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title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-名稱" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#名稱"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>名稱</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-名稱-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文學史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文學史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>文學史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-文學史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关文學史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-文學史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-中文文学史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中文文学史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>中文文学史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中文文学史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文学类别" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文学类别"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>文学类别</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文学类别-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文學體裁" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文學體裁"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>文學體裁</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-文學體裁-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关文學體裁子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-文學體裁-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-詩歌" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#詩歌"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>詩歌</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-詩歌-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-散文" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#散文"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>散文</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-散文-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-劇本" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#劇本"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>劇本</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-劇本-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-小說" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#小說"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>小說</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-小說-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其它" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其它"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>其它</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其它-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文學獎項" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文學獎項"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>文學獎項</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文學獎項-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他描述型式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他描述型式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>其他描述型式</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他描述型式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文學技巧" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文學技巧"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>文學技巧</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文學技巧-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註解" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註解"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>註解</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註解-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>延伸阅读</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">文學</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。210种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-210" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">210种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letterkunde" title="Letterkunde – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Letterkunde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatur" title="Literatur – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Literatur" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%8C%BD%E1%88%91%E1%8D%8D" title="ሥነ ጽሑፍ – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥነ ጽሑፍ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="साहित्य – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="साहित्य" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="أدب – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أدب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="সাহিত্য – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সাহিত্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lliteratura" title="Lliteratura – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lliteratura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Адабият – 阿瓦尔语" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Адабият" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suteroteem" title="Suteroteem – 科塔瓦文" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Suteroteem" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="科塔瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="साहित्य – 阿瓦德语" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="साहित्य" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qullas%C3%AFwi" title="Qullasïwi – 艾马拉语" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Qullasïwi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="艾马拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fd%C9%99biyyat" title="Ədəbiyyat – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ədəbiyyat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ادبیات – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ادبیات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D2%99%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B8%D3%99%D1%82" title="Әҙәбиәт – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Әҙәбиәт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susastra" title="Susastra – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Susastra" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatua" title="Literatua – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Literatua" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literat%C5%ABra" title="Literatūra – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Literatūra" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Літаратура – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Літаратура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Літаратура – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Літаратура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Литература – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Литература" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="साहित्य – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="साहित्य" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra" title="Sastra – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sastra" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="সাহিত্য – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাহিত্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="རྩོམ་རིག་ཡི་གེའི་རིག་པ། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྩོམ་རིག་ཡི་གེའི་རིག་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennegezh" title="Lennegezh – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lennegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Književnost – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Književnost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra" title="Sastra – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Sastra" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%91%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Удха зохёол – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Удха зохёол" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99ng-h%C5%8Fk" title="Ùng-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ùng-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Литература – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Литература" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katitikan" title="Katitikan – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Katitikan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8E%DA%98%DB%95" title="وێژە – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وێژە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littiratura" title="Littiratura – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Littiratura" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edebiyat" title="Edebiyat – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Edebiyat" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABteratura" title="Lëteratura – 卡舒比语" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Lëteratura" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="卡舒比语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Литература – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Литература" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llenyddiaeth" title="Llenyddiaeth – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llenyddiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litteratur" title="Litteratur – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Litteratur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litiricha" title="Litiricha – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Litiricha" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatur" title="Literatur – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Literatur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edebiyat" title="Edebiyat – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Edebiyat" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%8B%DE%A6%DE%84%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%94%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%AA" title="އަދަބިއްޔާތު – 迪维希语" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އަދަބިއްޔާތު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪维希语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Λογοτεχνία – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λογοτεχνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature" title="Literature – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Literature" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literaturo" title="Literaturo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Literaturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjandus" title="Kirjandus – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kirjandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ادبیات – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادبیات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjallisuus" title="Kirjallisuus – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirjallisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kir%C3%A4nd%C3%BCs" title="Kirändüs – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kirändüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3kmentir" title="Bókmentir – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bókmentir" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature" title="Littérature – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Littérature" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lit%C3%A8ratura" title="Litèratura – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Litèratura" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatuur" title="Literatuur – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Literatuur" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leterature" title="Leterature – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Leterature" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatuer" title="Literatuer – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Literatuer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litr%C3%ADocht" title="Litríocht – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Litríocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="文學 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="文學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lit%C3%A9ratir" title="Litératir – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Litératir" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litreachas" title="Litreachas – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Litreachas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%27%E1%BA%BDpor%C3%A3haipyre" title="Ñe'ẽporãhaipyre – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñe'ẽporãhaipyre" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettyraght" title="Lettyraght – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Lettyraght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adabi" title="Adabi – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Adabi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B9n-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Vùn-ho̍k – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vùn-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%CA%BBokalaleo" title="Moʻokalaleo – 夏威夷语" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Moʻokalaleo" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ספרות – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספרות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="साहित्य – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="साहित्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature" title="Literature – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Literature" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Književnost – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Književnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literati" title="Literati – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Literati" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irodalom" title="Irodalom – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Irodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գրականություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գրականութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գրականութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litteratura" title="Litteratura – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Litteratura" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra" title="Sastra – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sastra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literaturo" title="Literaturo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Literaturo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3kmenntir" title="Bókmenntir – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bókmenntir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letteratura" title="Letteratura – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Letteratura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="文学 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="文学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichicha" title="Lichicha – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Lichicha" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra" title="Sastra – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sastra" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ლიტერატურა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლიტერატურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81debiyat" title="Ádebiyat – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ádebiyat" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasekla" title="Tasekla – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasekla" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Әдебиет – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әдебиет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99" title="문학 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%8C%D3%A7%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лыддьӧтан – 科米-彼尔米亚克语" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Лыддьӧтан" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="科米-彼尔米亚克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Адабият – 卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Адабият" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8E%D8%AF%D9%8E%D8%A8" title="اَدَب – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اَدَب" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%AAje" title="Wêje – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Wêje" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B6%D3%A7%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Гижӧмбур – 科米语" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Гижӧмбур" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lien" title="Lien – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lien" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Адабият – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Адабият" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litterae" title="Litterae – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Litterae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatur" title="Literatur – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Literatur" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Адабият – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Адабият" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Литература – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Литература" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leteratur" title="Leteratur – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Leteratur" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatuur" title="Literatuur – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Literatuur" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leterat%C3%B6ra" title="Leteratöra – 拉定语" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Leteratöra" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="拉定语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literadura" title="Literadura – 伦巴第语" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Literadura" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="伦巴第语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B5" title="ວັນນະຄະດີ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ວັນນະຄະດີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literat%C5%ABra" title="Literatūra – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Literatūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literat%C5%ABra" title="Literatūra – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Literatūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra" title="Sastra – 马都拉语" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Sastra" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="马都拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="साहित्य – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="साहित्य" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra" title="Sastra – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Sastra" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haisoratra" title="Haisoratra – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Haisoratra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra" title="Sastra – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sastra" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Книжевност – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Книжевност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="സാഹിത്യം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാഹിത്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Уран зохиол – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уран зохиол" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="လိက်ပတ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="လိက်ပတ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="साहित्य – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="साहित्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesusasteraan" title="Kesusasteraan – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesusasteraan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1" title="စာပေ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စာပေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxtlahcuiloliztli" title="Amoxtlahcuiloliztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Amoxtlahcuiloliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letteratura" title="Letteratura – 那不勒斯语" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Letteratura" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="那不勒斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatur" title="Literatur – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Literatur" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatuur" title="Literatuur – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Literatuur" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="साहित्य – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="साहित्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="साहित्य – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="साहित्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatuur" title="Literatuur – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Literatuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litteratur" title="Litteratur – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Litteratur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litteratur" title="Litteratur – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Litteratur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature" title="Literature – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Literature" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A1%DF%9F%DF%8B%DF%9E%DF%8E%DF%A6%DF%8A" title="ߡߟߋߞߎߦߊ – 西非书面文字" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߡߟߋߞߎߦߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="西非书面文字" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litt%C3%A9thatuthe" title="Littéthatuthe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Littéthatuthe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjalli%C5%BEus" title="Kirjalližus – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kirjalližus" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Og-barruu" title="Og-barruu – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Og-barruu" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%C3%A6" title="Литературæ – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Литературæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4" title="ਸਾਹਿਤ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਹਿਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literat%C3%BAra" title="Literatúra – 邦板牙语" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Literatúra" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="邦板牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lit%C3%A9rature" title="Litérature – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Litérature" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litritchar" title="Litritchar – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Litritchar" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="ادب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ادب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="ادبپوهنه – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ادبپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simi_kapchiy" title="Simi kapchiy – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Simi kapchiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatur%C4%83" title="Literatură – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Literatură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatur%C3%A2" title="Literaturâ – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Literaturâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Литература – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Литература" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Література – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Література" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuvanganzo" title="Ubuvanganzo – 卢旺达语" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubuvanganzo" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="卢旺达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B6%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AB" title="ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littiratura" title="Littiratura – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Littiratura" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeteratur" title="Leeteratur – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Leeteratur" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="ادب – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ادب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Književnost – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Književnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taskla" title="Taskla – 希尔哈语" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Taskla" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希尔哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="සාහිත්‍යය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සාහිත්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature" title="Literature – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Literature" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literat%C3%BAra" title="Literatúra – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Literatúra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="ادب – 色莱基语" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ادب" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="色莱基语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Književnost – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Književnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvaranomwe" title="Uvaranomwe – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Uvaranomwe" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suugaan" title="Suugaan – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Suugaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%ABrsia" title="Letërsia – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Letërsia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Књижевност – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Књижевност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugge_Literatuur" title="Flugge Literatuur – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Flugge Literatuur" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra" title="Sastra – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sastra" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litteratur" title="Litteratur – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Litteratur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasihi" title="Fasihi – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fasihi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இலக்கியம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலக்கியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="సాహిత్యం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సాహిత్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%91%D1%82" title="Адабиёт – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Адабиёт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="วรรณกรรม – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วรรณกรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edebi%C3%BDat" title="Edebiýat – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Edebiýat" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panitikan" title="Panitikan – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panitikan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fd%C9%99bijot" title="Ədəbijot – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ədəbijot" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edebiyat" title="Edebiyat – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Edebiyat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vutsari" title="Vutsari – 聪加语" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Vutsari" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="聪加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B4%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Әдәбият – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әдәбият" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ئەدەبىيات – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئەدەبىيات" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Література – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Література" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="ادب – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ادب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adabiyot" title="Adabiyot – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Adabiyot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81etaradura" title="Łetaradura – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łetaradura" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatur" title="Literatur – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Literatur" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Văn học – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Văn học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literat" title="Literat – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Literat" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A8s-letes" title="Belès-letes – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Belès-letes" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panuratan" title="Panuratan – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Panuratan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nj%C3%A0ngat" title="Njàngat – 沃洛夫语" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Njàngat" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="沃洛夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="文學 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="文學" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ლიტერატურა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლიტერატურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8" title="ליטעראטור – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ליטעראטור" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADt%C3%ADr%C3%A9%E1%B9%A3%E1%BB%8D%CC%80" title="Lítíréṣọ̀ – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Lítíréṣọ̀" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vwnzyoz" title="Vwnzyoz – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vwnzyoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatuur" title="Literatuur – 西蘭文" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Literatuur" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="西蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="文學 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="文學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BBn-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Bûn-ha̍k – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bûn-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="文學 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="文學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8242#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project:上传" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&oldid=85962415" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&id=85962415&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%25AD%25B8"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%25AD%25B8"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Literature" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" hreflang="zh"><span>维基新闻</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" hreflang="zh"><span>维基语录</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8242" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/25px-Confusion_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/38px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/50px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><b>提示</b>：此条目的主题不是<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%AD%A6" title="文字学">文字学</a></b>。</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>关于同名事物，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89)" class="mw-disambig" title="文学 (消歧义)">文学 (消歧义)</a></b>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 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.mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要补充更多<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2024年6月26日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充多方面<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>，<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查证">无法查证</a>的内容可能會因為<a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">异议提出</a>而被移除。<br />致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%22">"文學"</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%22">网页</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%22%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%22">书籍</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=%22%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%22">学术</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&safe=off&q=%22%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%22">图像</a></span>），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">判定指引</a>）。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellspacing="0" width="151" style="padding:0.1em; margin:1px 1px 0.5em 0.5em; border:#cccccc 2px solid; background:#efefef; text-align:center; float: right; clear:right;" class="editsection"> <tbody><tr> <td bgcolor="#bcbcbc"><b>文學</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Lit.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="90" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#bcbcbc"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">文學</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:各國文學">各國文學</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:文学">記事總覽</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="Category:出版社">出版社</a>・<a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A" title="Category:文学期刊">文学期刊</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E7%8D%8E" title="Category:文學獎">文学獎</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#bcbcbc"><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%B6" title="作家">作家</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%AF%97%E4%BA%BA" title="Category:诗人">詩人</a>・<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4%E5%AE%B6" title="Category:小说家">小說家</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%B6" title="作家">其他作家</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table cellspacing="0" width="151px" style="padding:0.1em;both;float:right;margin:1px 1px 0.5em 0.5em;border:#cccccc 2px solid;background:#efefef;text-align:center" class="editsection"> <tbody><tr> <td bgcolor="#bcbcbc"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">文學</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liji2_no_bg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Liji2_no_bg.png/175px-Liji2_no_bg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Liji2_no_bg.png/263px-Liji2_no_bg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Liji2_no_bg.png/350px-Liji2_no_bg.png 2x" data-file-width="1881" data-file-height="1092" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E6%96%87" title="散文">散文</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%BB%E6%96%87" title="韻文">韻文</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E9%A7%A2%E6%96%87" title="駢文">駢文</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%97%E6%AD%8C" title="诗歌">詩</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D_(%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6)" title="词 (文学)">詞</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9B%B2" title="元曲">曲</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%8C%E8%A9%9E" title="歌詞">歌詞</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4" title="小说">小說</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E7%AF%87%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4" title="短篇小说">短篇小说</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E7%AF%87%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA" title="長篇小說">長篇小說</a>） - <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B2%E5%8A%87" title="戲劇">戲劇</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E8%A8%98" title="傳記">傳記</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="儿童文学">兒童文學</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E6%B5%81%E6%B4%BE" title="文学流派">文學流派</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="西方文學理論">西方文學理論</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="文学史">文學史</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#cdcdcd"><b>地域文學</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊文学">古希腊文学</a> • <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="古罗马文学">古罗马文学</a> • <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="古埃及文學">古埃及文學</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="爱尔兰文学">爱尔兰文学</a> • <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="義大利語文學">義大利文學</a> • <a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="西班牙文学">西班牙文学</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="中国文学">中国文学</a> • <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="香港文學">香港文學</a> • <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="台灣文學">台湾文學</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="美国文学">美国文学</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="英國文學">英國文學</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="德國文學">德國文學</a> – <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="法语文学">法国文學</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="朝鲜文学">朝鲜文学</a> • <a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="韩国文学">韩国文学</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="印度文学">印度文学</a> – <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="波斯文学">伊朗文学</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="日本文学">日本文学</a> – <a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="越南文學">越南文学</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="非洲文學">非洲文學</a> – <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="俄罗斯文学">俄国文学</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#cdcdcd"><b>作家</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA%E5%AE%B6" title="小說家">小說家</a> – <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E6%96%87%E5%AE%B6" title="散文家">隨筆家</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%A7%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%B6" title="剧作家">剧作家</a> – <a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%95%E8%AB%96%E5%AE%B6" title="評論家">評論家</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%97%E4%BA%BA" title="诗人">诗人</a> – <a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%97%E4%BA%BA" title="诗人">詞人</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E6%9B%B2%E5%AE%B6" title="作曲家">作曲家</a> – <a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%AB%E8%A9%9E%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="填詞人">填詞人</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E6%96%87%E5%AE%B6" title="散文家">散文家</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%B6" title="网络作家">網路作家</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#cdcdcd"><b>分類</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:文学">文學</a> - <a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:各國文學">各國文學</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B" title="Category:文學類型">文學類型</a> - <a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E9%AB%94%E8%A3%81" title="Category:文學體裁">文學體裁</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%B6" title="Category:作家">作家</a> - <a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E8%A7%92%E8%89%B2" title="Category:文学角色">登場人物</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E6%B5%81%E6%B4%BE" title="Category:文学流派">文学流派</a> </small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>文學</b>（英語：<span lang="en">literature</span>），在狭义上，是一种语言艺术，亦即使用<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="语言文字">语言文字</a>为手段，形象化地反映客观社会生活、表达主观作者思想感情的一种<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="艺术">艺术</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。文学不仅强调传达思想观念，更强调传达方式的独特性，且讲究辞章的美感。 </p><p>文学，在广义上，是任何單一的書面作品，或用文字写作来传达思想、表达情感、发挥想像的所有著作，此时又称<b>文学作品</b>。文學<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AB%E4%BD%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="寫作">寫作</a>則是一種藝術形式，或被認為具有藝術或智力價值的任何單一作品，通常是由於以不同於普通用途的方式部署語言。中国先秦时期将以文字写成的作品都统称为文学，魏晋以后才逐渐将文学作品单独列出。在现代，則通常将文学分为<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%BB%E6%96%87" title="韻文">韻文</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E6%96%87" title="散文">散文</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%87%E6%9C%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="劇本">劇本</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4" title="小说">小说</a>四大类别，是<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a>的重要表现形式，以不同的流派表现内心情感和再现一定时期和一定地域的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB" title="生活">生活</a>。這個概念，又隨著時間的推移而改變了意義：現在它可以擴大到非書面的口頭藝術形式，可以與語言或文字本身配合，因此很難就其起源達成一致。印刷技術的發展使得書面作品的分佈和擴散成為可能，最終導致了<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="網絡文學">網絡文學</a>。 </p><p>英语 literature，它的拉丁詞根是 <i>literatura</i>/<i>litteratura</i>（本身起源於<i>littera</i>：<i>letter</i>或<i>handwriting</i>），被用來指代所有的書面記錄，儘管當代定義將術語擴展到包括口頭或唱歌的文本（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%B4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="口头文学">口頭文學</a>）。文學可以根據是<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%A7%8B%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81" title="虛構作品">虛構作品</a>還是<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E8%99%9B%E6%A7%8B%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81" title="非虛構作品">非虛構作品</a>進行分類，也可以根據是<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%BB%E6%96%87" title="韻文">韻文</a>還是<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E6%96%87" title="散文">散文</a>進行分類；可以根據<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E7%AF%87%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA" title="長篇小說">長篇小說</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%AF%87%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA" title="中篇小說">中篇小說</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E7%AF%87%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="短篇小說">短篇小說</a>等主要形式進一步區分；作品往往根據歷史時期或者遵守某些<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="美學">美學</a>特徵或期望（<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="藝術類型">藝術類型</a>）進行分類。但，英语 literature 有另外的含义：<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE" title="文献">文献</a>，须视<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E5%A2%83" class="mw-redirect" title="语境">语境</a>而定。 </p><p>文學並不一定是客觀的，一名成功的文學家能在自己的文學作品中，展現自己對於文學的主觀看法，抒發自己的情緒和感觸，但藉由嘗試建立一個「客觀的標準」，有時對能幫助作家了解「讀者的感受」以求將內心之情感與藝術表現完整的體現在讀者心中。 </p><p>有時也能藉作家主觀想法，讓社會有不同面相去省思現況，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="女性文學">女性文學</a>的興起。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="名稱"><span id=".E5.90.8D.E7.A8.B1"></span>名稱</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：名稱"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>西歐literature的狹義，其中文或日語的對譯「文學」始於1908年<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%8F%E6%83%A0%E6%85%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="顏惠慶">顏惠慶</a>主編的《英華大辭典》。《英華大辭典》的literature詞條有4條釋義，明定了以「文學」對譯第3義「除哲理及科學外，凡神靈思想為其資料，離奇變幻為其形式，或實記或杜撰者，皆文學也」。<sup id="cite_ref-tsai_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsai-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>而西歐literature的廣義以「文學」對譯，則始於1866年派駐香港的德國傳教士<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%AD%98%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="羅存德">羅存德</a>著的英語-粵語-官話三語字典《English and Chinese Dictionary》。羅存德在literature詞條給了2個義項7個解釋「文，文學，文字，字墨；ancient literature，古文，今文」。<sup id="cite_ref-tsai_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsai-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文學史"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.AD.B8.E5.8F.B2"></span>文學史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：文學史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="文学史">文學史</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LuxorTemple03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/LuxorTemple03.jpg/220px-LuxorTemple03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/LuxorTemple03.jpg/330px-LuxorTemple03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/LuxorTemple03.jpg/440px-LuxorTemple03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>埃及<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="新王國時期">新王國時期</a>時，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E5%85%8B%E7%B4%A2%E7%A5%9E%E5%BA%99" title="卢克索神庙">卢克索神庙</a>中<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E5%BD%A2%E7%B9%AD" title="象形繭">象形繭</a>上用<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E4%B9%A6%E4%BD%93" title="圣书体">圣书体</a>書寫的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%BE%8E%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="拉美西斯二世">拉美西斯二世</a>名字</figcaption></figure> <p>文學的歷史和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="文明">文明</a>發展有密切的關係。若將文學定義為用文字記錄的作品，最早的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="古代文學">古代文學</a>作品一般認為是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="古埃及文學">古埃及文學</a><sup id="cite_ref-Forster,_''Ancient_Egyptian_Literature:_An_Anthology'',_xix_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forster,_''Ancient_Egyptian_Literature:_An_Anthology'',_xix-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>及<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蘇美文學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sumerian literature"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%87%E7%BE%8E%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蘇美文學（页面不存在）">蘇美文學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_literature" class="extiw" title="en:Sumerian literature"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sumerian literature</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-Black_et_al._''The_Literature_of_Ancient_Sumer'',_xix_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_et_al._''The_Literature_of_Ancient_Sumer'',_xix-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="古埃及">古埃及</a>文學中主要的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E9%A1%9E" title="文類">文類</a>（讚美詩、祈禱文及故事）幾乎都是以詩的方式寫成的<sup id="cite_ref-Forster,_''Ancient_Egyptian_Literature:_An_Anthology'',_vii_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forster,_''Ancient_Egyptian_Literature:_An_Anthology'',_vii-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，不過雖然可以清楚看出有使用詩歌技巧（poetic devices），但詩歌的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B5%E5%BE%8B_(%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6)" title="韵律 (语言学)">韻律</a>不明<sup id="cite_ref-Forster,_''Ancient_Egyptian_Literature:_An_Anthology'',_viii–ix_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forster,_''Ancient_Egyptian_Literature:_An_Anthology'',_viii–ix-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。最早已知的文學作品是公元前2700年一篇由<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E7%BE%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇美">蘇美</a>人创作的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%BD%E7%BE%8E%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B2%E8%A9%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="吉爾伽美什史詩">吉爾伽美什史詩</a>》，當中描述英雄主義、友誼、損失及追逐永生。 </p><p>不同的歷史時期有著不同特色的文學。古代的文學中有許多有關世界起源及習俗起源內容，也有一些其中有道德及靈性意涵的神話。<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="铁器时代">铁器时代</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E9%A9%AC" title="荷马">荷马</a>史詩及以較晚一些的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印度史詩" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Indian epic poetry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%8F%B2%E8%A9%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度史詩（页面不存在）">印度史詩</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" class="extiw" title="en:Indian epic poetry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Indian epic poetry</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>有較多有關作者的資訊，而許多的神話則是用口頭傳播的方式流傳下來。 </p><p>各種文學都可以視為是文字的紀錄，文學本身可能是寫實或是虛構，但都可以描繪出一些事實，例如主角的動作及言語、作者的寫作風格，以及文字後的含義等。這些情節不只是娛樂性的，其中也包括了經濟、心理、科學、宗教、政治、文化及社學的相關資訊。在學習歷史時，研究及分析當時的文學也是重要的一部份。研究過去的文學可以看到不同歷史時期時，其社會和社會規範的演變，甚至於也可助於瞭解現今的文學，因為其中常常引用古希臘神話、宗教典籍及相關文獻的資料。人們不止可以從各主題相關的文學中看到該主題隨著歷史的演進（例如從經濟史的書或介紹科學及演化的書），甚至連科幻小說中都可看到類似的內容。作者常常在其作品中加入一些歷史的內容，例如拜倫勳爵在《Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage: Canto I》中藉由主角Childe Harold提到西班牙文及法文，也提到作者的一些想法<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。藉由文學人們可以繼續的發現有關歷史的新資訊，這個從各個學科領域都有和文學相關的子領域可以看出<sup id="cite_ref-go.galegroup.com_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-go.galegroup.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。當人們將資訊用文字的方式紀錄下來，就比較容易從這一代流傳到下一代，留下來的資訊會越來越多。從這些資料，人們可以研究文學、提昇想法、擴展知識、也可以開始像醫學或是貿易等專業領域的研究。而隨著現代人們學習內容的增加及拓展，文學也會有一些不同，成為以後人們研究的基礎。 </p><p>許多古文明都有其對哲學或是相關觀點的文學，像是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="中国历史">古中國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="印度河流域文明">古印度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="伊朗歷史">波斯</a>及希臘羅馬<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="古典时代">古典时代</a>的作品。許多古代的作品，就算是敘事的形式，都還是有道德或是教誨上的目的，像梵語的《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%B7%E4%B9%A6" title="五卷书">五卷书</a>》或是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E7%B6%AD%E5%BE%B7" title="奧維德">奥维德</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E5%BD%A2%E8%AE%B0_(%E5%A5%A5%E7%BB%B4%E5%BE%B7)" title="变形记 (奥维德)">变形记</a>》，後來<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8F%E5%89%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="戏剧">戏剧</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%BD%E5%88%BA" title="讽刺">讽刺</a>作品的受眾也變多，因此也開始有類似性質的文學創作。<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%92%E6%83%85%E8%AF%97" title="抒情诗">抒情诗</a>常常是貴族圈的特性產物，特別在東亞，許多歌曲被貴族收集，成為詩歌。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AA%E6%BC%AB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="浪漫主義">浪漫主義</a>的異常特質在中世紀綻放。同時，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="巴洛克时期哲学">理性時代</a>造就了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%8F%B2%E8%A9%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="民族主義史詩（页面不存在）">民族主義史詩</a>與哲學<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="短文（页面不存在）">短文</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AA%E6%BC%AB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="浪漫主義">浪漫主義</a>強調通俗的文學及情感的投入，慢慢被尋求真實的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="現實主義">現實主義</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="自然主義文學">自然主義文學</a>所取代。到了20世紀，象徵主義抬頭，探索角色的描述和發展。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中文文学史"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E6.96.87.E6.96.87.E5.AD.A6.E5.8F.B2"></span>中文文学史</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：中文文学史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="中国文学史">中国文学史</a></div> <p>在很长一段时间，中国的文学与史学和神话并无明显的界限，最早的文学是对历史和神话的记录。但纯粹的文学早在周时就已出现，例如《<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%A9%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="詩經">诗經</a>》。中國古代的文學主要著重在哲學、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="史学史">史学史</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="军事学">军事学</a>、農業及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E9%9F%BB%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中文韻文（页面不存在）">韻文</a>。中國發明了<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A0%E7%B4%99%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="造紙術">造紙術</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%95%E7%89%88%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7" title="雕版印刷">雕版印刷</a>，也是世界上第一個<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印刷文明" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="print culture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印刷文明（页面不存在）">印刷文明</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/print_culture" class="extiw" title="en:print culture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">print culture</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。中國的許多哲學思想是起源自春秋戰國時的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%B8%E5%AD%90%E7%99%BE%E5%AE%B6" title="诸子百家">诸子百家</a>，其中最重要的有<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6" title="道家">道家</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E5%AE%B6" title="墨家">墨家</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%B6" title="法家">法家</a>，而軍事學書籍（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%99%E5%AD%90%E5%85%B5%E6%B3%95" title="孙子兵法">孙子兵法</a>）也是在春秋戰國時開始出現。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="中国历史">中国历史</a>文學則從<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%A6_(%E4%B9%A6)" title="尚书 (书)">尚書</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B_(%E5%8F%B2%E6%9B%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="春秋 (史書)">春秋</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E5%9C%8B%E7%AD%96" title="戰國策">戰國策</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="史記">史記</a>等一直延續下來，而且有很詳細的資料記錄。 </p><p>中国的文学成就最大的是诗歌，从《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E9%AA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="离骚">离骚</a>》到唐代律诗，诗歌一直对中国文坛有着巨大的影响。后来诗、词、曲、小说等文学形式分别在唐、宋、元、明清达到高峰。民國時期由胡適和陳獨秀推動的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="新文學運動">新文學運動</a>，認為作品不應只講求形式，應注重內容的充實、表達及情感，也推動白話文學。民国时期，<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E4%BE%A0%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="武侠小说">武侠小说</a>风靡海内外，成为当时最受欢迎的通俗小说。 </p><p>中华人民共和国时期，在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="文化大革命">文化大革命</a>後，出現相關的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%80%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="反思文学">反思文學</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A4%E7%97%95%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="伤痕文学">伤痕文学</a>，也有一批白话文诗人进行大量创作，也取代古诗成为当时最受欢迎的诗歌作品。後來<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="網絡文學">網路文學</a>興起，成為受歡迎的商業作品。 </p><p>中華民國在撤退台灣後，在50及60年代出現了以<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E6%8A%97%E6%88%B0%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA" title="四大抗戰小說">四大抗戰小說</a>為代表的戰鬥文藝小說，都是以<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="抗戰">抗戰</a>時期為背景，後來又有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%85%B1%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="反共文學">反共文學</a>的出現，而60年代開始，以<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%8A%E7%91%A4" title="瓊瑤">瓊瑤</a>為代表的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E6%83%85%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="言情小說">言情小說</a>也開始流行。70年代起逐漸開始有對於台灣社會研究的新現代文學，以及強調鄉土的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%84%89%E5%9C%9F%E5%AF%AB%E5%AF%A6%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鄉土寫實文學（页面不存在）">鄉土寫實文學</a>，1990年後也開始了<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="網絡文學">網路文學</a>的興起。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文学类别"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.AD.A6.E7.B1.BB.E5.88.AB"></span>文学类别</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：文学类别"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>按载体分为：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E5%A4%B4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="口头文学">口头文学</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%A6%E9%9D%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="书面文学（页面不存在）">书面文学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="网络文学">网络文学</a>三大类。</li> <li>按<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4" title="时间">时间</a>分为：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="古代文學">古代文學</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="近代文学（页面不存在）">近代文学</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="现代文学">现代文学</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%93%E4%BB%A3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="当代文学（页面不存在）">当代文学</a>。他们的范围都是随着读者而不断迁移的。</li> <li>按<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="地域">地域</a>分为：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-disambig" title="外国文学">外国文学</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="中国文学">中国文学</a>等等。</li> <li>按<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BB%E8%80%85" class="mw-disambig" title="读者">读者</a>分为： <ul><li>按年龄有<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="儿童文学">儿童文学</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4%E8%BC%95%E6%88%90%E4%BA%BA%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="年輕成人小說">青少年及青壯年人的文學</a>等。</li> <li>按读者群体及内容可分为典雅文学（雅文學、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%94%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="純文學">純文學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E8%82%83%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="严肃文学">嚴肅文學</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%9C%BE%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="大眾文學">大众文学</a>（類型文學；大众文学又名：俗文學、通俗文學）。</li></ul></li> <li>按<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%AE%B9" class="mw-disambig" title="内容">内容</a>分为：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B2%E4%BC%A0%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="史传文学（页面不存在）">史传文学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%AA%E5%AE%9E%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="纪实文学">纪实文学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E5%B9%BB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="奇幻文學">奇幻文學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%B1%E5%B0%8E%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="報導文學">報導文學</a>...等。</li> <li>按<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%9B%E4%BD%9C%E7%90%86%E5%BF%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="创作理念（页面不存在）">创作理念</a>分为：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AA%E6%BC%AB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="浪漫主义文学">浪漫主义文学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="现实主义文学">现实主义文学</a>等等。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文學體裁"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.AD.B8.E9.AB.94.E8.A3.81"></span>文學體裁</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：文學體裁"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="中国古典文学">中国古典文學</a>分为诗和文，文又分为<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B5%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="韵文">韵文</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E6%96%87" title="散文">散文</a>，中国的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%92%E6%83%85%E8%AF%97" title="抒情诗">抒情诗</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%A8%80%E6%96%87" title="文言文">文言文</a>最早而比较发达。 </p><p>文學一般分为<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="小說">小說</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E6%96%87" title="散文">散文</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%A9%E6%AD%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="詩歌">詩歌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%87%E6%9C%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="劇本">劇本</a>，并称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%93%E8%A3%81" title="四大文学体裁">四大文学体裁</a>； </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="詩歌"><span id=".E8.A9.A9.E6.AD.8C"></span>詩歌</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：詩歌"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%A9%E6%AD%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="詩歌">詩歌</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calligramme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Calligramme.jpg/220px-Calligramme.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Calligramme.jpg/330px-Calligramme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Calligramme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%AA%E5%B0%A7%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%88%E5%B0%94" title="纪尧姆·阿波利奈尔">纪尧姆·阿波利奈尔</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E8%B1%A1%E8%A9%A9" title="圖象詩">圖象詩</a>。這是詩的一種類型，其中的文字以這樣的方式排列來產生視覺形象</figcaption></figure> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%97%E6%AD%8C" title="诗歌">诗歌</a>，传统的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%97%E6%AD%8C" title="诗歌">诗歌</a>是有韵律的文学作品。它通过想像与抒情来表达某种强烈的情感。诗歌是历史最悠久的文学形式。中国是世界上诗歌最发达的国度之一。从中国最早的诗歌总集<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%97%E7%BB%8F" title="诗经">诗经</a>，最早的长篇抒情诗<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E9%AA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="离骚">离骚</a>以来，汉代的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%90%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="乐府">乐府</a>，唐宋<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%BE%8B%E8%AF%97" class="mw-redirect" title="格律诗">格律诗</a>，和唐末兴起的词，元曲以及五四以来的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%AF%97" class="mw-redirect" title="新诗">新诗</a>，历代的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E6%AD%8C" title="中國民歌">民间歌谣</a>，构成了中国诗歌无以伦比的巨大传统。西方<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%A9%E6%AD%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="詩歌">詩歌</a>是一種著重<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="美学">美学</a>及語言<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%82%E5%A5%8F" title="节奏">节奏</a>性的文學<sup id="cite_ref-oedpoetry_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oedpoetry-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，在本質上就和<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E6%96%87" title="散文">散文</a>不同<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>，西方的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E4%BA%8B%E8%AF%97" title="叙事诗">叙事诗</a>发达较晚，而结合<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%87%E6%9C%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="劇本">劇本</a>，成就很大，例如但丁《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E6%9B%B2" title="神曲">神曲</a>》、歌德《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AE%E5%A3%AB%E5%BE%B7" title="浮士德">浮士德</a>》等。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%8B" title="赋">赋</a>是半詩半文的中國古代文體。</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="散文"><span id=".E6.95.A3.E6.96.87"></span>散文</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：散文"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E6%96%87" title="散文">散文</a></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E6%96%87" title="散文">散文</a>是一种没有严格的韵律和篇幅限制的文学形式，与<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B5%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="韵文">韵文</a>相对。中国的散文从先秦<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%B8%E5%AD%90%E6%95%A3%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="诸子散文（页面不存在）">诸子散文</a>发展而来，代有散文<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E5%AE%B6" title="名家">名家</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8D%E4%BD%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="名作（页面不存在）">名作</a>。其中历史散文和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%8B" title="赋">赋</a>体以及奏议文告等<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E6%96%87" title="應用文">应用文</a>体，对后代产生了深远影响。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E6%96%87" title="應用文">应用文</a>是針對特定需求而有的文體，例如公告、廣告等。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%93%81%E6%96%87" title="小品文">小品文</a>是从作者的观点来讨论某一议题。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%A8%80%E6%96%87" title="文言文">文言文</a>，常指非八股文的文體。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%88%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="骈文">骈文</a>是句式多為四六句及對仗的文言文文體。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8F%E7%AC%94" title="随笔">随笔</a>，兼有議論和抒情兩種特性的散文。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%94%E8%AE%B0" title="笔记">笔记</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E8%AE%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="游记">遊记</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="劇本"><span id=".E5.8A.87.E6.9C.AC"></span>劇本</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：劇本"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%87%E6%9C%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="劇本">劇本</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%87%E6%9C%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="劇本">劇本</a>是另一种古老的文学形式，主要通过不同角色之间的对话来表达作者的<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="思想">思想</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E6%83%85" title="感情">感情</a>。劇本可以用于舞台的表演，也可以阅读。像<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9B%B2" title="元曲">元曲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E5%89%A7" title="京剧">京剧</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E5%89%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="昆剧">昆剧</a>都屬於這個部份。西方的戲劇許多都伴隨著音樂和舞蹈，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%8C%E5%8A%87" class="mw-redirect" title="歌劇">歌劇</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E5%8A%87" title="音樂劇">音樂劇</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%88%8F%E5%89%A7" title="古希腊戏剧">古希腊戏剧</a>是目前已知最早期的西方戲劇，有<a href="/wiki/%E6%82%B2%E5%8A%87" title="悲劇">悲劇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E5%8A%87" title="喜劇">喜劇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%82%B2%E5%96%9C%E5%8A%87" class="mw-redirect" title="悲喜劇">悲喜劇</a>等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="小說"><span id=".E5.B0.8F.E8.AA.AA"></span>小說</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：小說"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="小說">小說</a></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4" title="小说">小说</a>是一种叙事性的文学体裁，通过人物的塑造和情节、环境的描述来概括地表现<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="社会生活">社会生活</a>。“小说”一词最早记载于《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%84%E5%AD%90" title="庄子">庄子</a>·外物》：“饰小说以干县令，其于大达亦远矣。”中国现代意义上的小说，是从<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E7%A7%A6%E6%95%A3%E6%96%87" title="先秦散文">先秦散文</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%93%E8%A8%80" title="寓言">寓言</a>滥觞，经过汉末六朝的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%94%E8%AE%B0" title="笔记">笔记</a>，到唐<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E5%A5%87" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="传奇">传奇</a>宋<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%9D%E6%9C%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="话本">话本</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9F%E8%AF%9D%E6%9C%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拟话本（页面不存在）">拟话本</a>而成熟，再传至明清以<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%A5%87%E6%9B%B8" title="四大奇書">四大奇書</a>（后《<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%93%B6%E6%A2%85" title="金瓶梅">金瓶梅</a>》被《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E6%A5%BC%E6%A2%A6" title="红楼梦">红楼梦</a>》取代，成“<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%8D%E8%91%97" title="四大名著">四大名著</a>”）为代表的<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E7%AF%87%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="长篇小说">长篇小说</a>和以<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%8A%E6%96%8B%E5%BF%97%E5%BC%82" class="mw-redirect" title="聊斋志异">聊斋志异</a>为代表的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E7%AF%87%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4" title="短篇小说">短篇小说</a>。西方文學一般會依小說長度區分為<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E7%AF%87%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="长篇小说">长篇小说</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%AF%87%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA" title="中篇小說">中篇小說</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E7%AF%87%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4" title="短篇小说">短篇小说</a>等，許多的小說也都屬於<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%A7%8B%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81" title="虛構作品">虛構作品</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E7%9F%AD%E7%AF%87" class="mw-redirect" title="極短篇">極短篇</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="其它"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E5.AE.83"></span>其它</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：其它"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A6%E4%BF%A1" title="书信">书信</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="短文（页面不存在）">短文</a>是字数相对较少的文学形式。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%A6%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="书话（页面不存在）">书话</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%A9%E8%A9%B1" title="詩話">诗话</a>、词话是對於書、詩文或是詞的評論。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E5%BF%86%E5%BD%95" title="回忆录">回忆录</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E8%82%A1%E6%96%87" title="八股文">八股文</a>是中國宋代到清代之間，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E8%88%89" class="mw-redirect" title="科舉">科舉</a>考試中使用，強調對仗排偶，有一定結構的文體。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%B1%E5%B0%8E%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="報導文學">報導文學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B2%E4%BC%A0%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="史传文學（页面不存在）">史传文學</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文學獎項"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.AD.B8.E7.8D.8E.E9.A0.85"></span>文學獎項</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：文學獎項"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable noprint">参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文学奖列表（页面不存在）">文学奖列表</a>以获取更详尽的列表。</div> <p>有許多的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E7%8D%8E" title="文學獎">文學獎</a>，頒發給優秀的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%B6" title="作家">作家</a>，表揚其文學的成就。因為文學的範圍很廣，許多文學獎項會依風格、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="文学类型">文學類型</a>、語言、國籍及其他特性（例如新進作家或是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="小說處女作" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="debut novel"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA%E8%99%95%E5%A5%B3%E4%BD%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小說處女作（页面不存在）">小說處女作</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/debut_novel" class="extiw" title="en:debut novel"><span lang="en" dir="auto">debut novel</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>等）再做分類<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E7%8D%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="諾貝爾文學獎">諾貝爾文學獎</a>是依<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="諾貝爾">諾貝爾</a>在1895年的遺囑所成立的獎項，是<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E7%8D%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="諾貝爾獎">諾貝爾獎</a>中的一項<sup id="cite_ref-nobelfacts_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelfacts-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，一般是因為作者的整體作品而獲獎，而非著重特定的作品<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。其他不分國籍的獎項有：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E7%89%B9%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="纽斯塔特国际文学奖">纽斯塔特国际文学奖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%85%8B%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E7%8D%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="布克國際獎">布克國際獎</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A4%AB%E5%8D%A1%E7%8D%8E" title="卡夫卡獎">卡夫卡獎</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="其他描述型式"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E6.8F.8F.E8.BF.B0.E5.9E.8B.E5.BC.8F"></span>其他描述型式</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：其他描述型式"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="网络文学">网络文学</a>是一種從<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="互聯網">网络</a>環境起源的文學形態。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E9%A2%91" title="视频">影片</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%A5%E7%9A%82%E5%89%A7" title="肥皂剧">肥皂剧</a>多半都是依文字的劇本衍生而成。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="視覺文學">視覺文學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%AA%E6%9C%AC" title="繪本">繪本</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%AB%E7%94%BB%E4%B9%A6" title="漫画书">漫画书</a>是以圖畫、對話及文字結合的方式來敘事。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遊戲文學（页面不存在）">遊戲文學</a>是一種另類文學形態，互動式劇情類遊戲藉由圖片、影像來表達文字的劇本。例如：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E5%A6%99%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%9F" title="奇妙人生">奇妙人生</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文學技巧"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.AD.B8.E6.8A.80.E5.B7.A7"></span>文學技巧</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：文學技巧"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文學技巧" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Literary technique"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E6%8A%80%E5%B7%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文學技巧（页面不存在）">文學技巧</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_technique" class="extiw" title="en:Literary technique"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Literary technique</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>是文學創作者應用在文學中，製造特別效果的方式。文學技巧的範圍很廣，包括作品是否要用<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0" title="人称">第一人稱</a>或是其他人稱、用傳統的線性敘事或是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非線性敘事" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="nonlinear narrative"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E6%95%98%E4%BA%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非線性敘事（页面不存在）">非線性敘事</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nonlinear_narrative" class="extiw" title="en:nonlinear narrative"><span lang="en" dir="auto">nonlinear narrative</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>、或是<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E9%A1%9E" title="文類">文類</a>選擇都包括在內。這可以讓讀者感受到一些熟悉的結構及架構，例如傳統<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA" title="犯罪小說">犯罪小說</a>，不過有些作者會特別選擇一些文學技巧來讓讀者有意外的感受。 </p><p>文學技巧的使用也可能會產生新的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E9%A1%9E" title="文類">文類</a>，就像<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%B9%86%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E6%A3%AE" title="塞繆爾·理查森">塞繆爾·理查森</a>寫的早期現代小說《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%A2%85%E6%8B%89" title="帕梅拉">帕梅拉</a>》一様。《帕梅拉》是用許多的信件組成，稱為「書信體技巧」（epistolary technique）。因此《帕梅拉》讓大家再次注意到<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A6%E4%BF%A1%E4%BD%93%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4" title="书信体小说">書信體小說</a>，一個以往曾出現，但沒有這麼受注意的文類。 </p><p>文學技巧和文学手段（literary device）不同，有點類似<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E6%88%B0%E7%95%A5" title="軍事戰略">軍事戰略</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E6%88%B0%E8%A1%93" title="軍事戰術">軍事戰術</a>之間的關係。文学手段是在敘述中用的特殊結構，像是<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%90%E5%96%BB" title="隐喻">隐喻</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%96%BB" title="明喻">明喻</a>、省略、敘事<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="主題 (敘事)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Motif (narrative)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C_(%E6%95%98%E4%BA%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="主題 (敘事)（页面不存在）">主題</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motif_(narrative)" class="extiw" title="en:Motif (narrative)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Motif (narrative)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%97%E5%AF%93" title="託寓">託寓</a>等，甚至單純的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%A7%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="諧音 (語言學)">諧音</a>都可以作為文学手段。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="敘事模式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="narrative mode"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%98%E4%BA%8B%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="敘事模式（页面不存在）">敘事模式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/narrative_mode" class="extiw" title="en:narrative mode"><span lang="en" dir="auto">narrative mode</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>也可以視為是文学手段，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98%E6%B5%81%E6%95%98%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="意識流敘事">意識流敘事</a>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E6%89%B9%E8%A9%95" class="mw-redirect" title="文學批評">文學批評</a>是指文學批評者對其他人作品的評論和評估，有時也會用來改進及提昇文學作品。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文學編輯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Literary editor"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文學編輯（页面不存在）">文學編輯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_editor" class="extiw" title="en:Literary editor"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Literary editor</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>也可以對作者帶來類似的作用。有許多不同種類的文學批評，背後會有其理論基礎，不同種類的文學批評可以評論文學作品的各個部份或是各個層面。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註解"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E8.A7.A3"></span>註解</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：註解"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">不過因為有<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E6%96%87%E8%A9%A9" title="散文詩">散文詩</a><sup id="cite_ref-prosepoemaap_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prosepoemaap-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>及<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="prosimetrum" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="prosimetrum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prosimetrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prosimetrum（页面不存在）">prosimetrum</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/prosimetrum" class="extiw" title="en:prosimetrum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">prosimetrum</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-Preminger,_''The_New_Princeton_Encyclopedia_of_Poetry_and_Poetics'',_981_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preminger,_''The_New_Princeton_Encyclopedia_of_Poetry_and_Poetics'',_981-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>等混合文體出現，散文和詩之間的分界漸漸模糊。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">不過有時會特別用一些作品說明為何獲獎。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cd.hwxnet.com/view/pbogipjajcmebmfo.html">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-12-01</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221201013428/https://cd.hwxnet.com/view/pbogipjajcmebmfo.html">存档</a>于2022-12-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcd.hwxnet.com%2Fview%2Fpbogipjajcmebmfo.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tsai-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tsai_2-0"><sup><b>2.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tsai_2-1"><sup><b>2.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">蔡祝青. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230125140809/https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/123456789/372979/1/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E8%A7%80%E5%BF%B5%E6%B5%81%E9%80%9A%E7%9A%84%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%96%E9%80%B2%E7%A8%8B%EF%BC%9A%E4%BB%A5%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%8B%B1%E8%8F%AF%EF%BC%8F%E8%8F%AF%E8%8B%B1%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8%E7%B7%A8%E7%BA%82literature%E8%A9%9E%E6%A2%9D%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83(1).pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2023-01-25）.</cite><span 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class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forster,_''Ancient_Egyptian_Literature:_An_Anthology'',_xix-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forster,_''Ancient_Egyptian_Literature:_An_Anthology'',_xix_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forster, <i>Ancient Egyptian Literature: An Anthology</i>, xix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black_et_al._''The_Literature_of_Ancient_Sumer'',_xix-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Black_et_al._''The_Literature_of_Ancient_Sumer'',_xix_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Black et al. <i>The Literature of Ancient Sumer</i>, xix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forster,_''Ancient_Egyptian_Literature:_An_Anthology'',_vii-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forster,_''Ancient_Egyptian_Literature:_An_Anthology'',_vii_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forster, <i>Ancient Egyptian Literature: An Anthology</i>, vii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forster,_''Ancient_Egyptian_Literature:_An_Anthology'',_viii–ix-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forster,_''Ancient_Egyptian_Literature:_An_Anthology'',_viii–ix_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forster, <i>Ancient Egyptian Literature: An Anthology</i>, viii–ix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lord Byron, (2008) Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage: Canto I. Lord Byron: The Major Works. ed. McGann, J.J. New York: Oxford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-go.galegroup.com-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-go.galegroup.com_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA342994126&v=2.1&u=otta77973&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=0b1f124b2250452bd1bab5551e352af3">English: a degree for the curious</a>. (2013, September 16). UWIRE Text, p. 1. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190704185307/http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA342994126&v=2.1&u=otta77973&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=0b1f124b2250452bd1bab5551e352af3">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Hyatt Mayor, Prints and People, Metropolitan Museum of Art/Princeton, 1971, nos 1-4. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0691003262" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-691-00326-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oedpoetry-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oedpoetry_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/146552">poetry, n.</a>. Oxford English Dictionary. OUP. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2014]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200630003156/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/146552">存档</a>于2020-06-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&rft.atitle=poetry%2C+n.&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F146552&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prosepoemaap-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prosepoemaap_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002221057/http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/5787">Poetic Form: Prose Poem</a>. Poets.org. Academy of American Poets. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2014]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/5787">原始内容</a>存档于2013年10月2日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&rft.atitle=Poetic+Form%3A+Prose+Poem&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Poets.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poets.org%2Fviewmedia.php%2FprmMID%2F5787&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Preminger,_''The_New_Princeton_Encyclopedia_of_Poetry_and_Poetics'',_981-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Preminger,_''The_New_Princeton_Encyclopedia_of_Poetry_and_Poetics'',_981_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preminger, <i>The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics</i>, 981</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">John Stock; Kealey Rigden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookprizes/10139413/Man-Booker-2013-Top-25-literary-prizes.html">Man Booker 2013: Top 25 literary prizes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph Media Group">The Telegraph</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2014]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140418010805/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookprizes/10139413/Man-Booker-2013-Top-25-literary-prizes.html">存档</a>于2014-04-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&rft.au=John+Stock&rft.au=Kealey+Rigden&rft.btitle=Man+Booker+2013%3A+Top+25+literary+prizes&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Telegraph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2Fbookprizes%2F10139413%2FMan-Booker-2013-Top-25-literary-prizes.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelfacts-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nobelfacts_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/literature/index.html">Facts on the Nobel Prize in Literature</a>. Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2014]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815015031/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/literature/index.html">存档</a>于2018-08-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&rft.atitle=Facts+on+the+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nobelprize.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Ffacts%2Fliterature%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸阅读"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.98.85.E8.AF.BB"></span>延伸阅读</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：延伸阅读"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks" style="float: right;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q8242"><span class="nomobile">在维基数据</span>编<span class="nomobile">辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span> </p> <dl><dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="维基文库"><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本：" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> 《<a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">查看<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" title="维基词典">维基词典</a>中的词条「<b><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:文學">文學</a></b>」。</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>張隆溪：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aisixiang.com/data/28321.html">〈文學理論的興衰〉</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210120071645/http://www.aisixiang.com/data/28321.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）（2009）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul 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class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="跨领域科学" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Interdisziplinäre Wissenschaft"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%A8%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="跨领域科学（页面不存在）">跨领域科学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdisziplin%C3%A4re_Wissenschaft" class="extiw" title="de:Interdisziplinäre Wissenschaft"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Interdisziplinäre Wissenschaft</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="管理科學">管理科學</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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