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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Voluntary_euthanasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voluntary_euthanasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Voluntary euthanasia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voluntary_euthanasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-voluntary_euthanasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-voluntary_euthanasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Non-voluntary euthanasia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-voluntary_euthanasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Involuntary_euthanasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involuntary_euthanasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Involuntary euthanasia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involuntary_euthanasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passive_and_active_euthanasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passive_and_active_euthanasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Passive and active euthanasia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passive_and_active_euthanasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beginnings_of_the_contemporary_euthanasia_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginnings_of_the_contemporary_euthanasia_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Beginnings of the contemporary euthanasia debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginnings_of_the_contemporary_euthanasia_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_euthanasia_movement_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_euthanasia_movement_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Early euthanasia movement in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_euthanasia_movement_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1930s_in_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930s_in_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>1930s in Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930s_in_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_Euthanasia_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_Euthanasia_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Nazi Euthanasia Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_Euthanasia_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1949_New_York_State_Petition_for_Euthanasia_and_Catholic_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1949_New_York_State_Petition_for_Euthanasia_and_Catholic_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>1949 New York State Petition for Euthanasia and Catholic opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1949_New_York_State_Petition_for_Euthanasia_and_Catholic_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legal status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_professionals'_sentiment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_professionals'_sentiment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Health professionals' sentiment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_professionals'_sentiment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Religious views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Broadly_against" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadly_against"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Broadly against</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadly_against-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partially_in_favor_of" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partially_in_favor_of"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Partially in favor of</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partially_in_favor_of-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Euthanasia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genadedood" title="Genadedood – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Genadedood" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इच्छा मृत्यु या यूथेनेज़िया – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इच्छा मृत्यु या यूथेनेज़िया" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%85" title="موت رحيم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موت رحيم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutanasia" title="Eutanasia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Eutanasia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evtanaziya" title="Evtanaziya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Evtanaziya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81" title="ইচ্ছামৃত্যু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইচ্ছামৃত্যু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-lo%CC%8Dk-s%C3%AD" title="An-lo̍k-sí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="An-lo̍k-sí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Эўтаназія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эўтаназія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Эўтаназія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эўтаназія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Евтаназия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Евтаназия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutanazija" title="Eutanazija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Eutanazija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutan%C3%A0sia" title="Eutanàsia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eutanàsia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Эвтанази – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эвтанази" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutanazie" title="Eutanazie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eutanazie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewthanasia" title="Ewthanasia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ewthanasia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiv_d%C3%B8dshj%C3%A6lp" title="Aktiv dødshjælp – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aktiv dødshjælp" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasie" title="Euthanasie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Euthanasie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutanaasia" title="Eutanaasia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eutanaasia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ευθανασία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευθανασία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutanasia" title="Eutanasia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eutanasia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%ADtanazio" title="Eŭtanazio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eŭtanazio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutanasia" title="Eutanasia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eutanasia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="اتانازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتانازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiv_dey%C3%B0shj%C3%A1lp" title="Aktiv deyðshjálp – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Aktiv deyðshjálp" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasie" title="Euthanasie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Euthanasie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutanasy" title="Eutanasy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Eutanasy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eotan%C3%A1is" title="Eotanáis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eotanáis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myghin-varroo" title="Myghin-varroo – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Myghin-varroo" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutanasia" title="Eutanasia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eutanasia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%EB%9D%BD%EC%82%AC" title="안락사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="안락사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Euthanasia" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D6%86%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Էֆթանազիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էֆթանազիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81" title="इच्छा-मृत्यु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इच्छा-मृत्यु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutanazija" title="Eutanazija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eutanazija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutanasia" title="Eutanasia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eutanasia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1nara%C3%B0sto%C3%B0" title="Dánaraðstoð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dánaraðstoð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutanasia" title="Eutanasia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eutanasia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%93" title="המתת חסד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המתת חסד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutanasia" title="Eutanasia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Eutanasia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3" title="ದಯಾಮರಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದಯಾಮರಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ევთანაზია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ევთანაზია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эвтаназия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эвтаназия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эвтаназия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эвтаназия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Euthanasia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eitan%C4%81zija" title="Eitanāzija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eitanāzija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasie" title="Euthanasie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Euthanasie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutanazija" title="Eutanazija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eutanazija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92%C3%BCtanax%C3%AEa" title="Œütanaxîa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Œütanaxîa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutan%C3%A1zia" title="Eutanázia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eutanázia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Евтаназија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Евтаназија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="ദയാവധം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദയാവധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="दयामरण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दयामरण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutanasia" title="Eutanasia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Eutanasia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasie" title="Euthanasie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Euthanasie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%A5%BD%E6%AD%BB" title="安楽死 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="安楽死" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutanasi" title="Eutanasi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eutanasi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evtanaziya" title="Evtanaziya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Evtanaziya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A4" title="ਸੁਖੈਨ ਮੌਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੁਖੈਨ ਮੌਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuutanieja" title="Yuutanieja – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Yuutanieja" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutanazja" title="Eutanazja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eutanazja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutan%C3%A1sia" title="Eutanásia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eutanásia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutanasie" title="Eutanasie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eutanasie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эвтаназия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эвтаназия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Euthanasia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Euthanasia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutan%C3%A1zia" title="Eutanázia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eutanázia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evtanazija" title="Evtanazija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Evtanazija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Еутаназија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еутаназија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutanazija" title="Eutanazija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eutanazija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutanasia" title="Eutanasia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eutanasia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6dshj%C3%A4lp" title="Dödshjälp – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dödshjälp" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutanasya" title="Eutanasya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Eutanasya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="வதையா இறப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வதையா இறப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A3%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%82" title="కారుణ్య మరణం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కారుణ్య మరణం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%86%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95" title="การุณยฆาต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การุณยฆาต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tanazi" title="Ötanazi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ötanazi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewtanazi%C3%BDa" title="Ewtanaziýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ewtanaziýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Евтаназія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Евтаназія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA" title="موت راحت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="موت راحت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_t%E1%BB%AD" 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semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Intentionally ending a life to relieve pain and suffering</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about euthanasia of humans. For humane killings of other animals, see <a href="/wiki/Animal_euthanasia" title="Animal euthanasia">Animal euthanasia</a>. For the killing of mortally wounded animals or humans, see <a href="/wiki/Coup_de_gr%C3%A2ce" title="Coup de grâce">Coup de grâce</a>. For the <a href="/wiki/Megadeth" title="Megadeth">Megadeth</a> album, see <a href="/wiki/Youthanasia" title="Youthanasia"><i>Youthanasia</i></a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Euthanasia" title="Category:Euthanasia">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccf;padding-top:0.1em;border-bottom:#fafafa solid 1px;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euthanasia</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> Types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_euthanasia" title="Animal euthanasia">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_euthanasia" title="Child euthanasia">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_euthanasia" title="Voluntary euthanasia">Voluntary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_for_mental_illness" title="Euthanasia for mental illness">Mental illness</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-voluntary_euthanasia" title="Non-voluntary euthanasia">Non-voluntary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_euthanasia" title="Involuntary euthanasia">Involuntary</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> Views</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodily_integrity" title="Bodily integrity">Bodily integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_and_the_slippery_slope" title="Euthanasia and the slippery slope">Euthanasia and the slippery slope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">Freedom of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_euthanasia" title="Religious views on euthanasia">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_euthanasia" title="Buddhism and euthanasia">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_Euthanasia" title="Declaration on Euthanasia">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Right to life</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> Groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Care_Not_Killing" title="Care Not Killing">Care Not Killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion_%26_Choices" title="Compassion & Choices">Compassion & Choices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_with_Dignity_National_Center" title="Death with Dignity National Center">Death with Dignity National Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignitas_(assisted_dying_organisation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dignitas (assisted dying organisation)">Dignitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_International" title="Exit International">Exit International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Exit_Network" title="Final Exit Network">Final Exit Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemlock_Society" title="Hemlock Society">Hemlock Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Right_to_Die_Societies" title="World Federation of Right to Die Societies">World Federation of Right to Die Societies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> People</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kevorkian" title="Jack Kevorkian">Jack Kevorkian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Nitschke" title="Philip Nitschke">Philip Nitschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Coombs_Lee" title="Barbara Coombs Lee">Barbara Coombs Lee</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> Books</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Final_Exit" title="Final Exit">Final Exit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peaceful_Pill_Handbook" title="The Peaceful Pill Handbook">The Peaceful Pill Handbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Future_of_Assisted_Suicide_and_Euthanasia" title="The Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia">The Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_euthanasia" title="Legality of euthanasia">Jurisdictions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Euthanasia in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Euthanasia in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_India" title="Euthanasia in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Euthanasia in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Mexico" title="Euthanasia in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_the_Netherlands" title="Euthanasia in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_New_Zealand" title="Euthanasia in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Spain" title="Euthanasia in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Switzerland" title="Euthanasia in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Euthanasia in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_the_United_States" title="Euthanasia in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Uruguay" title="Euthanasia in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> Laws</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Oregon_Ballot_Measure_16" title="1994 Oregon Ballot Measure 16">1994 Oregon Ballot Measure 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_the_Terminally_Ill_Act_1995" title="Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1995">Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1995 <span style="font-size:85%;">(Australia)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Doe_Law" title="Baby Doe Law">Baby Doe Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Death_with_Dignity_Act" title="Washington Death with Dignity Act">Washington Death with Dignity Act</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> Alternatives</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of double effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_sedation" title="Palliative sedation">Palliative sedation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> Other issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consistent_life_ethic" title="Consistent life ethic">Consistent life ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_device" title="Euthanasia device">Euthanasia device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen_Protocol" title="Groningen Protocol">Groningen Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_tourism" title="Suicide tourism">Suicide tourism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <p><i>Note: Varies by <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction_(area)" title="Jurisdiction (area)">jurisdiction</a></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_murder" title="Attempted murder">Attempted murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_murder" title="Child murder">Child murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensual_homicide" title="Consensual homicide">Consensual homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_killing" title="Contract killing">Contract killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_passion" title="Crime of passion">Crime of passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depraved-heart_murder" title="Depraved-heart murder">Depraved-heart murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felony_murder_rule" title="Felony murder rule">Felony murder rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foeticide" title="Foeticide">Foeticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">Human cannibalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_cannibalism" title="Child cannibalism">Child cannibalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">Human sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sacrifice" title="Child sacrifice">Child sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_homicide" title="Internet homicide">Internet homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonely_hearts_killer" title="Lonely hearts killer">Lonely hearts killer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust_murder" title="Lust murder">Lust murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">Mass murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting" title="Mass shooting">Mass shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_stabbing" title="Mass stabbing">Mass stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor_murder" title="Misdemeanor murder">Misdemeanor murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_for_body_parts" title="Murder for body parts">Murder for body parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder%E2%80%93suicide" title="Murder–suicide">Murder–suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisoning" title="Poisoning">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_murder" title="Proxy murder">Proxy murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudocommando" title="Pseudocommando">Pseudocommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_killer" title="Serial killer">Serial killer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_mercy_(criminology)" title="Angel of mercy (criminology)">Angel of mercy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spree_killer" title="Spree killer">Spree killer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrill_killing" title="Thrill killing">Thrill killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_murder" title="Torture murder">Torture murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle-ramming_attack" title="Vehicle-ramming attack">Vehicle-ramming attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongful_execution" title="Wrongful execution">Wrongful execution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_murder" title="Judicial murder">Judicial murder</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">Manslaughter</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manslaughter_in_English_law" title="Manslaughter in English law">In English law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_manslaughter" title="Voluntary manslaughter">Voluntary manslaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negligent_homicide" title="Negligent homicide">Negligent homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_homicide" title="Vehicular homicide">Vehicular homicide</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Non-criminal homicide</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <p><i>Note: Varies by <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction_(area)" title="Jurisdiction (area)">jurisdiction</a></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foeticide" title="Foeticide">Foeticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justifiable_homicide" title="Justifiable homicide">Justifiable homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_to_kill_(concept)" title="Licence to kill (concept)">"License to kill"</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Family</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avunculicide" title="Avunculicide">Avunculicide/Nepoticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familicide" title="Familicide">Familicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariticide" title="Mariticide">Mariticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uxoricide" title="Uxoricide">Uxoricide</a></li> <li>Prolicide <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filicide" title="Filicide">Filicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanticide" title="Infanticide">Infanticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonaticide" title="Neonaticide">Neonaticide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siblicide" title="Siblicide">Siblicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fratricide" title="Fratricide">Fratricide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sororicide" title="Sororicide">Sororicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parricide" title="Parricide">Parricide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matricide" title="Matricide">Matricide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricide" title="Patricide">Patricide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senicide" title="Senicide">Senicide</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deicide" title="Deicide">Deicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">Friendly fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androcide" title="Androcide">Androcide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Omnicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">Regicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">Stoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicious_death" title="Suspicious death">Suspicious death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrannicide" title="Tyrannicide">Tyrannicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Homicide" title="Template:Homicide"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Homicide" title="Template talk:Homicide"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Homicide" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Homicide"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Euthanasia</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">εὐθανασία</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'good death': <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">εὖ</span></span>, <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">eu</i></span>, 'well, good' + <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">θάνατος</span></span>, <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">thanatos</i></span>, 'death') is the practice of intentionally ending life to eliminate <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">suffering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different countries have different <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_euthanasia" title="Legality of euthanasia">euthanasia laws</a>. The British <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> <a href="/wiki/Select_committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Select committee (United Kingdom)">select committee</a> on <a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">medical ethics</a> defines euthanasia as "a deliberate intervention undertaken with the express intention of ending a life to relieve intractable suffering".<sup id="cite_ref-Harris-2001_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, euthanasia is understood as "termination of life by a doctor at the request of a patient".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch law, however, does not use the term 'euthanasia' but includes the concept under the broader definition of "assisted suicide and termination of life on request".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Euthanasia is categorised in different ways, which include <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_euthanasia" title="Voluntary euthanasia">voluntary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-voluntary_euthanasia" title="Non-voluntary euthanasia">non-voluntary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_euthanasia" title="Involuntary euthanasia">involuntary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voluntary euthanasia is when a person wishes to have their life ended and is legal in a growing number of countries. Non-voluntary euthanasia occurs when a patient's consent is unavailable and is legal in some countries under certain limited conditions, in both active and passive forms. Involuntary euthanasia, which is done without asking for consent or against the patient's will, is illegal in all countries and is usually considered <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>. </p><p>As of 2006<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euthanasia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, euthanasia had become the most active area of research in <a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">bioethics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some countries, divisive public controversy occurs over the moral, ethical, and legal issues associated with euthanasia. Passive euthanasia (known as "pulling the plug") is legal under some circumstances in many countries. Active euthanasia, however, is legal or <i>de facto</i> legal in only a handful of countries (for example, Belgium, Canada, and Switzerland), which limit it to specific circumstances and require the approval of <a href="/wiki/Mental_health_counselor" title="Mental health counselor">counsellors</a>, doctors, or other specialists. In some countries—such as Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan—support for active euthanasia is almost nonexistent. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_usage">Current usage</h3></div> <p>As of 2024, dictionary definitions focus on euthanasia as the act of killing someone to prevent further suffering. There is no sense of whether the person agrees or is proactive in the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Past_discussions_on_key_elements">Past discussions on key elements</h3></div> <p>In 1974 euthanasia was defined as the "painless inducement of a quick death".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is argued that this approach fails to properly define euthanasia, as it leaves open a number of possible actions that would meet the requirements of the definition but would not be seen as euthanasia. In particular, these include situations where a person kills another, painlessly, but for no reason beyond that of personal gain, or accidental deaths that are quick and painless but not intentional.<sup id="cite_ref-BeauchampDavidson1979_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeauchampDavidson1979-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Draper1998_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draper1998-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another approach incorporated the notion of <a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">suffering</a> into the definition.<sup id="cite_ref-BeauchampDavidson1979_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeauchampDavidson1979-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definition offered by the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> incorporates suffering as a necessary condition with "the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma",<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach is included in Marvin Khol and Paul Kurtz's definition of it as "a mode or act of inducing or permitting death painlessly as a relief from suffering".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Counterexamples can be given: such definitions may encompass killing a person suffering from an incurable disease for personal gain (such as to claim an inheritance), and commentators such as <a href="/wiki/Tom_Beauchamp" title="Tom Beauchamp">Tom Beauchamp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Davidson" title="Arnold Davidson">Arnold Davidson</a> have argued that doing so would constitute "murder simpliciter" rather than euthanasia.<sup id="cite_ref-BeauchampDavidson1979_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeauchampDavidson1979-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third element incorporated into many definitions is that of intentionality: the death must be intended rather than accidental, and the intent of the action must be a "merciful death".<sup id="cite_ref-BeauchampDavidson1979_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeauchampDavidson1979-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael Wreen argued that "the principal thing that distinguishes euthanasia from intentional killing simpliciter is the agent's motive: it must be a good motive insofar as the good of the person killed is concerned."<sup id="cite_ref-Wreen1988p639_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wreen1988p639-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Heather Draper speaks to the importance of motive, arguing that "the motive forms a crucial part of arguments for euthanasia, because it must be in the best interests of the person on the receiving end."<sup id="cite_ref-Draper1998_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draper1998-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Definitions such as those offered by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> <a href="/wiki/Select_committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Select committee (United Kingdom)">Select committee</a> on <a href="/wiki/Medical_Ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical Ethics">Medical Ethics</a> take this path, where euthanasia is defined as "a deliberate intervention undertaken with the express intention of ending a life, to relieve intractable suffering."<sup id="cite_ref-Harris-2001_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beauchamp and Davidson also highlight <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Brody" title="Baruch Brody">Baruch Brody</a>'s "an act of euthanasia is one in which one person ... (A) kills another person (B) for the benefit of the second person, who actually does benefit from being killed".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Draper argued that any definition of euthanasia must incorporate four elements: an agent and a subject; an intention; causal proximity, such that the actions of the agent lead to the outcome; and an outcome. Based on this, she offered a definition incorporating those elements, stating that euthanasia "must be defined as death that results from the intention of one person to kill another person, using the most gentle and painless means possible, that is motivated solely by the best interests of the person who dies."<sup id="cite_ref-Draper1998p176_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draper1998p176-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to Draper, Beauchamp and Davidson had also offered a definition that included these elements. Their definition specifically discounts <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetuses</a> to distinguish between abortions and euthanasia:<sup id="cite_ref-BeauchampDavidson1979p303_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeauchampDavidson1979p303-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In summary, we have argued ... that the death of a human being, A, is an instance of euthanasia if and only if (1) A's death is intended by at least one other human being, B, where B is either the cause of death or a causally relevant feature of the event resulting in death (whether by action or by omission); (2) there is either sufficient current evidence for B to believe that A is acutely suffering or irreversibly comatose, or there is sufficient current evidence related to A's present condition such that one or more known causal laws supports B's belief that A will be in a condition of acute suffering or irreversible comatoseness; (3) (a) B's primary reason for intending A's death is cessation of A's (actual or predicted future) suffering or irreversible comatoseness, where B does not intend A's death for a different primary reason, though there may be other relevant reasons, and (b) there is sufficient current evidence for either A or B that causal means to A's death will not produce any more suffering than would be produced for A if B were not to intervene; (4) the causal means to the event of A's death are chosen by A or B to be as painless as possible, unless either A or B has an overriding reason for a more painful causal means, where the reason for choosing the latter causal means does not conflict with the evidence in 3b; (5) A is a nonfetal organism.<sup id="cite_ref-BeauchampDavidson1979p304_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeauchampDavidson1979p304-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Wreen, in part responding to Beauchamp and Davidson, offered a six-part definition: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Person A committed an act of euthanasia if and only if (1) A killed B or let her die; (2) A intended to kill B; (3) the intention specified in (2) was at least partial cause of the action specified in (1); (4) the causal journey from the intention specified in (2) to the action specified in (1) is more or less in accordance with A's plan of action; (5) A's killing of B is a voluntary action; (6) the motive for the action specified in (1), the motive standing behind the intention specified in (2), is the good of the person killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Wreen1988pp637-640_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wreen1988pp637-640-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Wreen also considered a seventh requirement: "(7) The good specified in (6) is, or at least includes, the avoidance of evil", although, as Wreen noted in the paper, he was not convinced that the restriction was required.<sup id="cite_ref-Wreen1988p645_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wreen1988p645-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In discussing his definition, Wreen noted the difficulty of justifying euthanasia when faced with the notion of the subject's "<a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">right to life</a>". In response, Wreen argued that euthanasia has to be voluntary and that "involuntary euthanasia is, as such, a great wrong".<sup id="cite_ref-Wreen1988p645_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wreen1988p645-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other commentators incorporate consent more directly into their definitions. For example, in a discussion of euthanasia presented in 2003 by the European Association of Palliative Care (EPAC) Ethics Task Force, the authors offered: "Medicalized killing of a person without the person's consent, whether nonvoluntary (where the person is unable to consent) or involuntary (against the person's will), is not euthanasia: it is murder. Hence, euthanasia can be voluntary only."<sup id="cite_ref-Materstvedt2003_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Materstvedt2003-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the EPAC Ethics Task Force argued that both <a href="/wiki/Non-voluntary_euthanasia" title="Non-voluntary euthanasia">non-voluntary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_euthanasia" title="Involuntary euthanasia">involuntary euthanasia</a> could not be included in the definition of euthanasia, there is discussion in the literature about excluding one but not the other.<sup id="cite_ref-Wreen1988p645_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wreen1988p645-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_use">Historical use</h3></div> <p>"Euthanasia" has had different meanings depending on usage. The first apparent usage of the term "euthanasia" belongs to the historian <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, who described how the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, "dying quickly and without suffering in the arms of his wife, Livia, experienced the 'euthanasia' he had wished for."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "euthanasia" was first used in a medical context by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a> in the 17th century to refer to an easy, painless, happy death, during which it was a "physician's responsibility to alleviate the 'physical sufferings' of the body." Bacon referred to an "outward euthanasia"—the term "outward" he used to distinguish from a spiritual concept—the euthanasia "which regards the preparation of the soul."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div> <p>Euthanasia may be classified into three types, according to whether a person gives <a href="/wiki/Informed_consent" title="Informed consent">informed consent</a>: voluntary, non-voluntary and involuntary.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a debate within the medical and bioethics literature about whether or not the non-voluntary (and by extension, involuntary) killing of patients can be regarded as euthanasia, irrespective of intent or the patient's circumstances. In the definitions offered by Beauchamp and Davidson and, later, by Wreen, consent on the part of the patient was not considered one of their criteria, although it may have been required to justify euthanasia.<sup id="cite_ref-BeauchampDavidson1979_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeauchampDavidson1979-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wreen1988_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wreen1988-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, others see consent as essential. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voluntary_euthanasia">Voluntary euthanasia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_euthanasia" title="Voluntary euthanasia">Voluntary euthanasia</a> is conducted with the consent of the patient. Active voluntary euthanasia is legal in Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Passive voluntary euthanasia is legal throughout the US per <i><a href="/wiki/Cruzan_v._Director,_Missouri_Department_of_Health" title="Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health">Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health</a></i>. When the patient brings about their own death with the assistance of a physician, the term <a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">assisted suicide</a> is often used instead. Assisted suicide is legal in Switzerland and the U.S. states of California, Oregon, Washington, Montana and Vermont. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-voluntary_euthanasia">Non-voluntary euthanasia</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Non-voluntary_euthanasia" title="Non-voluntary euthanasia">Non-voluntary euthanasia</a> is conducted when the consent of the patient is unavailable. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Child_euthanasia" title="Child euthanasia">child euthanasia</a>, which is illegal worldwide but decriminalised under certain specific circumstances in the Netherlands under the <a href="/wiki/Groningen_Protocol" title="Groningen Protocol">Groningen Protocol</a>. Passive forms of non-voluntary euthanasia (i.e. withholding treatment) are legal in a number of countries under specified conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Involuntary_euthanasia">Involuntary euthanasia</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_euthanasia" title="Involuntary euthanasia">Involuntary euthanasia</a> is conducted against the will of the patient. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passive_and_active_euthanasia">Passive and active euthanasia</h3></div> <p>Voluntary, non-voluntary and involuntary types can be further divided into passive or active variants.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passive euthanasia entails the withholding treatment necessary for the continuance of life.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris-2001_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Active euthanasia entails the use of lethal substances or forces (such as administering a <a href="/wiki/Lethal_injection" title="Lethal injection">lethal injection</a>), and is more controversial. While some authors consider these terms to be misleading and unhelpful, they are nonetheless commonly used. In some cases, such as the administration of increasingly necessary, but toxic doses of <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">painkillers</a>, there is a debate whether or not to regard the practice as active or passive.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris-2001_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates.jpg/330px-David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates.jpg/495px-David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates.jpg/660px-David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3896" data-file-height="2559" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Socrates" title="The Death of Socrates">The Death of Socrates</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a> (1787), depicting Socrates preparing to drink <a href="/wiki/Conium" title="Conium">hemlock</a>, following his conviction for corrupting the youth of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Euthanasia was practiced in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>: for example, <a href="/wiki/Conium" title="Conium">hemlock</a> was employed as a means of hastening death on the island of <a href="/wiki/Kea_(island)" title="Kea (island)">Kea</a>, a technique also employed in <a href="/wiki/Massalia" title="Massalia">Massalia</a>. Euthanasia, in the sense of the deliberate hastening of a person's death, was supported by <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a> in the ancient world, although <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> appears to have <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_Oath" title="Hippocratic Oath">spoken against the practice</a>, writing "I will not prescribe a deadly drug to please someone, nor give advice that may cause his death" (noting there is some debate in the literature about whether or not this was intended to encompass euthanasia).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stolberg_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stolberg-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gesundheit2006p623_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gesundheit2006p623-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3></div> <p>The term <i>euthanasia</i>, in the earlier sense of supporting someone as they died, was used for the first time by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>. In his work, <i>Euthanasia medica</i>, he chose this ancient Greek word and, in doing so, distinguished between <i>euthanasia interior</i>, the preparation of the soul for death, and <i>euthanasia exterior</i>, which was intended to make the end of life easier and painless, in exceptional circumstances by shortening life. That the ancient meaning of an easy death came to the fore again in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a> can be seen from its definition in the 18th century <a href="/wiki/Grosses_vollst%C3%A4ndiges_Universal-Lexicon_Aller_Wissenschafften_und_K%C3%BCnste" class="mw-redirect" title="Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon Aller Wissenschafften und Künste"><i>Zedlers Universallexikon</i></a>: </p> <blockquote><p>Euthanasia: a very gentle and quiet death, which happens without painful convulsions. The word comes from ευ, <i>bene</i>, well, and θανατος, <i>mors</i>, death.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The concept of euthanasia in the sense of alleviating the process of death goes back to the medical historian <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Heinrich_Marx" title="Karl Friedrich Heinrich Marx">Karl Friedrich Heinrich Marx</a>, who drew on Bacon's philosophical ideas. According to Marx, a doctor had a moral duty to ease the suffering of death through encouragement, support and mitigation using medication. Such an "alleviation of death" reflected the contemporary <i><a href="/wiki/Zeitgeist" title="Zeitgeist">zeitgeist</a></i>, but was brought into the medical canon of responsibility for the first time by Marx. Marx also stressed the distinction of the theological care of the soul of sick people from the physical care and medical treatment by doctors.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Euthanasia in its modern sense has always been strongly opposed in the <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a> tradition. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> opposed both and argued that the practice of euthanasia contradicted our natural human instincts of survival,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did Francois Ranchin (1565–1641), a French physician and professor of medicine, and Michael Boudewijns (1601–1681), a physician and teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-stolberg_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stolberg-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 208">: 208 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gesundheit2006p623_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gesundheit2006p623-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other voices argued for euthanasia, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a> in 1624,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and euthanasia continued to be practised. In 1678, the publication of Caspar Questel's <i>De pulvinari morientibus non-subtrahend</i>, ("<i>On the pillow of which the dying should not be deprived</i>"), initiated debate on the topic. Questel described various customs which were employed at the time to hasten the death of the dying, (including the sudden removal of a pillow, which was believed to accelerate death), and argued against their use, as doing so was "against the laws of God and Nature".<sup id="cite_ref-stolberg_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stolberg-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 209–211">: 209–211 </span></sup> This view was shared by others who followed, including Philipp Jakob Spener, Veit Riedlin and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Kr%C3%BCnitz" title="Johann Georg Krünitz">Johann Georg Krünitz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stolberg_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stolberg-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 211">: 211 </span></sup> Despite opposition, euthanasia continued to be practised, involving techniques such as bleeding, suffocation, and removing people from their beds to be placed on the cold ground.<sup id="cite_ref-stolberg_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stolberg-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 211–214">: 211–214 </span></sup> </p><p>Suicide and euthanasia became more accepted during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gesundheit2006p623_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gesundheit2006p623-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a> wrote of euthanasia in <i><a href="/wiki/Utopia_(More_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopia (More book)">Utopia</a></i>, although it is not clear if More was intending to endorse the practice.<sup id="cite_ref-stolberg_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stolberg-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 208–209">: 208–209 </span></sup> Other cultures have taken different approaches: for example, in Japan suicide has not traditionally been viewed as a sin, as it is used in cases of honor, and accordingly, the perceptions of euthanasia are different from those in other parts of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings_of_the_contemporary_euthanasia_debate">Beginnings of the contemporary euthanasia debate</h3></div> <p>In the mid-1800s, the use of <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a> to treat "the pains of death" emerged, with <a href="/wiki/John_Collins_Warren_(surgeon,_born_1778)" title="John Collins Warren (surgeon, born 1778)">John Warren</a> recommending its use in 1848. A similar use of <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a> was revealed by Joseph Bullar in 1866. However, in neither case was it recommended that the use should be to hasten death. In 1870 Samuel Williams, a schoolteacher, initiated the contemporary euthanasia debate through a speech given at the Birmingham Speculative Club in England, which was subsequently published in a one-off publication entitled <i>Essays of the Birmingham Speculative Club</i>, the collected works of a number of members of an amateur philosophical society.<sup id="cite_ref-Emanuel1994_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emanuel1994-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 794">: 794 </span></sup> Williams' proposal was to use chloroform to deliberately hasten the death of terminally ill patients: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>That in all cases of hopeless and painful illness, it should be the recognized duty of the medical attendant, whenever so desired by the patient, to administer chloroform or such other anaesthetic as may by-and-bye supersede chloroform – so as to destroy consciousness at once, and put the sufferer to a quick and painless death; all needful precautions being adopted to prevent any possible abuse of such duty; and means being taken to establish, beyond the possibility of doubt or question, that the remedy was applied at the express wish of the patient.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Samuel Williams (1872), <i>Euthanasia</i> Williams and Northgate: London.<sup id="cite_ref-Emanuel1994_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emanuel1994-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 794">: 794 </span></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The essay was favourably reviewed in <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Review_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturday Review (London)">The Saturday Review</a></i>, but an editorial against the essay appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kemp_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kemp-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From there it proved to be influential, and other writers came out in support of such views: Lionel Tollemache wrote in favour of euthanasia, as did <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a>, the essayist and reformer who later became involved with the <a href="/wiki/National_Secular_Society" title="National Secular Society">National Secular Society</a>, considering it a duty to society to "die voluntarily and painlessly" when one reaches the point of becoming a 'burden'.<sup id="cite_ref-Kemp_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kemp-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dowbiggin2007_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowbiggin2007-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Popular Science</i> analyzed the issue in May 1873, assessing both sides of the argument.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kemp notes that at the time, medical doctors did not participate in the discussion; it was "essentially a philosophical enterprise ... tied inextricably to a number of objections to the Christian doctrine of the sanctity of human life".<sup id="cite_ref-Kemp_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kemp-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_euthanasia_movement_in_the_United_States">Early euthanasia movement in the United States</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_the_United_States" title="Euthanasia in the United States">Euthanasia in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felix-Adler-Hine.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Felix-Adler-Hine.jpeg/170px-Felix-Adler-Hine.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Felix-Adler-Hine.jpeg/255px-Felix-Adler-Hine.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Felix-Adler-Hine.jpeg/340px-Felix-Adler-Hine.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="2876" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Felix_Adler_(professor)" title="Felix Adler (professor)">Felix Adler</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1913</span>, the first prominent American to argue for permitting suicide in cases of chronic illness</figcaption></figure> <p>The rise of the euthanasia movement in the United States coincided with the so-called <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a>, a time of social and technological change that encompassed an "individualistic conservatism that praised laissez-faire economics, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a>", along with major <a href="/wiki/Depression_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Depression (economics)">depressions</a>, industrialisation and conflict between corporations and labour unions.<sup id="cite_ref-Emanuel1994_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emanuel1994-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 794">: 794 </span></sup> It was also the period in which the modern hospital system was developed, which has been seen as a factor in the emergence of the euthanasia debate.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Ingersoll" title="Robert G. Ingersoll">Robert Ingersoll</a> argued for euthanasia, stating in 1894 that where someone is suffering from a terminal illness, such as terminal cancer, they should have a right to end their pain through suicide. <a href="/wiki/Felix_Adler_(professor)" title="Felix Adler (professor)">Felix Adler</a> offered a similar approach, although, unlike Ingersoll, Adler did not reject religion. In fact, he argued from an <a href="/wiki/Ethical_movement" title="Ethical movement">Ethical Culture</a> framework. In 1891, Adler argued that those suffering from overwhelming pain should have the right to commit suicide, and, furthermore, that it should be permissible for a doctor to assist – thus making Adler the first "prominent American" to argue for suicide in cases where people were suffering from chronic illness.<sup id="cite_ref-Dowbiggin_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowbiggin-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Ingersoll and Adler argued for voluntary euthanasia of adults suffering from terminal ailments.<sup id="cite_ref-Dowbiggin_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowbiggin-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dowbiggin argues that by breaking down prior moral objections to euthanasia and suicide, Ingersoll and Adler enabled others to stretch the definition of euthanasia.<sup id="cite_ref-Dowbiggin2003p13_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowbiggin2003p13-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first attempt to legalise euthanasia took place in the United States, when <a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Hunt" title="Henry Thomas Hunt">Henry Hunt</a> introduced legislation into the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_General_Assembly" title="Ohio General Assembly">General Assembly</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> in 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-Appel2004_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appel2004-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 614">: 614 </span></sup> Hunt did so at the behest of <a href="/wiki/Anna_Sophina_Hall" title="Anna Sophina Hall">Anna Sophina Hall</a>, a wealthy heiress who was a major figure in the euthanasia movement during the early 20th century in the United States. Hall had watched her mother die after an extended battle with <a href="/wiki/Liver_cancer" title="Liver cancer">liver cancer</a>, and had dedicated herself to ensuring that others would not have to endure the same suffering. Towards this end she engaged in an extensive letter writing campaign, recruited <a href="/wiki/Lurana_W._Sheldon" title="Lurana W. Sheldon">Lurana Sheldon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maud_Ballington_Booth" title="Maud Ballington Booth">Maud Ballington Booth</a>, and organised a debate on euthanasia at the annual meeting of the <a href="/wiki/American_Humane_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="American Humane Association">American Humane Association</a> in 1905 – described by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_M._Appel" title="Jacob M. Appel">Jacob Appel</a> as the first significant public debate on the topic in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Appel2004_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appel2004-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 614–616">: 614–616 </span></sup> </p><p>Hunt's bill called for the administration of an <a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">anesthetic</a> to bring about a patient's death, so long as the person is of lawful age and sound mind, and was suffering from a fatal injury, an irrevocable illness, or great physical pain. It also required that the case be heard by a physician, required informed consent in front of three witnesses, and required the attendance of three physicians who had to agree that the patient's recovery was impossible. A motion to reject the bill outright was voted down, but the bill failed to pass, 79 to 23.<sup id="cite_ref-Emanuel1994_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emanuel1994-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 796">: 796 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Appel2004_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appel2004-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 618–619">: 618–619 </span></sup> </p><p>Along with the Ohio euthanasia proposal, in 1906 Assemblyman Ross Gregory introduced a proposal to permit euthanasia to the <a href="/wiki/Iowa_General_Assembly" title="Iowa General Assembly">Iowa legislature</a>. However, the Iowa legislation was broader in scope than that offered in Ohio. It allowed for the death of any person of at least ten years of age who suffered from an ailment that would prove fatal and cause extreme pain, should they be of sound mind and express a desire to artificially hasten their death. In addition, it allowed for infants to be euthanised if they were sufficiently deformed, and permitted guardians to request euthanasia on behalf of their wards. The proposed legislation also imposed penalties on physicians who refused to perform euthanasia when requested: a 6–12-month prison term and a fine of between $200 and $1,000. The proposal proved to be controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-Appel2004_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appel2004-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 619–621">: 619–621 </span></sup> It engendered considerable debate and failed to pass, having been withdrawn from consideration after being passed to the Committee on Public Health.<sup id="cite_ref-Appel2004_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appel2004-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 623">: 623 </span></sup> </p><p>After 1906 the euthanasia debate reduced in intensity, resurfacing periodically, but not returning to the same level of debate until the 1930s in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Emanuel1994_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emanuel1994-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 796">: 796 </span></sup> </p><p>Euthanasia opponent <a href="/wiki/Ian_Dowbiggin" title="Ian Dowbiggin">Ian Dowbiggin</a> argues that the early membership of the <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_Society_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Euthanasia Society of America">Euthanasia Society of America</a> (ESA) reflected how many perceived euthanasia at the time, often seeing it as a eugenics matter rather than an issue concerning individual rights.<sup id="cite_ref-Dowbiggin_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowbiggin-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dowbiggin argues that not every eugenist joined the ESA "solely for eugenic reasons", but he postulates that there were clear ideological connections between the eugenics and euthanasia movements.<sup id="cite_ref-Dowbiggin_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowbiggin-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930s_in_Britain">1930s in Britain</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Euthanasia_Legalisation_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Voluntary Euthanasia Legalisation Society">Voluntary Euthanasia Legalisation Society</a> was founded in 1935 by <a href="/wiki/Killick_Millard" title="Killick Millard">Charles Killick Millard</a> (now called Dignity in Dying). The movement campaigned for the legalisation of euthanasia in Great Britain. </p><p>In January 1936, <a href="/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George V of the United Kingdom">King George V</a> was given a fatal dose of morphine and <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> to hasten his death. At the time he was suffering from cardio-respiratory failure, and the decision to end his life was made by his physician, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Dawson,_1st_Viscount_Dawson_of_Penn" title="Bertrand Dawson, 1st Viscount Dawson of Penn">Lord Dawson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this event was kept a secret for over 50 years, the death of George V coincided with proposed legislation in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> to legalise euthanasia.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_Euthanasia_Program">Nazi Euthanasia Program</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Aktion T4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_euthanasia_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Child euthanasia in Nazi Germany">Child euthanasia in Nazi Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alkoven_Schloss_Hartheim_2005-08-18_3589.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Alkoven_Schloss_Hartheim_2005-08-18_3589.jpg/220px-Alkoven_Schloss_Hartheim_2005-08-18_3589.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Alkoven_Schloss_Hartheim_2005-08-18_3589.jpg/330px-Alkoven_Schloss_Hartheim_2005-08-18_3589.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Alkoven_Schloss_Hartheim_2005-08-18_3589.jpg/440px-Alkoven_Schloss_Hartheim_2005-08-18_3589.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2614" data-file-height="2245" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hartheim_Euthanasia_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartheim Euthanasia Centre">Hartheim Euthanasia Centre</a>, where over 18,000 people were killed</figcaption></figure> <p>A 24 July 1939 killing of a severely disabled infant in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> was described in a <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> "Genocide Under the Nazis Timeline" as the first "state-sponsored euthanasia".<sup id="cite_ref-July24_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-July24-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parties that consented to the killing included Hitler's office, the parents, and the Reich Committee for the Scientific Registration of Serious and Congenitally Based Illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-July24_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-July24-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a></i> noted that the killing of the disabled infant—whose name was <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Kretschmar" title="Gerhard Kretschmar">Gerhard Kretschmar</a>, born blind, with missing limbs, subject to convulsions, and reportedly "an idiot"— provided "the rationale for a secret Nazi decree that led to 'mercy killings' of almost 300,000 mentally and physically handicapped people".<sup id="cite_ref-casek1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casek1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Kretchmar's killing received parental consent, most of the 5,000 to 8,000 children killed afterwards were forcibly taken from their parents.<sup id="cite_ref-July24_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-July24-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-casek1_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casek1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "euthanasia campaign" of mass murder gathered momentum on 14 January 1940 when the "handicapped" were killed with gas vans and at killing centres, eventually leading to the deaths of 70,000 adult Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-January14_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-January14-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a campaign of <a href="/wiki/Homicide#By_state_actors" title="Homicide">mass murder</a> by <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_euthanasia" title="Involuntary euthanasia">involuntary euthanasia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. Its code name <a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Aktion T4</a> is derived from <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Tiergartenstra%C3%9Fe" title="Tiergartenstraße">Tiergartenstraße</a></i></span> 4, a street address of the Chancellery department which recruited and paid personnel associated with the program.<sup id="cite_ref-casek1_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casek1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jay_Lifton" title="Robert Jay Lifton">Robert Jay Lifton</a>, author of <i>The Nazi Doctors</i> and a leading authority on the T4 program, contrasts this program with what he considers to be a genuine euthanasia. He explains that the Nazi version of "euthanasia" was based on the work of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Jost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Jost (page does not exist)">Adolf Jost</a>, who published <i>The Right to Death</i> (Das Recht auf den Tod) in 1895. Lifton writes: </p> <blockquote><p>Jost argued that control over the death of the individual must ultimately belong to the social organism, the state. This concept is in direct opposition to the Anglo-American concept of euthanasia, which emphasizes the <i>individual's</i> 'right to die' or 'right to death' or 'right to his or her own death,' as the ultimate human claim. In contrast, Jost was pointing to the state's right to kill. ... Ultimately the argument was biological: 'The rights to death [are] the key to the fitness of life.' The state must own death—must kill—in order to keep the social organism alive and healthy.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In modern terms, the use of "euthanasia" in the context of Aktion T4 is seen to be a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/euphemism" class="extiw" title="wikt:euphemism">euphemism</a> to disguise a program of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, in which people were killed on the grounds of "disabilities, religious beliefs, and discordant individual values".<sup id="cite_ref-Michalsen2006_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michalsen2006-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to the discussions of euthanasia that emerged post-war, the Nazi program may have been worded in terms that appear similar to the modern use of "euthanasia", but there was no "mercy" and the patients were not necessarily terminally ill.<sup id="cite_ref-Michalsen2006_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michalsen2006-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these differences, historian and euthanasia opponent <a href="/wiki/Ian_Dowbiggin" title="Ian Dowbiggin">Ian Dowbiggin</a> writes that "the origins of Nazi euthanasia, like those of the American euthanasia movement, predate the Third Reich and were intertwined with the history of eugenics and Social Darwinism, and with efforts to discredit traditional morality and ethics."<sup id="cite_ref-Dowbiggin_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowbiggin-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 65">: 65 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1949_New_York_State_Petition_for_Euthanasia_and_Catholic_opposition">1949 New York State Petition for Euthanasia and Catholic opposition</h3></div> <p>On 6 January 1949, the Euthanasia Society of America presented to the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature" title="New York State Legislature">New York State Legislature</a> a petition to legalize euthanasia, signed by 379 leading Protestant and Jewish ministers, the largest group of religious leaders ever to have taken this stance. A similar petition had been sent to the New York Legislature in 1947, signed by approximately 1,000 New York physicians. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> religious leaders criticized the petition, saying that such a bill would "legalize a suicide-murder pact" and a "rationalization of the fifth commandment of God, 'Thou Shalt Not Kill.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-Mercy_Killing_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mercy_Killing-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Right Reverend Robert E. McCormick stated that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The ultimate object of the Euthanasia Society is based on the Totalitarian principle that the state is supreme and that the individual does not have the right to live if his continuance in life is a burden or hindrance to the state. The Nazis followed this principle and compulsory Euthanasia was practiced as a part of their program during the recent war. We American citizens of New York State must ask ourselves this question: "Are we going to finish Hitler's job?"<sup id="cite_ref-Mercy_Killing_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mercy_Killing-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The petition brought tensions between the American Euthanasia Society and the Catholic Church to a head that contributed to a climate of anti-Catholic sentiment generally, regarding issues such as birth control, eugenics, and population control. However, the petition did not result in any legal changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Dowbiggin_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowbiggin-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debate">Debate</h2></div> <p>Historically, the euthanasia debate has tended to focus on a number of key concerns. According to euthanasia opponent <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_Emanuel" title="Ezekiel Emanuel">Ezekiel Emanuel</a>, proponents of euthanasia have presented four main arguments: a) that people have a right to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>, and thus should be allowed to choose their own fate; b) assisting a subject to die might be a better choice than requiring that they continue to suffer; c) the distinction between passive euthanasia, which is often permitted, and active euthanasia, which is not substantive (or that the underlying principle–the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_double_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of double effect">doctrine of double effect</a>–is unreasonable or unsound); and d) permitting euthanasia will not necessarily lead to unacceptable consequences. Pro-euthanasia activists often point to countries like the <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_the_Netherlands" title="Euthanasia in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, and states like <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, where euthanasia has been legalized, to argue that it is mostly unproblematic. </p><p>Similarly, Emanuel argues that there are four major arguments presented by opponents of euthanasia: a) not all deaths are painful; b) alternatives, such as cessation of active treatment, combined with the use of effective pain relief, are available; c) the distinction between active and passive euthanasia is morally significant; and d) legalising euthanasia will place society on a <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_and_the_slippery_slope" title="Euthanasia and the slippery slope">slippery slope</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which will lead to unacceptable consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-Emanuel1994_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emanuel1994-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 797–8">: 797–8 </span></sup> In fact, in <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, in 2013, pain was not one of the top five reasons people sought euthanasia. Top reasons were a loss of dignity, and a fear of burdening others.<sup id="cite_ref-usa151020_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usa151020-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States in 2013, 47% nationwide supported doctor-assisted suicide. This included 32% of Latinos, 29% of African-Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-usa151020_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usa151020-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some U.S. disability rights organizations have also opposed bills legalizing assisted suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2015 <a href="/wiki/Populus_Ltd" title="Populus Ltd">Populus</a> poll in the United Kingdom found broad public support for assisted dying. 82% of people supported the introduction of assisted dying laws, including 86% of people with disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative approach to the question is seen in the <a href="/wiki/Hospice" title="Hospice">hospice</a> movement which promotes <a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">palliative care</a> for the dying and terminally ill. This has pioneered the use of pain-relieving drugs in a holistic atmosphere in which the patient's spiritual care ranks alongside physical care. It 'intends neither to hasten nor postpone death'.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euthanasia&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Euthanasia" title="Talk:Euthanasia">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_euthanasia" title="Legality of euthanasia">Legality of euthanasia</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Legality_of_euthanasia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Legality_of_euthanasia.svg/350px-Legality_of_euthanasia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Legality_of_euthanasia.svg/525px-Legality_of_euthanasia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Legality_of_euthanasia.svg/700px-Legality_of_euthanasia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Current status of euthanasia around the world: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ffff; color:;"> </span> Active voluntary euthanasia legal (<a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PortugalNote_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PortugalNote-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and the Australian states of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00afffff; color:;"> </span> Passive euthanasia legal (refusal of treatment / withdrawal of life support)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ddddddff; color:;"> </span> Active euthanasia illegal, passive euthanasia not legislated or regulated</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c60000ff; color:;"> </span> All forms of euthanasia illegal</div> </figcaption></figure> <p>Eligibility for euthanasia varies across jurisdictions where it is legal.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_2019_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis_2019-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some countries such as Belgium and the Netherlands allow <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_for_mental_illness" title="Euthanasia for mental illness">euthanasia for mental illness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scopetti_Morena_Padovano_Manetti_2023_p._1470_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scopetti_Morena_Padovano_Manetti_2023_p._1470-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>West's <i>Encyclopedia of American Law</i> states that "a 'mercy killing' or euthanasia is generally considered to be a criminal homicide" and is normally used as a synonym of homicide committed at a request made by the patient.<sup id="cite_ref-WEAL_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WEAL-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tomas_Valiente_1997_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomas_Valiente_1997-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The judicial sense of the term "<a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a>" includes any intervention undertaken with the express intention of ending a life, even to relieve intractable suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tomas_Valiente_1997_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomas_Valiente_1997-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mohanty_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohanty-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all homicide is unlawful.<sup id="cite_ref-homicide_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-homicide-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two designations of homicide that carry no criminal punishment are justifiable and excusable homicide.<sup id="cite_ref-homicide_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-homicide-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most countries this is not the status of euthanasia. The term "euthanasia" is usually confined to the active variety; the University of Washington website states that "euthanasia generally means that the physician would act directly, for instance by giving a lethal injection, to end the patient's life".<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Washington_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Washington-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Physician-assisted suicide</a> is thus not classified as euthanasia by <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">the US State of Oregon</a>, where it is legal under the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Death_with_Dignity_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Oregon Death with Dignity Act">Oregon Death with Dignity Act</a>, and despite its name, it is not legally classified as suicide either.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike physician-assisted suicide, withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatments with patient consent (voluntary) is almost unanimously considered, at least in the United States, to be legal.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of pain medication to relieve suffering, even if it hastens death, has been held as legal in several court decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Washington_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Washington-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some governments around the world have legalized voluntary euthanasia but most commonly it is still considered to be criminal homicide. In the Netherlands and Belgium, where euthanasia has been legalized, it still remains homicide although it is not prosecuted and not punishable if the perpetrator (the doctor) meets certain legal conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a historic judgment, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> legalized passive euthanasia. The apex court remarked in the judgement that the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> values liberty, dignity, autonomy, and privacy. A bench headed by <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Dipak_Misra" title="Dipak Misra">Dipak Misra</a> delivered a unanimous judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_professionals'_sentiment"><span id="Health_professionals.27_sentiment"></span>Health professionals' sentiment</h2></div> <p>A 2010 survey in the United States of more than 10,000 physicians found that 16.3% of physicians would consider halting life-sustaining therapy because the family demanded it, even if they believed that it was premature. Approximately 54.5% would not, and the remaining 29.2% responded "it depends".<sup id="cite_ref-kane_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kane-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study also found that 45.8% of physicians agreed that physician-assisted suicide should be allowed in some cases; 40.7% did not, and the remaining 13.5% felt it depended.<sup id="cite_ref-kane_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kane-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, the assisted dying campaign group <a href="/wiki/Dignity_in_Dying" title="Dignity in Dying">Dignity in Dying</a> cites research in which 54% of general practitioners support or are neutral towards a law change on assisted dying.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, a 2017 <a href="/wiki/Doctors.net.uk" title="Doctors.net.uk">Doctors.net.uk</a> poll reported in the <a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="British Medical Journal">British Medical Journal</a> stated that 55% of doctors believe assisted dying, in defined circumstances, should be legalised in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, the World Medical Association issued a statement during its 70th Assembly declaring itself opposed to euthanasia and assisted suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_euthanasia" title="Religious views on euthanasia">Religious views on euthanasia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Broadly_against">Broadly against</h4></div> <p>The Roman Catholic Church condemns euthanasia and assisted suicide as morally wrong. As paragraph 2324 of the Catechism of the Catholic Church states, "Intentional euthanasia, whatever its forms or motives, is murder. It is gravely contrary to the dignity of the human person and to the respect due to the living God, his Creator". Because of this, per the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_Euthanasia" title="Declaration on Euthanasia">Declaration on Euthanasia</a>, the practice is unacceptable within the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">Orthodox Church in America</a>, along with other Eastern Orthodox Churches, also opposes euthanasia stating that "euthanasia is the deliberate cessation of human life, and, as such, must be condemned as murder."<sup id="cite_ref-orthodoxchristian.info_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orthodoxchristian.info-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many non-Catholic churches in the United States take a stance against euthanasia. Among Protestant denominations, the Episcopal Church passed a resolution in 1991 opposing euthanasia and assisted suicide stating that it is "morally wrong and unacceptable to take a human life to relieve the suffering caused by incurable illnesses."<sup id="cite_ref-orthodoxchristian.info_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orthodoxchristian.info-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protestant and other non-Catholic churches which oppose euthanasia include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">Assemblies of God</a><sup id="cite_ref-ag.org_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ag.org-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_America" title="Presbyterian Church in America">Presbyterian Church in America</a><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_America" title="Reformed Church in America">Reformed Church in America</a><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-ag.org_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ag.org-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-orthodoxchristian.info_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orthodoxchristian.info-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Partially_in_favor_of">Partially in favor of</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> accepts passive euthanasia under some circumstances, but is strongly against active euthanasia, and has led opposition against recent attempts to legalise it.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church of Canada</a> accepts passive euthanasia under some circumstances, but is in general against active euthanasia, with growing acceptance now that active euthanasia has been partly legalised in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a> take a liberal stance on Euthanasia and allow the decision to lie with individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Ozzano_Giorgi_2015_p._178_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ozzano_Giorgi_2015_p._178-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garnier_2022_p._135_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garnier_2022_p._135-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3></div> <p>Euthanasia is a complex issue in Islamic theology; however, in general it is considered contrary to <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">holy texts</a>. Among interpretations of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, the early termination of life is a crime, be it by suicide or helping one commit suicide. The various positions on the cessation of medical treatment are mixed and considered a different class of action than direct termination of life, especially if the patient is suffering. Suicide and euthanasia are both crimes in almost all <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim majority countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3></div> <p>There is much debate on the topic of euthanasia in Judaic theology, ethics, and general opinion (especially in Israel and the United States). Passive euthanasia was declared legal by <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court (Israel)">Israel's highest court</a> under certain conditions and has reached some level of acceptance. Active euthanasia remains illegal; however, the topic is actively under debate with no clear consensus through legal, ethical, theological and spiritual perspectives.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="selfreference"><a href="/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Euthanasia_in" title="Special:PrefixIndex/Euthanasia in">All pages with titles beginning with <i>Euthanasia in</i></a></span> – lists many countries with notable positions</li> <li><span class="selfreference"><a href="/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Assisted_suicide_in" title="Special:PrefixIndex/Assisted suicide in">All pages with titles beginning with <i>Assisted suicide in</i></a></span> – lists some countries with notable positions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_from_legal_euthanasia_and_assisted_suicide" title="List of deaths from legal euthanasia and assisted suicide">List of deaths from legal euthanasia and assisted suicide</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advance_healthcare_directive" title="Advance healthcare directive">Advance healthcare directive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruna_Shanbaug_case" title="Aruna Shanbaug case">Aruna Shanbaug case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_euthanasia_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Child euthanasia in Nazi Germany">Child euthanasia in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_de_gr%C3%A2ce" title="Coup de grâce">Coup de grâce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthanasia" title="Dysthanasia">Dysthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_and_the_slippery_slope" title="Euthanasia and the slippery slope">Euthanasia and the slippery slope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_device" title="Euthanasia device">Euthanasia device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_law" title="Medical law">Medical law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_sedation" title="Palliative sedation">Palliative sedation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of double effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarco_pod" title="Sarco pod">Sarco pod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senicide" title="Senicide">Senicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terri_Schiavo_case" title="Terri Schiavo case">Terri Schiavo case</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PortugalNote-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PortugalNote_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Portugal</b>: Law not yet in force, awaits regulation to be implemented. The law legalizing euthanasia, Law n.º 22/2023, of 22 May,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states in Article 31 that the regulation must be approved within 90 days of the publishing of the law, which would have been 23 August 2023. However, the regulation has not yet been approved by the government. On 24 November 2023, the Ministry of Health stated that the regulation of the law would be the responsibility of the new government elected in the 10 March 2024 elections.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law, according to its Article 34, will only enter into force 30 days after the regulation is published.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKuhse" class="citation web cs1">Kuhse, Helga. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170805150346/http://www.worldrtd.net/euthanasia-fact-sheet">"Euthanasia Fact Sheet"</a>. <i>The World Federation of Right to Die Societies</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldrtd.net/euthanasia-fact-sheet">the original</a> on 5 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2017</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Euthanasia' is a compound of two Greek words – eu and thanatos meaning, literally, 'a good death'. Today, 'euthanasia' is generally understood to mean the bringing about of a good death – 'mercy killing,' where one person, A, ends the life of another person, B, for the sake of B."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Federation+of+Right+to+Die+Societies&rft.atitle=Euthanasia+Fact+Sheet&rft.aulast=Kuhse&rft.aufirst=Helga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldrtd.net%2Feuthanasia-fact-sheet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/euthanasia-voluntary/">"Voluntary Euthanasia"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190611083952/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/euthanasia-voluntary/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2019</span>. <q>When a person performs an act of euthanasia, she brings about the death of another person because she believes the latter's present existence is so bad that he would be better off dead, or believes that unless she intervenes and ends his life, his life will very soon become so bad that he would be better off dead.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Voluntary+Euthanasia&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Feuthanasia-voluntary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris-2001-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harris-2001_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris-2001_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris-2001_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris-2001_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2001" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, NM. (October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjramc-147-03-22">"The euthanasia debate"</a>. <i>J R Army Med Corps</i>. <b>147</b> (3): 367–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjramc-147-03-22">10.1136/jramc-147-03-22</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11766225">11766225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+R+Army+Med+Corps&rft.atitle=The+euthanasia+debate&rft.volume=147&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=367-70&rft.date=2001-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjramc-147-03-22&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11766225&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=NM.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1136%252Fjramc-147-03-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/health/support/terminalillness_euthanasia.shtml">Euthanasia and assisted suicide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719071151/http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/support/terminalillness_euthanasia.shtml">Archived</a> 19 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>. Last reviewed June 2011. Accessed 25 July 2011. Archived from the original</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr2014" class="citation book cs1">Carr, Claudia (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a5SLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT402"><i>Unlocking Medical Law and Ethics</i></a> (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 374. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317743514" title="Special:BookSources/9781317743514"><bdi>9781317743514</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unlocking+Medical+Law+and+Ethics&rft.pages=374&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317743514&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da5SLBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/euthanasia/overview/volinvol.shtml">Voluntary and involuntary euthanasia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110905055247/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/euthanasia/overview/volinvol.shtml">Archived</a> 5 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i> Accessed 12 February 2012. Archived from the original</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorrySchotsmansDierickx2006" class="citation journal cs1">Borry P, Schotsmans P, Dierickx K (April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2565792">"Empirical research in bioethical journals. A quantitative analysis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/J_Med_Ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="J Med Ethics">J Med Ethics</a></i>. <b>32</b> (4): 240–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjme.2004.011478">10.1136/jme.2004.011478</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2565792">2565792</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16574880">16574880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Med+Ethics&rft.atitle=Empirical+research+in+bioethical+journals.+A+quantitative+analysis&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=240-45&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2565792%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16574880&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjme.2004.011478&rft.aulast=Borry&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Schotsmans%2C+P&rft.au=Dierickx%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2565792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/euthanasia">"Dictionary.com | Meanings & Definitions of English Words"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Dictionary.com+%26%23124%3B+Meanings+%26+Definitions+of+English+Words&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Feuthanasia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/euthanasia">"EUTHANASIA | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EUTHANASIA+%26%23124%3B+English+meaning+-+Cambridge+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Feuthanasia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohl1974" class="citation book cs1">Kohl, Marvin (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moralityofkillin0000kohl"><i>The Morality of Killing</i></a></span>. New York: Humanities Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moralityofkillin0000kohl/page/94">94</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780391001954" title="Special:BookSources/9780391001954"><bdi>9780391001954</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Morality+of+Killing&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Humanities+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780391001954&rft.aulast=Kohl&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoralityofkillin0000kohl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span>, quoted in Beauchamp & Davidson (1979), p 294. A similar definition is offered by Blackburn (1994) with "the action of causing the quick and painless death of a person, or not acting to prevent it when prevention was within the agent's powers."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BeauchampDavidson1979-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BeauchampDavidson1979_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BeauchampDavidson1979_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BeauchampDavidson1979_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BeauchampDavidson1979_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BeauchampDavidson1979_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeauchampDavidson1979" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Beauchamp" title="Tom Beauchamp">Beauchamp, Tom L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Davidson" title="Arnold Davidson">Davidson, Arnold I.</a> (1979). "The Definition of Euthanasia". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Medicine_and_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Medicine and Philosophy">Journal of Medicine and Philosophy</a></i>. <b>4</b> (3): 294–312. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjmp%2F4.3.294">10.1093/jmp/4.3.294</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/501249">501249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medicine+and+Philosophy&rft.atitle=The+Definition+of+Euthanasia&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=294-312&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjmp%2F4.3.294&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F501249&rft.aulast=Beauchamp&rft.aufirst=Tom+L.&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Arnold+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Draper1998-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Draper1998_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Draper1998_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper1998" class="citation book cs1">Draper, Heather (1998). "Euthanasia". In Chadwick, Ruth (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics</i>. Vol. 2. Academic Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Euthanasia&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Applied+Ethics&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Heather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110821152342/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/euthanasia">"euthanasia"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. April 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/euthanasia">the original</a> on 21 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=euthanasia&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Feuthanasia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohlKurtz1975" class="citation book cs1">Kohl, Marvin; Kurtz, Paul (1975). "A Plea for Beneficient Euthanasia". In Kohl, Marvin (ed.). <i>Beneficient Euthanasia</i>. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. p. 94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Plea+for+Beneficient+Euthanasia&rft.btitle=Beneficient+Euthanasia&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+New+York&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Kohl&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rft.au=Kurtz%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span>, quoted in Beauchamp & Davidson (1979), p 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wreen1988p639-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wreen1988p639_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWreen1988" class="citation journal cs1">Wreen, Michael (1988). "The Definition of Euthanasia". <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_and_Phenomenological_Research" title="Philosophy and Phenomenological Research">Philosophy and Phenomenological Research</a></i>. <b>48</b> (4): 637–53 [639]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2108012">10.2307/2108012</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2108012">2108012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11652547">11652547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+and+Phenomenological+Research&rft.atitle=The+Definition+of+Euthanasia&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=637-53+639&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11652547&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2108012%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2108012&rft.aulast=Wreen&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrody1975" class="citation book cs1">Brody, Baruch (1975). "Voluntary Euthanasia and the Law". In Kohl, Marvin (ed.). <i>Beneficient Euthanasia</i>. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. p. 94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Voluntary+Euthanasia+and+the+Law&rft.btitle=Beneficient+Euthanasia&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+New+York&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Brody&rft.aufirst=Baruch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span>, quoted in Beauchamp & Davidson (1979), p 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Draper1998p176-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Draper1998p176_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper1998" class="citation book cs1">Draper, Heather (1998). "Euthanasia". In Chadwick, Ruth (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics</i>. Vol. 2. Academic Press. p. 176.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Euthanasia&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Applied+Ethics&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Heather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BeauchampDavidson1979p303-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BeauchampDavidson1979p303_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeauchampDavidson1979" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Beauchamp" title="Tom Beauchamp">Beauchamp, Tom L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Davidson" title="Arnold Davidson">Davidson, Arnold I.</a> (1979). "The Definition of Euthanasia". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Medicine_and_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Medicine and Philosophy">Journal of Medicine and Philosophy</a></i>. <b>4</b> (3): 303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjmp%2F4.3.294">10.1093/jmp/4.3.294</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/501249">501249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medicine+and+Philosophy&rft.atitle=The+Definition+of+Euthanasia&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=303&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjmp%2F4.3.294&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F501249&rft.aulast=Beauchamp&rft.aufirst=Tom+L.&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Arnold+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BeauchampDavidson1979p304-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BeauchampDavidson1979p304_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeauchampDavidson1979" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Beauchamp" title="Tom Beauchamp">Beauchamp, Tom L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Davidson" title="Arnold Davidson">Davidson, Arnold I.</a> (1979). 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Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 25–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22834-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22834-9"><bdi>978-0-631-22834-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethics+in+practice%3A+an+anthology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=25-26&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22834-9&rft.au=LaFollette%2C+Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do5peQpgSTTIC%26pg%3DRA1-PA3-IA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wreen1988-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wreen1988_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWreen1988" class="citation journal cs1">Wreen, Michael (1988). 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Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6124-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6124-0"><bdi>978-0-7190-6124-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL10531689M">10531689M</a>. 0719061245.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merciful+Release&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2002-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL10531689M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6124-0&rft.au=Nick+Kemp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dowbiggin2007-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dowbiggin2007_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Dowbiggin2007" class="citation book cs1">Ian Dowbiggin (March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CNigO7gMGkUC&pg=PA62"><i>A Concise History of Euthanasia: Life, Death, God, and Medicine</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 51, 62–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3111-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3111-6"><bdi>978-0-7425-3111-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Euthanasia%3A+Life%2C+Death%2C+God%2C+and+Medicine&rft.pages=51%2C+62-64&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007-03&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-3111-6&rft.au=Ian+Dowbiggin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCNigO7gMGkUC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorporation1873" class="citation journal cs1">Corporation, Bonnier (May 1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-B8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA90">"Popular Science"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Popular+Science&rft.date=1873-05&rft.aulast=Corporation&rft.aufirst=Bonnier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-B8DAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappas1996" class="citation journal cs1">Pappas, Demetra (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.bmb.a011554">"Recent historical perspectives regarding medical euthanasia and physician assisted suicide"</a>. <i>British Medical Bulletin</i>. <b>52</b> (2): 386–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.bmb.a011554">10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011554</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8759237">8759237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Recent+historical+perspectives+regarding+medical+euthanasia+and+physician+assisted+suicide&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=386-87&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.bmb.a011554&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8759237&rft.aulast=Pappas&rft.aufirst=Demetra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Foxfordjournals.bmb.a011554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dowbiggin-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dowbiggin_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dowbiggin_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dowbiggin_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dowbiggin_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dowbiggin_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dowbiggin_43-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowbiggin2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Dowbiggin" title="Ian Dowbiggin">Dowbiggin, Ian</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mercifulendeutha00dowb_0/page/10"><i>A merciful end: the euthanasia movement in modern America</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mercifulendeutha00dowb_0/page/10">10–13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515443-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515443-6"><bdi>978-0-19-515443-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+merciful+end%3A+the+euthanasia+movement+in+modern+America&rft.pages=10-13&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515443-6&rft.aulast=Dowbiggin&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmercifulendeutha00dowb_0%2Fpage%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dowbiggin2003p13-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dowbiggin2003p13_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowbiggin2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Dowbiggin" title="Ian Dowbiggin">Dowbiggin, Ian</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mercifulendeutha00dowb_0/page/13"><i>A merciful end: the euthanasia movement in modern America</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mercifulendeutha00dowb_0/page/13">13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515443-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515443-6"><bdi>978-0-19-515443-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+merciful+end%3A+the+euthanasia+movement+in+modern+America&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515443-6&rft.aulast=Dowbiggin&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmercifulendeutha00dowb_0%2Fpage%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Appel2004-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Appel2004_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appel2004_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appel2004_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appel2004_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appel2004_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppel2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_M._Appel" title="Jacob M. Appel">Appel, Jacob</a> (2004). "A Duty to Kill? A Duty to Die? Rethinking the Euthanasia Controversy of 1906". <i>Bulletin of the History of Medicine</i>. <b>78</b> (3): 610–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fbhm.2004.0106">10.1353/bhm.2004.0106</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15356372">15356372</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24991992">24991992</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+History+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=A+Duty+to+Kill%3F+A+Duty+to+Die%3F+Rethinking+the+Euthanasia+Controversy+of+1906&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=610-34&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24991992%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15356372&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fbhm.2004.0106&rft.aulast=Appel&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsay2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ramsay, J H R (28 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2540387">"A king, a doctor, and a convenient death"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="British Medical Journal">British Medical Journal</a></i>. <b>308</b> (1445): 1445. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.308.6941.1445">10.1136/bmj.308.6941.1445</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2540387">2540387</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11644545">11644545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=A+king%2C+a+doctor%2C+and+a+convenient+death&rft.volume=308&rft.issue=1445&rft.pages=1445&rft.date=2011-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2540387%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11644545&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.308.6941.1445&rft.aulast=Ramsay&rft.aufirst=J+H+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2540387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurney1972" class="citation journal cs1">Gurney, Edward (1972). "Is There a Right to Die – A Study of the Law of Euthanasia". <i>Cumberland-Samford Law Review</i>. <b>3</b>: 237.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cumberland-Samford+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Is+There+a+Right+to+Die+%E2%80%93+A+Study+of+the+Law+of+Euthanasia&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=237&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Gurney&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-July24-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-July24_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-July24_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-July24_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/timelines/nazi_genocide_timeline/index_embed.shtml">Genocide Under the Nazis Timeline: 24 July 1939</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805144040/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/timelines/nazi_genocide_timeline/index_embed.shtml">Archived</a> 5 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i> Accessed 23 July 2011. Quotation: "The first state-sanctioned euthanasia is carried out, after Hitler receives a petition from a child's parents, asking for the life of their severely disabled infant to be ended. This happens after the case has been considered by Hitler's office and by the Reich Committee for the Scientific Registration of Serious and Congenitally Based Illnesses, whose 'experts' have laid down the basis for the removal of disabled children to special 'paediatric clinics'. Here they can be either starved to death or given lethal injections. At least 5,200 infants will eventually be killed through this programme".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-casek1-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-casek1_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casek1_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casek1_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrene_Zoech2003" class="citation news cs1">Irene Zoech (11 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/1443967/Named-the-baby-boy-who-was-Nazis-first-euthanasia-victim.html">"Named: the baby boy who was Nazis' first euthanasia victim"</a>. <i>Telegraph.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908201139/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/1443967/Named-the-baby-boy-who-was-Nazis-first-euthanasia-victim.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Named%3A+the+baby+boy+who+was+Nazis%27+first+euthanasia+victim&rft.date=2003-10-11&rft.au=Irene+Zoech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fgermany%2F1443967%2FNamed-the-baby-boy-who-was-Nazis-first-euthanasia-victim.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-January14-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-January14_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/timelines/nazi_genocide_timeline/index_embed.shtml">Genocide Under the Nazis Timeline: 14 January 1940</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805144040/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/timelines/nazi_genocide_timeline/index_embed.shtml">Archived</a> 5 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i> Accessed 23 July 2011. Quotation: "The 'euthanasia campaign' gathers momentum in Germany, as six special killing centres and gas vans, under an organisation code-named T4, are used in the murder of 'handicapped' adults. Over 70,000 Germans will eventually be killed in this act of mass murder – it is the first time poison bas will be used for such a purpose".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Basic Books 1986, 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michalsen2006-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michalsen2006_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michalsen2006_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichalsenReinhart2006" class="citation journal cs1">Michalsen A, Reinhart K (September 2006). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Euthanasia": A confusing term, abused under the Nazi regime and misused in present end-of-life debate". <i>Intensive Care Med</i>. <b>32</b> (9): 1304–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00134-006-0256-9">10.1007/s00134-006-0256-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16826394">16826394</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21032497">21032497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intensive+Care+Med&rft.atitle=%22Euthanasia%22%3A+A+confusing+term%2C+abused+under+the+Nazi+regime+and+misused+in+present+end-of-life+debate&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1304-10&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21032497%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16826394&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00134-006-0256-9&rft.aulast=Michalsen&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Reinhart%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mercy_Killing-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mercy_Killing_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mercy_Killing_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_Moncton_Transcript" class="mw-redirect" title="The Moncton Transcript">The Moncton Transcript</a>. "Ministers Ask Mercy Killing." 6 January 1949.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesley_J._Smith1997" class="citation book cs1">Wesley J. Smith (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forcedexitslippe00smit"><i>Forced Exit</i></a> (Forced exit ed.). New York: Times Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-2790-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-2790-0"><bdi>978-0-8129-2790-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1006883M">1006883M</a>. 0812927907.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forced+Exit&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Forced+exit&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL1006883M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-2790-0&rft.au=Wesley+J.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforcedexitslippe00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usa151020-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usa151020_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usa151020_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2015/10/20/california-physician-assisted-suicide-belgium-netherlands-editorials-debates/74296214">"The vulnerable will be the victims: Opposing view"</a>. <i>Usatoday.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170909185538/https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2015/10/20/california-physician-assisted-suicide-belgium-netherlands-editorials-debates/74296214/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Usatoday.com&rft.atitle=The+vulnerable+will+be+the+victims%3A+Opposing+view&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fopinion%2F2015%2F10%2F20%2Fcalifornia-physician-assisted-suicide-belgium-netherlands-editorials-debates%2F74296214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorman2015" class="citation web cs1">Gorman, Anna (30 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/06/disability-rights-assisted-suicide-california/397235/">"Why Disability-Rights Advocates Are Fighting Doctor-Assisted Suicide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701182950/https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/06/disability-rights-assisted-suicide-california/397235/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Why+Disability-Rights+Advocates+Are+Fighting+Doctor-Assisted+Suicide&rft.date=2015-06-30&rft.aulast=Gorman&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fhealth%2Farchive%2F2015%2F06%2Fdisability-rights-assisted-suicide-california%2F397235%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161108235559/http://www.populus.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/DIGNITY-IN-DYING-Populus-poll-March-2015-data-tables-with-full-party-crossbreaks.compressed.pdf">"Dignity in Dying Poll – Populous"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.populus.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/DIGNITY-IN-DYING-Populus-poll-March-2015-data-tables-with-full-party-crossbreaks.compressed.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Error&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdownload.elca.org%2FELCA%2520Resource%2520Repository%2FEnd_Life_DecisionsSM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://euthanasia.procon.org/view.answers.php?questionID=000154">"What Are Christian Perspectives on Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide? - Euthanasia - ProCon.org"</a>. <i>euthanasia.procon.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170815061214/http://euthanasia.procon.org/view.answers.php?questionID=000154">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=euthanasia.procon.org&rft.atitle=What+Are+Christian+Perspectives+on+Euthanasia+and+Physician-Assisted+Suicide%3F+-+Euthanasia+-+ProCon.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuthanasia.procon.org%2Fview.answers.php%3FquestionID%3D000154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lcms.org/about/beliefs/faqs/lcms-views">"LCMS Views – Frequently Asked Questions – The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod"</a>. <i>www.lcms.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170814142432/https://www.lcms.org/about/beliefs/faqs/lcms-views">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lcms.org&rft.atitle=LCMS+Views+%E2%80%93+Frequently+Asked+Questions+%E2%80%93+The+Lutheran+Church%E2%80%94Missouri+Synod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lcms.org%2Fabout%2Fbeliefs%2Ffaqs%2Flcms-views&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rca.org/physicianassistedsuicide">"General Synod Statements: Physician-Assisted Suicide – Reformed Church in America"</a>. <i>www.rca.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170319191005/https://www.rca.org/physicianassistedsuicide">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rca.org&rft.atitle=General+Synod+Statements%3A+Physician-Assisted+Suicide+%E2%80%93+Reformed+Church+in+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rca.org%2Fphysicianassistedsuicide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salvationarmy.org/ihq/ipseuthanasia">"The Salvation Army International – Positional Statement: Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide"</a>. <i>www.salvationarmy.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170814174417/http://www.salvationarmy.org/ihq/ipseuthanasia">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.salvationarmy.org&rft.atitle=The+Salvation+Army+International+%E2%80%93+Positional+Statement%3A+Euthanasia+and+Assisted+Suicide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salvationarmy.org%2Fihq%2Fipseuthanasia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbc.net/resolutions/493">"Southern Baptist Convention > Resolution on Euthanasia And Assisted Suicide"</a>. <i>www.sbc.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009015714/http://www.sbc.net/resolutions/493">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sbc.net&rft.atitle=Southern+Baptist+Convention+%3E+Resolution+on+Euthanasia+And+Assisted+Suicide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbc.net%2Fresolutions%2F493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Why the Church of England Supports the Current Law on Assisted Suicide. Dr Brendan McCarthy Archbishops' Council Church House, London 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Submission to The Special Joint Committee on Physician-Assisted Dying. Rev. Jordan Cantwell Moderator of The United Church of Canada. 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ozzano_Giorgi_2015_p._178-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ozzano_Giorgi_2015_p._178_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOzzanoGiorgi2015" class="citation book cs1">Ozzano, L.; Giorgi, A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fdyPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA178"><i>European Culture Wars and the Italian Case: Which side are you on?</i></a>. Routledge Studies in Religion and Politics. Taylor & Francis. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-36548-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-36548-8"><bdi>978-1-317-36548-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230513113441/https://books.google.com/books?id=fdyPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA178">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Culture+Wars+and+the+Italian+Case%3A+Which+side+are+you+on%3F&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+Religion+and+Politics&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-36548-8&rft.aulast=Ozzano&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Giorgi%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfdyPCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garnier_2022_p._135-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garnier_2022_p._135_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarnier2022" class="citation book cs1">Garnier, T. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7--hEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA135"><i>From God to Climate Change: The journey of Albert Garnier's 30-year mission in China to scientist son Ben's fight with the riddle of the world</i></a>. Paragon Publishing. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78222-969-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78222-969-8"><bdi>978-1-78222-969-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230513113440/https://books.google.com/books?id=7--hEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA135">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+God+to+Climate+Change%3A+The+journey+of+Albert+Garnier%27s+30-year+mission+in+China+to+scientist+son+Ben%27s+fight+with+the+riddle+of+the+world&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Paragon+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-78222-969-8&rft.aulast=Garnier&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7--hEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Islamic Perspectives, Euthanasia (Qatl al-raḥma). Abulfadl Mohsin Ebrahim. Journal of the Islamic Medical Association of North America 2007 Volume 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Death and Euthanasia in Jewish Law: Essays and Responses. W Jacob and M. Zemer. Pitsburg and Tel Aviv. Rodef Shalom Press. 1995</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFry-Revere2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Fry-Revere" title="Sigrid Fry-Revere">Fry-Revere, Sigrid</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">"Euthanasia"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i>. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 156–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n98">10.4135/9781412965811.n98</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Euthanasia&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=156-58&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications%2C+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n98&rft.isbn=978-1412965804&rft.aulast=Fry-Revere&rft.aufirst=Sigrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNitschkeFiona_StewartPhilip_NitschkeFiona_Stewart2006" class="citation book cs1">Nitschke, Philip; Fiona Stewart; Philip Nitschke; Fiona Stewart (2006). <i>The Peaceful Pill Handbook</i>. Exit International US Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9788788-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9788788-0-1"><bdi>978-0-9788788-0-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peaceful+Pill+Handbook&rft.pub=Exit+International+US+Ltd&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9788788-0-1&rft.aulast=Nitschke&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Fiona+Stewart&rft.au=Philip+Nitschke&rft.au=Fiona+Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachels1986" class="citation book cs1">Rachels, James (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/endoflifeeuthana0000rach"><i>The end of life: Euthanasia and Morality</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-286070-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-286070-5"><bdi>978-0-19-286070-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+end+of+life%3A+Euthanasia+and+Morality&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-19-286070-5&rft.aulast=Rachels&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fendoflifeeuthana0000rach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorr2000" class="citation book cs1">Torr, James D. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/euthanasia00jame"><i>Euthanasia: opposing viewpoints</i></a></span>. San Diego: Greenhaven Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7377-0127-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7377-0127-2"><bdi>978-0-7377-0127-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Euthanasia%3A+opposing+viewpoints&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pub=Greenhaven+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7377-0127-2&rft.aulast=Torr&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuthanasia00jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuthanasia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikinews has news related to: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"> <i><b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Euthanasia" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a> </b></i> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Euthanasia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/euthanasia" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:euthanasia"><i>euthanasia</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Euthanasia" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehastingscenter.org/briefingbook/physician-assisted-death/">Physician assisted death</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hastings_Center" title="The Hastings Center">The Hastings Center</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Death" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Death" title="Template:Death"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Death" title="Template talk:Death"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Death" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Death"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Death" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cell_death" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Cell death</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">Necrosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">Avascular necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulative_necrosis" title="Coagulative necrosis">Coagulative necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquefactive_necrosis" title="Liquefactive necrosis">Liquefactive necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrenous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caseous_necrosis" title="Caseous necrosis">Caseous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_necrosis" title="Fat necrosis">Fat necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrinoid_necrosis" title="Fibrinoid necrosis">Fibrinoid necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_necrosis" title="Temporal lobe necrosis">Temporal lobe necrosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activation-induced_cell_death" title="Activation-induced cell death">AICD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoikis" title="Anoikis">Anoikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autophagy" title="Autophagy">Autophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_apoptosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsic apoptosis">Intrinsic apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necroptosis" title="Necroptosis">Necroptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraptosis" title="Paraptosis">Paraptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthanatos" title="Parthanatos">Parthanatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoptosis" title="Phenoptosis">Phenoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoapoptosis" title="Pseudoapoptosis">Pseudoapoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroptosis" title="Pyroptosis">Pyroptosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolysis_(biology)" title="Autolysis (biology)">Autolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoschizis" title="Autoschizis">Autoschizis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschar" title="Eschar">Eschar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunogenic_cell_death" title="Immunogenic cell death">Immunogenic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_cell_death" title="Ischemic cell death">Ischemic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyknosis" title="Pyknosis">Pyknosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyorrhexis" title="Karyorrhexis">Karyorrhexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyolysis" title="Karyolysis">Karyolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitotic_catastrophe" title="Mitotic catastrophe">Mitotic catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_gene" title="Suicide gene">Suicide gene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accidental_death" title="Accidental death">Accidental death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">Autopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_death" title="Brain death">Brain death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brainstem_death" title="Brainstem death">Brainstem death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_death" title="Clinical death">Clinical death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_on_arrival" title="Dead on arrival">DOA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Death by natural causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_rattle" title="Death rattle">Death rattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthanasia" title="Dysthanasia">Dysthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_care" title="End-of-life care">End-of-life care</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_sign" title="Lazarus sign">Lazarus sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_syndrome" title="Lazarus syndrome">Lazarus syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death#Medical_declaration" title="Legal death">Medical declaration of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_donation" title="Organ donation">Organ donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_illness" title="Terminal illness">Terminal illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Unnatural death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Death-related_lists" title="Category:Death-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate" title="List of causes of death by rate">Causes of death by rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deaths_by_year" title="Lists of deaths by year">Notable deaths by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_expressions_related_to_death" class="mw-redirect" title="List of expressions related to death">Expressions related to death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of natural disasters by death toll">Natural disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_cause_of_death" title="Lists of people by cause of death">People by cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premature_obituaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of premature obituaries">Premature obituaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventable_causes_of_death" title="Preventable causes of death">Preventable causes of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unusual_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of unusual deaths">Unusual deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_dishonor_the_dead" title="List of ways people dishonor the dead">List of ways people dishonor the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_honor_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ways people honor the dead">List of ways people honor the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mortality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthday_effect" title="Birthday effect">Birthday effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality" title="Excess mortality">Excess mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gompertz%E2%80%93Makeham_law_of_mortality" title="Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality">Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoshi" title="Karoshi">Karoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">Maternal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality_in_fiction" title="Maternal mortality in fiction">Maternal mortality in fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromort" title="Micromort">Micromort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">Mortality rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Risk_adjusted_mortality_rate" title="Risk adjusted mortality rate">RAMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_salience" title="Mortality salience">Mortality salience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">Body</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallor_mortis" title="Pallor mortis">Pallor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livor_mortis" title="Livor mortis">Livor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algor_mortis" title="Algor mortis">Algor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigor_mortis" title="Rigor mortis">Rigor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrefaction" title="Putrefaction">Putrefaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">Decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletonization" title="Skeletonization">Skeletonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryopreservation" title="Cryopreservation">Cryopreservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropreservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropreservation">Neuropreservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">Embalming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(bone)" title="Maceration (bone)">Maceration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastination" title="Plastination">Plastination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosection" title="Prosection">Prosection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disposal_of_human_corpses" title="Disposal of human corpses">Disposal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_burial" title="Natural burial">Natural burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_burial" title="Sky burial">Sky burial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">Dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excarnation" title="Excarnation">Excarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promession" title="Promession">Promession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_hydrolysis_(body_disposal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline hydrolysis (body disposal)">Resomation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beating_heart_cadaver" title="Beating heart cadaver">Beating heart cadaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_donation" title="Body donation">Body donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadaveric_spasm" title="Cadaveric spasm">Cadaveric spasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_birth" title="Coffin birth">Coffin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_erection" title="Death erection">Death erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">Dissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">Gibbeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmortem_caloricity" title="Postmortem caloricity">Postmortem caloricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_interval" title="Post-mortem interval">Post-mortem interval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b>Other aspects</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">Carrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_after_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Consciousness after death">Consciousness after death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Death_customs" title="Category:Death customs">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crematorium" title="Crematorium">Crematorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration_of_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Desecration of graves">Desecration of graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_oblivion" title="Eternal oblivion">Eternal oblivion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_examiner" title="Medical examiner">Examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_the_Internet" title="Death and the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_midwife" title="Death midwife">Midwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning" title="Mourning">Mourning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_mourning" title="Online mourning">Online mourning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obituary" title="Obituary">Obituary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palingenesis" title="Palingenesis">Palingenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigil" title="Vigil">Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paranormal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">Near-death experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_studies" title="Near-death studies">Near-death studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reincarnation_research" title="Template:Reincarnation research">Reincarnation research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">Séance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_death" title="Cause of death">Cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_death" title="Civil death">Civil death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">Coroner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-qualified_jury" title="Death-qualified jury">Death-qualified jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_certificate" title="Death certificate">Death certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_death" title="Presumption of death">Declared death <i>in absentia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_declaration" title="Dying declaration">Dying declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquest" title="Inquest">Inquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death" title="Legal death">Legal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necropolitics" title="Necropolitics">Necropolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_dying" title="Prohibition of dying">Prohibition of dying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicious_death" title="Suspicious death">Suspicious death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">Trust law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_tech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Death tech (page does not exist)">Death tech</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Tech" class="extiw" title="pt:Death Tech">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Forensic pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_director" title="Funeral director">Funeral director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_science" title="Mortuary science">Mortuary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Necrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taphonomy" title="Taphonomy">Taphonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biostratinomy" title="Biostratinomy">Biostratinomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatology" title="Thanatology">Thanatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_death" title="Apparent death">Apparent death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_burial_money" title="Chinese burial money">Chinese burial money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_for_the_dead" title="Coins for the dead">Coins for the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_tourism" title="Dark tourism">Dark tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Awards" title="Darwin Awards">Darwin Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_culture" title="Death and culture">Death and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anniversary" title="Death anniversary">Death anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anxiety" title="Death anxiety">Death anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_death_deities" title="List of death deities">Death deity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Personification of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying-and-rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying-and-rising deity">Dying-and-rising god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">Psychopomp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Death camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_education" title="Death education">Death education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_from_laughter" title="Death from laughter">Death from laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_hoax" title="Death hoax">Death hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_knell" title="Death knell">Death knell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death march</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_messenger" title="Death messenger">Death messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_notification" title="Death notification">Death notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_panel" title="Death panel">Death panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_poem" title="Death poem">Death poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opisthotonic_death_pose" title="Opisthotonic death pose">Death pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-positive_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Death-positive movement">Death-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_threat" title="Death threat">Death threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_trajectory" title="Death trajectory">Death trajectory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignified_death" title="Dignified death">Dignified death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_the_Dead" title="Festival of the Dead">Festival of the Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascination_with_death" title="Fascination with death">Fascination with death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_death" title="Hierarchy of death">Hierarchy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">Longevity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Death" title="Museum of Death">Museum of Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophilia" title="Necrophilia">Necrophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophobia" title="Necrophobia">Necrophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_death" title="Philosophy of death">Philosophy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">Predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanabot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thanabot (page does not exist)">Thanabot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grief_bot" class="extiw" title="ca:Grief bot">ca</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatosensitivity" title="Thanatosensitivity">Thanatosensitivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Death" title="Category:Death">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_death" title="Outline of death">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_social_conservatism" title="Template:American social conservatism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_social_conservatism" title="Template talk:American social conservatism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_social_conservatism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American social conservatism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social conservatism in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues and ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gay_agenda" title="Gay agenda">Gay agenda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pornography_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-pornography movement in the United States">Anti-pornography movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistent_life_ethic" title="Consistent life ethic">Consistent life ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">Organized religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">Prohibition of drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious liberty">Religious liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_prayer_in_the_United_States" title="School prayer in the United States">School prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Friendly_and_hostile_separation" title="Separation of church and state">Friendly separation of church and state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Abbott" title="Greg Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">Ashcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Bachmann" title="Michele Bachmann">Bachmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin" title="Chuck Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Barton_(author)" title="David Barton (author)">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bennett" title="William Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Brownback" title="Sam Brownback">Brownback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Bryant" title="Anita Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Boebert" title="Lauren Boebert">Boebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Boykin" title="Peter Boykin">Boykin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_III" title="L. Brent Bozell III">Bozell III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Cameron" class="mw-redirect" title="Candace Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Coburn" title="Tom Coburn">Coburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_DeLay" title="Tom DeLay">DeLay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_DeMint" title="Jim DeMint">DeMint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Dice" title="Mark Dice">Dice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Donohue" title="Bill Donohue">Donohue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry Falwell Sr.">Falwell Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell_Jr." title="Jerry Falwell Jr.">Falwell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Frist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louie_Gohmert" title="Louie Gohmert">Gohmert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Harris" title="Katherine Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hostettler" title="John Hostettler">Hostettler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._James_Kennedy" title="D. James Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Keyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_King" title="Steve King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_LaHaye" title="Beverly LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Lott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Moore" title="Roy Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Parsley" title="Rod Parsley">Parsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Pence" title="Greg Pence">Pence (Greg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence (Mike)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Perkins_(politician)" title="Tony Perkins (politician)">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Peroutka" title="Michael Peroutka">Peroutka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libs_of_TikTok" title="Libs of TikTok">Raichik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Robinson_(American_politician)" title="Mark Robinson (American politician)">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayle_Ruzicka" title="Gayle Ruzicka">Ruzicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Scarborough" title="Rick Scarborough">Scarborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bret_Schundler" title="Bret Schundler">Schundler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Scott" title="Tim Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pam_Stenzel" title="Pam Stenzel">Stenzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allie_Beth_Stuckey" title="Allie Beth Stuckey">Stuckey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Tancredo" title="Tom Tancredo">Tancredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandon_Tatum" title="Brandon Tatum">Tatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Taylor_Greene" title="Marjorie Taylor Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_and_Elizabeth_Uihlein" title="Richard and Elizabeth Uihlein">Uihlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Principles_Project" title="American Principles Project">American Principles Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">Concerned Women for America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">Family Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">Heritage Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_on_Sexual_Exploitation" title="National Center on Sexual Exploitation">National Center on Sexual Exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">National Organization for Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">National Right to Life Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">Parents Television and Media Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Values_Coalition" title="Traditional Values Coalition">Traditional Values Coalition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions in the Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Declaration:_A_Call_of_Christian_Conscience" title="Manhattan Declaration: A Call of Christian Conscience">Manhattan Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_pride" title="Straight pride">Straight pride</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Suicide" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Suicide_navbox" title="Template:Suicide navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Suicide_navbox" title="Template talk:Suicide navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Suicide_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Suicide navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Suicide" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suicide_crisis" title="Suicide crisis">Suicide crisis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assessment_of_suicide_risk" title="Assessment of suicide risk">Assessment of suicide risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_hotline" title="Crisis hotline">Crisis hotline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicide_crisis_lines" title="List of suicide crisis lines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" title="Suicidal ideation">Suicidal ideation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_intervention" title="Suicide intervention">Suicide intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidology" title="Suicidology">Suicidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_prevention" title="Suicide prevention">Suicide prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_watch" title="Suicide watch">Suicide watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warning_signs_of_suicide" title="Warning signs of suicide">Warning signs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_of_suicide" title="Advocacy of suicide">Advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruistic_suicide" title="Altruistic suicide">Altruistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_awareness" title="Suicide awareness">Awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_theory_of_suicide" title="Interpersonal theory of suicide">Interpersonal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_legislation" title="Suicide legislation">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_suicide" title="Philosophy of suicide">Philosophy of suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_suicide" title="Religious views on suicide">Religious views</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_suicide" title="Social media and suicide">Social media and suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_survivor" title="Suicide survivor">Suicide survivor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_bereavement" title="Suicide bereavement">bereavement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_literature" title="Suicide in literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_terminology" title="Suicide terminology">Terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_and_the_Internet" title="Suicide and the Internet">Suicide and the Internet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suicide types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_from_legal_euthanasia_and_assisted_suicide" title="List of deaths from legal euthanasia and assisted suicide">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_suicide" title="Bullying and suicide">Bullying and suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_attributed_to_bullying" title="List of suicides attributed to bullying">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal-burning_suicide" title="Charcoal-burning suicide">Charcoal-burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copycat_suicide" title="Copycat suicide">Copycat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_epidemic" title="Suicide epidemic">Epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familicide" title="Familicide">Familicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_suicide" title="Forced suicide">Forced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_gunshot_suicide" title="Multiple gunshot suicide">Gunshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_hanging" title="Suicide by hanging">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_suicide" title="Honor suicide">Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">Immolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_jumping_from_height" title="Suicide by jumping from height">Jumping from height</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicide_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of suicide sites">locations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_suicide" title="Mass suicide">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder%E2%80%93suicide" title="Murder–suicide">Murder–suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakkiruttal" title="Vatakkiruttal">Vatakkiruttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku">Seppuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokushinbutsu" title="Sokushinbutsu">Sokushinbutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayopavesa" title="Prayopavesa">Prayopavesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_suicide" title="Rail suicide">By train</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_on_the_London_Underground" title="Suicide on the London Underground">London Underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sacrifice" title="Self-sacrifice">Self-sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banzai_charge" title="Banzai charge">Banzai charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senicide" title="Senicide">Senicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">Suicide attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_cop" title="Suicide by cop">By cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_pilot" title="Suicide by pilot">By pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_pact" title="Suicide pact">Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_pill" title="Suicide pill">Suicide pill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_suicide" title="Vehicular suicide">Vehicular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Sex differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_suicide_rate" title="List of countries by suicide rate">List of countries by suicide rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidepressants_and_suicide_risk" title="Antidepressants and suicide risk">Antidepressants and suicide risk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_suicide" title="History of suicide">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_antiquity" title="Suicide in antiquity">Suicide in antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides" title="List of suicides">List of suicides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_and_government_who_took_their_own_lives" title="List of heads of state and government who took their own lives">heads of state and government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_in_the_21st_century" title="List of suicides in the 21st century">in the 21st century</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_suicide" title="Animal suicide">Animal suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caring_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Caring letters">Caring letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attempt" title="Suicide attempt">Suicide attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensual_homicide" title="Consensual homicide">Consensual homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">Self-harm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_methods" title="Suicide methods">Suicide methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_note" title="Suicide note">Suicide note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_words" title="Last words">Last words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_tourism" title="Suicide tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_prevention_contract" title="Suicide prevention contract">Suicide prevention contract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By subculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_doctors" title="Suicide among doctors">Doctors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">LGBTQ youth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_suicides" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT-related suicides">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_Mormon_suicides" title="LGBT Mormon suicides">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_military" title="Suicide in the military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_music_subcultures" title="Suicide in music subcultures">Music subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_suicide" title="Prisoner suicide">Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suicide" title="Youth suicide">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Afghanistan" title="Suicide in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Australia" title="Suicide in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Bangladesh" title="Suicide in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Belarus" title="Suicide in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Bhutan" title="Suicide in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Cameroon" title="Suicide in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Canada" title="Suicide in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_China" title="Suicide in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_France" title="Suicide in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suicide_in_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suicide in Denmark (page does not exist)">Denmark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Greenland" title="Suicide in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Greece" title="Suicide in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Guyana" title="Suicide in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Hong_Kong" title="Suicide in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Student_suicides_in_Hong_Kong" title="Student suicides in Hong Kong">student</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_India" title="Suicide in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suicide_in_India" title="Youth suicide in India">youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_suicides_in_India" title="Farmers' suicides in India">farmers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Iran" title="Suicide in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Ireland" title="Suicide in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Japan" title="Suicide in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Kazakhstan" title="Suicide in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Lithuania" title="Suicide in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Mexico" title="Suicide in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Mozambique" title="Suicide in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Nepal" title="Suicide in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Nigeria" title="Suicide in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Pakistan" title="Suicide in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Romania" title="Suicide in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Russia" title="Suicide in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Suicide in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Singapore" title="Suicide in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_South_Korea" title="Suicide in South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation_in_South_Korean_LGBT_youth" title="Suicidal ideation in South Korean LGBT youth">LGBT youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Spain" title="Suicide in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Suicide in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Sweden" title="Suicide in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Switzerland" title="Suicide in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Ukraine" title="Suicide in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Suicide in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Assisted suicide in the United Kingdom">Assisted suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_States" title="Suicide in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide_in_the_United_States" title="Assisted suicide in the United States">Assisted suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Suicide in colleges in the United States">college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_suicides_in_the_United_States" title="Farmers' suicides in the United States">farmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_veteran_suicide" title="United States military veteran suicide">military veteran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Suicide among Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teenage_suicide_in_the_United_States" title="Teenage suicide in the United States">teenage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Uruguay" title="Suicide in Uruguay"> Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100159#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100159#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100159#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560269">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="eutanazie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120036&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560485005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=18586">Encyclopedia of Modern 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