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data-title="Էվթանազիան Շվեյցարիայում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Эвтаназия в Швейцарии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эвтаназия в Швейцарии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB%E5%AE%89%E6%A8%82%E6%AD%BB%E8%AD%B0%E9%A1%8C" title="瑞士安樂死議題 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瑞士安樂死議題" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Legal history of euthanasia in Switzerland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Euthanasia" title="Category:Euthanasia">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccf;padding-top:0.1em;border-bottom:#fafafa solid 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> Types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_euthanasia" title="Animal euthanasia">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_euthanasia" title="Child euthanasia">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_euthanasia" title="Voluntary euthanasia">Voluntary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_for_mental_illness" title="Euthanasia for mental illness">Mental illness</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-voluntary_euthanasia" title="Non-voluntary euthanasia">Non-voluntary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_euthanasia" title="Involuntary euthanasia">Involuntary</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> Views</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodily_integrity" title="Bodily integrity">Bodily integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_and_the_slippery_slope" title="Euthanasia and the slippery slope">Euthanasia and the slippery slope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">Freedom of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_euthanasia" title="Religious views on euthanasia">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_euthanasia" title="Buddhism and euthanasia">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_Euthanasia" title="Declaration on Euthanasia">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Right to life</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> Groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Care_Not_Killing" title="Care Not Killing">Care Not Killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion_%26_Choices" title="Compassion & Choices">Compassion & Choices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_with_Dignity_National_Center" title="Death with Dignity National Center">Death with Dignity National Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignitas_(assisted_dying_organisation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dignitas (assisted dying organisation)">Dignitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_International" title="Exit International">Exit International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Exit_Network" title="Final Exit Network">Final Exit Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemlock_Society" title="Hemlock Society">Hemlock Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Right_to_Die_Societies" title="World Federation of Right to Die Societies">World Federation of Right to Die Societies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> People</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kevorkian" title="Jack Kevorkian">Jack Kevorkian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Nitschke" title="Philip Nitschke">Philip Nitschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Coombs_Lee" title="Barbara Coombs Lee">Barbara Coombs Lee</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> Books</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Final_Exit" title="Final Exit">Final Exit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peaceful_Pill_Handbook" title="The Peaceful Pill Handbook">The Peaceful Pill Handbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Future_of_Assisted_Suicide_and_Euthanasia" title="The Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia">The Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_euthanasia" title="Legality of euthanasia">Jurisdictions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Euthanasia in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Euthanasia in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_India" title="Euthanasia in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Euthanasia in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Mexico" title="Euthanasia in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_the_Netherlands" title="Euthanasia in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_New_Zealand" title="Euthanasia in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Spain" title="Euthanasia in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Euthanasia in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_the_United_States" title="Euthanasia in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Uruguay" title="Euthanasia in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> Laws</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Oregon_Ballot_Measure_16" title="1994 Oregon Ballot Measure 16">1994 Oregon Ballot Measure 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_the_Terminally_Ill_Act_1995" title="Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1995">Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1995 <span style="font-size:85%;">(Australia)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Doe_Law" title="Baby Doe Law">Baby Doe Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Death_with_Dignity_Act" title="Washington Death with Dignity Act">Washington Death with Dignity Act</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> Alternatives</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of double effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_sedation" title="Palliative sedation">Palliative sedation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> Other issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consistent_life_ethic" title="Consistent life ethic">Consistent life ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_device" title="Euthanasia device">Euthanasia device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen_Protocol" title="Groningen Protocol">Groningen Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_tourism" title="Suicide tourism">Suicide tourism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Euthanasia" title="Template:Euthanasia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Euthanasia" title="Template talk:Euthanasia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Euthanasia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Euthanasia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Active <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a> is illegal in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (administration by a third-party), but supplying the means for dying is legal (assisted suicide), as long as the action which directly causes death is performed by the one wishing to die.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assisted suicide in the country has been legal since 1941, and Switzerland was the first country in the world to permit any kind of assisted dying.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, a total of 752 <a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">assisted suicides</a> were performed (330 men, 422 women), compared to 1,029 <a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Switzerland" title="Suicide in Switzerland">non-assisted suicides</a> (754 men, 275 women); most of the assisted suicides concerned elderly people suffering from a <a href="/wiki/Terminal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal disease">terminal disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bfs14_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfs14-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In what critics have termed <a href="/wiki/Suicide_tourism" title="Suicide tourism">suicide tourism</a>, Swiss euthanasia organisations have been widely used by foreigners. As of 2008, German citizens were 60 percent of the total number of suicides assisted by the organisation <a href="/wiki/Dignitas_(euthanasia_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dignitas (euthanasia group)">Dignitas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tagesspiegel_interview_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tagesspiegel_interview-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_situation">Legal situation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euthanasia_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legal situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Criminal_Code" title="Swiss Criminal Code">Swiss Criminal Code</a> of 1937 outlaws "incitement or assistance to suicide from selfish motives" (Art. 115). Any active role in <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_euthanasia" title="Voluntary euthanasia">voluntary euthanasia</a> ("manslaughter on request") is also outlawed, even if done with "respectable motives" such as <a href="/wiki/Mercy_killing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercy killing">mercy killings</a> (Art. 114). However, <a href="/wiki/Nulla_poena_sine_lege" title="Nulla poena sine lege">by omission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">assisted suicide</a> from non-selfish motives remains legal. For example, lethal drugs may be prescribed as long as the recipient takes an active role in the drug administration, but active euthanasia (such as the act of administering a lethal injection) is not legal.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurst_Mauron_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurst_Mauron-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All forms of active euthanasia, such as administering lethal injection, remain prohibited in Switzerland. Swiss law only allows providing means to die by suicide and the reasons for doing so must not be based on self-interest (such as monetary gain).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonprofit organisations administering life-ending medicine were first established in Switzerland in the 1980s. </p><p>Article 115 of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Criminal_Code" title="Swiss Criminal Code">Swiss Criminal Code</a> reads:<sup id="cite_ref-Hurst_Mauron_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurst_Mauron-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><b>Inciting and assisting suicide:</b> Any person who for selfish motives incites or assists another to commit or attempt to commit suicide shall, if that other person thereafter commits or attempts to commit suicide, be liable to a custodial sentence not exceeding five years or to a monetary penalty.</p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Criminal_Code" title="Swiss Criminal Code">Swiss Criminal Code</a> states that "English is not an official language of the Swiss Confederation. This translation is provided for information purposes only and has no legal force."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This regulation of assisted suicide also permits the assistance of voluntary euthanasia for non-resident foreigners, which has led to the phenomenon of "<a href="/wiki/Suicide_tourism" title="Suicide tourism">suicide tourism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Hurst_Mauron_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurst_Mauron-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When an assisted suicide is declared, a police inquiry may be started. Since no crime has been committed in the absence of a selfish motive, these are mostly open and shut cases. Prosecution can occur if doubts are raised about the patient's competence to make an autonomous choice, or about the motivation of anyone involved in assisting the suicide. </p><p>While there is no regulation on permissible reasons for the suicide, the major Swiss nonprofit organisations dedicated to assisted suicide may require that a <a href="/wiki/Terminal_illness" title="Terminal illness">terminal illness</a> has been diagnosed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debate_and_notable_cases">Debate and notable cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euthanasia_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Debate and notable cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland">Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland</a> rejected a complaint against the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zurich" title="Canton of Zurich">canton of Zurich</a>‘s health department, which was filed on behalf of a man who suffered from <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a> and desired to be issued <a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">pentobarbital</a> by the state in order to end his life. The court advanced that no case can be made that the state has any obligation to facilitate the availability of substances used for euthanasia, as had been argued by the plaintiff based on both the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">Swiss Federal Constitution</a> and on <a href="/wiki/Article_8_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights">article 8 of the ECHR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it also affirmed a right for those suffering from “incurable, permanent, severe psychological disorders" to end their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> on 15 May 2011, voters in the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zurich" title="Canton of Zurich">canton of Zurich</a> overwhelmingly rejected calls to ban assisted suicide or to outlaw the practice for non-residents. Out of more than 278,000 ballots cast, the initiative to ban assisted suicide was rejected by 85 percent of voters and the initiative to outlaw it for foreigners was turned down by 78 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2007 essay in the <i><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Center_Report" title="Hastings Center Report">Hastings Center Report</a></i>, bioethicist <a href="/wiki/Jacob_M._Appel" title="Jacob M. Appel">Jacob M. Appel</a> advocated adopting similar rules in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2009, British conductor <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Downes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Edward Downes">Sir Edward Downes</a> and his wife Joan died together at a suicide clinic outside Zürich "under circumstances of their own choosing." Sir Edward was not terminally ill, but his wife was diagnosed with rapidly developing cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-CB1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CB1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2022, the Swiss Medical Association issued guidelines tightening assisted suicide regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2022, French-Swiss film director, screenwriter and film critic <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Jean-Luc Godard</a> died at his home in <a href="/wiki/Rolle" title="Rolle">Rolle</a>, following an assisted suicide procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swissinfo_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swissinfo-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euthanasia_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Switzerland" title="Suicide in Switzerland">Suicide in Switzerland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Die%3F" title="Right to Die?">Right to Die?</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euthanasia_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/why-assisted-suicide-is--normal--in-switzerland-/45924614">"Why assisted suicide is 'normal' in Switzerland"</a>. <i>SWI swissinfo.ch</i>. 2020-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(September 2022)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/society/swiss-doctors-adopt-tighter-assisted-suicide-guidelines/47610372">"Swiss Doctors adopt tighter assisted suicide guidelines"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_Info&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swiss Info (page does not exist)">Swiss Info</a></i>. 20 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lib%C3%A9ration&rft.atitle=Jean-Luc+Godard+a+eu+recours+au+suicide+assist%C3%A9%3A+%C2%ABIl+n%27%C3%A9tait+pas+malade%2C+il+%C3%A9tait+simplement+%C3%A9puis%C3%A9%C2%BB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberation.fr%2Fculture%2Fjean-luc-godard-est-mort-20220913_LLEGXZFQSFDC3FBJCP7AWXSYWI%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulver2022" class="citation news cs1">Pulver, Andrew (13 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/sep/13/jean-luc-godard-giant-of-the-french-new-wave-dies-at-91">"Jean-Luc Godard, giant of the French new wave, dies at 91"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220913083625/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/sep/13/jean-luc-godard-giant-of-the-french-new-wave-dies-at-91">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Jean-Luc+Godard%2C+giant+of+the+French+new+wave%2C+dies+at+91&rft.date=2022-09-13&rft.aulast=Pulver&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2022%2Fsep%2F13%2Fjean-luc-godard-giant-of-the-french-new-wave-dies-at-91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swissinfo-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swissinfo_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/fre/le-cin%C3%A9aste-jean-luc-godard-est-d%C3%A9c%C3%A9d%C3%A9-%C3%A0-l-%C3%A2ge-de-91-ans/47896180">"Le cinéaste Jean-Luc Godard est décédé à l'âge de 91 ans"</a>. Swissinfo. 13 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220913094913/https://www.swissinfo.ch/fre/le-cin%C3%A9aste-jean-luc-godard-est-d%C3%A9c%C3%A9d%C3%A9-%C3%A0-l-%C3%A2ge-de-91-ans/47896180">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Le+cin%C3%A9aste+Jean-Luc+Godard+est+d%C3%A9c%C3%A9d%C3%A9+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A2ge+de+91+ans&rft.date=2022-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Ffre%2Fle-cin%25C3%25A9aste-jean-luc-godard-est-d%25C3%25A9c%25C3%25A9d%25C3%25A9-%25C3%25A0-l-%25C3%25A2ge-de-91-ans%2F47896180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euthanasia_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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