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<span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Tone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllable_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllable_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Syllable structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllable_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Affixation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affixation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Affixation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affixation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cliticization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cliticization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Cliticization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cliticization-sublist" 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title="Goemai – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Goemai" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goemai_(langue)" title="Goemai (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Goemai (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goemai_jezik" title="Goemai jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Goemai jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigoemai" title="Kigoemai – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kigoemai" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E8%AA%9E" title="ゴエマイ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゴエマイ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goemai" title="Goemai – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Goemai" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Goemai" title="Lenga Goemai – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Goemai" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_goemai" title="Língua goemai – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua goemai" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Гоэмаи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гоэмаи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Goemai</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Gamai</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[gə̀mâi]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Great Muri Plains, <a href="/wiki/Plateau_State" title="Plateau State">Plateau State</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Goemai people</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">380,000 (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-e26_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e26-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Chadic_languages" title="Chadic languages">Chadic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Chadic_languages" title="West Chadic languages">West Chadic A</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Goemai</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Duut</li> <li>East Ankwe</li> <li>Dorok</li> <li>K'wo</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ank" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ank">ank</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/goem1240">goem1240</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <div style="display:none;"> <p>PUR:purpose SG:singular DEF:definite ADVZ:adverbializer S:subject (intransitive and transitive) pronoun IDEOPH:ideophone O:object pronoun CONS:consequence clause PAST.REM:remote past DIM:diminutive GEN:genitive INSIDE:inside </p> </div> <p><b>Goemai</b> (also <b>Ankwe</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Asiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chadic_languages" title="Chadic languages">Chadic</a>, West Chadic A) language spoken in the Great Muri Plains region of <a href="/wiki/Plateau_State" title="Plateau State">Plateau State</a> in central <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Jos_Plateau" title="Jos Plateau">Jos Plateau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benue_River" title="Benue River">Benue River</a>. Goemai is also the name of the ethnic group of speakers of the Goemai language. The name 'Ankwe' has been used to refer to the people, especially in older literature and to outsiders.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup> As of 2020, it is estimated that there are around 380,000 Goemai speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-e26_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e26-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Goemai is a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Isolating_language" title="Isolating language">isolating language</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a> constituent order. </p><p>The language is considered threatened,<sup id="cite_ref-e26_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e26-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which means that its adoption is declining, especially among children.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> Many are learning <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a> as a first language instead, which is used extensively in official and educational settings.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goemai_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spelling <i>Goemai</i> originates from the 1930s. Orthographic <i><a href="/wiki/Oe_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oe (digraph)">oe</a></i> stands for the <a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">mid-central vowel</a> <b>ə</b>, a practice that had been adopted by missionaries working among the Goemai in <a href="/wiki/Shendam" title="Shendam">Shendam</a> during the 1930s, such as Father E. Sirlinger.<sup id="cite_ref-Blench2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blench2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goemai_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Genetically, Goemai has been consistently classified as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Asiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Chadic_languages" title="West Chadic languages">West Chadic A</a> language sub-family.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blench2017_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blench2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-glot_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glot-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been attempts to apply more specific genetic classifications to Goemai beyond its membership in the West Chadic A language family, but these attempts have not reached a consensus. Hellwig posits that Goemai is further included in the Angas-Gerka, Angas-Goemai, and Southern Angas-Goemai subfamilies,<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas Blench instead classifies Goemai as a member of the Bole-Angas and Angas subfamilies.<sup id="cite_ref-Blench2017_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blench2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glottolog categorizes Goemai as a member of the West Chadic A.3, Goemaic, and Goemai-Chakato subfamilies.<sup id="cite_ref-glot_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glot-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Goemai has four main dialects: Duut, East Ankwe, Dorok, and K'wo, all of which are in common use and are <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blench2017_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blench2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goemai_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goemai_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Goemai has eleven <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> phonemes which can be grouped by <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">length</a>; four short vowels and seven long vowels. Orthographically, long vowels are represented by doubling the vowel symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> Goemai also contains several vowel sounds which are non-phonemic, but occur allophonically, shown enclosed in square brackets in the table. In the table, sounds are represented on the left in <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>, and the right using Goemai orthography. Vowels are never syllable-initial in Goemai. While syllable-final vowels are generally short, there is no contrast between vowel lengths in this position. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Short Vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">High</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/</span></td> <td>i </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a>]</span></td> <td>u̲ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span></td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]</span></td> <td>e </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/</span></td> <td>e,<sup id="cite_ref-initial_orthography_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-initial_orthography-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oe<sup id="cite_ref-final_orthography_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-final_orthography-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>]</span></td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Low</a> </th> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/</span></td> <td>a </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Long Vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iː</span>/</td> <td>ii </td> <td>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʉʉ</span>/</td> <td><u>uu</u> </td> <td>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uu</span>/</td> <td>uu </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">High-Mid</a> </th> <td>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eː</span>/</td> <td>ee </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oo</span>/</td> <td>oo </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Low-Mid</a> </th> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔɔ</span>/</td> <td>o̲o̲ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aː</span>/</td> <td>aa </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Vowel length is contrastive, but only in the middle of syllables, as in pairs such as <i>kúr</i> "tortoise" versus <i>kúːr</i> "burn", and <i>ʃʰɔ̀m</i> "hyrax" versus <i>ʃʰɔ́ːm</i> "guineafowl".<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35">: 35 </span></sup> </p><p>There are also several <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> in Goemai, which are not believed to be phonemic. Instead, they likely arise as a result of phonological processes, including <a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialization</a> and height <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" title="Assimilation (phonology)">assimilation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Diphthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongs">diphthongs</a> attested in Goemai include [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʉ͡a</span>], [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʉ͡ə</span>], [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a͡u</span>], [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o͡u</span>], [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a͡i</span>], [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e͡i</span>], and [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o͡ːi</span>].<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39">: 39 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goemai_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Goemai has the <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> shown in the chart below, with symbols on the left indicating the IPA transcription, and symbols on the right denoting the orthography used by Hellwig.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> Symbols enclosed in square brackets are non-phonemic. All of the consonants in the table may appear at in syllable-initial positions, but some are restricted from appearing in syllable-final position.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54–55">: 54–55 </span></sup> Those phonemes that are attested in syllable-final position are annotated in the table below, while unannotated phonemes appear only at the beginning of a syllable. Goemai has a four-way contrast in its plosive inventory and a three-way contrast in its fricative inventory. Of note is Goemai's contrast between aspirated and unaspirated fricative sounds, which is rare among languages in general.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span><sup id="cite_ref-sylfinal_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sylfinal-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>p' </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/</span><sup id="cite_ref-sylfinal_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sylfinal-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>t' </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span><sup id="cite_ref-sylfinal_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sylfinal-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>k' </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</span></td> <td>' </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a></span> </th> <td>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʰ</span>/</td> <td>p </td> <td>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʰ</span>/</td> <td>t </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʰ</span>/</td> <td>k </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/</span></td> <td>b </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/</span></td> <td>d </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a>/</span></td> <td>g </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">implosive</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a>/</span></td> <td>b' </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">ɗ</a>/</span></td> <td>d' </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/</span></td> <td>f' </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span><sup id="cite_ref-sylfinal_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sylfinal-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>s' </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span></td> <td>sh' </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</span></td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">fʰ</a>/</span></td> <td>f </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">sʰ</a>/</span></td> <td>s </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʃʰ</a>/</span></td> <td>sh </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/</span></td> <td>v </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span></td> <td>z </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/</span></td> <td>j </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span><sup id="cite_ref-sylfinal_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sylfinal-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>m </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span><sup id="cite_ref-sylfinal_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sylfinal-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>n </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/</span><sup id="cite_ref-sylfinal_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sylfinal-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ngh,<sup id="cite_ref-initial_orthography_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-initial_orthography-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ng<sup id="cite_ref-final_orthography_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-final_orthography-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquids</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a></small> </th> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span><sup id="cite_ref-sylfinal_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sylfinal-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>l </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a></small> </th> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span><sup id="cite_ref-sylfinal_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sylfinal-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>r </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Glides</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span><sup id="cite_ref-sylfinal_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sylfinal-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>w,<sup id="cite_ref-initial_orthography_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-initial_orthography-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> u<sup id="cite_ref-final_orthography_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-final_orthography-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span> <sup id="cite_ref-sylfinal_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sylfinal-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>y,<sup id="cite_ref-initial_orthography_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-initial_orthography-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i <sup id="cite_ref-final_orthography_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-final_orthography-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-initial_orthography-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-initial_orthography_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-initial_orthography_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-initial_orthography_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-initial_orthography_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">This orthography is used only when the phoneme occurs in syllable-initial or -medial position</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-final_orthography-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-final_orthography_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-final_orthography_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-final_orthography_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-final_orthography_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">This orthography is used only when the phoneme occurs in syllable-final position</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sylfinal-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sylfinal_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sylfinal_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sylfinal_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sylfinal_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sylfinal_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sylfinal_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sylfinal_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sylfinal_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sylfinal_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sylfinal_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sylfinal_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">This phoneme is attested in syllable-final position</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone">Tone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goemai_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Goemai is a <a href="/wiki/Tonal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">tonal language</a>, making use of several distinctive tones. The exact number and pitch of these tones is disputed. It has been suggested that Goemai has three level tones high (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">é</span>), mid (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ē</span>), and low (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">è</span>) along with two contour tones: falling (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ê</span>) and rising (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ě</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42">: 42 </span></sup> Tone can be the only contrastive feature between words in Goemai, as shown in the following <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pair" title="Minimal pair">minimal pairs</a>: <i>ɓák</i> "here" (adv.) versus <i>ɓàk</i> "disregard" (v.), and <i>ʃé</i> "foot/leg" (n.) versus <i>ʃè</i> "learn/teach" (v.).<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup> </p><p>The level mid tone is not a basic tone of Goemai, and only appears as a result of assimilation or other phonological processes, including <a href="/wiki/Downdrift" title="Downdrift">downdrift</a> and <a href="/wiki/Downstep" title="Downstep">downstep</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42">: 42 </span></sup> Although there are words that are posited to have an underlying rising tone, this tone cannot appear on a single syllable. Instead, it is always spread out across multiple syllables. The following example sentence demonstrates the underlying rising tone of the verb <i>/nǎ/</i> "see" being spread to the following noun, <i>/mà:r/</i> "farm". The underlying low tone of the noun then passes to the definite determiner clitic <i>=hɔk</i>, which lacks an underlying tone. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ank" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dé-gə̀</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="purpose" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PUR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ank" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nà/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">see</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ank" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">máːr=hɔ̀k</p><p style="margin: 0px;">farm(<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>)=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ank" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">(...)</p><p style="margin: 0px;">(...)</p></div><p style="display: none;">dé-gə̀ nà/ máːr=hɔ̀k (...)</p><p style="display: none;">PUR see farm(SG)=DEF (...)</p><p style="clear: left;">"to see the farm (...)"<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The rising tone is alternatively realized as a level high tone if it is not possible for it to spread.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42–43">: 42–43 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllable_structure">Syllable structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goemai_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Syllable structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are four syllabic forms in Goemai, as illustrated in the words below, with the relevant syllable(s) bolded. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Template </th> <th>Instantiation </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>CV </td> <td><b>s'óe</b> <sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 555">: 555 </span></sup> </td> <td>'food' </td></tr> <tr> <td>CVC </td> <td><b>tàl</b> <sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 558">: 558 </span></sup> </td> <td>'ask/greet' </td></tr> <tr> <td>CVVC </td> <td><b>líít</b> <sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 542">: 542 </span></sup> </td> <td>'lion' </td></tr> <tr> <td>N </td> <td><b>ǹ</b>.d'<u>ùù</u>n <sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 547">: 547 </span></sup> </td> <td>'inside' </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In syllables of the form CVVC, the VV represents a single long vowel sound. Syllables of the form N can occur when <a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">prenasalization</a> of a sound manifests as a syllabic nasal. This is most common with the prenasalizing prefix /ⁿ-/, which acts as an adverbializer when affixed to verbs<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 279">: 279 </span></sup> and as a locative when affixed to nouns.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 287">: 287 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goemai_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Goemai is classified as a mostly <a href="/wiki/Isolating_language" title="Isolating language">isolating language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 310">: 310 </span></sup> The large majority of <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> consist of a single syllable and the large majority of words consist of a single morpheme.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56">: 56 </span></sup> Though infrequent, polymorphemic words are attested in Goemai and can be formed via a number of regular processes. <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">Affixation</a> is sometimes used to form words, although many affixes are found only in non-productive plural forms, and <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">cliticization</a> is more common. Goemai also uses <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compounding</a> to form words. Polysyllabic words are also less frequent than monosyllabic words, but are attested. Most commonly, polysyllabic words are of the form <i>CV.CVC</i>, where the first consonant may be subjected to secondary articulation, including prenasalization, labialization, or <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56">: 56 </span></sup> </p><p>There are three open word classes in Goemai: nouns, verbs, and adverbs.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> </p><p>Nouns in Goemai generally lack morphological marking for case, number, gender, and noun class.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 67">: 67 </span></sup> There are several exceptions to this general trend. For example, several words relating to people and body parts are marked for number, as are most loanwords from the Hausa language.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 71">: 71 </span></sup> Nouns can be differentiated from other parts of speech based on their syntactic role in a sentence, and the types of modifiers they accept.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 67">: 67 </span></sup> </p><p>In Goemai, verbs are a basic form that can never be derived from other parts of speech. There are therefore no verbalizing morphemes. Moreover, it is quite rare for verbs to join with any other morphemes, be they derivational or inflectional.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 168">: 168 </span></sup> While individual verbs are generally single morphemes, entire verb phrases can be marked for tense, aspect, or modality. </p><p>In Goemai, some adverbs are underived base forms, whereas others are derived from verbs via affixation or cliticization with an adverbializer,<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 279">: 279 </span></sup> as in the following example sentence: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ank" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Tù</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kill(<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ank" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bí=hòk</p><p style="margin: 0px;">thing=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ank" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ǹ-tù.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="adverbializer" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ADVZ</abbr>-kill(<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>)</p></div><p style="display: none;">Tù bí=hòk ǹ-tù.</p><p style="display: none;">kill(SG) thing=DEF ADVZ-kill(SG)</p><p style="clear: left;">"Kill the thing killing."<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 280">: 280 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Underived adverbs can be further modified by nominal modifiers, but this is not possible for derived adverbs.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 279">: 279 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affixation">Affixation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goemai_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Affixation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Affixes are uncommon in Goemai, and those that exist are predominantly prefixes, which must take the form CV, unless they consist of just a lone nasal.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 57">: 57 </span></sup> Two of the most common affixes are the affixes <i>gòe-</i>, which is used as a nominalizer, and <i>N-</i> (a single nasal matching the place of the following consonant), which is used as an adverbializer.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 314">: 314 </span></sup> </p><p>While a handful of suffixes and <a href="/wiki/Infixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Infixes">infixes</a> do exist in the language, they are almost always used nonproductively as plural markers. Around 10% of the verbs of Goemai mark number in this way,<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 173">: 173 </span></sup> while most other verbs in the language are completely unmarked.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 172">: 172 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cliticization">Cliticization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goemai_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cliticization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Goemai has a large inventory of clitics, which are used for word formation in broader distribution than affixes.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 310">: 310 </span></sup> Like prefixes, the majority of clitics take the form CV.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 57">: 57 </span></sup> Goemai has both proclitics and enclitics, although in Goemai, any clitic can also stand alone as a word on its own.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 310">: 310 </span></sup> </p><p>Most of the clitics in Goemai are phrasal, including the very common clitics <i>=hòe</i> "exactly", and <i>kò=</i> "every/each; any".<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 310">: 310 </span></sup> </p><p>Modifiers such as <i>là=</i>, the diminutive singular, and <i>=hok</i>, the definite determiner, can attach to noun phrases as clitics. Question particles typically manifest as enclitics at the end of a clause.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 310">: 310 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduplication">Reduplication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goemai_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reduplication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Goemai, <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a> is typically partial, though full reduplication exists in certain situations. Reduplication confers different meanings depending on the word being modified. Sometimes, quantifiers or adverbs are reduplicated to indicate increased intensity,<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 263">: 263 </span></sup> as in the case of <i>zòk</i> ("generous") being fully reduplicated as <i>zòkzòk</i> ("very very generous").<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 281">: 281 </span></sup> Numerals can be reduplicated to indicate that the number is divided over a period of time, or distributed across several entities or groups, as in <i>k'ún</i> ("three") being reduplicated as <i>k'ún k'ún</i> ("three each").<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 268">: 268 </span></sup> Partial reduplication is also a common technique for adverbializing verbs, as in <i>pyá</i> "become white" (v.) versus <i>pòe-pyá</i> "white" (adv.).<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 280">: 280 </span></sup> </p><p>In certain situations, such as when modifying words relating to location or distance, reduplicated forms do not differ in meaning from the base form, as in <i>séng</i> ("far") being partially reduplicated to <i>soè-séng</i> ("far").<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 263">: 263 </span></sup> In such cases, there is a distinction between partial reduplication, which results in the same meaning as the base form, and full reduplication, which intensifies the meaning. Instead of full reduplication of a word, entire phrases can be reduplicated for a similar intensifying effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 273">: 273 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compounding">Compounding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goemai_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Compounding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polysyllabic words are sometimes formed by combining two existing words via compounding, as in the two-syllable word <i>hàːm.ʃíŋ</i> ("gruel"), which is formed from the two single syllable words <i>hàːm</i> ("water"), and <i>ʃíŋ</i> ("mix").<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 59">: 59 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideophones">Ideophones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goemai_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ideophones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain verbs of Goemai can be modified by a special class of approximately 80 <a href="/wiki/Ideophone" title="Ideophone">ideophones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 281">: 281 </span></sup> Each modifies only a single other verb in the language, and can modify no other verb. The effect of this modification is to emphasize the result of the verb, as in the following example (ideophone in bold): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ank" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hèn=jààl</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subject (intransitive and transitive) pronoun">S</abbr>=belch</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ank" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>gúlús</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ideophone" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IDEOPH</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">hèn=jààl <b>gúlús</b></p><p style="display: none;">1SG.S=belch IDEOPH</p><p style="clear: left;">"I belched loudly" <sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 281">: 281 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goemai_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_Word_Order">Basic Word Order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goemai_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Basic Word Order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transitive_Clauses">Transitive Clauses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goemai_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Transitive Clauses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic word order of Goemai is strictly <a href="/wiki/Subject-verb-object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject-verb-object">subject-verb-object</a> in transitive clauses,<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 375">: 375 </span></sup> as shown in the following example sentences. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ank" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Fuán</p><p style="margin: 0px;">rabbit</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ank" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">máng</p><p style="margin: 0px;">take</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ank" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">p'áng</p><p style="margin: 0px;">stone</p></div><p style="display: none;">Fuán máng p'áng</p><p style="display: none;">rabbit take stone</p><p style="clear: left;">"The rabbit took a stone" <sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 185">: 185 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ank" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">M<u>u</u>èp</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subject (intransitive and transitive) pronoun">S</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ank" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">d'án</p><p style="margin: 0px;">cook/warm</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ank" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nì</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="object pronoun">O</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">M<u>u</u>èp d'án nì</p><p style="display: none;">3PL.S cook/warm 3SG.O</p><p style="clear: left;">"They boil it" <sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 374">: 374 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ank" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">M<u>u</u>èp</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subject (intransitive and transitive) pronoun">S</abbr>:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="consequence clause" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CONS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ank" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dók</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PAST</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="remote past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ank" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yà</p><p style="margin: 0px;">catch</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ank" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">fuán</p><p style="margin: 0px;">rabbit</p></div><p style="display: none;">M<u>u</u>èp dók yà fuán</p><p style="display: none;">3PL.S:CONS PAST.REM catch rabbit</p><p style="clear: left;">"They caught the rabbit" <sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 488">: 488 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intransitive_Clauses">Intransitive Clauses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goemai_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Intransitive Clauses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In intransitive sentences, there is a strict SV basic word order,<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 374">: 374 </span></sup> as shown below: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ank" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Hèn=lùùt</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subject (intransitive and transitive) pronoun">S</abbr>=be.afraid(<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>)</p></div><p style="display: none;">Hèn=lùùt</p><p style="display: none;">1SG.S=be.afraid(SG)</p><p style="clear: left;">"I was scared."<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 374">: 374 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Argument_Omission">Argument Omission</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goemai_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Argument Omission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In cases where arguments are redundant, or can be inferred from the surrounding context, they are usually omitted. In particular, the subject may be omitted entirely if it is third person singular, so long as it is clear which entity is being referenced. In addition, direct objects may be omitted, but only if they refer to inanimate objects or lower animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 375">: 375 </span></sup> </p><p>In the following example, the subject "rabbit" is omitted after being introduced once: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ank" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">F<u>u</u>án</p><p style="margin: 0px;">rabbit</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ank" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mán</p><p style="margin: 0px;">know</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ank" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">án.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mind</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ank" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Sái</p><p style="margin: 0px;">then/only</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ank" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rú</p><p style="margin: 0px;">enter(<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ank" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">k<u>úú</u>t</p><p style="margin: 0px;">just</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ank" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">t'ó</p><p style="margin: 0px;">lie(<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ank" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ǹd'<u>ùù</u>n</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inside" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INSIDE</abbr>:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GEN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ank" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">là=báng.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="diminutive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIM</abbr>(<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>):<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GEN</abbr>=calabash</p></div><p style="display: none;">F<u>u</u>án mán án. Sái rú k<u>úú</u>t t'ó ǹd'<u>ùù</u>n là=báng.</p><p style="display: none;">rabbit know mind then/only enter(SG) just lie(SG) INSIDE:GEN DIM(SG):GEN=calabash</p><p style="clear: left;">"The rabbit knew a trick. Then (he) just entered (and) lay inside a little calabash."<sup id="cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 375">: 375 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goemai_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birgit_Hellwig" title="Birgit Hellwig">Hellwig, Birgit</a> (2011) <i>A Grammar of Goemai</i>. 596 p., Mouton De Gruyter. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-023828-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-023828-4">3-11-023828-4</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-023828-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-023828-0">978-3-11-023828-0</a>.</li> <li>Hellwig, Birgit (2003) <i>Fieldwork among the Goemai in Nigeria: discovering the grammar of property expressions</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130102001225/http://www.atypon-link.com/OLD/doi/abs/10.1524/stuf.2007.60.1.67">STUF</a></li> <li>Hellwig, Birgit (2003) <i>The grammatical coding of postural semantics in Goemai (a West Chadic language of Nigeria)</i>. MPI Series in Psycholinguistics [dissertation Nijmegen]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2066/146947">[1]</a> <i>[the introduction contains info about the geography, demography, and sociolinguistics of Goemai; chapter 2 is a grammatical sketch of Goemai]</i></li> <li>Hoffman, Carl (1970) 'Towards a comoparative phonology of the languages of the Angas–Goemai group.' Unpublished manuscript. <i></i></li> <li>Kraft, Charles H. (1981) <i>Chadic wordlists</i>. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Marburger Studien zur Afrika- und Asienkunde, Serie A: Afrika, 23, 24, 25). <i>[contains a phonological sketch of Goemai and also a Goemai word list]</i></li> <li>Wolff, Hans (1959) 'Subsystem typologies and area linguistics.' <i>Anthropological Linguistics</i>, 1, 7, 1–88. <i>[phonological inventory of Goemai (Duut dialect)]</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goemai_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e26-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e26_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e26_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e26_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ank">Goemai</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (26th ed., 2023) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hellwig2011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-43"><sup><i><b>ar</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-44"><sup><i><b>as</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-45"><sup><i><b>at</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-46"><sup><i><b>au</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-47"><sup><i><b>av</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-48"><sup><i><b>aw</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-49"><sup><i><b>ax</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-50"><sup><i><b>ay</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-51"><sup><i><b>az</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-52"><sup><i><b>ba</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-53"><sup><i><b>bb</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-54"><sup><i><b>bc</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-55"><sup><i><b>bd</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-56"><sup><i><b>be</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-57"><sup><i><b>bf</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-58"><sup><i><b>bg</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hellwig2011_2-59"><sup><i><b>bh</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hellwig2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Birgit_Hellwig" title="Birgit Hellwig">Hellwig, Birgit</a> (2011). <i>A Grammar of Goemai</i>. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-023828-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-023828-0"><bdi>978-3-11-023828-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Goemai&rft.place=Berlin%2FBoston&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-11-023828-0&rft.aulast=Hellwig&rft.aufirst=Birgit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoemai+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blench2017-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blench2017_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blench2017_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blench2017_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blench2017_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Blench, Roger. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35507157/CURRENT_RESEARCH_ON_THE_A3_WEST_CHADIC_LANGUAGES">Current research on the A3 West Chadic languages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220709213542/https://www.academia.edu/35507157/CURRENT_RESEARCH_ON_THE_A3_WEST_CHADIC_LANGUAGES">Archived</a> 2022-07-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sirlinger, Father E. 1937. <i>Dictionary of the Goemai Language</i>. Prefecture Apostolic of Jos. Typescript.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sirlinger, Father E. 1942. <i>A grammar of the Goemai Language</i>. Prefecture Apostolic of Jos. Typescript.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glot-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-glot_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glot_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkeHaspelmathBank2020" class="citation web cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/goem1240">"Goemai"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a> 4.3</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glottolog+4.3&rft.atitle=Goemai&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fgoem1240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoemai+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goemai_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Archive_(ELAR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered Languages Archive (ELAR)">ELAR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0003">archive of Goemai texts</a>, including open access materials</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doreco.huma-num.fr/languages/goem1240">Goemai DoReCo corpus</a> compiled by Birgit Hellwig. Audio recordings of narrative texts with transcriptions time-aligned at the phone level, translations, and time-aligned morphological annotations.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goemai_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabainHellwig2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tabain, Marija; Hellwig, Birgit (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100314000243">"Goemai"</a>. Illustrations of the IPA. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>45</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">104–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100314000243">10.1017/S0025100314000243</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Goemai&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E104-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100314000243&rft.aulast=Tabain&rft.aufirst=Marija&rft.au=Hellwig%2C+Birgit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0025100314000243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoemai+language" class="Z3988"></span>, with supplementary sound recordings.</li></ul> </div> <div 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Nigeria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognised languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berom_language" title="Berom language">Berom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebira_language" title="Ebira language">Ebira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_language" title="Edo language">Edo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibibio-Efik_languages" title="Ibibio-Efik languages">Efik-Ibibio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fulfulde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwari_language" title="Gwari language">Gbagyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idoma_language" title="Idoma language">Idoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igala_language" title="Igala language">Igala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoko_language" title="Isoko language">Isoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izere_language" title="Izere language">Izere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jju_language" title="Jju language">Jju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukunoid_languages" title="Jukunoid languages">Jukun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanuri_language" title="Kanuri language">Kanuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupe_language" title="Nupe language">Nupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karai-karai" title="Karai-karai">Karai-karai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiv_language" title="Tiv language">Tiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyap language">Tyap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni_language" title="Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni language">Ukwuani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_language" title="Urhobo language">Urhobo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e6e6ff;"><div id="Indigenous_languages_(grouped_by_Nigerian_state)106" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Indigenous languages <span style="font-size:85%;">(grouped by <a href="/wiki/States_of_Nigeria" title="States of Nigeria">Nigerian state</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_State" title="Adamawa State">Adamawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baa language">Baa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacama_language" title="Bacama language">Bacama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_language_(Adamawa)" title="Bali language (Adamawa)">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bata_language" title="Bata language">Bata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boga_language" title="Boga language">Boga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bura_language" title="Bura language">Bura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamba_Leko" title="Chamba Leko">Chamba Leko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daba_language" title="Daba language">Daba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daka_language" title="Daka language">Daka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_language_(Nigeria)" title="Dong language (Nigeria)">Dong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fali_of_Mubi" title="Fali of Mubi">Fali of Mubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%27anda_language" title="Ga'anda language">Ga'anda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaa_language" title="Gaa language">Gaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gude_language" title="Gude language">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudu_language" title="Gudu language">Gudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holma_language" title="Holma language">Holma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huba_language" title="Huba language">Huba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwana_language" title="Hwana language">Hwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hya_language" title="Hya language">Hya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamwe_language" title="Kamwe language">Kamwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakuru_language" title="Kanakuru language">Kanakuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirya-Konz%C9%99l_language" title="Kirya-Konzəl language">Kirya-Konzəl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kofa language">Kofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koma_language" title="Koma language">Koma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpasam_language" title="Kpasam language">Kpasam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kugama_language" title="Kugama language">Kugama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumba_language" title="Kumba language">Kumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamang_language" title="Lamang language">Lamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longuda_language" title="Longuda language">Longuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margi_language" title="Margi language">Margi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margi_South_language" title="Margi South language">Margi South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumuye_language" title="Mumuye language">Mumuye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngwaba_language" title="Ngwaba language">Ngwaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyong_language" title="Nyong language">Nyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzanyi_language" title="Nzanyi language">Nzanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psiky%C9%9B_dialect" title="Psikyɛ dialect">Psikyɛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukur_language" title="Sukur language">Sukur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taram_language" title="Taram language">Taram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teme_language" title="Teme language">Teme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tso_language" title="Tso language">Tso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vere_language" title="Vere language">Vere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waja_language" title="Waja language">Waja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wom_language_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wom language (Nigeria)">Wom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yendang_language" title="Yendang language">Yendang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zizilivakan_language" title="Zizilivakan language">Zizilivakan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaang_language" title="Anaang language">Anaang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekit language">Ekit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibibio_language" title="Ibibio language">Ibibio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obolo_language" title="Obolo language">Obolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oron_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oron language">Oron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bauchi_State" title="Bauchi State">Bauchi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C6%81eele_language" title="Ɓeele language">Ɓeele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bole_language" title="Bole language">Bole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bure_language" title="Bure language">Bure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciwogai_language" title="Ciwogai language">Ciwogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dass_language" title="Dass language">Dass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazawa_language" title="Dazawa language">Dazawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deno_language" title="Deno language">Deno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikaka_language" title="Dikaka language">Dikaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulbu_language" title="Dulbu language">Dulbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galambu_language" title="Galambu language">Galambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_language" title="Gera language">Gera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geruma_language" title="Geruma language">Geruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giiwo_language" title="Giiwo language">Giiwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruntum_language" title="Guruntum language">Guruntum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarawa_language_(Nigeria)" title="Jarawa language (Nigeria)">Jarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_language_(Nigeria)" title="Jimi language (Nigeria)">Jimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karekare_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karekare language">Karekare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kariya_language" title="Kariya language">Kariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kir-Balar_language" title="Kir-Balar language">Kir-Balar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubi_language" title="Kubi language">Kubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushi language">Kushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusur%E2%80%93Myet_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kusur–Myet language">Kusur–Myet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutto_language" title="Kutto language">Kutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaami_language" title="Kwaami language">Kwaami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labir_language" title="Labir language">Labir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longuda_language" title="Longuda language">Longuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangas language">Mangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mburku_language" title="Mburku language">Mburku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miya_language" title="Miya language">Miya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pa'a language">Pa'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piya_language" title="Piya language">Piya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polci_language" title="Polci language">Polci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiki_language" title="Shiki language">Shiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri_language" title="Siri language">Siri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tso_language" title="Tso language">Tso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warji_language" title="Warji language">Warji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangwal_language" title="Zangwal language">Zangwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zumbun_language" title="Zumbun language">Zumbun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izon_language" title="Izon language">Izon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epie_language" title="Epie language">Epie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo-Isoko" class="mw-redirect" title="Urhobo-Isoko">Urhobo-Isoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Ijo" title="Southeast Ijo">Southeast Ijo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benue_State" title="Benue State">Benue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eggon_language" title="Eggon language">Eggon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igede_language" title="Igede language">Igede</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Borno_State" title="Borno State">Borno</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afade_language" title="Afade language">Afade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bura_language" title="Bura language">Bura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cibak_language" title="Cibak language">Cibak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cineni_language" title="Cineni language">Cineni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dghwede_language" title="Dghwede language">Dghwede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glavda_language" title="Glavda language">Glavda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gude_language" title="Gude language">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guduf-Gava_language" title="Guduf-Gava language">Guduf-Gava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gvoko_language" title="Gvoko language">Gvoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jara_language" title="Jara language">Jara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilbe_language" title="Jilbe language">Jilbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamwe_language" title="Kamwe language">Kamwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakuru_language" title="Kanakuru language">Kanakuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamang_language" title="Lamang language">Lamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maaka_language" title="Maaka language">Maaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafa_language" title="Mafa language">Mafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margi_language" title="Margi language">Margi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margi_South_language" title="Margi South language">Margi South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nggwahyi_language" title="Nggwahyi language">Nggwahyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putai_language" title="Putai language">Putai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tera_language" title="Tera language">Tera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandala_language" title="Wandala language">Wandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedina_language" title="Yedina language">Yedina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cross_River_State" title="Cross River State">Cross River</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abanyom_language" title="Abanyom language">Abanyom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_language" title="Efik language">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbe_language" title="Mbe language">Mbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbembe_language" title="Mbembe language">Mbembe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo-Isoko" class="mw-redirect" title="Urhobo-Isoko">Urhobo-Isoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ika_language_(Nigeria)" title="Ika language (Nigeria)">Ika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izon_language" title="Izon language">Izon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoko_language" title="Isoko language">Isoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni_language" title="Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni language">Ukwuani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_language" title="Urhobo language">Uhrobo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edo_State" title="Edo State">Edo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afenmai_language" title="Afenmai language">Afenmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishan language">Ishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bini_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bini language">Bini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gombe_State" title="Gombe State">Gombe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Awak language">Awak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangwinji_language" title="Bangwinji language">Bangwinji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bole_language" title="Bole language">Bole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadiya_language" title="Dadiya language">Dadiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jara_language" title="Jara language">Jara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamo_language" title="Kamo language">Kamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngamo_language" title="Ngamo language">Ngamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pero_language" title="Pero language">Pero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangale_language" title="Tangale language">Tangale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tera_language" title="Tera language">Tera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tula_language" title="Tula language">Tula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waja_language" title="Waja language">Waja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jigawa_State" title="Jigawa State">Jigawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bade_language" title="Bade language">Bade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teshenawa_language" title="Teshenawa language">Teshenawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kaduna_State" title="Kaduna State">Kaduna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adara_language" title="Adara language">Adara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahwai_language" title="Ahwai language">Ahwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanufi_language" title="Kanufi language">Anib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atsam_language" title="Atsam language">Atsam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayu_language" title="Ayu language">Ayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berom_language" title="Berom language">Berom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu_language" title="Bu language">Bu-Ninkada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bina_language" title="Bina language">Bina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piti_language" title="Piti language">Bishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cori language">Cori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doka_language" title="Doka language">Doka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungu_language" title="Dungu language">Dungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duya language">Duya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iku_language" title="Iku language">Ekhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbagyi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gbagyi language">Gbagyi-Gbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwandara_language" title="Gwandara language">Gwandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyong_language" title="Gyong language">Gyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasha_language" title="Hasha language">Hasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyam_language" title="Hyam language">Hyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulu_language" title="Kulu language">Ikulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jju_language" title="Jju language">Jju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaivi_language" title="Kaivi language">Kaivi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinuku_language" title="Kinuku language">Kinuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kono_language_(Nigeria)" title="Kono language (Nigeria)">Koonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuwa-Zamani_language" title="Shuwa-Zamani language">Kuzamani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mada_language" title="Mada language">Mada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mala_language" title="Mala language">Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nghan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nghan language">Nghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikyob-Nindem_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikyob-Nindem language">Nikyob-Nindem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninzo_language" title="Ninzo language">Ninzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numana_language" title="Numana language">Numana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungu_language" title="Nungu language">Nungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyankpa_language" title="Nyankpa language">Nyankpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruma_language" title="Ruma language">Ruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambe_language" title="Sambe language">Sambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha_language" title="Sha language">Sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamang_language" title="Shamang language">Shamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurama_language" title="Kurama language">T'kurmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map_language" title="Map language">Timap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheni-Ziriya_language" title="Sheni-Ziriya language">TiSeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vori_language" title="Vori language">Tivori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toro_language" title="Toro language">Toro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbiri-Niragu_language" title="Gbiri-Niragu language">Tugbiri-Niragu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumi_language" title="Tumi language">Tumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyap language">Tyap (Fantswam, Gworog, Sholyio, Takad, Tyap Mabatado, Tyecharak, Tyuku)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vono_language" title="Vono language">Vono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_Wachi_language" title="Koro Wachi language">Wachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhire_language" title="Zhire language">Zhire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kano_State" title="Kano State">Kano</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C6%8Auwai_language" title="Ɗuwai language">Ɗuwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurama_language" title="Kurama language">Tikurmi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kebbi_State" title="Kebbi State">Kebbi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cipu_language" title="Cipu language">Cipu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damakawa_language" title="Damakawa language">Damakawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hun-Saare_language" title="Hun-Saare language">Hun-Saare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kogi_State" title="Kogi State">Kogi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basa-Benue_language" title="Basa-Benue language">Basa-Benue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Nge_people" title="Bassa Nge people">Bassa Nge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igala_language" title="Igala language">Igala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupe_language" title="Nupe language">Nupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oworo_dialect" title="Oworo dialect">Oworo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kwara_State" title="Kwara State">Kwara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kakanda_language" title="Kakanda language">Kakanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupa_language" title="Kupa language">Kupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupe_language" title="Nupe language">Nupe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nasarawa_State" title="Nasarawa State">Nasarawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ake_language" title="Ake language">Ake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alumu_language" title="Alumu language">Alumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basa-Benue_language" title="Basa-Benue language">Basa-Benue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duhwa_language" title="Duhwa language">Duhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggon_language" title="Eggon language">Eggon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasha_language" title="Hasha language">Hasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jili_language" title="Jili language">Jili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toro_language" title="Toro language">Toro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger_State" title="Niger State">Niger</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asu_language_(Nigeria)" title="Asu language (Nigeria)">Asu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bariba_language" title="Bariba language">Bariba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipu_language" title="Cipu language">Cipu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbagyi_people" title="Gbagyi people">Gbagyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwandara_language" title="Gwandara language">Gwandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jijili_language" title="Jijili language">Jijili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakanda_language" title="Kakanda language">Kakanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupe_language" title="Nupe language">Nupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongu_language" title="Pongu language">Pongu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ondo_State" title="Ondo State">Ondo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itsekiri_language" title="Itsekiri language">Itsekiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izon_language" title="Izon language">Izon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukaan_language" title="Ukaan language">Ukaan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateau_State" title="Plateau State">Plateau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barkul_language" title="Barkul language">Barkul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berom_language" title="Berom language">Berom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boghom_language" title="Boghom language">Bogghom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bole_language" title="Bole language">Bole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cakfem-Mushere_language" title="Cakfem-Mushere language">Cakfem-Mushere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dass_language" title="Dass language">Dass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyam language">Fyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyer_language" title="Fyer language">Fyer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Goemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horom_language" title="Horom language">Horom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izere_language" title="Izere language">Izere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorto language">Jorto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koenoem_language" title="Koenoem language">Koenoem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofyar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kofyar language">Kofyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulere_language" title="Kulere language">Kulere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miship_language" title="Miship language">Miship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montol_language" title="Montol language">Montol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundat_language" title="Mundat language">Mundat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwaghavul_language" title="Mwaghavul language">Mwaghavul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngas_language" title="Ngas language">Ngas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_language" title="Pe language">Pe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyapun_language" title="Pyapun language">Pyapun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigwe_language" title="Rigwe language">Rigwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_language" title="Ron language">Ron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha_language" title="Sha language">Sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sur language">Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_language" title="Tal language">Tal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambas_language" title="Tambas language">Tambas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarok_language" title="Tarok language">Tarok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyap language">Tyap (Takad)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yankam language">Yankam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiwom_language" title="Yiwom language">Yiwom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abua_language" title="Abua language">Abua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baan_language" title="Baan language">Baan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biseni_language" title="Biseni language">Biseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaka_language" title="Defaka language">Defaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degema_language" title="Degema language">Degema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekpeye_language" title="Ekpeye language">Ekpeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleme_language" title="Eleme language">Eleme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engenni_language" title="Engenni language">Engenni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokana_language" title="Gokana language">Gokana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikwerre_language" title="Ikwerre language">Ikwerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabari_language" title="Kalabari language">Kalabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khana_language" title="Khana language">Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kugbo_language" title="Kugbo language">Kugbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkoroo_language" title="Nkoroo language">Nkoroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%E2%80%99chi%E2%80%99chi%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="O’chi’chi’ language">O’chi’chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obolo_language" title="Obolo language">Obolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obulom_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Obulom language">Obulom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odual_language" title="Odual language">Odual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogba_language" title="Ogba language">Ogba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogbogolo_language" title="Ogbogolo language">Ogbogolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogbronuagum_language" title="Ogbronuagum language">Ogbronuagum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_languages" title="Ogoni languages">Ogoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okodia_language" title="Okodia language">Okodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oruma_language" title="Oruma language">Oruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tee_language" title="Tee language">Tee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni_language" title="Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni language">Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taraba_State" title="Taraba State">Taraba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baissa_Fali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baissa Fali language">Baissa Fali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bete_language_(Nigeria)" title="Bete language (Nigeria)">Bete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buru_language_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buru language (Nigeria)">Buru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadiya_language" title="Dadiya language">Dadiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Donga language">Donga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholok_language" title="Kholok language">Kholok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpati_language" title="Kpati language">Kpati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laka_language_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laka language (Nigeria)">Laka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufu_language" title="Lufu language">Lufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumuye_language" title="Mumuye language">Mumuye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyam_language" title="Nyam language">Nyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingwom_language" title="Nyingwom language">Nyingwom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangseng_language" title="Pangseng language">Pangseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rang_language" title="Rang language">Rang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarok_language" title="Tarok language">Tarok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waja_language" title="Waja language">Waja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka_language" title="Waka language">Waka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yendang_language" title="Yendang language">Yendang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoti_language" title="Yoti language">Yoti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yobe_State" title="Yobe State">Yobe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bade_language" title="Bade language">Bade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bole_language" title="Bole language">Bole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C6%8Auwai_language" title="Ɗuwai language">Ɗuwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karekare_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karekare language">Karekare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngamo_language" title="Ngamo language">Ngamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngizim_language" title="Ngizim language">Ngizim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Sign Language">Nigerian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bura_Sign_Language" title="Bura Sign Language">Bura Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Sign_Language" title="Hausa Sign Language">Hausa Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Nigerian_alphabet" title="Pan-Nigerian alphabet">Pan-Nigerian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="West_Chadic_languages438" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Chadic_languages" title="Template:West Chadic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:West_Chadic_languages" title="Template talk:West Chadic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Chadic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Chadic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="West_Chadic_languages438" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Chadic_languages" title="West Chadic languages">West Chadic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hausa%E2%80%93Gwandara_languages" title="Hausa–Gwandara languages">Hausa–<br />Gwandara</a> (A.1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwandara_language" title="Gwandara language">Gwandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bole%E2%80%93Tangale_languages" title="Bole–Tangale languages">Bole–<br />Tangale</a> (A.2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bole</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C6%81eele_language" title="Ɓeele language">Ɓeele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bole_language" title="Bole language">Bole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bure_language" title="Bure language">Bure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazawa_language" title="Dazawa language">Daza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deno_language" title="Deno language">Deno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galambu_language" title="Galambu language">Galambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_language" title="Gera language">Gera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geruma_language" title="Geruma language">Geruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giiwo_language" title="Giiwo language">Giiwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karai-karai" title="Karai-karai">Karai-karai</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kubi_language" title="Kubi language">Kubi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngamo_language" title="Ngamo language">Ngamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maaka_language" title="Maaka language">Maaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_language_(Chadic)" title="Pali language (Chadic)">Pali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tangale</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goji_language" title="Goji language">Goji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakuru_language" title="Kanakuru language">Kanakuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholok_language" title="Kholok language">Kholok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulung_language_(West_Chadic)" title="Kulung language (West Chadic)">Kulung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutto_language" title="Kutto language">Kutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaami_language" title="Kwaami language">Kwaami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyam_language" title="Nyam language">Nyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pero_language" title="Pero language">Pero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piya_language" title="Piya language">Piya-Kwonci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangale_language" title="Tangale language">Tangale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angas_languages" title="Angas languages">Angas</a> (A.3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beln%C9%99ng_language" title="Belnəng language">Belnəng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cakfem-Mushere_language" title="Cakfem-Mushere language">Cakfem-Mushere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakato_language" title="Chakato language">Chakato</a> (Jorto)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Goemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jibyal_language" title="Jibyal language">Jibyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koenoem_language" title="Koenoem language">Koenoem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miler_language" title="Miler language">Miler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miship_language" title="Miship language">Miship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montol_language" title="Montol language">Montol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwaghavul_language" title="Mwaghavul language">Mwaghavul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngas_language" title="Ngas language">Ngas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nteng_language" title="Nteng language">Nteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_language" title="Pan language">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyapun_language" title="Pyapun language">Pyapun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_language" title="Tal language">Tal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiwom_language" title="Yiwom language">Yiwom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ron_languages" title="Ron languages">Ron</a> (A.4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duhwa_language" title="Duhwa language">Duhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyer_language" title="Fyer language">Fyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulere_language" title="Kulere language">Kulere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundat_language" title="Mundat language">Mundat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_language" title="Ron language">Ron</a> <ul><li>Bokkos</li> <li>Daffo-Butura</li> <li>Shagawu</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha_language" title="Sha language">Sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambas_language" title="Tambas language">Tambas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bade_languages" title="Bade languages">Bade</a> (B.1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auyokawa_language" title="Auyokawa language">Auyokawa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bade_language" title="Bade language">Bade</a> <ul><li><i>Shirawa</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C6%8Auwai_language" title="Ɗuwai language">Ɗuwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngizim_language" title="Ngizim language">Ngizim</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teshenawa_language" title="Teshenawa language">Teshenawa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Bauchi_languages" title="North Bauchi languages">North Bauchi</a><br />(Warji) (B.2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ajawa_language" title="Ajawa language">Ajawa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciwogai_language" title="Ciwogai language">Ciwogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diri_language" title="Diri language">Diri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kariya_language" title="Kariya language">Kariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mburku_language" title="Mburku language">Mburku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miya_language" title="Miya language">Miya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%CA%BCa_language" title="Paʼa language">Paʼa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri_language" title="Siri language">Siri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warji_language" title="Warji language">Warji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zumbun_language" title="Zumbun language">Zumbun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Bauchi_languages" title="South Bauchi languages">South Bauchi</a><br />(Barawa) (B.3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zaar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dass_language" title="Dass language">Dass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geji_language" title="Geji language">Geji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polci_language" title="Polci language">Polci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saya_language" title="Saya language">Saya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zari_language" title="Zari language">Zari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeem_language" title="Zeem language">Zeem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guruntum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guruntum_language" title="Guruntum language">Guruntum-Mbaaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ju_language_(Chadic)" title="Ju language (Chadic)">Ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_language" title="Tala language">Tala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangwal_language" title="Zangwal language">Zangwal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boghom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boghom_language" title="Boghom language">Boghom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_language_(Nigeria)" title="Jimi language (Nigeria)">Jimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_language_(Nigeria)" title="Jimi language (Nigeria)">Jum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kir-Balar_language" title="Kir-Balar language">Kir-Balar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantsi_language_(Nigeria)" title="Mantsi language (Nigeria)">Mangas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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