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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-11th–16th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#11th–16th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>11th–16th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-11th–16th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th–19th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th–19th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>17th–19th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th–19th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education and science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sights subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zoo_and_botanical_garden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoo_and_botanical_garden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Zoo and botanical garden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoo_and_botanical_garden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Liberec</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="ليبيريتس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليبيريتس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberets" title="Liberets – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Liberets" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Ліберац – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ліберац" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Лібэрац – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лібэрац" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Либерец – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Либерец" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichnberg" title="Reichnberg – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Reichnberg" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec_(kapital_sa_lalawigan_sa_Nasod_nga_Czech)" title="Liberec (kapital sa lalawigan sa Nasod nga Czech) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Liberec (kapital sa lalawigan sa Nasod nga Czech)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AF%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%82" title="Λίμπερετς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λίμπερετς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="لیبرتس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لیبرتس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%B2%A0%EB%A0%88%EC%B8%A0" title="리베레츠 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리베레츠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%81" title="Լիբերեց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լիբերեց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Либерец – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Либерец" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A5" title="ליברץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליברץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98" title="ლიბერეცი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლიბერეცი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichenberga" title="Reichenberga – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Reichenberga" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libereca" title="Libereca – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Libereca" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberecas" title="Liberecas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Liberecas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Либерец – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Либерец" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98" title="ლიბერეცი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლიბერეცი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec_(stad)" title="Liberec (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Liberec (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%99%E3%83%AC%E3%83%84" title="リベレツ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リベレツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Либерец – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Либерец" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec_(Steed)" title="Liberec (Steed) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Liberec (Steed)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberets" title="Liberets – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Liberets" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="لیبرتس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لیبرتس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Либерец – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Либерец" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Либерец – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Либерец" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Либерец – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Либерец" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="ลิแบแร็ตส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลิแบแร็ตส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81" title="Либеретс – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Либеретс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Ліберець – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ліберець" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="لیبرتس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لیبرتس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Liberec" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E8%B4%9D%E9%9B%B7%E8%8C%A8" title="利贝雷茨 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="利贝雷茨" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%9F" title="利巴域 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="利巴域" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E8%B4%9D%E9%9B%B7%E8%8C%A8" title="利贝雷茨 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="利贝雷茨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Liberec&params=50_46_N_15_4_E_type:city(107982)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°46′N</span> <span class="longitude">15°4′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.767°N 15.067°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.767; 15.067</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in the Czech Republic</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Statutory city in Czech Republic</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night 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.ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Liberec</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Statutory_city_(Czech_Republic)" title="Statutory city (Czech Republic)">Statutory city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberec,_radnice,_v%C3%BDhled_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View from the city hall tower"><img alt="View from the city hall tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Liberec%2C_radnice%2C_v%C3%BDhled_01.jpg/250px-Liberec%2C_radnice%2C_v%C3%BDhled_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Liberec%2C_radnice%2C_v%C3%BDhled_01.jpg/500px-Liberec%2C_radnice%2C_v%C3%BDhled_01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">View from the city hall tower</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Liberec.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Liberec"><img alt="Flag of Liberec" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Liberec.svg/120px-Flag_of_Liberec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Liberec.svg/250px-Flag_of_Liberec.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1109" data-file-height="745" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Znak_Liberec.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Liberec"><img alt="Coat of arms of Liberec" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Znak_Liberec.svg/78px-Znak_Liberec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="78" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Znak_Liberec.svg/117px-Znak_Liberec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Znak_Liberec.svg/156px-Znak_Liberec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="897" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberec_Logo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Liberec"><img alt="Official logo of Liberec" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Liberec_Logo.png/120px-Liberec_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Liberec_Logo.png/250px-Liberec_Logo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="441" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Wordmark" title="Wordmark">Wordmark</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Czech_Republic.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Liberec is located in Czech Republic"><img alt="Liberec is located in Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Relief_Map_of_Czech_Republic.png/250px-Relief_Map_of_Czech_Republic.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Relief_Map_of_Czech_Republic.png/375px-Relief_Map_of_Czech_Republic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Relief_Map_of_Czech_Republic.png/500px-Relief_Map_of_Czech_Republic.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="608" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:17.767%;left:44.149%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Liberec"><img alt="Liberec" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Liberec</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in the Czech Republic</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Liberec&params=50_46_N_15_4_E_type:city(107982)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°46′N</span> <span class="longitude">15°4′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.767°N 15.067°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.767; 15.067</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Regions of the Czech Republic">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberec_Region" title="Liberec Region">Liberec</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Districts of the Czech Republic">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberec_District" title="Liberec District">Liberec</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First mentioned</th><td class="infobox-data">1352</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaroslav_Z%C3%A1me%C4%8Dn%C3%ADk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaroslav Zámečník (page does not exist)">Jaroslav Zámečník</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaroslav_Z%C3%A1me%C4%8Dn%C3%ADk" class="extiw" title="cs:Jaroslav Zámečník">cs</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Mayors_for_Liberec_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayors for Liberec Region">SLK</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">106.09 km<sup>2</sup> (40.96 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">374 m (1,227 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2024-01-01)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">107,982</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,000/km<sup>2</sup> (2,600/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">460 01</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liberec.cz/">www<wbr />.liberec<wbr />.cz</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Liberec</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Czech:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cs-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech" title="Help:IPA/Czech">[ˈlɪbɛrɛts]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d7\/Cs-Liberec.ogg\/Cs-Liberec.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cs-Liberec.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d7/Cs-Liberec.ogg/Cs-Liberec.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cs-Liberec.ogg" title="File:Cs-Liberec.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Reichenberg</i>) is a city in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>. It has about 108,000 inhabitants, making it the fifth largest city in the country. It lies on the <a href="/wiki/Lusatian_Neisse" title="Lusatian Neisse">Lusatian Neisse</a> River, in a basin surrounded by mountains. The city centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an <a href="/wiki/Cultural_monument_(Czech_Republic)#Monument_zones" title="Cultural monument (Czech Republic)">urban monument zone</a>. </p><p>Liberec was once home to a thriving textile industry and hence nicknamed the "<a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>". For many <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a>, Liberec is mostly associated with the city's dominant <a href="/wiki/Je%C5%A1t%C4%9Bd_Tower" title="Ještěd Tower">Ještěd Tower</a>. Since the end of the 19th century, the city has been a conurbation with the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Vratislavice_nad_Nisou" title="Vratislavice nad Nisou">Vratislavice nad Nisou</a> and the neighbouring city of <a href="/wiki/Jablonec_nad_Nisou" title="Jablonec nad Nisou">Jablonec nad Nisou</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_division">Administrative division</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberec&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Administrative division"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A9_%C4%8D%C3%A1sti_Liberce.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/M%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A9_%C4%8D%C3%A1sti_Liberce.PNG/220px-M%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A9_%C4%8D%C3%A1sti_Liberce.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/M%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A9_%C4%8D%C3%A1sti_Liberce.PNG/330px-M%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A9_%C4%8D%C3%A1sti_Liberce.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/M%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A9_%C4%8D%C3%A1sti_Liberce.PNG/440px-M%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A9_%C4%8D%C3%A1sti_Liberce.PNG 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption>Municipal parts of Liberec</figcaption></figure> <p>Liberec consists of 33 municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li>Liberec I-Staré Město (9,793)</li> <li>Liberec II-Nové Město (2,979)</li> <li>Liberec III-Jeřáb (5,657)</li> <li>Liberec IV-Perštýn (3,117)</li> <li>Liberec V-Kristiánov (5,312)</li> <li>Liberec VI-Rochlice (17,268)</li> <li>Liberec VII-Horní Růžodol (3,430)</li> <li>Liberec VIII-Dolní Hanychov (2,358)</li> <li>Liberec IX-Janův Důl (1,072)</li> <li>Liberec X-Františkov (3,676)</li> <li>Liberec XI-Růžodol I (2,281)</li> <li>Liberec XII-Staré Pavlovice (4,683)</li> <li>Liberec XIII-Nové Pavlovice (2,578)</li> <li>Liberec XIV-Ruprechtice (8,429)</li> <li>Liberec XV-Starý Harcov (7,090)</li> <li>Liberec XVI-Nový Harcov (377)</li> <li>Liberec XVII-Kateřinky (540)</li> <li>Liberec XVIII-Karlinky (539)</li> <li>Liberec XIX-Horní Hanychov (1,490)</li> <li>Liberec XX-Ostašov (672)</li> <li>Liberec XXI-Rudolfov (155)</li> <li>Liberec XXII-Horní Suchá (490)</li> <li>Liberec XXIII-Doubí (2,960)</li> <li>Liberec XXIV-Pilínkov (642)</li> <li>Liberec XXV-Vesec (4,622)</li> <li>Liberec XXVIII-Hluboká (21)</li> <li>Liberec XXIX-Kunratice (172)</li> <li>Liberec XXX-<a href="/wiki/Vratislavice_nad_Nisou" title="Vratislavice nad Nisou">Vratislavice nad Nisou</a> (8,935)</li> <li>Liberec XXXI-Krásná Studánka (967)</li> <li>Liberec XXXII-Radčice (704)</li> <li>Liberec XXXIII-Machnín (1,050)</li> <li>Liberec XXXIV-Bedřichovka (109)</li> <li>Liberec XXXV-Karlov pod Ještědem (172)</li></ul> </div> <p>In the early 1990s, some parts became independent municipalities: <a href="/wiki/Str%C3%A1%C5%BE_nad_Nisou" title="Stráž nad Nisou">Stráž nad Nisou</a> (formerly Liberec XXVI-Stráž nad Nisou and Liberec XXVII-Svárov), <a href="/wiki/Dlouh%C3%BD_Most" title="Dlouhý Most">Dlouhý Most</a> (formerly Liberec XXXVI-Dlouhý Most), <a href="/wiki/Je%C5%99manice" title="Jeřmanice">Jeřmanice</a> (formerly Liberec XXXVII-Jeřmanice) and <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0imonovice" title="Šimonovice">Šimonovice</a> (formerly Liberec XXXVIII-Minkovice and Liberec XXXIX-Šimonovice).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vratislavice nad Nisou is declared a <a href="/wiki/Statutory_city_(Czech_Republic)#Differences_of_statutory_city" title="Statutory city (Czech Republic)">self-governing borough</a>, while the rest of the city is governed directly.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberec&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest known names of the city are German, Reychinberch (1352) and Reychmberg (1369), meaning "rich/resourceful mountain" (<i>reicher Berg</i> in modern German). It was also spelled Reichenberg (1385–1399) and Rychmberg (1410).<sup id="cite_ref-profous_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-profous-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> equivalent originated as a distortion: Rychberk (1545), Libercum (1634), Liberk (1790), and finally Liberec (1845). In Czech, words starting with "R" were often <a href="/wiki/Dissimilation" title="Dissimilation">dissimilated</a> into "L". Since then, the city was known as Liberec in Czech and as Reichenberg in German.<sup id="cite_ref-profous_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-profous-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberec&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Je%C5%A1t%C4%9Bd_,_leteck%C3%BD_pohled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Je%C5%A1t%C4%9Bd_%2C_leteck%C3%BD_pohled.jpg/220px-Je%C5%A1t%C4%9Bd_%2C_leteck%C3%BD_pohled.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Je%C5%A1t%C4%9Bd_%2C_leteck%C3%BD_pohled.jpg/330px-Je%C5%A1t%C4%9Bd_%2C_leteck%C3%BD_pohled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Je%C5%A1t%C4%9Bd_%2C_leteck%C3%BD_pohled.jpg/440px-Je%C5%A1t%C4%9Bd_%2C_leteck%C3%BD_pohled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3613" data-file-height="2409" /></a><figcaption>Ještěd mountain with the <a href="/wiki/Je%C5%A1t%C4%9Bd_Tower" title="Ještěd Tower">Ještěd Tower</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Liberec is located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>. Most of the municipal territory lies in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zittau_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zittau Basin (page does not exist)">Zittau Basin</a>. In the northeast, the territory extends into the <a href="/wiki/Jizera_Mountains" title="Jizera Mountains">Jizera Mountains</a> and to the eponymous protected landscape area. In the west, the territory extends into the <a href="/wiki/Je%C5%A1t%C4%9Bd%E2%80%93Koz%C3%A1kov_Ridge" title="Ještěd–Kozákov Ridge">Ještěd–Kozákov Ridge</a> and includes the highest point of Liberec and of the entire Ještěd–Kozákov Ridge, the mountain <a href="/wiki/Je%C5%A1t%C4%9Bd" title="Ještěd">Ještěd</a> at 1,012 m (3,320 ft) above sea level. </p><p>Liberec is situated on the <a href="/wiki/Lusatian_Neisse" title="Lusatian Neisse">Lusatian Neisse</a> River. The largest body of water is Harcov Reservoir (also called Liberec Dam). The reservoir is located inside the built-up area on the Lusatian Neisse's tributary, the stream of Harcovský potok. Today it serves mainly as a recreational place for the residents of Liberec, but it was originally designed to protect the city from floods and as a water reservoir for industrial use. It is also important as a biotope with the occurrence of protected animals.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberec&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Liberec has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Dfb</i>; <a href="/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification" title="Trewartha climate classification">Trewartha</a>: <i>Dcbo</i>). The annual average temperature is 8.3 °C (46.9 °F), the hottest month in July is 18.0 °C (64.4 °F), and the coldest month is −1.2 °C (29.8 °F) in January. The annual precipitation is 845.3 millimetres (33.28 in), of which July is the wettest with 107.1 millimetres (4.22 in), while April is the driest with only 41.3 millimetres (1.63 in). The extreme temperature throughout the year ranged from −32.8 °C (−27.0 °F) on 11 February 1929 to 37.4 °C (99.3 °F) on 16 July 1928. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Liberec (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1880-present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5<br />(70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4<br />(83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2<br />(86.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4<br />(93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.4<br />(99.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.9<br />(96.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8<br />(58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.4<br />(99.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(34.2) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3<br />(45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7<br />(56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2<br />(64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4<br />(70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5<br />(54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3<br />(43.3) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2<br />(36.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.2<br />(29.8) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.2<br />(31.6) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3<br />(46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br />(55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0<br />(55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5<br />(47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br />(39.0) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.3<br />(46.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.9<br />(25.0) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.6<br />(25.5) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.1<br />(30.0) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6<br />(36.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8<br />(44.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0<br />(53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8<br />(53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3<br />(46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9<br />(40.8) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br />(34.3) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.5<br />(27.5) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3.9<br />(39.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #4E4EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−28.2<br />(−18.8) </td> <td style="background: #3535FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−32.8<br />(−27.0) </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−21.0<br />(−5.8) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.0<br />(10.4) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.6<br />(23.7) </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.9<br />(28.6) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2<br />(36.0) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.4<br />(27.7) </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.8<br />(14.4) </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.0<br />(1.4) </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−23.1<br />(−9.6) </td> <td style="background: #3535FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−32.8<br />(−27.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.9<br />(2.56) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.8<br />(2.12) </td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.4<br />(2.42) </td> <td style="background: #BFFFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.3<br />(1.63) </td> <td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.6<br />(2.98) </td> <td style="background: #75FF75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.0<br />(3.50) </td> <td style="background: #5FFF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">107.1<br />(4.22) </td> <td style="background: #6AFF6A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99.7<br />(3.93) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.0<br />(2.72) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.8<br />(2.31) </td> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.7<br />(2.31) </td> <td style="background: #9CFF9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.2<br />(2.61) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">845.3<br />(33.28) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">32.0<br />(12.6) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">29.2<br />(11.5) </td> <td style="background: #0000F4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(7.0) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(1.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1<br />(0.4) </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(4.0) </td> <td style="background: #000070; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(10.5) </td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">119.8<br />(47.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.9 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #7070FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 </td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.5 </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">130.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #7DFF7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.3 </td> <td style="background: #83FF83; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.3 </td> <td style="background: #89FF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.5 </td> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.8 </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.3 </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.4 </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.2 </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.3 </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.5 </td> <td style="background: #82FF82; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.1 </td> <td style="background: #7BFF7B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.7 </td> <td style="background: #7AFF7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.3 </td> <td style="background: #88FF88; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">76.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #505050; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.0 </td> <td style="background: #888888; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.9 </td> <td style="background: #B4B468; color:#000000;" class="notheme">117.0 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">177.8 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">210.2 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">208.1 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">222.7 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">216.6 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">155.3 </td> <td style="background: #AFAF8A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">104.4 </td> <td style="background: #4B4B4B; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.2 </td> <td style="background: #3E3E3E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">34.4 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD34; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,598.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Czech_Hydrometeorological_Institute" title="Czech Hydrometeorological Institute">Czech Hydrometeorological Institute</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: NOAA<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberec&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberec_n%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD_a_radnice_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Liberec_n%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD_a_radnice_3.jpg/250px-Liberec_n%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD_a_radnice_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Liberec_n%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD_a_radnice_3.jpg/330px-Liberec_n%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD_a_radnice_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Liberec_n%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD_a_radnice_3.jpg/500px-Liberec_n%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD_a_radnice_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2287" data-file-height="1935" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Liberec_City_Hall" title="Liberec City Hall">Liberec City Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a>'s Fountain</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zamek_liberec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Zamek_liberec.jpg/250px-Zamek_liberec.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Zamek_liberec.jpg/330px-Zamek_liberec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Zamek_liberec.jpg/500px-Zamek_liberec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Liberec Castle</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberec_l%C3%A1zn%C4%9B_c%C3%ADsa%C5%99e_FJ_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Liberec_l%C3%A1zn%C4%9B_c%C3%ADsa%C5%99e_FJ_1.jpg/220px-Liberec_l%C3%A1zn%C4%9B_c%C3%ADsa%C5%99e_FJ_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Liberec_l%C3%A1zn%C4%9B_c%C3%ADsa%C5%99e_FJ_1.jpg/330px-Liberec_l%C3%A1zn%C4%9B_c%C3%ADsa%C5%99e_FJ_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Liberec_l%C3%A1zn%C4%9B_c%C3%ADsa%C5%99e_FJ_1.jpg/440px-Liberec_l%C3%A1zn%C4%9B_c%C3%ADsa%C5%99e_FJ_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1235" /></a><figcaption>City spa, today the regional gallery</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="11th–16th_centuries"><span id="11th.E2.80.9316th_centuries"></span>11th–16th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberec&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 11th–16th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 11th or 12th century, a settlement named Habersdorf, which was the predecessor of Liberec, was established on the <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade route</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatia</a> by Czech settlers and German colonizers. In the 13th century, a second settlement named Reichenberg was established near the first one. The two settlements later merged. The first written mention of Liberec under its German name Reichenberg is from 1352.<sup id="cite_ref-history_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in 1278, the area was owned by the noble Bieberstein family. Reichenberg suffered from the passing through of troops during the <a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a>, then was burned down in 1469 during a battle with the army of King <a href="/wiki/George_of_Pod%C4%9Bbrady" title="George of Poděbrady">George of Poděbrady</a>. After the Biebersteins died out, the <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%BDdlant" title="Frýdlant">Frýdlant</a> estate, which included Reichenberg, was bought by the Redern family in 1558. The Rederns contributed significantly to the development of the settlement, as they built new buildings, modernized the settlement and laid the foundation of the textile industry. In 1577, Reichenberg was promoted to a town by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf II</a>. He gave the town the coat of arms it still uses today.<sup id="cite_ref-history_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th–19th_centuries"><span id="17th.E2.80.9319th_centuries"></span>17th–19th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberec&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 17th–19th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1600, the town was administered by Kateřina of Redern, who obtained the right to trade in salt for the town, had a chapel added to the castle and contributed to the construction of the town hall. When the Redern family was forced to leave Reichenberg after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">Battle of White Mountain</a> (1620), it was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Wallenstein" title="Albrecht von Wallenstein">Albrecht von Wallenstein</a>. After his death it belonged to the Gallas and Clam Gallas families, who did not care much about the town. The prosperous local industry was interrupted by the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> and a great plague in 1680. The crises resulted in a series of harshly suppressed serf uprisings.<sup id="cite_ref-history_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 18th century, Reichenberg flourished. The number of inhabitants tripled and the cloth industry was very successful. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reichenberg" title="Battle of Reichenberg">Battle of Reichenberg</a> between <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> occurred nearby in 1757 during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, but the town continued to develop. During the 19th century, the town became the centre of textile industry for all of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. In 1850, it became a self-governing city.<sup id="cite_ref-history_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reichenberg became a rich industrial city without representative buildings. In the late 19th century, a spectacular collection of representative buildings was created, mostly in the neo-Renaissance style: the <a href="/wiki/Liberec_City_Hall" title="Liberec City Hall">city hall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Opera_house" title="Opera house">opera house</a>, the North Bohemian Museum, the Old Synagogue, and others. A representative villa district and a forest with a botanical garden and a zoo were created.<sup id="cite_ref-history_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberec&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 1918, the city was part of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, seat of the Reichenberg district, one of the 94 <i>Bezirkshauptmannschaften</i> in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the end of World War I, Austria-Hungary fell apart and the Czechs of Bohemia joined newly established <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> on 29 October 1918 whilst the Germans wanted to stay with Austria to form reduced <a href="/wiki/German_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="German Austria">German Austria</a> on 12 November 1918, both citing <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a> and the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>. Liberec was declared the capital of the German-Austrian province of <a href="/wiki/German_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="German Bohemia">German Bohemia</a>. Czechs however argued that these lands, though German-settled since the Middle Ages, were historically an integral part of the Duchy and Kingdom of Bohemia. On 16 December 1918, the Czechoslovak Army entered Liberec and the whole province remained part of Bohemia.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> devastated the economy of the area with its textile, carpet, glass and other light industry. The high number of unemployed people, hunger, fear of the future and dissatisfaction with the Prague government led to the flash rise of the populist <a href="/wiki/Sudeten_German_Party" title="Sudeten German Party">Sudeten German Party</a> (SdP), founded by <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Henlein" title="Konrad Henlein">Konrad Henlein</a>, born in the suburbs of Liberec. The city became the centre of <a href="/wiki/Pan-German" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-German">Pan-German</a> movements and later of the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a>, especially after the 1935 election, despite its important democratic mayor, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Kostka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Kostka (page does not exist)">Karl Kostka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Czech_lands#German_Democratic_Freedom_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in the Czech lands">German Democratic Freedom Party</a>). The final change came in Summer 1938, after the radicalization of the terror of the SdP, whose death threats forced Kostka and his family to flee to Prague. </p><p>In September 1938, the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> awarded the city to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. In 1939, it became the capital of <a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Sudetenland" title="Reichsgau Sudetenland">Reichsgau Sudetenland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the city's Jewish and Czech population fled to the rest of Czechoslovakia or were expelled. The important synagogue was burned down. Henlein himself confiscated a villa in Liberec that had belonged to a Jewish businessman, which remained Henlein's home until 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After World War II, the city again became a part of Czechoslovakia and nearly all of the city's German population was <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_after_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Germans after World War II">expelled</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Bene%C5%A1_decrees" title="Beneš decrees">Beneš decrees</a>. The region was then resettled with Czechs.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberec&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:45em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr valign="top"><td style="padding:0 0.5em"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1869</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">50,252</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1880</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">60,198</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+19.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1890</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">68,135</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1900</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">79,470</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1910</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">89,312</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.4%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">84,845</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−5.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1930</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">95,623</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">69,663</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−27.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">78,193</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">84,046</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.5%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">95,924</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">101,162</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">99,102</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">102,754</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">104,340</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.5%</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: Censuses<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberec&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The largest employers with headquarters in Liberec and at least 1,000 employees are:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Economic entity </th> <th>Number of employees </th> <th>Main activity </th></tr> <tr> <td>Regional Hospital Liberec</td> <td>4,000–4,999</td> <td>Health care </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Denso" title="Denso">Denso Manufacturing</a></td> <td>2,000–2,499</td> <td>Automotive industry </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magna_International" title="Magna International">Magna Exteriors (Bohemia)</a></td> <td>1,500–1,999</td> <td>Automotive industry </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Police_of_the_Czech_Republic#Regional_jurisdiction" title="Police of the Czech Republic">Regional Police Directorate of the Liberec Region</a></td> <td>1,500–1,999</td> <td>Public administration </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Liberec" title="Technical University of Liberec">Technical University of Liberec</a></td> <td>1,000–1,499</td> <td>Education </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Webasto" title="Webasto">Webasto Roof & Components Czech Republic</a></td> <td>1,000–1,499</td> <td>Automotive industry </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Liberec-Jablonec_agglomeration" title="Liberec-Jablonec agglomeration">Liberec-Jablonec agglomeration</a> was defined as a tool for drawing money from the <a href="/wiki/European_Structural_and_Investment_Funds" title="European Structural and Investment Funds">European Structural and Investment Funds</a>. It is an area that includes the cities of Liberec and <a href="/wiki/Jablonec_nad_Nisou" title="Jablonec nad Nisou">Jablonec nad Nisou</a> and their surroundings, linked to the cities by commuting and migration. It has about 227,000 inhabitants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberec&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeschkenseilbahn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Jeschkenseilbahn.jpg/250px-Jeschkenseilbahn.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Jeschkenseilbahn.jpg/330px-Jeschkenseilbahn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Cable car to <a href="/wiki/Je%C5%A1t%C4%9Bd" title="Ještěd">Ještěd</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Liberec city transport provides <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">bus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">tram</a> lines. The first tram was used in Liberec in 1897. Liberec shares the <span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>) <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a></span> <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Liberec_and_Jablonec" class="mw-redirect" title="Trams in Liberec and Jablonec">tramway line</a> which connects it to its neighbouring Jablonec nad Nisou. There are also two city lines with <span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>) <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a></span>. The first connects Horní Hanychov (next to the cable car to <a href="/wiki/Je%C5%A1t%C4%9Bd" title="Ještěd">Ještěd</a>) and Lidové Sady via Fügnerova. The second connects Dolní Hanychov and Lidové Sady via Fügnerova (only during workdays). There are also four historical trams. In the city centre there are two tracks as a memorial; in the past trams were used also on the central place in front of the city hall. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_route_E442" title="European route E442">European route E442</a> passes through Liberec. </p><p>A private international airport is located in Liberec XX-Ostašov. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_science">Education and science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberec&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Education and science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberec-Bibliothek-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Liberec-Bibliothek-1.jpg/220px-Liberec-Bibliothek-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Liberec-Bibliothek-1.jpg/330px-Liberec-Bibliothek-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Liberec-Bibliothek-1.jpg/440px-Liberec-Bibliothek-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3776" data-file-height="2124" /></a><figcaption>The Research Library and the New Synagogue</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Liberec" title="Technical University of Liberec">Technical University of Liberec</a> was founded in 1953 as " University of Mechanical Engineering in Liberec". After the number of fields has grown, in 1995, the university was renamed. It is known especially for its research in the field of textile engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has about 9,000 students in 6 faculties (Mechanical Engineering, Textile Engineering, Arts and Architecture, Mechatronics Informatics and Inter-Disciplinary Studies, Science-Humanities and Education, and Economics), and it also comprises Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regional Research Library in Liberec is a general public science library, aiming at general education in the region. Founded in 1900, based on the decision of the municipal council to establish a municipal library. It has an exceptional collection of Germano-Slavica and Sudetica (periodicals and books in German language from Bohemia). New building was completed in 2000 on the site of the Old Synagogue, which was burnt down by the Nazis in November 1938. Its building comprises also a modern New Synagogue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberec&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mate%C5%99inka" title="Mateřinka">Mateřinka</a> is a theatre festival held biennially in June. </p><p>From 2020, Liberec hosts <a href="/wiki/Anifilm" title="Anifilm">Anifilm</a>, which is an annual international festival of <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animated</a> films.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberec&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Home_Credit_Arena1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Home_Credit_Arena1.jpg/250px-Home_Credit_Arena1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Home_Credit_Arena1.jpg/330px-Home_Credit_Arena1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Home_Credit_Arena1.jpg/500px-Home_Credit_Arena1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption>Home Credit Arena winter stadium</figcaption></figure> <p>The city is home to <a href="/wiki/FC_Slovan_Liberec" title="FC Slovan Liberec">FC Slovan Liberec</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> club founded in Liberec which plays in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_First_League" title="Czech First League">Czech First League</a>, the top tier. Slovan Liberec is one of the most successful clubs in the Czech Republic, having won three league titles. There is also SK VTJ Rapid Liberec. It plays in one of the lowest divisions. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> team <a href="/wiki/HC_B%C3%ADl%C3%AD_Tyg%C5%99i_Liberec" title="HC Bílí Tygři Liberec">HC Bílí Tygři Liberec</a> play in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Extraliga" title="Czech Extraliga">Czech Extraliga</a>, the national top tier. It plays in <a href="/wiki/Home_Credit_Arena" title="Home Credit Arena">Home Credit Arena</a>. </p><p>Liberec has hosted two <a href="/wiki/FIL_European_Luge_Championships" title="FIL European Luge Championships">European Luge Championships</a>, having done so in <a href="/wiki/FIL_European_Luge_Championships_1914" title="FIL European Luge Championships 1914">1914</a> and <a href="/wiki/FIL_European_Luge_Championships_1939" title="FIL European Luge Championships 1939">1939</a>. In <a href="/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2009" title="FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009">2009</a>, it hosted the <a href="/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships" title="FIS Nordic World Ski Championships">FIS Nordic World Ski Championships</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ski_Jumping_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Ski Jumping World Cup">Ski Jumping World Cup</a> always comes to Liberec in January. The World <a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a> Championships took place in May 2011. </p><p>In 2015, Liberec hosted the 2015 <a href="/wiki/World_Mountain_Bike_Orienteering_Championships" title="World Mountain Bike Orienteering Championships">World Mountain Bike Orienteering Championships</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway" title="Motorcycle speedway">Motorcycle speedway</a> takes place at the Pavlovický Stadion. It was built in 1930. The most important event that was run on it was the semi-final of the Under-21 World Championship in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The team <a href="/wiki/Liberec_Speedway" title="Liberec Speedway">Start Gniezno Liberec</a> race at the stadium. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sights">Sights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberec&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberec_divadlo_F._X._%C5%A0aldy_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Liberec_divadlo_F._X._%C5%A0aldy_3.jpg/220px-Liberec_divadlo_F._X._%C5%A0aldy_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Liberec_divadlo_F._X._%C5%A0aldy_3.jpg/330px-Liberec_divadlo_F._X._%C5%A0aldy_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Liberec_divadlo_F._X._%C5%A0aldy_3.jpg/440px-Liberec_divadlo_F._X._%C5%A0aldy_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3301" data-file-height="1925" /></a><figcaption>F. X. Šalda Theatre</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberec_Severo%C4%8Desk%C3%A9_muzeum_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Liberec_Severo%C4%8Desk%C3%A9_muzeum_2.jpg/250px-Liberec_Severo%C4%8Desk%C3%A9_muzeum_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Liberec_Severo%C4%8Desk%C3%A9_muzeum_2.jpg/330px-Liberec_Severo%C4%8Desk%C3%A9_muzeum_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Liberec_Severo%C4%8Desk%C3%A9_muzeum_2.jpg/500px-Liberec_Severo%C4%8Desk%C3%A9_muzeum_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1542" /></a><figcaption>North Bohemian Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>The main landmark and one of the symbols of the city is the <a href="/wiki/Je%C5%A1t%C4%9Bd_Tower" title="Ještěd Tower">Ještěd Tower</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Je%C5%A1t%C4%9Bd" title="Ještěd">Ještěd</a> mountain,which is used as a transmitter, observation tower and hotel. It was built in 1966–1973 according to the design by the architect <a href="/wiki/Karel_Hub%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Karel Hubáček">Karel Hubáček</a>. It is the most important monument in the city, protected as a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_monument_(Czech_Republic)" title="Cultural monument (Czech Republic)">national cultural monument</a> since 2006. The building has won many architectural awards and a poll for the most important Czech building of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the most valuable buildings of the city centre is the <a href="/wiki/Liberec_City_Hall" title="Liberec City Hall">Liberec City Hall</a>. It was built in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Neo-Renaissance style</a> in 1888–1893, according to the design by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Neumann_(architect)" title="Franz Neumann (architect)">Franz Neumann</a>. It has three towers; the highest of them is 61 m (200 ft) high. In the summer season, the interiors and one of the towers are open to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2024, it has been protected as a national cultural monument.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Liberec Castle was built in several stages, the oldest part was built in the Renaissance style in 1582–1583. After World War II, it was in a state of disrepair, after which it was insensitively reconstructed and used by a glass manufacturer. The castle has not been used since 1997 and is gradually deteriorating.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A notable building is the F. X. Šalda Theatre. It was built in the Neo-Renaissance style in 1881–1883. A valuable element is the curtain with the theme Triumph of Love, made by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Klimt" title="Gustav Klimt">Gustav Klimt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Klimt" title="Ernst Klimt">Ernst Klimt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Matsch" title="Franz von Matsch">Franz von Matsch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The North Bohemian Museum was founded in 1873 as the first arts and crafts museum in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_lands" title="Czech lands">Czech lands</a>. The current museum building dates from 1898. It was designed by the architect <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ohmann" title="Friedrich Ohmann">Friedrich Ohmann</a> and built by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Grisebach" title="Hans Grisebach">Hans Grisebach</a> in the romantic-historicist style. The building has a 41 m (135 ft) high tower, which is a replica of the Liberec City Hall tower.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Liberecká výšina</i> is a significant landmark of the eastern part of the city. It is a restaurant with a 25 m (82 ft) high observation tower, built in the style of a medieval castle. It was built in 1900–1901 and its look is inspired by the watchtower of the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Castle" title="Nuremberg Castle">Nuremberg Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most visited tourist destinations in the city are the Liberec Zoo, iQ Landia (a science centre) and Centrum Babylon (an entertainment centre which includes a large <a href="/wiki/Water_park" title="Water park">water park</a>, amusement park, casino, shopping court and hotel).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoo_and_botanical_garden">Zoo and botanical garden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberec&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Zoo and botanical garden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_of_Panthera_tigris_in_Liberec_ZOO_in_Liberec,_Liberec_District.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Head_of_Panthera_tigris_in_Liberec_ZOO_in_Liberec%2C_Liberec_District.jpg/250px-Head_of_Panthera_tigris_in_Liberec_ZOO_in_Liberec%2C_Liberec_District.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Head_of_Panthera_tigris_in_Liberec_ZOO_in_Liberec%2C_Liberec_District.jpg/330px-Head_of_Panthera_tigris_in_Liberec_ZOO_in_Liberec%2C_Liberec_District.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Head_of_Panthera_tigris_in_Liberec_ZOO_in_Liberec%2C_Liberec_District.jpg/500px-Head_of_Panthera_tigris_in_Liberec_ZOO_in_Liberec%2C_Liberec_District.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/White_tiger" title="White tiger">White tiger</a> in Liberec Zoo</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Liberec_Zoo" title="Liberec Zoo">Liberec Zoo</a> was founded in 1904 and is the oldest one in the territory of the former Czechoslovakia. Today it has an area of almost 14 ha (35 acres) and keeps more than 160 species.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symbol of the zoo and the main attraction are the <a href="/wiki/White_tiger" title="White tiger">white tigers</a>. However, since they are a breed of the <a href="/wiki/Panthera_tigris_tigris" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthera tigris tigris">mainland Asian tiger</a> and not a separate species, it is planned to end their breeding after the death of the last individual.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Botanical Garden Liberec was established in 1876 by the <i>Verein der Naturfreunde</i> ("Society of Friends of Nature") and is the oldest one in the Czech Republic. It was originally located on the site of the North Bohemian Museum, but was moved in 1895 due to the construction of the museum. In 1996–2000, it was completely rebuilt. Today it comprises nine glasshouses for visitors with a total area of 4,002 m<sup>2</sup> (43,080 sq ft) and more than 8,000 exotic plants.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberec&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Liberec" title="Category:People from Liberec">People from Liberec</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Demantius" title="Christoph Demantius">Christoph Demantius</a> (1567–1643), German composer and poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Johann_Nepomuk_Spalowsky" title="Joachim Johann Nepomuk Spalowsky">Joachim Johann Nepomuk Spalowsky</a> (1752–1797), Austrian naturalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Proksch" title="Josef Proksch">Josef Proksch</a> (1794–1864), composer and teacher of <a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Bedřich Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Karl_Ginzel" title="Friedrich Karl Ginzel">Friedrich Karl Ginzel</a> (1850–1926), Austrian astronomer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Herkner" title="Heinrich Herkner">Heinrich Herkner</a> (1863–1932), German economist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche">Ferdinand Porsche</a> (1875–1951), Austrian-Czech car designer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlasta_Burian" title="Vlasta Burian">Vlasta Burian</a> (1891–1962), actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Nick" title="Edmund Nick">Edmund Nick</a> (1891–1973), German composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_%C5%98%C3%ADdk%C3%BD" title="Jaroslav Řídký">Jaroslav Řídký</a> (1897–1956), composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Henlein" title="Konrad Henlein">Konrad Henlein</a> (1898–1945), German Nazi politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Beer" title="Arthur Beer">Arthur Beer</a> (1900–1980), German astronomer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Kreutzberg" title="Harald Kreutzberg">Harald Kreutzberg</a> (1902–1968), German dancer and choreographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feigl" title="Herbert Feigl">Herbert Feigl</a> (1902–1988), Austrian-American philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Beck" title="Guido Beck">Guido Beck</a> (1903–1989), Argentinian physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Schramm" title="Augustin Schramm">Augustin Schramm</a> (1907–1948), communist politician and officer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderich_Menzel" title="Roderich Menzel">Roderich Menzel</a> (1907–1987), Czech-German tennis player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Preissler" title="Fritz Preissler">Fritz Preissler</a> (1908–1948), German luger</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Hartmann" title="Egon Hartmann">Egon Hartmann</a> (1919–2009), German architect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otfried_Preu%C3%9Fler" title="Otfried Preußler">Otfried Preußler</a> (1923–2013), German writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketa_Goetz-Stankiewicz" title="Marketa Goetz-Stankiewicz">Marketa Goetz-Stankiewicz</a> (1927–2022), Canadian scholar and translator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Bulirsch" title="Roland Bulirsch">Roland Bulirsch</a> (1932–2022), German mathematician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markus_L%C3%BCpertz" title="Markus Lüpertz">Markus Lüpertz</a> (born 1941), German artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bouchet" title="Barbara Bouchet">Barbara Bouchet</a> (born 1944), German-American actress and entrepreneur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirina_Marton" title="Jirina Marton">Jirina Marton</a> (born 1946), Canadian artist and illustrator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old%C5%99ich_Kaiser" title="Oldřich Kaiser">Oldřich Kaiser</a> (born 1955), actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladim%C3%ADr_%C5%A0lechta" title="Vladimír Šlechta">Vladimír Šlechta</a> (born 1960), writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Nedv%C4%9Bd" title="Jaroslav Nedvěd">Jaroslav Nedvěd</a> (born 1969), ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petr_Nedv%C4%9Bd" title="Petr Nedvěd">Petr Nedvěd</a> (born 1971), ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Damm" title="Martin Damm">Martin Damm</a> (born 1972), tennis player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Enge" title="Tomáš Enge">Tomáš Enge</a> (born 1976), racing driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Víšek">Jan Víšek</a> (born 1981), ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemi_A.D." title="Yemi A.D.">Yemi A.D.</a> (born 1981), choreographer and artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luk%C3%A1%C5%A1_Derner" title="Lukáš Derner">Lukáš Derner</a> (born 1983), ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavla_Havl%C3%ADkov%C3%A1" title="Pavla Havlíková">Pavla Havlíková</a> (born 1983), cyclist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuzana_Hejnov%C3%A1" title="Zuzana Hejnová">Zuzana Hejnová</a> (born 1986), athlete</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Cikl" title="Martin Cikl">Martin Cikl</a> (born 1987), ski jumper</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberec&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in the Czech Republic">List of twin towns and sister cities in the Czech Republic</a></div> <p>Liberec is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Amersfoort" title="Amersfoort">Amersfoort</a>, Netherlands</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, Germany</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nahariya" title="Nahariya">Nahariya</a>, Israel</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zittau" title="Zittau">Zittau</a>, Germany</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberec&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vyhled_z_Liberecke_radnice_13.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="View from the city hall"><img alt="View from the city hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vyhled_z_Liberecke_radnice_13.JPG/120px-Vyhled_z_Liberecke_radnice_13.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vyhled_z_Liberecke_radnice_13.JPG/250px-Vyhled_z_Liberecke_radnice_13.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="3920" data-file-height="2204" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View from the city hall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberec_z_Je%C5%A1t%C4%9Bdu_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Liberec from Ještěd"><img alt="View of Liberec from Ještěd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Liberec_z_Je%C5%A1t%C4%9Bdu_002.jpg/120px-Liberec_z_Je%C5%A1t%C4%9Bdu_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Liberec_z_Je%C5%A1t%C4%9Bdu_002.jpg/250px-Liberec_z_Je%C5%A1t%C4%9Bdu_002.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1152" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of Liberec from Ještěd</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberec-synagoga.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Liberec New Synagogue"><img alt="The Liberec New Synagogue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Liberec-synagoga.JPG/90px-Liberec-synagoga.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Liberec-synagoga.JPG/135px-Liberec-synagoga.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Liberec-synagoga.JPG/180px-Liberec-synagoga.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Liberec New Synagogue</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberec&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csu.gov.cz/produkty/population-of-municipalities-qexb0dqr2d">"Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2024"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office" title="Czech Statistical Office">Czech Statistical Office</a>. 17 May 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240625043651/https://csu.gov.cz/produkty/population-of-municipalities-qexb0dqr2d">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+of+Municipalities+%E2%80%93+1+January+2024&rft.pub=Czech+Statistical+Office&rft.date=2024-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcsu.gov.cz%2Fprodukty%2Fpopulation-of-municipalities-qexb0dqr2d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-parametry&z=T&f=TABULKA&sp=A&skupId=4690&katalog=33475&pvo=SLD21043-CO">"Public Census 2021 – basic data"</a>. <i>Public Database</i> (in Czech). <a href="/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office" title="Czech Statistical Office">Czech Statistical Office</a>. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250117003255/https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-parametry&z=T&f=TABULKA&sp=A&skupId=4690&katalog=33475&pvo=SLD21043-CO">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+Database&rft.atitle=Public+Census+2021+%E2%80%93+basic+data&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvdb.czso.cz%2Fvdbvo2%2Ffaces%2Fen%2Findex.jsf%3Fpage%3Dvystup-objekt-parametry%26z%3DT%26f%3DTABULKA%26sp%3DA%26skupId%3D4690%26katalog%3D33475%26pvo%3DSLD21043-CO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180430095142/https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/20537734/13008415abc.pdf/f10f868d-ba44-4595-90af-e68862927794?version=1.1">"Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011"</a> (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. 21 December 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/20537734/13008415abc.pdf/f10f868d-ba44-4595-90af-e68862927794?version=1.1">the original</a> on 30 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historick%C3%BD+lexikon+obc%C3%AD+%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9+republiky+1869%E2%80%932011&rft.pub=Czech+Statistical+Office&rft.date=2015-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.czso.cz%2Fdocuments%2F10180%2F20537734%2F13008415abc.pdf%2Ff10f868d-ba44-4595-90af-e68862927794%3Fversion%3D1.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114095904/https://www.liberec.cz/cz/mesto-samosprava/profil-statut-mesta/statut-mesta/">"Statut města"</a> (in Czech). City of Liberec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liberec.cz/cz/mesto-samosprava/profil-statut-mesta/statut-mesta/">the original</a> on 14 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statut+m%C4%9Bsta&rft.pub=City+of+Liberec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberec.cz%2Fcz%2Fmesto-samosprava%2Fprofil-statut-mesta%2Fstatut-mesta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-profous-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-profous_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-profous_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProfous1949" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Profous, Antonín (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mjc.ujc.cas.cz/search.php"><i>Místní jména v Čechách II: CH–L</i></a> (in Czech). pp. <span class="nowrap">582–</span>583. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240316145618/https://mjc.ujc.cas.cz/search.php">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%ADstn%C3%AD+jm%C3%A9na+v+%C4%8Cech%C3%A1ch+II%3A+CH%E2%80%93L&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E582-%3C%2Fspan%3E583&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Profous&rft.aufirst=Anton%C3%ADn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjc.ujc.cas.cz%2Fsearch.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kudyznudy.cz/aktivity/prehradni-nadrz-harcov">"Přehradní nádrž Harcov"</a> (in Czech). CzechTourism. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921124006/https://www.kudyznudy.cz/aktivity/prehradni-nadrz-harcov">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P%C5%99ehradn%C3%AD+n%C3%A1dr%C5%BE+Harcov&rft.pub=CzechTourism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kudyznudy.cz%2Faktivity%2Fprehradni-nadrz-harcov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230828031457/https://www.chmi.cz/historicka-data/pocasi/denni-data/Denni-data-dle-z.-123-1998-Sb">"Denní data dle zákona 123/1998 Sb"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Czech_Hydrometeorological_Institute" title="Czech Hydrometeorological Institute">Czech Hydrometeorological Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chmi.cz/historicka-data/pocasi/denni-data/Denni-data-dle-z.-123-1998-Sb">the original</a> on 28 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Denn%C3%AD+data+dle+z%C3%A1kona+123%2F1998+Sb.&rft.pub=Czech+Hydrometeorological+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chmi.cz%2Fhistoricka-data%2Fpocasi%2Fdenni-data%2FDenni-data-dle-z.-123-1998-Sb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250102235040/https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/T.php?ID=U2LIBC01&type=graphMD">"Teplota vzduchu v jednotlivé kalendářní dny"</a> (in Czech). <a href="/wiki/Czech_Hydrometeorological_Institute" title="Czech Hydrometeorological Institute">Czech Hydrometeorological Institute</a>. 23 December 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/T.php?ID=U2LIBC01&type=graphMD">the original</a> on 2 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Teplota+vzduchu+v+jednotliv%C3%A9+kalend%C3%A1%C5%99n%C3%AD+dny&rft.pub=Czech+Hydrometeorological+Institute&rft.date=2023-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.envidata.cz%2FdataAnalysis%2FmeteoKlima%2FT.php%3FID%3DU2LIBC01%26type%3DgraphMD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908224605/https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/N.php?ID=U2LIBC01&type=graphMY">"Množství nového sněhu v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky"</a> (in Czech). Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/N.php?ID=U2LIBC01&type=graphMY">the original</a> on 8 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mno%C5%BEstv%C3%AD+nov%C3%A9ho+sn%C4%9Bhu+v+jednotliv%C3%A9+m%C4%9Bs%C3%ADce+v+jednotliv%C3%A9+roky&rft.pub=Czech+Hydrometeorological+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.envidata.cz%2FdataAnalysis%2FmeteoKlima%2FN.php%3FID%3DU2LIBC01%26type%3DgraphMY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908225021/https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/H.php?ID=U2LIBC01&type=graphMY">"Průměrná relativní vlhkost vzduchu v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky"</a> (in Czech). Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/H.php?ID=U2LIBC01&type=graphMY">the original</a> on 8 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pr%C5%AFm%C4%9Brn%C3%A1+relativn%C3%AD+vlhkost+vzduchu+v+jednotliv%C3%A9+m%C4%9Bs%C3%ADce+v+jednotliv%C3%A9+roky&rft.pub=Czech+Hydrometeorological+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.envidata.cz%2FdataAnalysis%2FmeteoKlima%2FH.php%3FID%3DU2LIBC01%26type%3DgraphMY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230921014439/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/CzechRepublic/CSV/Liberec_11603.csv">"Liberec Climate Normals 1991-2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/CzechRepublic/CSV/Liberec_11603.csv">the original</a> on 21 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liberec+Climate+Normals+1991-2020&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F1.1%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FCzechRepublic%2FCSV%2FLiberec_11603.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921124009/https://www.liberec.cz/cz/radnice/strategie-projekty/projekty-mesta/ostatni-projekty/zahrada-libereckych-vzpominek/liberecka-historie-kostce.html">"Liberecká historie v kostce"</a> (in Czech). City of Liberec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liberec.cz/cz/radnice/strategie-projekty/projekty-mesta/ostatni-projekty/zahrada-libereckych-vzpominek/liberecka-historie-kostce.html">the original</a> on 21 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libereck%C3%A1+historie+v+kostce&rft.pub=City+of+Liberec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberec.cz%2Fcz%2Fradnice%2Fstrategie-projekty%2Fprojekty-mesta%2Fostatni-projekty%2Fzahrada-libereckych-vzpominek%2Fliberecka-historie-kostce.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Die postalischen Abstempelungen auf den österreichischen Postwertzeichen-Ausgaben 1867, 1883 und 1890, Wilhelm Klein, 1967</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFŠvecová2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Švecová, Jana (27 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liberecky.denik.cz/zpravy_region/v-nemeckem-liberci-vznik-ceskoslovenske-republiky-moc-nevitali-20181026.html">"V německém Liberci vznik Československé republiky moc nevítali"</a>. <i>Liberecký deník</i> (in Czech). Deník.cz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240304093241/https://liberecky.denik.cz/zpravy_region/v-nemeckem-liberci-vznik-ceskoslovenske-republiky-moc-nevitali-20181026.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Libereck%C3%BD+den%C3%ADk&rft.atitle=V+n%C4%9Bmeck%C3%A9m+Liberci+vznik+%C4%8Ceskoslovensk%C3%A9+republiky+moc+nev%C3%ADtali&rft.date=2018-10-27&rft.aulast=%C5%A0vecov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Jana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliberecky.denik.cz%2Fzpravy_region%2Fv-nemeckem-liberci-vznik-ceskoslovenske-republiky-moc-nevitali-20181026.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liberec.rozhlas.cz/liberec-jako-hlavni-mesto-risske-zupy-sudety-nacisticke-predstavy-o-podobe-mesta-8199354">"Liberec jako hlavní město Říšské župy Sudety. Nacistické představy o podobě města"</a> (in Czech). <a href="/wiki/Czech_Radio" title="Czech Radio">Czech Radio</a>. 15 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240129102935/https://liberec.rozhlas.cz/liberec-jako-hlavni-mesto-risske-zupy-sudety-nacisticke-predstavy-o-podobe-mesta-8199354">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liberec+jako+hlavn%C3%AD+m%C4%9Bsto+%C5%98%C3%AD%C5%A1sk%C3%A9+%C5%BEupy+Sudety.+Nacistick%C3%A9+p%C5%99edstavy+o+podob%C4%9B+m%C4%9Bsta&rft.pub=Czech+Radio&rft.date=2018-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliberec.rozhlas.cz%2Fliberec-jako-hlavni-mesto-risske-zupy-sudety-nacisticke-predstavy-o-podobe-mesta-8199354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCornwall2011" class="citation book cs1">Cornwall, Mark (2011). <i>The Czechoslovak Spinx: 'Moderate and Reasonable' Konrad Henlein</i>. London: I.B.Tauris. pp. <span class="nowrap">206–</span>227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780768083" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780768083"><bdi>978-1780768083</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Czechoslovak+Spinx%3A+%27Moderate+and+Reasonable%27+Konrad+Henlein&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E206-%3C%2Fspan%3E227&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1780768083&rft.aulast=Cornwall&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFŠtráfeldová2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Štráfeldová, Milena (2 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cesky.radio.cz/9-kvetna-1945-vyvesovali-nemci-v-liberci-bile-prapory-8098490">"9. května 1945 vyvěšovali Němci v Liberci bílé prapory"</a> (in Czech). <a href="/wiki/Czech_Radio" title="Czech Radio">Czech Radio</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=9.+kv%C4%9Btna+1945+vyv%C4%9B%C5%A1ovali+N%C4%9Bmci+v+Liberci+b%C3%ADl%C3%A9+prapory&rft.pub=Czech+Radio&rft.date=2005-05-02&rft.aulast=%C5%A0tr%C3%A1feldov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Milena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcesky.radio.cz%2F9-kvetna-1945-vyvesovali-nemci-v-liberci-bile-prapory-8098490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csu.gov.cz/produkty/historicky-lexikon-obci-1869-az-2015">"Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011"</a> (in Czech). <a href="/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office" title="Czech Statistical Office">Czech Statistical Office</a>. 21 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250101165209/https://csu.gov.cz/produkty/historicky-lexikon-obci-1869-az-2015">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historick%C3%BD+lexikon+obc%C3%AD+%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9+republiky+1869%E2%80%932011&rft.pub=Czech+Statistical+Office&rft.date=2015-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcsu.gov.cz%2Fprodukty%2Fhistoricky-lexikon-obci-1869-az-2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-parametry&z=T&f=TABULKA&sp=A&skupId=4429&katalog=33515&pvo=SLD21001-OB-OK">"Population Census 2021: Population by sex"</a>. <i>Public Database</i>. <a href="/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office" title="Czech Statistical Office">Czech Statistical Office</a>. 27 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230303013932/https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-parametry&z=T&f=TABULKA&sp=A&skupId=4429&katalog=33515&pvo=SLD21001-OB-OK">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+Database&rft.atitle=Population+Census+2021%3A+Population+by+sex&rft.date=2021-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvdb.czso.cz%2Fvdbvo2%2Ffaces%2Fen%2Findex.jsf%3Fpage%3Dvystup-objekt-parametry%26z%3DT%26f%3DTABULKA%26sp%3DA%26skupId%3D4429%26katalog%3D33515%26pvo%3DSLD21001-OB-OK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csu.gov.cz/registr_ekonomickych_subjektu">"Registr ekonomických subjektů"</a>. <i>Business Register</i> (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240907123117/https://csu.gov.cz/registr_ekonomickych_subjektu">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Register&rft.atitle=Registr+ekonomick%C3%BDch+subjekt%C5%AF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcsu.gov.cz%2Fregistr_ekonomickych_subjektu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tul.cz/en/university/">"Technical University of Liberec"</a>. Technical University of Liberec. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728070803/https://www.tul.cz/en/university/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technical+University+of+Liberec&rft.pub=Technical+University+of+Liberec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tul.cz%2Fen%2Funiversity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tul.cz/en/university/faculties-and-institutes/">"Faculties and Institutes"</a>. Technical University of Liberec. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728070803/https://www.tul.cz/en/university/faculties-and-institutes/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faculties+and+Institutes&rft.pub=Technical+University+of+Liberec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tul.cz%2Fen%2Funiversity%2Ffaculties-and-institutes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://protisedi.cz/mezinarodni-festival-animovanych-filmu-anifilm-poprve-v-liberci/">"Mezinárodní festival animovaných filmů Anifilm poprvé v Liberci!"</a>. <i>Proti šedi</i> (in Czech). 30 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250328085648/https://protisedi.cz/mezinarodni-festival-animovanych-filmu-anifilm-poprve-v-liberci/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Proti+%C5%A1edi&rft.atitle=Mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD+festival+animovan%C3%BDch+film%C5%AF+Anifilm+poprv%C3%A9+v+Liberci%21&rft.date=2020-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprotisedi.cz%2Fmezinarodni-festival-animovanych-filmu-anifilm-poprve-v-liberci%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idnes.cz/sport/motorsport/liberec-plocha-draha.A180615_408929_motorsport_ald">"V Liberci se ukážou budoucí hvězdy ploché dráhy"</a> (in Czech). iDNES.cz. 15 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240129101942/https://www.idnes.cz/sport/motorsport/liberec-plocha-draha.A180615_408929_motorsport_ald">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=V+Liberci+se+uk%C3%A1%C5%BEou+budouc%C3%AD+hv%C4%9Bzdy+ploch%C3%A9+dr%C3%A1hy&rft.pub=iDNES.cz&rft.date=2018-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idnes.cz%2Fsport%2Fmotorsport%2Fliberec-plocha-draha.A180615_408929_motorsport_ald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idnes.cz/liberec/zpravy/jested-stavba-ikona-padesat-let-oslavy-vyroci.A230707_151845_liberec-zpravy_jape">"Ještěd slaví padesát let, ikonickou stavbu kritici odmítali"</a> (in Czech). iDNES.cz. 9 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104102123/https://www.idnes.cz/liberec/zpravy/jested-stavba-ikona-padesat-let-oslavy-vyroci.A230707_151845_liberec-zpravy_jape">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Je%C5%A1t%C4%9Bd+slav%C3%AD+pades%C3%A1t+let%2C+ikonickou+stavbu+kritici+odm%C3%ADtali&rft.pub=iDNES.cz&rft.date=2023-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idnes.cz%2Fliberec%2Fzpravy%2Fjested-stavba-ikona-padesat-let-oslavy-vyroci.A230707_151845_liberec-zpravy_jape&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kudyznudy.cz/aktivity/novorenesancni-radnice-v-liberci-klenot-mesta-po">"Novorenesanční radnice v Liberci – klenot města pod Ještědem"</a> (in Czech). CzechTourism. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423232240/https://www.kudyznudy.cz/aktivity/novorenesancni-radnice-v-liberci-klenot-mesta-po">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Novorenesan%C4%8Dn%C3%AD+radnice+v+Liberci+%E2%80%93+klenot+m%C4%9Bsta+pod+Je%C5%A1t%C4%9Bdem&rft.pub=CzechTourism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kudyznudy.cz%2Faktivity%2Fnovorenesancni-radnice-v-liberci-klenot-mesta-po&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pamatkovykatalog.cz/radnice-14939919">"Radnice"</a> (in Czech). National Heritage Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radnice&rft.pub=National+Heritage+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpamatkovykatalog.cz%2Fradnice-14939919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pamatkovykatalog.cz/zamek-17873013">"Zámek"</a> (in Czech). National Heritage Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104092421/https://pamatkovykatalog.cz/zamek-17873013">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Z%C3%A1mek&rft.pub=National+Heritage+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpamatkovykatalog.cz%2Fzamek-17873013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pamatkovykatalog.cz/divadlo-14936823">"Divadlo"</a> (in Czech). National Heritage Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Divadlo&rft.pub=National+Heritage+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpamatkovykatalog.cz%2Fdivadlo-14936823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.muzeumlb.cz/o-muzeu">"O muzeu"</a> (in Czech). Severočeské muzeum v Liberci. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104111129/https://www.muzeumlb.cz/o-muzeu">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O+muzeu&rft.pub=Severo%C4%8Desk%C3%A9+muzeum+v+Liberci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.muzeumlb.cz%2Fo-muzeu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kudyznudy.cz/aktivity/liberecka-vysina-dominanta-mesta-liberec">"Liberecká výšina – dominanta města Liberec"</a> (in Czech). CzechTourism<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libereck%C3%A1+v%C3%BD%C5%A1ina+%E2%80%93+dominanta+m%C4%9Bsta+Liberec&rft.pub=CzechTourism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kudyznudy.cz%2Faktivity%2Fliberecka-vysina-dominanta-mesta-liberec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cms.czechtourism.cz/cms/getmedia/01ba5fd3-c18f-409a-b11d-f4cc83a15335/CzT_Report_navstevnost2022_(0232_23)_CZ_230609.pdf?_gl=1*1mfxwls*_ga*MTM0NTI5NTEyMy4xNjkwMTc5NzQ0*_ga_2HLRR7D2WM*MTY5MDE3OTc0NC4xLjEuMTY5MDE3OTc4MS4wLjAuMA..">"Návštěvnost turistických cílů 2022"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Czech). CzechTourism. 30 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240108091207/https://cms.czechtourism.cz/cms/getmedia/01ba5fd3-c18f-409a-b11d-f4cc83a15335/CzT_Report_navstevnost2022_(0232_23)_CZ_230609.pdf?_gl=1%2A1mfxwls%2A_ga%2AMTM0NTI5NTEyMy4xNjkwMTc5NzQ0%2A_ga_2HLRR7D2WM%2AMTY5MDE3OTc0NC4xLjEuMTY5MDE3OTc4MS4wLjAuMA..">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=N%C3%A1v%C5%A1t%C4%9Bvnost+turistick%C3%BDch+c%C3%ADl%C5%AF+2022&rft.pub=CzechTourism&rft.date=2023-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcms.czechtourism.cz%2Fcms%2Fgetmedia%2F01ba5fd3-c18f-409a-b11d-f4cc83a15335%2FCzT_Report_navstevnost2022_%280232_23%29_CZ_230609.pdf%3F_gl%3D1%2A1mfxwls%2A_ga%2AMTM0NTI5NTEyMy4xNjkwMTc5NzQ0%2A_ga_2HLRR7D2WM%2AMTY5MDE3OTc0NC4xLjEuMTY5MDE3OTc4MS4wLjAuMA..&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zooliberec.cz/o-nas/">"O nás"</a> (in Czech). Liberec Zoo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240227032548/https://www.zooliberec.cz/o-nas/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O+n%C3%A1s&rft.pub=Liberec+Zoo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zooliberec.cz%2Fo-nas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seznamzpravy.cz/clanek/liberecka-zoo-ukonci-chov-bilych-tygru-zbyle-dva-tu-nechaji-dozit-66966">"Liberecká zoo ukončí chov bílých tygrů. Zbylé dva tu nechají dožít"</a> (in Czech). Seznam zprávy. 26 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libereck%C3%A1+zoo+ukon%C4%8D%C3%AD+chov+b%C3%ADl%C3%BDch+tygr%C5%AF.+Zbyl%C3%A9+dva+tu+nechaj%C3%AD+do%C5%BE%C3%ADt&rft.pub=Seznam+zpr%C3%A1vy&rft.date=2019-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seznamzpravy.cz%2Fclanek%2Fliberecka-zoo-ukonci-chov-bilych-tygru-zbyle-dva-tu-nechaji-dozit-66966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.botanickaliberec.cz/">"Titulní strana"</a> (in Czech). Botanical Garden Liberec. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104103910/https://www.botanickaliberec.cz/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tituln%C3%AD+strana&rft.pub=Botanical+Garden+Liberec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.botanickaliberec.cz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621214144/https://www.liberec.cz/cz/mesto-samosprava/zahranicni-vztahy/">"Zahraniční vztahy"</a> (in Czech). City of Liberec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liberec.cz/cz/mesto-samosprava/zahranicni-vztahy/">the original</a> on 21 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zahrani%C4%8Dn%C3%AD+vztahy&rft.pub=City+of+Liberec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberec.cz%2Fcz%2Fmesto-samosprava%2Fzahranicni-vztahy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberec" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberec&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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/></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Liberec" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Liberec">Liberec</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/120px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Liberec#Q146351" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Liberec">Liberec</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liberec.cz">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="languageicon">(in Czech and German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitliberec.eu/">Official tourist portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/cityliberec/">Facebook page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpmlj.cz">Tramway Liberec</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Czech)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travel.cz/guide/125/index_en.html">Liberec Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travel.cz/guide/480/index_en.html">Liberec Zoo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ogl.cz/en/">Oblastni galerie v Liberci (Museum of art)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberec_District" title="Template talk:Liberec District"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberec_District" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberec District"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Towns,_market_towns_and_villages_of_Liberec_District85" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Towns</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/M%C4%9Bstys" title="Městys">market towns</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">villages</a> of <a href="/wiki/Liberec_District" title="Liberec District">Liberec District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%ADl%C3%A1_(Liberec_District)" title="Bílá (Liberec District)">Bílá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%ADl%C3%BD_Kostel_nad_Nisou" title="Bílý Kostel nad Nisou">Bílý Kostel nad Nisou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%ADl%C3%BD_Potok_(Liberec_District)" title="Bílý Potok (Liberec District)">Bílý Potok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulovka" title="Bulovka">Bulovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cernousy" title="Černousy">Černousy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_Dub" title="Český Dub">Český Dub</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetenov" title="Cetenov">Cetenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chotyn%C4%9B" title="Chotyně">Chotyně</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chrastava" title="Chrastava">Chrastava</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Ctve%C5%99%C3%ADn" title="Čtveřín">Čtveřín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%9Bt%C5%99ichov_(Liberec_District)" title="Dětřichov (Liberec District)">Dětřichov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dlouh%C3%BD_Most" title="Dlouhý Most">Dlouhý Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doln%C3%AD_%C5%98asnice" title="Dolní Řasnice">Dolní Řasnice</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%BDdlant" title="Frýdlant">Frýdlant</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habartice_(Liberec_District)" title="Habartice (Liberec District)">Habartice</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hejnice_(Liberec_District)" title="Hejnice (Liberec District)">Hejnice</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He%C5%99manice_(Liberec_District)" title="Heřmanice (Liberec District)">Heřmanice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlavice" title="Hlavice">Hlavice</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hodkovice_nad_Mohelkou" title="Hodkovice nad Mohelkou">Hodkovice nad Mohelkou</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn%C3%AD_%C5%98asnice" title="Horní Řasnice">Horní Řasnice</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%A1dek_nad_Nisou" title="Hrádek nad Nisou">Hrádek nad Nisou</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jablonn%C3%A9_v_Podje%C5%A1t%C4%9Bd%C3%AD" title="Jablonné v Podještědí">Jablonné v Podještědí</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janovice_v_Podje%C5%A1t%C4%9Bd%C3%AD" title="Janovice v Podještědí">Janovice v Podještědí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan%C5%AFv_D%C5%AFl" title="Janův Důl">Janův Důl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je%C5%99manice" title="Jeřmanice">Jeřmanice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jind%C5%99ichovice_pod_Smrkem" title="Jindřichovice pod Smrkem">Jindřichovice pod Smrkem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobyly_(Liberec_District)" title="Kobyly (Liberec District)">Kobyly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%A1sn%C3%BD_Les_(Liberec_District)" title="Krásný Les (Liberec District)">Krásný Les</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%99i%C5%BEany" title="Křižany">Křižany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kry%C5%A1tofovo_%C3%9Adol%C3%AD" title="Kryštofovo Údolí">Kryštofovo Údolí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunratice_(Liberec_District)" title="Kunratice (Liberec District)">Kunratice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C5%BEany_(Liberec_District)" title="Lažany (Liberec District)">Lažany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zn%C4%9B_Libverda" title="Lázně Libverda">Lázně Libverda</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liberec</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mn%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Mníšek">Mníšek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nov%C3%A1_Ves_(Liberec_District)" title="Nová Ves (Liberec District)">Nová Ves</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nov%C3%A9_M%C4%9Bsto_pod_Smrkem" title="Nové Město pod Smrkem">Nové Město pod Smrkem</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old%C5%99ichov_v_H%C3%A1j%C3%ADch" title="Oldřichov v Hájích">Oldřichov v Hájích</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ose%C4%8Dn%C3%A1" title="Osečná">Osečná</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pace%C5%99ice" title="Paceřice">Paceřice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%9Bn%C4%8D%C3%ADn_(Liberec_District)" title="Pěnčín (Liberec District)">Pěnčín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertoltice_(Liberec_District)" title="Pertoltice (Liberec District)">Pertoltice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ovice" title="Příšovice">Příšovice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose%C4%8D_pod_Je%C5%A1t%C4%9Bdem" title="Proseč pod Ještědem">Proseč pod Ještědem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radimovice_(Liberec_District)" title="Radimovice (Liberec District)">Radimovice</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Raspenava" title="Raspenava">Raspenava</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rynoltice" title="Rynoltice">Rynoltice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0imonovice" title="Šimonovice">Šimonovice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sob%C4%9Bslavice" title="Soběslavice">Soběslavice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Str%C3%A1%C5%BE_nad_Nisou" title="Stráž nad Nisou">Stráž nad Nisou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%9Btl%C3%A1_pod_Je%C5%A1t%C4%9Bdem" title="Světlá pod Ještědem">Světlá pod Ještědem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svijansk%C3%BD_%C3%9Ajezd" title="Svijanský Újezd">Svijanský Újezd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svijany" title="Svijany">Svijany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sychrov_(Liberec_District)" title="Sychrov (Liberec District)">Sychrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%A1%C5%88ov%C3%A1_(Liberec_District)" title="Višňová (Liberec District)">Višňová</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlastibo%C5%99ice" title="Vlastibořice">Vlastibořice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C5%A1elibice" title="Všelibice">Všelibice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BD%C4%8F%C3%A1rek" title="Žďárek">Žďárek</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zdislava_(Liberec_District)" title="Zdislava (Liberec District)">Zdislava</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_seats_of_Czech_regions_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=168" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Czech_Seats" title="Template:Czech Seats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Czech_Seats" title="Template talk:Czech Seats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Czech_Seats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Czech Seats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_seats_of_Czech_regions_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=168" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative seats of <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Regions of the Czech Republic">Czech regions</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_Bud%C4%9Bjovice" title="České Budějovice">České Budějovice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9" title="Hradec Králové">Hradec Králové</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihlava" title="Jihlava">Jihlava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlovy_Vary" title="Karlovy Vary">Karlovy Vary</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liberec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olomouc" title="Olomouc">Olomouc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrava" title="Ostrava">Ostrava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardubice" title="Pardubice">Pardubice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ast%C3%AD_nad_Labem" title="Ústí nad Labem">Ústí nad Labem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zl%C3%ADn" title="Zlín">Zlín</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Czech flag"><img alt="Czech flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146351#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1407" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146351#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1407" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146351#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/130220445">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwxMGBYFTDqMJYw3Hxv73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4103609-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83030294">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Liberec (Česko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128509&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007567064405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/bed02f72-e8b0-4af3-8bad-54d018c152b7">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045643">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=55378">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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