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id="toc-Visual_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mystery_plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mystery_plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mystery plays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mystery_plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Modern literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>In film and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cited works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pontius Pilate's wife</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A" title="زوجة بيلاطس البنطي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زوجة بيلاطس البنطي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Клавдия Прокула – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клавдия Прокула" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A0udia_Pr%C3%B2cula" title="Clàudia Pròcula – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Clàudia Pròcula" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokula" title="Prokula – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Prokula" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Procula" title="Claudia Procula – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Claudia Procula" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontius_Pilatuse_naine" title="Pontius Pilatuse naine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pontius Pilatuse naine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Αγία Πρόκλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγία Πρόκλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3cula" title="Prócula – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Prócula" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kla%C5%ADda_Prokula" title="Klaŭda Prokula – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Klaŭda Prokula" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Procula" title="Claudia Procula – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Claudia Procula" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istri_Pontius_Pilatus" title="Istri Pontius Pilatus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Istri Pontius Pilatus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Procula" title="Claudia Procula – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Claudia Procula" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garwa_Pontius_Pilatus" title="Garwa Pontius Pilatus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Garwa Pontius Pilatus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%89" title="زوجة بيلاطس البنطى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زوجة بيلاطس البنطى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokula" title="Prokula – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prokula" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esposa_de_P%C3%B4ncio_Pilatos" title="Esposa de Pôncio Pilatos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Esposa de Pôncio Pilatos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Procula" title="Claudia Procula – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Claudia Procula" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Клавдия Прокула – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клавдия Прокула" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Procula" title="Claudia Procula – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Claudia Procula" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Клаудија Прокла – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Клаудија Прокла" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Procula" title="Claudia Procula – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Claudia Procula" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Procula" title="Claudia Procula – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Claudia Procula" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontius_Pilatus%27un_kar%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Pontius Pilatus'un karısı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pontius Pilatus'un karısı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Клавдія Прокула – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Клавдія Прокула" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%82_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B3" title="زوجۂ پیلاطس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زوجۂ پیلاطس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q263459#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Figure in the Christian Bible</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Procla</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife.jpg/125px-Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="153" data-file-height="392" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Greek icon of Saint Procla (<i>Hagia Prokla</i>)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;">Governess of Judea<br />Widow and Martyr</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Church">Oriental Orthodox Church</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27 October (Eastern Orthodox, Eastern Catholic)<br />25 June (Ethiopian Orthodox)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The unnamed wife of <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> appears only once in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> (27:19), where she intercedes with Pilate on Jesus' behalf. It is uncertain whether Pilate was actually married, although it is likely. In later tradition, she becomes known as <b>Procula</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Procula</i>), <b>Procla</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <i lang="grc">Πρόκλα</i>) or <b>Procle</b> and plays a role in various <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_Apocrypha" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament Apocrypha">New Testament Apocrypha</a>. At a later date, she acquires the name <b>Claudia Procula</b> in Western tradition, as well as other names and variants of these names. She is venerated as a saint by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic Church">Eastern Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Church">Coptic Church</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Church">Ethiopian Church</a>. She has also frequently been featured in literature and film. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pilate's wife is left nameless in her only early mention, the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>. She is one of several women identified in the Bible only by their relationship to their husband.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxall201821_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxall201821-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a> Procula (in Latin) or Prokla (in Greek) for Pilate's wife first appears in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Nicodemus" title="Gospel of Nicodemus">Gospel of Nicodemus</a> (5th c.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKany1995105_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKany1995105-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the chronicle of <a href="/wiki/John_Malalas" title="John Malalas">John Malalas</a> (6th c.).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemandt1999162_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemandt1999162-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This name is relatively stable for her both in eastern and western Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxall201821–22_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxall201821–22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Dobsch%C3%BCtz" title="Ernst von Dobschütz">Ernst von Dobschütz</a> suggested that the name might have come from the <i><a href="/wiki/Fasti_consulares" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasti consulares">Fasti consulares</a></i> for 37 CE, which records the death in that year of <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Acerronius_Proculus" title="Gnaeus Acerronius Proculus">Gnaeus Acerronius Proculus</a>, co-consul of Gaius Petronius Pontius Nigrinus, thus providing the names <i>Proculus</i> and <i>Pontius</i> together.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKany1995105_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKany1995105-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Paulus" title="Heinrich Paulus">Heinrich Paulus</a>, among others, has proposed that the name arose from a transcription error in the Latin text that took the Latin word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">procul</i></span> (<i>far off</i>) to be the name <i>Procula</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKany1995106–07_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKany1995106–07-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others believe that it may accurately reflect the cognomen of Pilate's wife.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roland Kany argues that the earliest extant reference to her as <i>Claudia Procula</i> is the <i><a href="/wiki/Flavius_Lucius_Dexter" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Lucius Dexter">Pseudo-Dexter Chronicle</a></i>, a forgery first published in 1619.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKany1995107–09_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKany1995107–09-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Tibor Grüll and Jill Carington Smith both assert that the name first appears in the works of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Jerome">Saint Jerome</a> (347 to 430).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrüll2010168_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrüll2010168-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1984102_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1984102-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ian Boxall writes that the name probably became Claudia Procula with <i>Pseudo-Dexter</i> "regular claims to the contrary notwithstanding."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxall201822_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxall201822-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claudia Procula was not an uncommon name in antiquity: the graves of several women named Claudia Procula have been uncovered, from <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> (Syria), <a href="/wiki/Cyrene_(Libya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrene (Libya)">Cyrene</a> (Libya), and <a href="/wiki/Patara_(Lycia)" title="Patara (Lycia)">Patara</a> (modern Turkey), and it is also a plausible name for a daughter of a certain Claudius Proculus named in a letter by the emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMouterde1929240_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMouterde1929240-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The twelfth-century Syrian theologian <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Bar-Salibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysius Bar-Salibi">Dionysius Bar-Salibi</a> gives her name as <i>Longina</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxall201822_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxall201822-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In medieval drama Pilate's wife is often given names such as Livia or Pilatessa,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2009415_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2009415-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and further variants are found in more recent works. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_and_biblical_origins">Historical and biblical origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical and biblical origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Message_of_Pilate%27s_Wife._Pilate_-_James_Tissot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Message_of_Pilate%27s_Wife._Pilate_-_James_Tissot.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Message_of_Pilate%27s_Wife._Pilate_-_James_Tissot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Message_of_Pilate%27s_Wife._Pilate_-_James_Tissot.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Message_of_Pilate%27s_Wife._Pilate_-_James_Tissot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Message_of_Pilate%27s_Wife._Pilate_-_James_Tissot.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Message_of_Pilate%27s_Wife._Pilate_-_James_Tissot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption><i>The Message of Pilate's Wife</i> (1886–94) by <a href="/wiki/James_Tissot" title="James Tissot">James Tissot</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>It is likely that Pontius Pilate was married.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter200315_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter200315-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that his wife accompanied him to his post as governor of <a href="/wiki/Judaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaea">Judaea</a> (26–36/37 CE); while governors were forbidden to bring their wives to their posts under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, the law was later repealed by the Senate. Jean-Pierre Lémonon says this most likely took place during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELémonon2007254_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELémonon2007254-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Demandt" title="Alexander Demandt">Alexander Demandt</a> gives 20 CE as the year that the rule was abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemandt201276_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemandt201276-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the only early mention of Pilate's wife is a single sentence in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> (late 1st century CE): </p> <blockquote><p>And while [Pilate] was sitting on the judgment-seat, his wife sent unto him, saying, Have thou nothing to do with that righteous man; for I have suffered many things this day in a dream because of him. (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_27" title="Matthew 27">Matthew 27</a>:19, American Standard Version)</p></blockquote> <p>However, according to scholars Demandt, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Bond" title="Helen Bond">Helen Bond</a>, and Jean-Pierre Lémonon, this mention is legendary rather than historical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond1998197Demandt201276–77Lémonon2007167_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond1998197Demandt201276–77Lémonon2007167-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond E. Brown</a> suggested that the episode has been modeled according to a common trope, found in the works of the Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, in which a noble pagan woman is favorable towards Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond1998133_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond1998133-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early sixteenth-century, François de Bivar suggested, based on Pilate's wife's name in later tradition, that the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Claudia" title="Saint Claudia">Claudia</a> mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Paul_(apostle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul (apostle)">Paul</a> in <a href="/wiki/Second_Timothy" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Timothy">Second Timothy</a> (2 Timothy 4:21) might have been Pilate's wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMouterde1929240_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMouterde1929240-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Colum_Hourihane" title="Colum Hourihane">Colum Hourihane</a> discounts this possibility, however.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008215_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008215-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1920s, a lead sarcophagus was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> containing two bracelets inscribed with the name Claudia Procula in Greek (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ΚΛΑΥΔ/ΙΑ ΠΡΟ/ΚΛΑ</span></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ΚΛΑΥΔ/ ΠΡΟΚΛΑ</span></span> respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMouterde1929244–45_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMouterde1929244–45-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> René Mouterde dated the find to the third century, possibly the early third century, although he noted that some elements appeared much more archaic in style.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMouterde1929245–51_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMouterde1929245–51-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suggests that it is possible that the author of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Nicodemus" title="Gospel of Nicodemus">Gospel of Nicodemus</a> may have been inspired by the death of this woman to name Pilate's wife after her, although he notes that there is no evidence to connect the Gospel of Nicodemus with Beirut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMouterde1929240_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMouterde1929240-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Primarily on the basis of the grave goods found with the sarcophagus, but also taking into account the archaic features noted by Mouterde, Jill Carington Smith redated the find to the last three quarters of the first century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1984103–06_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1984103–06-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith notes that this is a time period when it is plausible that the woman could have been the wife of Pontius Pilate, though she notes that there is no evidence that Pilate was ever in Beirut and the name Claudia Procula is attested elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1984106–07_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1984106–07-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She concludes: "If this date [last three quarters of the first century] is accepted, the possibility that this was in fact Pilate's wife, though unlikely, cannot be entirely excluded."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1984107_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1984107-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_Christian_tradition">Later Christian tradition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later Christian tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Attitudes toward Pilate and his wife varied by region. In general, Pilate was revered in the Eastern churches, and despised in the Western churches. Pilate's wife, as Saint Procla, is venerated by the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Church">Oriental Orthodox Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic Church">Eastern Catholic Church</a>. The Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates Procla on October 27, while the Oriental Orthodox Church celebrates both her and her husband as saints on June 25.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxall201824–25_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxall201824–25-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest references to Procla's conversion to Christianity date from the second-century Christian apologist <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008216_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008216-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Western Church, Pilate's wife was never canonized and her dream was often interpreted as coming from the <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">devil</a>, who wished to prevent salvation. This interpretation can be found in figures such as medieval theologians <a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a>, as well as Protestant reformer <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFascher19517–16_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFascher19517–16-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Western Christians, such as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Augustine">Saint Augustine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Jerome">Saint Jerome</a>, and Protestant reformer <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, argued for a divine origin of the dream, but without holding Pilate's wife to be a saint.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFascher195116–19_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFascher195116–19-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament_Apocrypha">New Testament Apocrypha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: New Testament Apocrypha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most important text to feature Procla is the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Nicodemus" title="Gospel of Nicodemus">Gospel of Nicodemus</a>, also called <i>The Acts of Pilate</i>, which expands on her mention in Matthew 27:19. In the Gospel of Nicodemus, Pilate's wife sends a messenger to Pilate rather than telling him of her dream herself, and the Jews accuse Jesus of using sorcery to send the dream.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008218_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008218-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pilate describes Procula, when speaking to the Jews, as pious and as practicing the Jewish religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxall201823_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxall201823-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some versions of the text, both Pilate and Procula are depicted as present at the crucifixion, and so saddened by Jesus's death that they cannot eat or drink.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008218_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008218-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Paradosis_Pilati" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradosis Pilati">Paradosis Pilati</a></i> (5th c.),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIzydorczyk19977_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIzydorczyk19977-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Greek text which is sometimes attached to the Gospel of Nicodemus, has extremely high regard for Pilate and Procula, writing them as martyrs. In it, <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> orders the beheading of Pilate for the crime of executing Jesus. Pilate indicates that Procula already serves the Christian God; in a divine vision, Pilate is reassured that he was merely fulfilling his role in achieving God's prophecies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrmanPleše2011501&ndash;509_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrmanPleše2011501&ndash;509-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An angel takes up Pilate's severed head to heaven; Procula dies of joy when she sees the angel receive her husband, and the two are buried together.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008219_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008219-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the apocryphal <i><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></i> (c. 160 CE), Pilate's wife is baptized by <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> and quickly shows signs of sainthood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornagliotti2013187_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornagliotti2013187-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Evangelium Gamalielis</i>, possibly of medieval origin and preserved in Arabic, Coptic, and <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez">Ge'ez</a> (Ethiopic),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrüll2010160_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrüll2010160-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pilate is crucified for being a Christian and Procla weeps at the foot of his cross; however, he is miraculously rescued and the two are baptized by a light from heaven. Pilate is then executed by beheading, and Procla, not present at the beheading, is found to have died on the same day as her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008217_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008217-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Martyrium Pilati</i>, possibly of medieval origin and preserved in Arabic, Coptic, and <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez">Ge'ez</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrüll2010160_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrüll2010160-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> opens with a portrayal of the now Christian Procula's charital actions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemandt1999223_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemandt1999223-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text ends with Pilate's wife and Pilate, as well as their two children, being crucified twice, once by the Jews and once by Tiberius, for their faith.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrüll2010167_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrüll2010167-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the "<a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Cock" title="Book of the Cock">Book of the Cock</a>", a Late-Antique apocryphal passion Gospel only preserved in Ge'ez, but clearly translated from an Arabic source,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiovanelli2003427–28_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiovanelli2003427–28-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Procla (<span title="Ge'ez-language text"><i lang="gez">Abroqla</i></span>) enters Pilate's court with her daughters Dorta and Mäkara, who are deaf and mute, when Jesus is brought to Pilate. Jesus cures the daughters of their deafness and muteness, and, after speaking to her sisters and her brother's wife, Procla petitions Pilate to release Jesus. Procla and the other members of Pilate's family declare they are ready to die for Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiovanelli2003430_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiovanelli2003430-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She writes a letter to the Jewish leaders saying that Jesus is the son of God, but Jesus picks up the letter and it changes to say that Procla is blessed and will be rewarded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowley198518–19_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowley198518–19-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This book enjoys "a quasi-canonical status" among Ethiopian Christians to this day and continues to be read beside the canonical gospels during <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiovanelli2003433–34_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiovanelli2003433–34-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_legends">Later legends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later legends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early ninth century <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> poem <i><a href="/wiki/Heliand" title="Heliand">Heliand</a></i>, a rhyming <a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">harmonization of the gospels</a>, portrays the dream of Pilate's wife as coming from Satan, who fears that if Christ is crucified Hell will become empty of sinners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemandt1999162_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemandt1999162-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This portrayal followed a common interpretation of the dream in Western Christianity, which can be found in the works of <a href="/wiki/Hrabanus_Maurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hrabanus Maurus">Hrabanus Maurus</a> (c. 780–856), <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a> (1290–1153), and others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemandt1999162_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemandt1999162-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Slavonic_Josephus" title="Slavonic Josephus">Slavonic Josephus</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> translation of the Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> with many legendary additions, Jesus heals Pilate's dying wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemandt199970_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemandt199970-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to later Western Christian legend, influenced by her name in <i>Pseudo-Dexter</i>, Claudia Procula was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxall201822_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxall201822-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the illegitimate daughter of <a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar Augustus">Caesar Augustus</a>'s daughter <a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Elder" title="Julia the Elder">Julia the Elder</a>. Julia had been married to <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, but he divorced and exiled her due to her immoderate lifestyle. While in exile, Julia gave birth to Claudia Procula, who was legitimized by Tiberius after Julia's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008215_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008215-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christian_art_and_plays">Christian art and plays</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Christian art and plays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_art">Visual art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Visual art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monvaerni_Master_-_Christ_before_Pontius_Pilate_-_Walters_44599.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Monvaerni_Master_-_Christ_before_Pontius_Pilate_-_Walters_44599.jpg/220px-Monvaerni_Master_-_Christ_before_Pontius_Pilate_-_Walters_44599.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Monvaerni_Master_-_Christ_before_Pontius_Pilate_-_Walters_44599.jpg/330px-Monvaerni_Master_-_Christ_before_Pontius_Pilate_-_Walters_44599.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Monvaerni_Master_-_Christ_before_Pontius_Pilate_-_Walters_44599.jpg/440px-Monvaerni_Master_-_Christ_before_Pontius_Pilate_-_Walters_44599.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://art.thewalters.org/detail/37175"><i>Christ before Pontius Pilate</i></a>, late 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Limoges_enamel" title="Limoges enamel">Limoges enamel</a> by Monvaerni Master (<a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a>): "... Pilate is flanked [...] on his left by the attendant sent by Pilate's wife to warn him"</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest depictions of Procula occur as disembodied heads near Pilate, depicting her warning him of her dream.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008220_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008220-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest surviving image comes from <a href="/wiki/Fulda" title="Fulda">Fulda</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ottonian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottonian period">Ottonian period</a> and dates to c. 970–980.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008221_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008221-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest full-body depictions of Procula occur in the eleventh century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008223_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008223-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She typically stands behind him, sometimes whispering in his ear, while other representations of Matthew's version of the scene in <a href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_court" title="Pilate's court">Pilate's court</a> may depict an intermediary delivering the message of Pilate's wife to her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Procula is venerated as a saint in Eastern Christianity, very few images of her come from there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008226_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008226-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is frequently depicted in German-speaking Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008229–30_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008229–30-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mystery_plays">Mystery plays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mystery plays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pilate's wife is a major character in the 30th <a href="/wiki/York_Mystery_Plays" title="York Mystery Plays">York Mystery Play</a> (Tapiters' and Couchers' Play), where she introduces herself as "Dame Precious Percula".<sup id="cite_ref-mich_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mich-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her dream is dictated by the Devil. He first soliloquises to the effect that if Jesus dies, he, the Devil, will lose control of men's souls. He then tells the sleeping Percula that Jesus is innocent, and that if he is condemned, she and Pilate will lose their privileged position. She wakes and sends a message to Pilate, but <a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a> succeed in convincing him that her dream was inspired by Jesus' witchcraft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_reception">Modern reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_literature">Modern literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modern literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_dream_of_Pilate%27s_wife_by_Alphonse_Fran%C3%A7ois.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/The_dream_of_Pilate%27s_wife_by_Alphonse_Fran%C3%A7ois.jpg/220px-The_dream_of_Pilate%27s_wife_by_Alphonse_Fran%C3%A7ois.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/The_dream_of_Pilate%27s_wife_by_Alphonse_Fran%C3%A7ois.jpg/330px-The_dream_of_Pilate%27s_wife_by_Alphonse_Fran%C3%A7ois.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/The_dream_of_Pilate%27s_wife_by_Alphonse_Fran%C3%A7ois.jpg/440px-The_dream_of_Pilate%27s_wife_by_Alphonse_Fran%C3%A7ois.jpg 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption><i>The Dream of Pilate's Wife</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1879</span>), engraving by <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Fran%C3%A7ois" title="Alphonse François">Alphonse François</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pilate's wife has appeared in a number of poems, novels, and plays in the modern period. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Emilia_Lanier" title="Emilia Lanier">Aemilia Lanyer</a>'s volume of poems <i><a href="/wiki/Salve_Deus_Rex_Judaeorum" title="Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum">Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum</a></i> (1611) contains a poem of the same title, in which Pilate's wife is the main speaker. She makes reference to the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of Adam and Eve</a>, and argues that Pilate's sin in killing Christ abrogates the curse on Eve, since Pilate sinned by not listening to his wife (unlike Adam, who sinned by hearkening to the voice of Eve). </p><p>In the German poet <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlieb_Klopstock" title="Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock">Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock</a>'s Christian epic <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Messias_(Klopstock)" title="Der Messias (Klopstock)">The Messiah</a></i> (published in installments from 1748 to 1773), Pilate's wife (called Portia) is visited by <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Mother_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary, Mother of Jesus">Mary, Mother of Jesus</a> to warn her husband not to sin by executing Jesus. Portia then has a dream of the pagan philosopher <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, who also warns her not to execute Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemandt1999162_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemandt1999162-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ According to the Meditations of Anne Catherine Emmerich</i> (1833), supposedly a transcription of visions experienced by the German nun <a href="/wiki/Anne_Catherine_Emmerich" title="Anne Catherine Emmerich">Anne Catherine Emmerich</a> but in fact composed by German romantic poet <a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Clemens Brentano</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeks2005421_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks2005421-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> greatly increased popular awareness of Pilate's wife (called <i>Claudia Procles</i>) in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008216–17_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008216–17-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text portrays Claudia Procles as a major character who has several dreams rather than one.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeks2005424_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks2005424-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most significantly, Emmerich sees Claudia Procles send the Virgin Mary pieces of linen in order to wipe up the blood from the <a href="/wiki/Flagellation_of_Christ" title="Flagellation of Christ">flagellation of Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeks2005432–33_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks2005432–33-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMork200589_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMork200589-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another well-known 19th-century work about Pilate's wife is the poem <i>Pilate's Wife's Dream</i> by <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">Charlotte Brontë</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008215_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008215-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Perhaps best known"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxall201822_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxall201822-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among fiction concerning Pilate's wife is <a href="/wiki/Gertrud_von_Le_Fort" title="Gertrud von Le Fort">Gertrud von Le Fort</a>'s 1955 novel <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Frau des Pilatus</i></span> (<i>Pilate's Wife</i>). Le Fort depicts the suffering in Claudia Procula's dream as imagining many people across the centuries praying the <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a>'s words "Suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died, and was buried." When Pilate and Procula return to Rome, she begins secretly attending Christian gatherings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxall201822_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxall201822-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She takes on Pilate's guilt for his execution of Jesus and he executes her as well, in a scene in which she is baptized in blood and made a martyr.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemandt2012108_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemandt2012108-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxall20182_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxall20182-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_film_and_television">In film and television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In film and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest depiction of Pilate's wife, Claudia Procula, is in the French film Golgotha (Julian Duvivier, 1935) and she is played by Edwige Feuillère. </p><p>On television, Pilate's wife was played by <a href="/wiki/Joan_Leslie" title="Joan Leslie">Joan Leslie</a> in the 1951 <i><a href="/wiki/Family_Theater" title="Family Theater">Family Theater</a></i> episode "Hill Number One" (also starring <a href="/wiki/James_Dean" title="James Dean">James Dean</a> as <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Fitzgerald" title="Geraldine Fitzgerald">Geraldine Fitzgerald</a> in the 1952 <i><a href="/wiki/Studio_One_(American_TV_series)" title="Studio One (American TV series)">Studio One</a></i> episode "Pontius Pilate" (where Procula is depicted as half-Jewish, and is brought before Pilate as a Christian rebel herself, fifteen years after Jesus' death). </p><p>Cinematic appearances for the character include the film <i>Day of Triumph</i> (1954, played by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Billingsley" title="Barbara Billingsley">Barbara Billingsley</a>), the film <i><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings_(1961_film)" title="King of Kings (1961 film)">King of Kings</a></i> (1961, played by <a href="/wiki/Viveca_Lindfors" title="Viveca Lindfors">Viveca Lindfors</a>—in which the character is identified as the daughter of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>), the Italian film <i>Ponzio Pilato</i> (1962, played by <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Crain" title="Jeanne Crain">Jeanne Crain</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the epic <i><a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Story_Ever_Told" title="The Greatest Story Ever Told">The Greatest Story Ever Told</a></i> (1965, played by <a href="/wiki/Angela_Lansbury" title="Angela Lansbury">Angela Lansbury</a>). Also, <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Lord" title="Marjorie Lord">Marjorie Lord</a> performed the role of Claudia Procula on stage in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John Cleese played her in <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian" title="Monty Python's Life of Brian">Monty Python's Life of Brian</a></i> (1979).<sup id="cite_ref-Python_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Python-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hope_Lange" title="Hope Lange">Hope Lange</a> played Pontius Pilate's wife in the 1980 made-for-television film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_Christ_Died" title="The Day Christ Died">The Day Christ Died</a></i>. The character is also depicted in the film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Inquiry_(1986_film)" title="The Inquiry (1986 film)">The Inquiry</a></i> (1986) in which she is played by <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Logan" title="Phyllis Logan">Phyllis Logan</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/The_Inquiry_(2006_film)" title="The Inquiry (2006 film)">that film's 2006 remake</a>, played by <a href="/wiki/Anna_Kanakis" title="Anna Kanakis">Anna Kanakis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_of_the_Christ" title="The Passion of the Christ">The Passion of the Christ</a></i> (2004), she is known as <i>Claudia Procles</i> (and played by <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Gerini" title="Claudia Gerini">Claudia Gerini</a>). In this film, Claudia succeeds in convincing Pilate not to pass judgment personally condemning Jesus, but fails in her effort to lobby him to directly save Jesus,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consoles Jesus' mother <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Mary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a> as she hands them towels to clean up the blood from his <a href="/wiki/Scourge" title="Scourge">scourging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pilate's wife is featured in the 2008 TV serial <i><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_(TV_serial)" title="The Passion (TV serial)">The Passion</a></i>, played by <a href="/wiki/Esther_Hall" title="Esther Hall">Esther Hall</a>, and in the 2013 miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_(TV_miniseries)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bible (TV miniseries)">The Bible</a></i>, portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Louise_Delamere" title="Louise Delamere">Louise Delamere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delamere reprised her role in 2014's <i><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(film)" title="Son of God (film)">Son of God</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Whalley" title="Joanne Whalley">Joanne Whalley</a> portrayed Pilate's wife in the 2015 series <i><a href="/wiki/A.D._The_Bible_Continues" title="A.D. The Bible Continues">A.D. The Bible Continues</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarah_J_Bartholomew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarah J Bartholomew (page does not exist)">Sarah J Bartholomew</a> portrayed Pilate's wife 'Claudia' in <a href="/wiki/The_Chosen_(TV_series)" title="The Chosen (TV series)"><i>The Chosen</i></a> from season 3 onward. </p><p>In the Brazilian telenovela <a href="/wiki/Jesus_(TV_series)" title="Jesus (TV series)">Jesus</a>, she was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Larissa_Maciel" title="Larissa Maciel">Larissa Maciel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"[I]t does seem likely that her <i>cognomen</i> was Procla."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1984106_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1984106-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Procula is most probably accurate."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier1968351_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier1968351-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxall201821-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxall201821_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoxall2018">Boxall 2018</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKany1995105-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKany1995105_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKany1995105_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKany1995">Kany 1995</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemandt1999162-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemandt1999162_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemandt1999162_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemandt1999162_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemandt1999162_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDemandt1999">Demandt 1999</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxall201821–22-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxall201821–22_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoxall2018">Boxall 2018</a>, pp. 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKany1995106–07-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKany1995106–07_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKany1995">Kany 1995</a>, pp. 106–07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1984106-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1984106_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1984">Smith 1984</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier1968351-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier1968351_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaier1968">Maier 1968</a>, p. 351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKany1995107–09-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKany1995107–09_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKany1995">Kany 1995</a>, pp. 107–09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrüll2010168-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrüll2010168_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrüll2010">Grüll 2010</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1984102-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1984102_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1984">Smith 1984</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxall201822-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxall201822_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxall201822_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxall201822_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxall201822_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxall201822_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoxall2018">Boxall 2018</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMouterde1929240-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMouterde1929240_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMouterde1929240_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMouterde1929240_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMouterde1929">Mouterde 1929</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2009415-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2009415_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHourihane2009">Hourihane 2009</a>, p. 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter200315-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter200315_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter2003">Carter 2003</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELémonon2007254-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELémonon2007254_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLémonon2007">Lémonon 2007</a>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemandt201276-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemandt201276_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDemandt2012">Demandt 2012</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond1998197Demandt201276–77Lémonon2007167-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond1998197Demandt201276–77Lémonon2007167_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBond1998">Bond 1998</a>, p. 197; <a href="#CITEREFDemandt2012">Demandt 2012</a>, pp. 76–77; <a href="#CITEREFLémonon2007">Lémonon 2007</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond1998133-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond1998133_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBond1998">Bond 1998</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008215-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008215_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008215_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008215_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHourihane2008">Hourihane 2008</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMouterde1929244–45-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMouterde1929244–45_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMouterde1929">Mouterde 1929</a>, pp. 244–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMouterde1929245–51-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMouterde1929245–51_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMouterde1929">Mouterde 1929</a>, pp. 245–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1984103–06-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1984103–06_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1984">Smith 1984</a>, pp. 103–06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1984106–07-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1984106–07_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1984">Smith 1984</a>, pp. 106–07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1984107-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1984107_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1984">Smith 1984</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxall201824–25-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxall201824–25_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoxall2018">Boxall 2018</a>, pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008216-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008216_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHourihane2008">Hourihane 2008</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFascher19517–16-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFascher19517–16_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFascher1951">Fascher 1951</a>, pp. 7–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFascher195116–19-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFascher195116–19_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFascher1951">Fascher 1951</a>, pp. 16–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008218-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008218_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008218_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHourihane2008">Hourihane 2008</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxall201823-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxall201823_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoxall2018">Boxall 2018</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIzydorczyk19977-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIzydorczyk19977_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIzydorczyk1997">Izydorczyk 1997</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrmanPleše2011501&ndash;509-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrmanPleše2011501&ndash;509_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrmanPleše2011">Ehrman & Pleše 2011</a>, p. 501–509.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008219-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008219_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHourihane2008">Hourihane 2008</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornagliotti2013187-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornagliotti2013187_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornagliotti2013">Cornagliotti 2013</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrüll2010160-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrüll2010160_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrüll2010160_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrüll2010">Grüll 2010</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008217-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008217_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHourihane2008">Hourihane 2008</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemandt1999223-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemandt1999223_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDemandt1999">Demandt 1999</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrüll2010167-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrüll2010167_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrüll2010">Grüll 2010</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiovanelli2003427–28-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiovanelli2003427–28_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPiovanelli2003">Piovanelli 2003</a>, pp. 427–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiovanelli2003430-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiovanelli2003430_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPiovanelli2003">Piovanelli 2003</a>, p. 430.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowley198518–19-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowley198518–19_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowley1985">Crowley 1985</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiovanelli2003433–34-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiovanelli2003433–34_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPiovanelli2003">Piovanelli 2003</a>, pp. 433–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemandt199970-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemandt199970_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDemandt1999">Demandt 1999</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008220-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008220_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHourihane2008">Hourihane 2008</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008221-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008221_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHourihane2008">Hourihane 2008</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008223-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008223_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHourihane2008">Hourihane 2008</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G Schiller, <i>Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. II</i>, 1972 (English trans from German), Lund Humphries, London, pp. 66, and <i>passim</i> see Index, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85331-324-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85331-324-5">0-85331-324-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008226-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008226_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHourihane2008">Hourihane 2008</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008229–30-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008229–30_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHourihane2008">Hourihane 2008</a>, pp. 229–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mich-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mich_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=cme;idno=York;rgn=div1;view=text;cc=cme;node=York%3A32">original text of Tapiters and Couchers Play at University of Michigan</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks2005421-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeks2005421_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeeks2005">Weeks 2005</a>, p. 421.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWeeks2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008216–17-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourihane2008216–17_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHourihane2008">Hourihane 2008</a>, pp. 216–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks2005424-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeks2005424_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeeks2005">Weeks 2005</a>, p. 424.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWeeks2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks2005432–33-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeks2005432–33_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeeks2005">Weeks 2005</a>, pp. 432–33.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWeeks2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMork200589-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMork200589_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMork2005">Mork 2005</a>, p. 89.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMork2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemandt2012108-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemandt2012108_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDemandt2012">Demandt 2012</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxall20182-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxall20182_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoxall2018">Boxall 2018</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qa5_AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT1344"><i>TLA Film and Video Guide 2000-2001</i>, (David Bleiler, ed.) St. Martin's Publishing Group, 2013</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781466859401" title="Special:BookSources/9781466859401">9781466859401</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://filmsdefrance.com/FDF_Ponzio_Pilato_1962_rev.html">Ponzio Pilato (1962)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120708153937/http://filmsdefrance.com/FDF_Ponzio_Pilato_1962_rev.html">Archived</a> 2012-07-08 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> at the <i>Films de France</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine">Time Magazine</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120915060418/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,828101,00.html">"Gospel According to Claudia"</a>, 1963-04-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Python-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Python_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman,_GrahamCleese,_JohnGilliam,_TerryIdle,_Eric1979" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, Graham; Cleese, John; Gilliam, Terry; Idle, Eric; Jones, Terry; Palin, Michael (1979). <i>Monty Python's The Life of Brian/Montypythonscrapbook</i>. London: Eyre Methuen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monty+Python%27s+The+Life+of+Brian%2FMontypythonscrapbook&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Eyre+Methuen&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Chapman%2C+Graham&rft.au=Cleese%2C+John&rft.au=Gilliam%2C+Terry&rft.au=Idle%2C+Eric&rft.au=Jones%2C+Terry&rft.au=Palin%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontius+Pilate%27s+wife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halliwell, Leslie (2003). Halliwell's Film & Video Guide. HarperResource. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050890-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050890-6">0-06-050890-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117923195.html?categoryid=31&cs=1">Variety review</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2004/02/24/an_obscene_portrayal_of_christs_passion/">Boston Globe</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/character/ch0036034/">Film and TV productions featuring the character Claudia Procula</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3210686/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm">"Son of God Cast"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Son+of+God+Cast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt3210686%2Ffullcredits%3Fref_%3Dtt_cl_sm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontius+Pilate%27s+wife" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbc.com/ad-the-bible-continues/about/bio/joanne-whalley">Joanne Whalley plays "Claudia" in : AD: The Bible Continues"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://recordtv.r7.com/novela-jesus/fichas/conheca-os-personagens-da-novela-jesus-31012023/">Conheça os personagens da novela Jesus</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_works">Cited works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cited works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond1998" class="citation book cs1">Bond, Helen K. (1998). <i>Pontius Pilate in History and Interpretation</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-63114-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-63114-9"><bdi>0-521-63114-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pontius+Pilate+in+History+and+Interpretation&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-521-63114-9&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Helen+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontius+Pilate%27s+wife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoxall2018" class="citation book cs1">Boxall, Ian (2018). "From the Magi to Pilate's Wife:David Brown, Tradition and the Reception of Matthew's Text". In Allen, Garrick V.; Brewer, Christopher R.; Kinlaw, Dennis F. III (eds.). <i>The Moving Text: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on David Brown and Bible</i>. London: SCM Press. pp. 17–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780334055266" title="Special:BookSources/9780334055266"><bdi>9780334055266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+the+Magi+to+Pilate%27s+Wife%3ADavid+Brown%2C+Tradition+and+the+Reception+of+Matthew%27s+Text&rft.btitle=The+Moving+Text%3A+Interdisciplinary+Perspectives+on+David+Brown+and+Bible&rft.place=London&rft.pages=17-36&rft.pub=SCM+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780334055266&rft.aulast=Boxall&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontius+Pilate%27s+wife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Carter" title="Warren Carter">Carter, Warren</a> (2003). <i>Pontius Pilate: Portraits of a Roman Governor</i>. Collegeville, Mn.: Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-5113-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-5113-5"><bdi>0-8146-5113-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pontius+Pilate%3A+Portraits+of+a+Roman+Governor&rft.place=Collegeville%2C+Mn.&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8146-5113-5&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontius+Pilate%27s+wife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornagliotti2013" class="citation book cs1">Cornagliotti, Anna (2013). "Da <i>procul</i> a <i>Procula</i>: Antroponimi dei vangeli eterodossi". In Bremer Bruno, Donatella; Da Camilli, Davide; Porcelli, Bruno (eds.). <i>Nomina: Studi di onomastica in onore di Maria Giovanni Arcamone</i>. Pisa: Edizioni ETS. pp. 183–193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788846736383" title="Special:BookSources/9788846736383"><bdi>9788846736383</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Da+procul+a+Procula%3A+Antroponimi+dei+vangeli+eterodossi&rft.btitle=Nomina%3A+Studi+di+onomastica+in+onore+di+Maria+Giovanni+Arcamone&rft.place=Pisa&rft.pages=183-193&rft.pub=Edizioni+ETS&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9788846736383&rft.aulast=Cornagliotti&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontius+Pilate%27s+wife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley1985" class="citation journal cs1">Crowley, Roger W. (1985). "The So-Called "Ethiopic Book of the Cock": Part of an Apocryphal Passion Gospel, "The Homily and Teaching of Our Fathers the Holy Apostles"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 16–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00154905">10.1017/S0035869X00154905</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25211766">25211766</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162813973">162813973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+So-Called+%22Ethiopic+Book+of+the+Cock%22%3A+Part+of+an+Apocryphal+Passion+Gospel%2C+%22The+Homily+and+Teaching+of+Our+Fathers+the+Holy+Apostles%22&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16-22&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162813973%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25211766%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00154905&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Roger+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontius+Pilate%27s+wife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemandt1999" class="citation book cs1">Demandt, Alexander (1999). <i>Hände in Unschuld: Pontius Pilatus in der Geschichte</i>. Cologne, Weimar, Vienna: Böhlau. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-412-01799-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-412-01799-X"><bdi>3-412-01799-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H%C3%A4nde+in+Unschuld%3A+Pontius+Pilatus+in+der+Geschichte&rft.place=Cologne%2C+Weimar%2C+Vienna&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=3-412-01799-X&rft.aulast=Demandt&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontius+Pilate%27s+wife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemandt2012" class="citation book cs1">Demandt, Alexander (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ynEO_Mt8YbkC&q=Demandt+Pilatus"><i>Pontius Pilatus</i></a>. Munich: C. H. Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783406633621" title="Special:BookSources/9783406633621"><bdi>9783406633621</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pontius+Pilatus&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=C.+H.+Beck&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9783406633621&rft.aulast=Demandt&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DynEO_Mt8YbkC%26q%3DDemandt%2BPilatus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontius+Pilate%27s+wife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrmanPleše2011" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart; Pleše, Zlatko (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780199732104"><i>The Apocryphal Gospels: Texts and Translations</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973210-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973210-4"><bdi>978-0-19-973210-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apocryphal+Gospels%3A+Texts+and+Translations&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973210-4&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft.au=Ple%C5%A1e%2C+Zlatko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780199732104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontius+Pilate%27s+wife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFascher1951" class="citation book cs1">Fascher, Erich (1951). <i>Das Weib des Pilatus (Matthäus 27,19); Die Auferweckung der Heiligen (Matthäus 27,51-53): Zwei Studien zur Geschichte der Schriftauslegung</i>. Halle (Saale): Max Niemeyer Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Weib+des+Pilatus+%28Matth%C3%A4us+27%2C19%29%3B+Die+Auferweckung+der+Heiligen+%28Matth%C3%A4us+27%2C51-53%29%3A+Zwei+Studien+zur+Geschichte+der+Schriftauslegung&rft.place=Halle+%28Saale%29&rft.pub=Max+Niemeyer+Verlag&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Fascher&rft.aufirst=Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontius+Pilate%27s+wife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrüll2010" class="citation journal cs1">Grüll, Tibor (2010). "The Legendary Fate of Pontius Pilate". <i>Classica et Mediaevalia</i>. <b>61</b>: 151–176.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classica+et+Mediaevalia&rft.atitle=The+Legendary+Fate+of+Pontius+Pilate&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=151-176&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%BCll&rft.aufirst=Tibor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontius+Pilate%27s+wife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHourihane2009" class="citation book cs1">Hourihane, Colum (2009). <i>Pontius Pilate, Anti-Semitism, and the Passion in Medieval Art</i>. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691139562" title="Special:BookSources/9780691139562"><bdi>9780691139562</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pontius+Pilate%2C+Anti-Semitism%2C+and+the+Passion+in+Medieval+Art&rft.place=Princeton+and+Oxford&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780691139562&rft.aulast=Hourihane&rft.aufirst=Colum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontius+Pilate%27s+wife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHourihane2008" class="citation book cs1">Hourihane, Colum (2008). "She Who Is Not Named: Pilate's Wife In Medieval Art". In Kogman-Appel, Katrin (ed.). <i>Between Judaism and Christianity Art: Historical Essays in Honor of Elisheva (Elisabeth) Revel-Neher</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 215–239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2Fej.9789004171060.i-490.61">10.1163/ej.9789004171060.i-490.61</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004171060" title="Special:BookSources/9789004171060"><bdi>9789004171060</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=She+Who+Is+Not+Named%3A+Pilate%27s+Wife+In+Medieval+Art&rft.btitle=Between+Judaism+and+Christianity+Art%3A+Historical+Essays+in+Honor+of+Elisheva+%28Elisabeth%29+Revel-Neher&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=215-239&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2Fej.9789004171060.i-490.61&rft.isbn=9789004171060&rft.aulast=Hourihane&rft.aufirst=Colum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontius+Pilate%27s+wife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIzydorczyk1997" class="citation book cs1">Izydorczyk, Zbigniew, ed. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medievalgospelof00izyduoft/page/n7"><i>The Medieval Gospel of Nicodemus: texts, intertexts, and contexts in Western Europe</i></a>. Tempe, AZ: Medieval & Renaissance Texts and Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86698-198-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-86698-198-5"><bdi>0-86698-198-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Gospel+of+Nicodemus%3A+texts%2C+intertexts%2C+and+contexts+in+Western+Europe&rft.place=Tempe%2C+AZ&rft.pub=Medieval+%26+Renaissance+Texts+and+Studies&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-86698-198-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmedievalgospelof00izyduoft%2Fpage%2Fn7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontius+Pilate%27s+wife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKany1995" class="citation journal cs1">Kany, Roland (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/27b713a20b7cc77c6d454e7fe60c47b7/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1817597">"Die Frau des Pilatus und ihr Name: Ein Kapitel aus der Geschichte neutestamentlicher Wissenschaft"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift für neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die Kunde des Urchristentums</i>. <b>88</b> (2): 104–110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+neutestamentliche+Wissenschaft+und+die+Kunde+des+Urchristentums&rft.atitle=Die+Frau+des+Pilatus+und+ihr+Name%3A+Ein+Kapitel+aus+der+Geschichte+neutestamentlicher+Wissenschaft&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=104-110&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Kany&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2F27b713a20b7cc77c6d454e7fe60c47b7%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D1817597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontius+Pilate%27s+wife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLémonon2007" class="citation book cs1">Lémonon, Jean-Pierre (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PvmYODhcO3QC&q=Lemonon+Pilate+Judee"><i>Ponce Pilate</i></a>. Paris: Atelier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782708239180" title="Special:BookSources/9782708239180"><bdi>9782708239180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ponce+Pilate&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Atelier&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9782708239180&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9monon&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPvmYODhcO3QC%26q%3DLemonon%2BPilate%2BJudee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontius+Pilate%27s+wife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacAdam2001" class="citation journal cs1">MacAdam, Henry I. (2001). "<i>Quid Est Veritas?</i> Pontius Pilate in Fact, Fiction, Film, and Fantasy". <i>Irish Biblical Studies</i>. <b>23</b> (1): 66–99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Biblical+Studies&rft.atitle=Quid+Est+Veritas%3F+Pontius+Pilate+in+Fact%2C+Fiction%2C+Film%2C+and+Fantasy&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=66-99&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=MacAdam&rft.aufirst=Henry+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontius+Pilate%27s+wife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacAdam2017" class="citation journal cs1">MacAdam, Henry I. (2017). "<i>Quod scripsi, scripsi: Pontius Pilatus Redivivus</i>". <i>The Polish Journal of Biblical Research</i>. <b>17</b> (1–2): 129–140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Polish+Journal+of+Biblical+Research&rft.atitle=Quod+scripsi%2C+scripsi%3A+Pontius+Pilatus+Redivivus&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=129-140&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=MacAdam&rft.aufirst=Henry+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontius+Pilate%27s+wife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaier1968" class="citation book cs1">Maier, Paul L. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SO-8Vi3g45IC&q=claudia"><i>Pontius Pilate</i></a>. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780825497216" title="Special:BookSources/9780825497216"><bdi>9780825497216</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pontius+Pilate&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780825497216&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Paul+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSO-8Vi3g45IC%26q%3Dclaudia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontius+Pilate%27s+wife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1973" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Howard (1973). "The Legend of Pontius Pilate". <i>Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 95–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18756719-005-01-90000007">10.1163/18756719-005-01-90000007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amsterdamer+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+%C3%A4lteren+Germanistik&rft.atitle=The+Legend+of+Pontius+Pilate&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-118&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18756719-005-01-90000007&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontius+Pilate%27s+wife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMouterde1929" class="citation journal cs1">Mouterde, René (1929). "Sarcophages de plomb trouvés en Syrie". <i>Syria</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 238–251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fsyria.1929.3389">10.3406/syria.1929.3389</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/195509">195509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Syria&rft.atitle=Sarcophages+de+plomb+trouv%C3%A9s+en+Syrie&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=238-251&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fsyria.1929.3389&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F195509%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mouterde&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontius+Pilate%27s+wife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOllivier1896" class="citation journal cs1">Ollivier, Marie-Joseph (1896). "Ponce Pilate et les Pontii". <i>Revue Biblique</i>. <b>5</b> (2 and 4): 247–254, 594–600. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44100212">44100212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+Biblique&rft.atitle=Ponce+Pilate+et+les+Pontii&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2+and+4&rft.pages=247-254%2C+594-600&rft.date=1896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44100212%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ollivier&rft.aufirst=Marie-Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontius+Pilate%27s+wife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiovanelli2003" class="citation journal cs1">Piovanelli, Pierluigi (2003). "Exploring the Ethiopic "Book of the Cock", An Apocryphal Passion Gospel from Late Antiquity". <i>The Harvard Theological Review</i>. <b>96</b> (4): 427–454. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816003000518">10.1017/S0017816003000518</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4151866">4151866</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162634709">162634709</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+Ethiopic+%22Book+of+the+Cock%22%2C+An+Apocryphal+Passion+Gospel+from+Late+Antiquity&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=427-454&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162634709%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4151866%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017816003000518&rft.aulast=Piovanelli&rft.aufirst=Pierluigi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontius+Pilate%27s+wife" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1984" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Jill Carington (1984). "Pilate's Wife". <i>Antichthon</i>. <b>18</b>: 102–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0066477400003166">10.1017/S0066477400003166</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148186487">148186487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antichthon&rft.atitle=Pilate%27s+Wife&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=102-107&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0066477400003166&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148186487%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jill+Carington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontius+Pilate%27s+wife" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sticca, Sandro (1970). <i>The Latin Passion Play: Its Origins and Development</i>. SUNY Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0873950453" title="Special:BookSources/0873950453">0873950453</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWroe1999" class="citation book cs1">Wroe, Ann (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TNrzCVrf3DkC"><i>Pontius Pilate</i></a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-50305-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-50305-6"><bdi>0-375-50305-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pontius+Pilate&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-375-50305-6&rft.aulast=Wroe&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTNrzCVrf3DkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontius+Pilate%27s+wife" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Claudia_Procla" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Claudia Procla">Claudia Procla</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Testament_people" title="Template talk:New Testament people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Testament_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Testament people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Testament_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament_people" title="Category:New Testament people">New Testament people</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">In Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Life of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphaeus" title="Alphaeus">Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna the Prophetess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barabbas" title="Barabbas">Barabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_blind_near_Jericho" title="Healing the blind near Jericho">Bartimaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_man_of_Bethsaida" title="Blind man of Bethsaida">Blind man <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bethsaida)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celidonius" title="Celidonius">Celidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopas" title="Cleopas">Cleopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Penitent thief <span style="font-size:85%;">("Dismas")</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impenitent_thief" title="Impenitent thief">Impenitent thief <span style="font-size:85%;">("Gestas")</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_Jairus%27_daughter" title="Raising of Jairus' daughter">Jairus' daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna,_wife_of_Chuza" title="Joanna, wife of Chuza">Joanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Jude, brother of Jesus">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany" title="Lazarus of Bethany">Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_(demons)" title="Legion (demons)">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysanias" title="Lysanias">Lysanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malchus" title="Malchus">Malchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha" title="Martha">Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_James" title="Mary, mother of James">Mary, mother of James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Clopas" title="Mary of Clopas">Mary of Clopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_fugitive" title="Naked fugitive">Naked fugitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_the_son_of_the_widow_of_Nain" title="Raising of the son of the widow of Nain">Son of Nain's widow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nicodemus_ben_Gurion" title="Nicodemus ben Gurion">Nicodemus ben Gurion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(disciple)" title="Salome (disciple)">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_woman_at_the_well" title="Samaritan woman at the well">Samaritan woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Simon, brother of Jesus">Simon, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Leper" title="Simon the Leper">Simon the Leper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Pharisee" title="Simon the Pharisee">Simon the Pharisee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(disciple)" title="Susanna (disciple)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_of_the_Syrophoenician_woman%27s_daughter" title="Exorcism of the Syrophoenician woman's daughter">Syrophoenician woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_(biblical)" title="Theophilus (biblical)">Theophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacchaeus" title="Zacchaeus">Zacchaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_James" title="New Testament people named James">People named James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_John" title="New Testament people named John">People named John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Joseph" title="New Testament people named Joseph">People named Joseph</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Joses" title="Joses">Joses</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Judas_or_Jude" title="New Testament people named Judas or Jude">People named Judas or Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Mary" title="New Testament people named Mary">People named Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Simon" title="New Testament people named Simon">People named Simon or Simeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel#Christian_beliefs" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Jesus's brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Demons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_disciples_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Female disciples of Jesus">Female disciples of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God-fearer" title="God-fearer">God-fearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodians" title="Herodians">Herodians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrhbearers" title="Myrrhbearers">Myrrhbearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_for_the_biblical_nameless#New_Testament" title="List of names for the biblical nameless">Nameless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselyte" title="Proselyte">Proselytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofer" title="Sofer">Scribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_at_the_crucifixion" title="Women at the crucifixion">Women at the crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealots_(Judea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealots (Judea)">Zealots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)" title="Nathanael (follower of Jesus)">Nathanael</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Less" title="James the Less">Less</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James, son of Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">Patmos</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Disciple whom Jesus loved</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Judas Thaddaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon the Zealot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_(biblical_figure)" title="Aeneas (biblical figure)">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias <span style="font-size:85%;">(Damascus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Ananias <span style="font-size:85%;">(Judaea)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_son_of_Nedebeus" title="Ananias son of Nedebeus">Ananias son of Nedebeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Thessalonica" title="Aristarchus of Thessalonica">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastus" title="Blastus">Blastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaris_(biblical_figure)" title="Damaris (biblical figure)">Damaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_(biblical_figure)" title="Demetrius (biblical figure)">Demetrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas" title="Dorcas">Dorcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymas" title="Elymas">Elymas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_(prophet)" title="Egyptian (prophet)">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_eunuch" title="Ethiopian eunuch">Ethiopian eunuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychus" title="Eutychus">Eutychus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_of_Thessalonica" title="Jason of Thessalonica">Jason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barsabbas" title="Joseph Barsabbas">Joseph Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Cyrene" title="Lucius of Cyrene">Lucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_of_Thyatira" title="Lydia of Thyatira">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manahen" title="Manahen">Manaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">(John) Mark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_cousin_of_Barnabas" title="Mark the cousin of Barnabas">cousin of Barnabas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_John_Mark" title="Mary, mother of John Mark">Mary, mother of (John) Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnason" title="Mnason">Mnason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_the_Deacon" title="Nicanor the Deacon">Nicanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaism#Nicolas" title="Nicolaism">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenas" title="Parmenas">Parmenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Evangelist" title="Philip the Evangelist">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochorus_(deacon)" title="Prochorus (deacon)">Prochorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Publius" title="Saint Publius">Publius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoda_(biblical_figure)" title="Rhoda (biblical figure)">Rhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Sapphira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceva" title="Sceva">Sceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Deacons" title="Seven Deacons">Seven Deacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Silvanus_of_the_Seventy" title="Silvanus of the Seventy">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Niger" title="Simeon Niger">Simeon Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopater" title="Sopater">Sopater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosthenes" title="Sosthenes">Sosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudas" title="Theudas">Theudas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophimus" title="Trophimus">Trophimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychicus" title="Tychicus">Tychicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenas_the_Lawyer" title="Zenas the Lawyer">Zenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Romans and<br /><a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herod's family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Gospels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Antipas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Archelaus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herodias" title="Herodias">Herodias</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longinus" title="Longinus">Longinus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pilate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pilate's wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinius" title="Quirinius">Quirinius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salome" title="Salome">Salome</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Acts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Agrippa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Berenice</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Drusilla_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Drusilla (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Drusilla</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Felix" title="Antonius Felix">Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcius_Festus" title="Porcius Festus">Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Gallio_Annaeanus" title="Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus">Gallio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Lysias" title="Claudius Lysias">Lysias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_Paulus" title="Sergius Paulus">Paullus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaicus_of_Corinth" title="Achaicus of Corinth">Achaicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Ephesian)" title="Alexander (Ephesian)">Alexander of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Coppersmith" title="Alexander the Coppersmith">Alexander the Coppersmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Pannonia" title="Andronicus of Pannonia">Andronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archippus" title="Archippus">Archippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretas_IV_Philopatris" title="Aretas IV Philopatris">Aretas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_(saint)" title="Artemas (saint)">Artemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpus_of_Beroea" title="Carpus of Beroea">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Claudia" title="Saint Claudia">Claudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescens" title="Crescens">Crescens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demas" title="Demas">Demas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diotrephes" title="Diotrephes">Diotrephes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphras" title="Epaphras">Epaphras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphroditus" title="Epaphroditus">Epaphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_of_Corinth" title="Erastus of Corinth">Erastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_(biblical_figure)" title="Eunice (biblical figure)">Eunice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euodia_and_Syntyche" title="Euodia and Syntyche">Euodia and Syntyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodion_of_Patras" title="Herodion of Patras">Herodion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymenaeus_(biblical_figure)" title="Hymenaeus (biblical figure)">Hymenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Justus" title="Jesus Justus">Jesus Justus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junia_(New_Testament_person)" title="Junia (New Testament person)">Junia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_(biblical_figure)" title="Lois (biblical figure)">Lois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Rome" title="Mary of Rome">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphas" title="Nymphas">Nymphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympas" title="Olympas">Olympas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesimus" title="Onesimus">Onesimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesiphorus" title="Onesiphorus">Onesiphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pudens" title="Saint Pudens">Pudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_(biblical_figure)" title="Philemon (biblical figure)">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philetus_(biblical_figure)" title="Philetus (biblical figure)">Philetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(biblical_figure)" title="Phoebe (biblical figure)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartus" title="Quartus">Quartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosipater" title="Sosipater">Sosipater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertius_of_Iconium" title="Tertius of Iconium">Tertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryphena_and_Tryphosa" title="Tryphena and Tryphosa">Tryphena and Tryphosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipas_of_Pergamum" title="Antipas of Pergamum">Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Apollyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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