment; 1890),</li> <li>“Lo naḥat be-Ya‘akov” (There Is No Good in Jacob; 1892),</li> <li>“Bi-Yeme ha-ra‘ash” (In Days of Tumult; 1894)</li> <li>“Bi-Yeshivah shel ma‘alah uvi-yeshivah shel mata” (In the Heavenly Assembly and the Earthly One; 1894–1895)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendele_Mocher_Sforim&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Limdu Hetev</i>, or <i>Learn to Do Well</i>, full title: <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">למדו היטב: הוא ספור אהבים</span>. "Limdu Hetev" is a biblical allusion: למדו היטב דרשׁו משׁפט אשׁרו חמוץ שׁפטו יתום ריבו אלמנה "Learn to do good. Devote yourselves to justice; aid the wronged; Uphold the rights of the orphan; defend the cause of the widow." – <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_17" title="Isaiah 17">Isaiah 1:17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Beseter ra'am" is a allusion to an expression in <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> 81:7 <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> variously translated as "in the secret place of thunder", "hidden in thunder", etc.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendele_Mocher_Sforim&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stillman, Gerald (1991). "Introduction: A Summary of Mendele's Life, Work, and Times", in: <i>Selected Works of Mendele Moykher-Sforim</i>, edited by Marvin S. Zuckerman, Stillman, and Marion Herbst. Vol. 1 of the series "The Three Great Classic Writers of Modern Yiddish Literature". Joseph Simon/Pangloss Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSeidman1997" class="citation book cs1">Seidman, Naomi (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgTQUY6MNdcC&pg=PA146"><i>A Marriage Made in Heaven: The Sexual Politics of Hebrew and Yiddish</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520201934" title="Special:BookSources/9780520201934"><bdi>9780520201934</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Marriage+Made+in+Heaven%3A+The+Sexual+Politics+of+Hebrew+and+Yiddish&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780520201934&rft.aulast=Seidman&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgTQUY6MNdcC%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMendele+Mocher+Sforim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptzin1963" class="citation book cs1">Liptzin, Sol (1963). <i>The Flowering of Yiddish Literature</i>. New York: Thomas Yoseloff. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Flowering+of+Yiddish+Literature&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Thomas+Yoseloff&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Liptzin&rft.aufirst=Sol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMendele+Mocher+Sforim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liptzin, Sol (1972). <i>A History of Yiddish Literature</i>. Middle Village, NY: Jonathan David Publishers. p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yiddishbookcenter.org/collections/yiddish-books/spb-nybc208680/mendele-mokher-sefarim-fishke-der-krumer">Fishke der Krumer</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/lightahead.htm">The Light Ahead (Fishke der Krumer)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miku-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-miku_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mikhail Krutikov <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berdichev.org/krutikov1.html">BERDICHEV IN RUSSIAN-JEWISH LITERACY IMAGINATION:From Israel Aksenfeld to Friedrich Gorenshteyn</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yiddishbookcenter.org/collections/yiddish-books/spb-nybc208680/mendele-mokher-sefarim-fishke-der-krumer">Fishke der Krumer</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yiddishbookcenter.org/collections/yiddish-books/spb-nybc211106/mendele-mokher-sefarim-dos-vintshfingerl">"Dos vintshfingerl"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Wishing-Ring-Judaic-Traditions-Literature/dp/0815630352">"The Wishing Ring"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Mintz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ingeveb.org/articles/viva-voce-vicissitudes-of-the-spoken-word-in-hebrew-literature">Viva Voce: Vicissitudes of the Spoken Word in Hebrew Literature</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zDCsERIuhicC">Shlomo R. Haim's. A picture of Jewish life in Lithuania</a>, 1901 version (free reading)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studylight.org/bible/eng/kjv/psalms/81-7.html">Psalms 81:7</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendele_Mocher_Sforim&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Liptzin" title="Sol Liptzin">Sol Liptzin</a>, <i>A History of Yiddish Literature</i>, Jonathan David Publishers, Middle Village, NY, 1972, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8246-0124-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8246-0124-6">0-8246-0124-6</a>, especially 40-45.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Miron" title="Dan Miron">Dan Miron</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Abramovitsh_Sholem_Yankev">Abramovitsh, Sholem Yankev </a>, <i><a href="/wiki/YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe</a></i></li> <li>Dan Miron, <i>A Traveler Disguised. The Rise of Modern Yiddish Fiction in the Nineteenth Century</i>, 1996</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aron_Gurshtein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aron Gurshtein (page does not exist)">Aron Gurshtein</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Гурштейн, Арон Шефтелевич">ru</a>]</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imwerden.de/pdf/gurstein_izbrannye_statji_1959__ocr.pdf">Избранные статьи. М.: Советский писатель, 1959.</a>; "Наследие Менделе" ("Mendele's Heritage"): starting from p. 248</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendele_Mocher_Sforim&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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Sforim</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28+Mendele+AND+%28Moykher+OR+Mokher+OR+Mocher%29+AND+%28Sforim+OR+Sfarim+OR+Sefarim%29+%29">Works by or about Mendele Mocher Sforim</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1330">Works by Mendele Mocher Sforim</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q359694#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q359694#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q359694#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109047081">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000107967247">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/56947970">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/6211629">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/38916/">FAST</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1519601/">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjH4b3cKWPWxGPP3VxXVBX">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119010054">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mendele Mokher Sefarim, 1835-1917"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79076448">United States</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Abramowich, Shalom Jacob, 1835-1917"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr94033932">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12155329d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12155329d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mendele Mokher Sefarim"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV030738">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35651303">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0000252&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1751711">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p15789598X">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071287469">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/hftwrv115mzdhnr">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810576345005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/110954">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265370305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14563791">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA14233470?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="מענדעלע מוכר ספרים"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/19b713fb-bb1a-4c86-94b9-420f85b2a181">MusicBrainz</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1027416">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119010054.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119010054">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030060702">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6w41013">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mendele_Mocher_Sforim&oldid=1258072634">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mendele_Mocher_Sforim&oldid=1258072634</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1836_births" title="Category:1836 births">1836 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