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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Czech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modern Czech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Czech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographic distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sentence_and_clause_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sentence_and_clause_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sentence and clause structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sentence_and_clause_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Declension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Number</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verb_conjugation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb_conjugation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Verb conjugation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb_conjugation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aspect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Aspect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Tense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Mood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verb_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>Verb classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Varieties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Varieties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_Czech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_Czech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Common Czech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_Czech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bohemian_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bohemian_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Bohemian dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bohemian_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moravian_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moravian_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Moravian dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moravian_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Sample</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mutual_intelligibility_with_Slovak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutual_intelligibility_with_Slovak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Mutual intelligibility with Slovak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutual_intelligibility_with_Slovak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Example text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Czech language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 173 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-173" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">173 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjeggies" title="Tsjeggies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tsjeggies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschechische_Sprache" title="Tschechische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tschechische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%BC%E1%8A%AD%E1%8A%9B" title="ቼክኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቼክኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1eekikiel%C3%A2" title="Tšeekikielâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Tšeekikielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A6misc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Bæmisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Bæmisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%85_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Ачех бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ачех бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة التشيكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة التشيكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_checo" title="Idioma checo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma checo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tch%C2%B7%C3%A8co" title="Tch·èco – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Tch·èco" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_checu" title="Idioma checu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma checu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ex_dili" title="Çex dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çex dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%A9_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="چک دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چک دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="চেক ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চেক ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesko-g%C3%AD" title="Chesko-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chesko-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Чех теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Чех теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8D%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Чэшская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чэшская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Чэская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чэская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Чешки език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чешки език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschechische_Sproch" title="Tschechische Sproch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tschechische Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C5%A1ki_jezik" title="Češki jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Češki jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchekeg" title="Tchekeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tchekeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txec" title="Txec – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Txec" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Чех чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чех чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Tsekyo" title="Pinulongang Tsekyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Tsekyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C5%A1tina" title="Čeština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čeština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_ceca" title="Lingua ceca – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua ceca" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsieceg" title="Tsieceg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tsieceg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjekkisk_(sprog)" title="Tjekkisk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tjekkisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ceahkagiella" title="Čeahkagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Čeahkagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschechische_Sprache" title="Tschechische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tschechische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ceska_r%C4%9Bc" title="Česka rěc – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Česka rěc" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ehhi_keel" title="Tšehhi keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tšehhi keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Τσεχική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσεχική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Чехень кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Чехень кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_checo" title="Idioma checo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma checo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88e%C4%A5a_lingvo" title="Ĉeĥa lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉeĥa lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txekiera" title="Txekiera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txekiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%86%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="زبان چکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان چکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_bhasa" title="Czech bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Czech bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekkiskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Kekkiskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kekkiskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tch%C3%A8que" title="Tchèque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tchèque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjechysk" title="Tsjechysk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tsjechysk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_ceche" title="Lenghe ceche – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghe ceche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSeicis" title="An tSeicis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSeicis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheckish" title="Sheckish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sheckish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87eh_dili" title="Çeh dili – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Çeh dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seacais" title="Seacais – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Seacais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_checa" title="Lingua checa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua checa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A4%D9%86" title="چکي زوؤن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="چکي زوؤن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhia%CC%8Dp-khiet-ng%C3%AE" title="Chhia̍p-khiet-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhia̍p-khiet-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%B4%EC%BD%94%EC%96%B4" title="체코어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="체코어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaren_Czech" title="Yaren Czech – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yaren Czech" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_Kiekia" title="ʻŌlelo Kiekia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Kiekia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Չեխերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չեխերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चॅक भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चॅक भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C4%9B%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Čěšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Čěšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C5%A1ki_jezik" title="Češki jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Češki jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheka_linguo" title="Cheka linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cheka linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Tseko" title="Pagsasao a Tseko – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Tseko" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Ceko" title="Bahasa Ceko – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Ceko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_chec" title="Lingua chec – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua chec" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Чехаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Чехаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiTsheki" title="IsiTsheki – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiTsheki" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9kkneska" title="Tékkneska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tékkneska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_ceca" title="Lingua ceca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua ceca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%AA" title="צ'כית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'כית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_C%C3%A9ko" title="Basa Céko – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Céko" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಚೆಕ್ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚೆಕ್ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჩეხური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩეხური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czesczi_j%C3%A3z%C3%ABk" title="Czesczi jãzëk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Czesczi jãzëk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Чех тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чех тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chekek" title="Chekek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Chekek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igiceke" title="Igiceke – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Igiceke" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kicheki" title="Kicheki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kicheki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Чех кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Чех кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceskava" title="Ceskava – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Ceskava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_%C3%A7ek%C3%AE" title="Zimanê çekî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê çekî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Чех тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чех тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_cech" title="Lingaz cech – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz cech" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81" title="ພາສາເຊັກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາເຊັກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Bohemica" title="Lingua Bohemica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Bohemica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cehu_valoda" title="Čehu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čehu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschechesch" title="Tschechesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tschechesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Чех чӀал – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Чех чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cek%C5%B3_kalba" title="Čekų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čekų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_ceca" title="Lengua ceca – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua ceca" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjechisch" title="Tsjechisch – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tsjechisch" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txesce_(lingua)" title="Txesce (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Txesce (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_ceca" title="Lengua ceca – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua ceca" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cseh_nyelv" title="Cseh nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cseh nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Чешки јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чешки јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_tseky" title="Fiteny tseky – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny tseky" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ചെക്ക് ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചെക്ക് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चेक भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चेक भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჩეხური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩეხური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%89" title="تشيكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشيكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="چکی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چکی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Czech" title="Bahasa Czech – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Czech" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9B_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯆꯦꯛ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯆꯦꯛ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C4%95k-k%C3%A1ik-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Ciĕk-káik-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ciĕk-káik-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Чехонь кяль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Чехонь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Чех хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чех хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjechisch" title="Tsjechisch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tsjechisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjechies" title="Tsjechies – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Tsjechies" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चेक भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चेक भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चेक भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चेक भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="チェコ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チェコ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Чехийн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Чехийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschechisk_spriak" title="Tschechisk spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tschechisk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chekyan" title="Chekyan – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Chekyan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjekkisk" title="Tsjekkisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tsjekkisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjekkisk" title="Tsjekkisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tsjekkisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A8c_(lenga)" title="Chèc (lenga) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chèc (lenga)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Чех йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Чех йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chex_tili" title="Chex tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chex tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਚੈੱਕ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੈੱਕ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="چیک بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چیک بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%90%DA%A9%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="چېکي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چېکي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langue_tch%C3%A8que" title="Langue tchèque – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Langue tchèque" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_ceca" title="Lenga ceca – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga ceca" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_czeski" title="Język czeski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język czeski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_tcheca" title="Língua tcheca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua tcheca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87eh_tili" title="Çeh tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çeh tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_ceh%C4%83" title="Limba cehă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba cehă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tscheca" title="Lingua tscheca – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua tscheca" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiku_simi" title="Chiku simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chiku simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Чеськый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чеськый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Чешский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чешский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Sieki" title="Faʻa Sieki – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Sieki" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱪᱮᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱮᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_ceca" title="Limba ceca – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba ceca" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_leid" title="Czech leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Czech leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_%C3%A7eke" title="Gjuha çeke – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha çeke" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Czech language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C5%A1tina" title="Čeština – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čeština" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Češčina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Češčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%94%D1%88%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Чєшьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Чєшьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czesko_godka" title="Czesko godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Czesko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="زمانی چیکی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی چیکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Чешки језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чешки језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C5%A1ki_jezik" title="Češki jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Češki jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_C%C3%A9ko" title="Basa Céko – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Céko" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ekin_kieli" title="Tšekin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tšekin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjeckiska" title="Tjeckiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tjeckiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Tseko" title="Wikang Tseko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Tseko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="செக் மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செக் மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_ta%C4%8Dikiyt" title="Tutlayt tačikiyt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutlayt tačikiyt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Чех теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чех теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81" title="ภาษาเช็ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเช็ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%85%D3%A3" title="Забони чехӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони чехӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ek%C3%A7e" title="Çekçe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çekçe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Чех кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Чех кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Чеська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чеська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چیک زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چیک زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%90%D8%AE_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="چېخ تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="چېخ تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_ceca" title="Łéngua ceca – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua ceca" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cehan_kel%27" title="Čehan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Čehan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_S%C3%A9c" title="Tiếng Séc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Séc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyeg" title="Tsyeg – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tsyeg" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsehhi_kiil" title="Tsehhi kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tsehhi kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcheke" title="Tcheke – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tcheke" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="捷克語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="捷克語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tseko" title="Tseko – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tseko" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="捷克語 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="捷克語" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A9" title="טשעכיש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טשעכיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Ts%E1%BA%B9%CC%81k%C3%AC" title="Èdè Tsẹ́kì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Tsẹ́kì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%87" title="捷克文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="捷克文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87eki" title="Çeki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Çeki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjehhisch" title="Tsjehhisch – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Tsjehhisch" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ceku_kalba" title="Čeku kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Čeku kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="捷克语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="捷克语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Ceko" title="Bahasa Ceko – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Ceko" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cexi_zyvon" title="Cexi zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Cexi zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9056#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cestina_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cestina (disambiguation)">Cestina</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Czech</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">čeština</i></span>, <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">český jazyk</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">10.6 million (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages" title="Czech–Slovak languages">Czech–Slovak</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Czech</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bohemian_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bohemian dialects (page does not exist)">Bohemian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_dialects#Central_Moravian" title="Moravian dialects">Central Moravian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_dialects#Eastern_Moravian" title="Moravian dialects">Eastern Moravian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lach_dialects" title="Lach dialects">Lach</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> (<a href="/wiki/Czech_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech alphabet">Czech alphabet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a><sup id="cite_ref-COE_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a><sup id="cite_ref-COE_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a><sup id="cite_ref-COE_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a><sup id="cite_ref-COE_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a><sup id="cite_ref-COE_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_the_Czech_Language" title="Institute of the Czech Language">Institute of the Czech Language</a><br />(of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic">Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=cs">cs</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=107">cze</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/B" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/B">B</a>)</code> <br /><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=107">ces</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/T" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/T">T</a>)</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ces" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ces">ces</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/czec1258">czec1258</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">53-AAA-da < <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">53-AAA-b...-d</a><br />(varieties: 53-AAA-daa to 53-AAA-dam)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>cs<sup id="cite_ref-IANA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IANA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Czech</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">CHEK</span></i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>: <i lang="cs">čeština</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cs-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech" title="Help:IPA/Czech">[ˈtʃɛʃcɪna]</a></span>), historically also known as <b>Bohemian</b><sup id="cite_ref-brit_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">boh-<span style="font-size:90%">HEE</span>-mee-ən, bə-</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">lingua Bohemica</i>), is a <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages" title="Czech–Slovak languages">Czech–Slovak group</a>, written in <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin script</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spoken by over 10 million people, it serves as the official language of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>. Czech is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, to the point of high <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a>, as well as to <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> to a lesser degree.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Czech is a <a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">fusional language</a> with a rich system of <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> and relatively flexible <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a>. Its vocabulary has been extensively influenced by <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>. </p><p>The Czech–Slovak group developed within West Slavic in the <a href="/wiki/High_medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="High medieval">high medieval</a> period, and the standardization of Czech and Slovak within the Czech–Slovak dialect continuum emerged in the early modern period. In the later 18th to mid-19th century, the modern written standard became codified in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Revival" title="Czech National Revival">Czech National Revival</a>. The most widely spoken <a href="/wiki/Nonstandard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonstandard dialect">non-standard variety</a>, known as Common Czech, is based on the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, but is now spoken as an <a href="/wiki/Interdialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdialect">interdialect</a> throughout most of <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Moravian_dialects" title="Moravian dialects">Moravian dialects</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Czech_Silesia" title="Czech Silesia">Czech Silesia</a> are considerably more varied than the dialects of Bohemia.<sup id="cite_ref-rejzek_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rejzek-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Czech has a moderately-sized phoneme inventory, comprising ten <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthongs</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> and 25 consonants (divided into "hard", "neutral" and "soft" categories). Words may contain complicated consonant clusters or lack vowels altogether. Czech has a <a href="/wiki/Raised_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Raised alveolar trill">raised alveolar trill</a>, which is known to occur as a <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> in only a few other languages, represented by the <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">grapheme</a> <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%98" title="Ř">ř</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavic_languages_tree.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Language-tree graph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Slavic_languages_tree.svg/220px-Slavic_languages_tree.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Slavic_languages_tree.svg/330px-Slavic_languages_tree.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Slavic_languages_tree.svg/440px-Slavic_languages_tree.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>Classification of Czech within the <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> branch of the Indo-European language family. Czech and Slovak make up a "Czech–Slovak" subgroup.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Czech-Slovak_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech-Slovak languages">Czech-Slovak languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic languages</a></div> <p>Czech is a member of the <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a> sub-branch of the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> language family. This branch includes <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Sorbian">Upper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Sorbian">Lower Sorbian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>. Slovak is the most closely related language to Czech, followed by Polish and <a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sussex_2011_54–56_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sussex_2011_54–56-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The West Slavic languages are spoken in Central Europe. Czech is distinguished from other West Slavic languages by a more-restricted distinction between "hard" and "soft" consonants (see <a href="#Phonology">Phonology</a> below).<sup id="cite_ref-Sussex_2011_54–56_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sussex_2011_54–56-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_language" title="History of the Czech language">History of the Czech language</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Czech lands">History of the Czech lands</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval/Old_Czech"><span id="Medieval.2FOld_Czech"></span>Medieval/Old Czech</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medieval/Old Czech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kralice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Gothic-style book with ornate, flowery designs on the cover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kralice.jpg/150px-Kralice.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kralice.jpg/225px-Kralice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Kralice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bible_of_Kralice" title="Bible of Kralice">Bible of Kralice</a> was the first complete <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Czech" title="Bible translations into Czech">translation of the Bible into the Czech language</a> from the original languages. Its six volumes were first published between 1579 and 1593.</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "Old Czech" is applied to the period predating the 16th century, with the earliest records of the high medieval period also classified as "early Old Czech", but the term "Medieval Czech" is also used. The function of the written language was initially performed by <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Slavonic</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a>, later by <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>. </p><p>Around the 7th century, the <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavic expansion</a> reached Central Europe, settling on the eastern fringes of the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Frankish Empire</a>. The West Slavic polity of <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a> formed by the 9th century. The <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Christianization of Bohemia</a> took place during the 9th and 10th centuries. The diversification of the <a href="/wiki/Czech-Slovak_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech-Slovak languages">Czech-Slovak</a> group within <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a> began around that time, marked among other things by its use of the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">voiced velar fricative</a> consonant (/ɣ/)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consistent stress on the first syllable.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bohemian (Czech) language is first recorded in writing in glosses and short notes during the 12th to 13th centuries. Literary works written in Czech appear in the late 13th and early 14th century and administrative documents first appear towards the late 14th century. The first complete <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Czech" title="Bible translations into Czech">Bible translation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Leskovec-Dresden_Bible" title="Leskovec-Dresden Bible">Leskovec-Dresden Bible</a>, also dates to this period.<sup id="cite_ref-Sussex_Cubberley_2011_98_99_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sussex_Cubberley_2011_98_99-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Old Czech texts, including poetry and cookbooks, were also produced outside universities.<sup id="cite_ref-Piotrowski_2009_95_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski_2009_95-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Literary activity becomes widespread in the early 15th century in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a> contributed significantly to the standardization of <a href="/wiki/Czech_orthography" title="Czech orthography">Czech orthography</a>, advocated for widespread literacy among Czech commoners (particularly in religion) and made early efforts to model written Czech after the spoken language.<sup id="cite_ref-Sussex_Cubberley_2011_98_99_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sussex_Cubberley_2011_98_99-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Modern_Czech">Early Modern Czech</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Modern Czech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There was no standardization distinguishing between Czech and Slovak prior to the 15th century. In the 16th century, the division between Czech and Slovak becomes apparent, marking the confessional division between Lutheran Protestants in Slovakia using Czech orthography and Catholics, especially Slovak Jesuits, beginning to use a separate Slovak orthography based on Western Slovak dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-tuebingen_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tuebingen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The publication of the <a href="/wiki/Kralice_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Kralice Bible">Kralice Bible</a> between 1579 and 1593 (the first complete Czech translation of the Bible from the original languages) became very important for standardization of the Czech language in the following centuries as it was used as a model for the standard language.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1615, the Bohemian <i><a href="/wiki/Diet_(assembly)" title="Diet (assembly)">diet</a></i> tried to declare Czech to be the only official language of the kingdom. After the <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Revolt" title="Bohemian Revolt">Bohemian Revolt</a> (of predominantly Protestant aristocracy) which was defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburgs</a> in 1620, the Protestant intellectuals had to leave the country. This emigration together with other consequences of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> had a negative impact on the further use of the Czech language. In 1627, Czech and German became official languages of the Kingdom of Bohemia and in the 18th century German became dominant in Bohemia and Moravia, especially among the upper classes.<sup id="cite_ref-Cerna_2007_26_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerna_2007_26-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Czech">Modern Czech</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern Czech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Vil%C3%ADmek_-_Josef_Dobrovsk%C3%BD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="In a detailed pencil sketch, a middle-aged man in a suit looks idly into the distance." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jan_Vil%C3%ADmek_-_Josef_Dobrovsk%C3%BD.jpg/220px-Jan_Vil%C3%ADmek_-_Josef_Dobrovsk%C3%BD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jan_Vil%C3%ADmek_-_Josef_Dobrovsk%C3%BD.jpg/330px-Jan_Vil%C3%ADmek_-_Josef_Dobrovsk%C3%BD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jan_Vil%C3%ADmek_-_Josef_Dobrovsk%C3%BD.jpg/440px-Jan_Vil%C3%ADmek_-_Josef_Dobrovsk%C3%BD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Josef_Dobrovsk%C3%BD" title="Josef Dobrovský">Josef Dobrovský</a>, whose writing played a key role in reviving Czech as a written language</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Revival" title="Czech National Revival">Czech National Revival</a></div> <p>Modern standard Czech originates in standardization efforts of the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By then the language had developed a literary tradition, and since then it has changed little; journals from that period contain no substantial differences from modern standard Czech, and contemporary Czechs can understand them with little difficulty.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At some point before the 18th century, the Czech language abandoned a distinction between phonemic /l/ and /ʎ/ which survives in Slovak.<sup id="cite_ref-Maxwell_2009_106_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maxwell_2009_106-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the beginning of the national revival of the mid-18th century, Czech historians began to emphasize their people's accomplishments from the 15th through 17th centuries, rebelling against the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> (the Habsburg re-catholization efforts which had denigrated Czech and other non-<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> languages).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Czech <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philologists</a> studied sixteenth-century texts and advocated the return of the language to <a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">high culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Agnew_1994_251–252_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agnew_1994_251–252-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period is known as the Czech National Revival<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_2010_18_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson_2010_18-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (or Renaissance).<sup id="cite_ref-Agnew_1994_251–252_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agnew_1994_251–252-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the national revival, in 1809 linguist and historian <a href="/wiki/Josef_Dobrovsk%C3%BD" title="Josef Dobrovský">Josef Dobrovský</a> released a German-language grammar of Old Czech entitled <i>Ausführliches Lehrgebäude der böhmischen Sprache</i> ('Comprehensive Doctrine of the Bohemian Language'). Dobrovský had intended his book to be <a href="/wiki/Descriptive_linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Descriptive linguistics">descriptive</a>, and did not think Czech had a realistic chance of returning as a major language. However, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Jungmann" title="Josef Jungmann">Josef Jungmann</a> and other revivalists used Dobrovský's book to advocate for a Czech linguistic revival.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_2010_18_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson_2010_18-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changes during this time included spelling reform (notably, <i>í</i> in place of the former <i>j</i> and <i>j</i> in place of <i>g</i>), the use of <i>t</i> (rather than <i>ti</i>) to end infinitive verbs and the non-capitalization of nouns (which had been a late borrowing from German).<sup id="cite_ref-Maxwell_2009_106_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maxwell_2009_106-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These changes differentiated Czech from Slovak.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholars disagree about whether the conservative revivalists were motivated by nationalism or considered contemporary spoken Czech unsuitable for formal, widespread use.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_2010_18_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson_2010_18-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adherence to historical patterns was later relaxed and standard Czech adopted a number of features from Common Czech (a widespread informal interdialectal variety), such as leaving some proper nouns undeclined. This has resulted in a relatively high level of homogeneity among all varieties of the language.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vojvodina_rusyn_croatian_czech_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Vojvodina, a province of Serbia, with Czech in official use in one southeastern municipality" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Vojvodina_rusyn_croatian_czech_map.png/170px-Vojvodina_rusyn_croatian_czech_map.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Vojvodina_rusyn_croatian_czech_map.png/255px-Vojvodina_rusyn_croatian_czech_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Vojvodina_rusyn_croatian_czech_map.png/340px-Vojvodina_rusyn_croatian_czech_map.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Official use of Czech in <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (in light blue)</figcaption></figure> <p>Czech is spoken by about 10 million residents of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cerna_2007_26_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerna_2007_26-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a> survey conducted from January to March 2012 found that the <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a> of 98 percent of Czech citizens was Czech, the third-highest proportion of a population in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (behind <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-eu_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eu-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the official language of the Czech Republic (a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> since 2004), Czech is one of the EU's official languages and the 2012 Eurobarometer survey found that Czech was the foreign language most often used in Slovakia.<sup id="cite_ref-eu_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eu-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economist Jonathan van Parys collected data on language knowledge in Europe for the 2012 <a href="/wiki/European_Day_of_Languages" title="European Day of Languages">European Day of Languages</a>. The five countries with the greatest use of Czech were the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> (98.77 percent), <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> (24.86 percent), <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (1.93 percent), <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (0.98 percent) and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (0.47 percent).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Czech speakers in Slovakia primarily live in cities. Since it is a recognized <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority language</a> in Slovakia, Slovak citizens who speak only Czech may communicate with the government in their language in the same way that Slovak speakers in the Czech Republic also do.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Czech_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech American">Czech American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Czech_Texan" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Texan">Czech Texan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Praha_texas.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Praha_texas.jpeg/220px-Praha_texas.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Praha_texas.jpeg/330px-Praha_texas.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Praha_texas.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Praha,_Texas" title="Praha, Texas">Praha, Texas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Immigration of Czechs from Europe to the United States occurred primarily from 1848 to 1914. Czech is a <a href="/wiki/Less_Commonly_Taught_Languages" title="Less Commonly Taught Languages">Less Commonly Taught Language</a> in U.S. schools, and is taught at Czech heritage centers. Large communities of <a href="/wiki/Czech_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech American">Czech Americans</a> live in the states of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cal_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cal-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 United States Census">2000 United States Census</a>, Czech was reported as the most common <a href="/wiki/Language_Spoken_at_Home_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Spoken at Home in the United States of America">language spoken at home</a> (besides <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Valley_County,_Nebraska" title="Valley County, Nebraska">Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butler_County,_Nebraska" title="Butler County, Nebraska">Butler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saunders_County,_Nebraska" title="Saunders County, Nebraska">Saunders</a> <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">Counties</a>, Nebraska and <a href="/wiki/Republic_County,_Kansas" title="Republic County, Kansas">Republic County, Kansas</a>. With the exception of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> (the non-English language most commonly spoken at home nationwide), Czech was the most common home language in more than a dozen additional counties in Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2009,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> 70,500 Americans spoke Czech as their first language (49th place nationwide, after <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> and before <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Czech_phonology" title="Czech phonology">Czech phonology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="119" data-mwtitle="Synagoga_v_Úštěku.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Synagoga_v_%C3%9A%C5%A1t%C4%9Bku.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Synagoga_v_%C3%9A%C5%A1t%C4%9Bku.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/Synagoga_v_%C3%9A%C5%A1t%C4%9Bku.ogg/Synagoga_v_%C3%9A%C5%A1t%C4%9Bku.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Spoken Czech</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Czech_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Czech_vowel_chart.svg/220px-Czech_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Czech_vowel_chart.svg/330px-Czech_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Czech_vowel_chart.svg/440px-Czech_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>A Czech vowel chart</figcaption></figure> <p>Standard Czech contains ten basic <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>, and three diphthongs. The vowels are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɛ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɪ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/o/,<span class="wrap"> </span>and<span class="wrap"> </span>/u/</span>, and their long counterparts <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɛː/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/iː/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/oː/<span class="wrap"> </span>and<span class="wrap"> </span>/uː/</span>. The diphthongs are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ou̯/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/au̯/<span class="wrap"> </span>and<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɛu̯/</span>; the last two are found only in loanwords such as <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">auto</i></span> "car" and <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">euro</i></span> "euro".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Czech orthography, the vowels are spelled as follows: </p> <ul><li>Short: <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">a, e/ě, i/y, o, u</i></span></li> <li>Long: <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">á, é, í/ý, ó, ú/ů</i></span></li> <li>Diphthongs: <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">ou, au, eu</i></span></li></ul> <p>The letter <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C4%9A" title="Ě">ě</a>⟩</span> indicates that the previous consonant is palatalized (e.g. <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">něco</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲɛt͡so/</span>). After a labial it represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɛ/</span> (e.g. <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">běs</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bjɛs/</span>); but <span class="nowrap">⟨mě⟩</span> is pronounced /mɲɛ/, cf. <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">měkký</i></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mɲɛkiː/</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The consonant phonemes of Czech and their equivalent letters in Czech orthography are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ň⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ť⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ď⟩</span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span>) <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨č⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a></span>) </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨f⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨š⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨v⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨z⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ž⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_raised_non-sonorant_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar raised non-sonorant trill">fricative</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar fricative trill">r̝</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ř⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Czech consonants are categorized as "hard", "neutral", or "soft": </p> <ul><li>Hard: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɡ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɦ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/k/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/n/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/r/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/t/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/x/</span></li> <li>Neutral: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/f/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/l/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/m/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/p/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/s/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/v/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/z/</span></li> <li>Soft: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/c/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɟ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/j/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɲ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/r̝/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ʃ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/t͡s/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/t͡ʃ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ʒ/</span></li></ul> <p>Hard consonants may not be followed by <i>i</i> or <i>í</i> in writing, or soft ones by <i>y</i> or <i>ý</i> (except in loanwords such as <i><a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neutral consonants may take either character. Hard consonants are sometimes known as "strong", and soft ones as "weak".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This distinction is also relevant to the <a href="/wiki/Czech_declension" title="Czech declension">declension</a> patterns of nouns, which vary according to whether the final consonant of the noun stem is hard or soft.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voiced</a> <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> with unvoiced counterparts are unvoiced at the end of a word before a pause, and in <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a> <a href="/wiki/Voicing_assimilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Voicing assimilation">voicing assimilation</a> occurs, which matches voicing to the following consonant. The unvoiced counterpart of /ɦ/ is /x/.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phoneme represented by the letter <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%98" title="Ř">ř</a></i> (capital <i>Ř</i>) is very rare among languages and often claimed to be unique to Czech, though it also occurs in some dialects of <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a>, and formerly occurred in Polish.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It represents the <a href="/wiki/Raised_alveolar_non-sonorant_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Raised alveolar non-sonorant trill">raised alveolar non-sonorant trill</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r̝]</span>), a sound somewhere between Czech <i>r</i> and <i>ž</i> (example: <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/45\/Cs-%C5%99eka.ogg\/Cs-%C5%99eka.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\"\u0159eka\" (river)"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cs-\u0159eka.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/45/Cs-%C5%99eka.ogg/Cs-%C5%99eka.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">"řeka" (river)</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cs-%C5%99eka.ogg" title="File:Cs-řeka.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-dyk_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dyk-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is present in <i><a href="/wiki/Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvořák">Dvořák</a></i>. In unvoiced environments, /r̝/ is realized as its voiceless allophone [r̝̊], a sound somewhere between Czech <i>r</i> and <i>š</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/l/,<span class="wrap"> </span>and<span class="wrap"> </span>/m/</span> can be <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">syllabic</a>, acting as <a href="/wiki/Syllable_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable nuclei">syllable nuclei</a> in place of a vowel. <i><a href="/wiki/Str%C4%8D_prst_skrz_krk" title="Strč prst skrz krk">Strč prst skrz krk</a></i> ("Stick [your] finger through [your] throat") is a well-known Czech <a href="/wiki/Tongue_twister" title="Tongue twister">tongue twister</a> using syllabic consonants but no vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress">Stress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each word has primary <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a> on its first <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a>, except for <a href="/wiki/Enclitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclitic">enclitics</a> (minor, monosyllabic, unstressed syllables). In all words of more than two syllables, every odd-numbered syllable receives secondary stress. Stress is unrelated to vowel length; both long and short vowels can be stressed or unstressed.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vowels are never reduced in tone (e.g. to <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> sounds) when unstressed.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a noun is preceded by a monosyllabic preposition, the stress usually moves to the preposition, e.g. <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs"><b>do</b> Prahy</i></span> "to Prague".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Czech grammar, like that of other Slavic languages, is <a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">fusional</a>; its nouns, verbs, and adjectives are <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected</a> by phonological processes to modify their meanings and grammatical functions, and the easily separable <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a> characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinative</a> languages are limited.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Czech inflects for case, gender and number in nouns and tense, aspect, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>, person and subject number and gender in verbs.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parts of speech include adjectives, <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbs</a>, numbers, <a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">interrogative words</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">conjunctions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">interjections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adverbs are primarily formed from adjectives by taking the final <i>ý</i> or <i>í</i> of the base form and replacing it with <i>e</i>, <i>ě</i>, <i>y</i>, or <i>o</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negative statements are formed by adding the affix <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ne#Czech" class="extiw" title="wikt:ne">ne-</a></i> to the main verb of a clause,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with one exception: <i>je</i> (he, she or it is) becomes <i>není</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sentence_and_clause_structure">Sentence and clause structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sentence and clause structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Czech_word_order" title="Czech word order">Czech word order</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Studen%C4%9Bves,_tabule_d%C4%9Btsk%C3%A9ho_h%C5%99i%C5%A1t%C4%9B.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Studen%C4%9Bves%2C_tabule_d%C4%9Btsk%C3%A9ho_h%C5%99i%C5%A1t%C4%9B.JPG/220px-Studen%C4%9Bves%2C_tabule_d%C4%9Btsk%C3%A9ho_h%C5%99i%C5%A1t%C4%9B.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Studen%C4%9Bves%2C_tabule_d%C4%9Btsk%C3%A9ho_h%C5%99i%C5%A1t%C4%9B.JPG/330px-Studen%C4%9Bves%2C_tabule_d%C4%9Btsk%C3%A9ho_h%C5%99i%C5%A1t%C4%9B.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Studen%C4%9Bves%2C_tabule_d%C4%9Btsk%C3%A9ho_h%C5%99i%C5%A1t%C4%9B.JPG/440px-Studen%C4%9Bves%2C_tabule_d%C4%9Btsk%C3%A9ho_h%C5%99i%C5%A1t%C4%9B.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2768" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>A Czech-language sign at the entrance to a children's playground</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Czech pronouns, <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative case</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Person </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1. </th> <td><i>já</i> </td> <td><i>my</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2. </th> <td><i>ty</i><br /><i>vy</i> (formal) </td> <td><i>vy</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3. </th> <td><i>on</i> (masculine)<br /><i>ona</i> (feminine)<br /><i>ono</i> (neuter) </td> <td><i>oni</i> (masculine animate)<br /><i>ony</i> (masculine inanimate, feminine)<br /><i>ona</i> (neuter) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Because Czech uses <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical case</a> to convey word function in a sentence (instead of relying on <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a>, as English does), its word order is flexible. As a <a href="/wiki/Pro-drop_language" title="Pro-drop language">pro-drop language</a>, in Czech an <a href="/wiki/Transitivity_(grammar)" title="Transitivity (grammar)">intransitive</a> sentence can consist of only a verb; information about its subject is encoded in the verb.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enclitics (primarily <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verbs</a> and pronouns) appear in the second syntactic slot of a sentence, after the first stressed unit. The first slot can contain a subject or object, a main form of a verb, an adverb, or a conjunction (except for the light conjunctions <i>a</i>, "and", <i>i</i>, "and even" or <i>ale</i>, "but").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShort2009324_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShort2009324-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Czech syntax has a <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a> sentence structure. In practice, however, word order is flexible and used to distinguish <a href="/wiki/Topic_and_comment" title="Topic and comment">topic and focus</a>, with the topic or theme (known referents) preceding the focus or rheme (new information) in a sentence; Czech has therefore been described as a <a href="/wiki/Topic-prominent_language" title="Topic-prominent language">topic-prominent language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Czech has a <a href="/wiki/Periphrasis" title="Periphrasis">periphrastic</a> <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive</a> construction (like English), in colloquial style, word-order changes frequently replace the passive voice. For example, to change "Peter killed Paul" to "Paul was killed by Peter" the order of subject and object is inverted: <i>Petr zabil Pavla</i> ("Peter killed Paul") becomes "Paul, Peter killed" (<i>Pavla zabil Petr</i>). <i>Pavla</i> is in the <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative case</a>, the grammatical object of the verb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShort2009325_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShort2009325-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A word at the end of a clause is typically emphasized, unless an upward <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">intonation</a> indicates that the sentence is a question:<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Pes jí bagetu.</i> – The dog eats the baguette (rather than eating something else).</li> <li><i>Bagetu jí pes.</i> – The dog eats the baguette (rather than someone else doing so).</li> <li><i>Pes bagetu jí.</i> – The dog eats the baguette (rather than doing something else to it).</li> <li><i>Jí pes bagetu?</i> – Does the dog eat the baguette? (emphasis ambiguous)</li></ul> <p>In parts of <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>), questions such as <i>Jí pes bagetu?</i> without an interrogative word (such as <i>co</i>, "what" or <i>kdo</i>, "who") are <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">intoned</a> in a slow rise from low to high, quickly dropping to low on the last word or phrase.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern Czech syntax, adjectives precede nouns,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with few exceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">Relative clauses</a> are introduced by <a href="/wiki/Relativizer" title="Relativizer">relativizers</a> such as the adjective <i>který</i>, analogous to the English <a href="/wiki/Relative_pronoun" title="Relative pronoun">relative pronouns</a> "which", "that" and "who"/"whom". As with other adjectives, it <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agrees</a> with its associated noun in gender, number and case. Relative clauses follow the noun they modify. The following is a <a href="/wiki/Interlinear_gloss" title="Interlinear gloss">glossed</a> example:<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Chc-i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">want-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">navštív-it</p><p style="margin: 0px;">visit-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">universit-u,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">university-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr>,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na</p><p style="margin: 0px;">on</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kter-ou</p><p style="margin: 0px;">which-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">chod-í</p><p style="margin: 0px;">attend-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Jan.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">John.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Chc-i navštív-it universit-u, na kter-ou chod-í Jan.</p><p style="display: none;">want-1SG visit-INF university-SG.ACC, on which-SG.F.ACC attend-3SG John.SG.NOM</p><p style="clear: left;">I want to visit the university that John attends.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declension">Declension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Declension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Czech_declension" title="Czech declension">Czech declension</a></div> <p>In Czech, nouns and adjectives are declined into one of seven <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical cases</a> which indicate their function in a sentence, two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a> (singular and plural) and three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a> (masculine, feminine and neuter). The masculine gender is further divided into <a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">animate and inanimate</a> classes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Case">Case</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bozeny_Nemcove_Revnice_6258.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bozeny_Nemcove_Revnice_6258.JPG/220px-Bozeny_Nemcove_Revnice_6258.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bozeny_Nemcove_Revnice_6258.JPG/330px-Bozeny_Nemcove_Revnice_6258.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bozeny_Nemcove_Revnice_6258.JPG/440px-Bozeny_Nemcove_Revnice_6258.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1970" data-file-height="1210" /></a><figcaption>A street sign in German (top) and Czech (bottom) for a street named after <a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEena_N%C4%9Bmcov%C3%A1" title="Božena Němcová">Božena Němcová</a> with her name declined in the genitive case in Czech (a sign probably from the time of the <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Nominative%E2%80%93accusative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative–accusative language">nominative–accusative language</a>, Czech marks subject nouns of transitive and intransitive verbs in the nominative case, which is the form found in dictionaries, and <a href="/wiki/Direct_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct object">direct objects</a> of transitive verbs are declined in the accusative case.<sup id="cite_ref-n196_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n196-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vocative case is used to address people.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining cases (genitive, dative, locative and instrumental) indicate semantic relationships, such as <a href="/wiki/Noun_adjunct" title="Noun adjunct">noun adjuncts</a> (genitive), <a href="/wiki/Indirect_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect object">indirect objects</a> (dative), or agents in passive constructions (instrumental).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a> and some verbs require their complements to be declined in a certain case.<sup id="cite_ref-n196_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n196-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The locative case is only used after prepositions.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An adjective's case agrees with that of the noun it modifies. When Czech children learn their language's declension patterns, the cases are referred to by number:<sup id="cite_ref-Naughton_2005_25_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naughton_2005_25-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Cases in Czech </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">No. </th> <th scope="col">Ordinal name (Czech) </th> <th scope="col">Full name (Czech) </th> <th scope="col">Case </th> <th scope="col">Main usage </th></tr> <tr> <td>1. </td> <td><i>první pád</i> </td> <td><i>nominativ</i> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a> </th> <td>Subjects </td></tr> <tr> <td>2. </td> <td><i>druhý pád</i> </td> <td><i>genitiv</i> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> </th> <td>Noun adjuncts, possession, prepositions of motion, time and location </td></tr> <tr> <td>3. </td> <td><i>třetí pád</i> </td> <td><i>dativ</i> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a> </th> <td>Indirect objects, prepositions of motion </td></tr> <tr> <td>4. </td> <td><i>čtvrtý pád</i> </td> <td><i>akuzativ</i> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a> </th> <td>Direct objects, prepositions of motion and time </td></tr> <tr> <td>5. </td> <td><i>pátý pád</i> </td> <td><i>vokativ</i> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative</a> </th> <td>Addressing someone </td></tr> <tr> <td>6. </td> <td><i>šestý pád</i> </td> <td><i>lokál</i> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a> </th> <td>Prepositions of location, time and topic </td></tr> <tr> <td>7. </td> <td><i>sedmý pád</i> </td> <td><i>instrumentál</i> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a> </th> <td>Passive agents, instruments, prepositions of location </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some prepositions require the nouns they modify to take a particular case. The cases assigned by each preposition are based on the physical (or metaphorical) direction, or location, conveyed by it. For example, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/od" class="extiw" title="wikt:od">od</a></i> (from, away from) and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/z#Czech" class="extiw" title="wikt:z">z</a></i> (out of, off) assign the genitive case. Other prepositions take one of several cases, with their meaning dependent on the case; <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/na#Czech" class="extiw" title="wikt:na">na</a></i> means "onto" or "for" with the accusative case, but "on" with the locative.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is a glossed example of a sentence using several cases: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Nes-l</p><p style="margin: 0px;">carry-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PST</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">js-em</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">krabic-i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">box-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">do</p><p style="margin: 0px;">into</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dom-u</p><p style="margin: 0px;">house-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GEN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">se</p><p style="margin: 0px;">with</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sv-ým</p><p style="margin: 0px;">own-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="instrumental case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">přítel-em.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">friend-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="instrumental case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INS</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Nes-l js-em krabic-i do dom-u se sv-ým přítel-em.</p><p style="display: none;">carry-SG.M.PST be-1.SG box-SG.ACC into house-SG.GEN with own-SG.INS friend-SG.INS</p><p style="clear: left;">I carried the box into the house with my friend.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender">Gender</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Czech distinguishes three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a>—masculine, feminine, and neuter—and the masculine gender is subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">animate</a> and inanimate. With few exceptions, feminine nouns in the nominative case end in <i>-a</i>, <i>-e</i>, or a consonant; neuter nouns in <i>-o</i>, <i>-e</i>, or <i>-í</i>, and masculine nouns in a consonant.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adjectives, participles, most pronouns, and the numbers "one" and "two" are marked for gender and agree with the gender of the noun they modify or refer to.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Past tense verbs are also marked for gender, agreeing with the gender of the subject, e.g. <i>dělal</i> (he did, or made); <i>dělala</i> (she did, or made) and <i>dělalo</i> (it did, or made).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gender also plays a semantic role; most nouns that describe people and animals, including personal names, have separate masculine and feminine forms which are normally formed by adding a suffix to the stem, for example <i>Čech</i> (Czech man) has the feminine form <i>Češka</i> (Czech woman).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nouns of different genders follow different declension patterns. Examples of declension patterns for noun phrases of various genders follow: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Case </th> <th colspan="4">Noun/adjective </th></tr> <tr> <td>Big dog (m. anim. sg.) </td> <td>Black backpack (m. inanim. sg.) </td> <td>Small cat (f. sg.) </td> <td>Hard wood (n. sg.) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nom. </th> <td><i>velký pes</i><br />(big dog) </td> <td><i>černý batoh</i><br />(black backpack) </td> <td><i>malá kočka</i><br />(small cat) </td> <td><i>tvrdé dřevo</i><br />(hard wood) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Gen. </th> <td><i>bez velkého psa</i><br />(without the big dog) </td> <td><i>bez černého batohu</i><br />(without the black backpack) </td> <td><i>bez malé kočky</i><br />(without the small cat) </td> <td><i>bez tvrdého dřeva</i><br />(without the hard wood) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dat. </th> <td><i>k velkému psovi</i><br />(to the big dog) </td> <td><i>k černému batohu</i><br />(to the black backpack) </td> <td><i>k malé kočce</i><br />(to the small cat) </td> <td><i>ke tvrdému dřevu</i><br />(to the hard wood) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Acc. </th> <td><i>vidím velkého psa</i><br />(I see the big dog) </td> <td><i>vidím černý batoh</i><br />(I see the black backpack) </td> <td><i>vidím malou kočku</i><br />(I see the small cat) </td> <td><i>vidím tvrdé dřevo</i><br />(I see the hard wood) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Voc. </th> <td><i>velký pse!</i><br />(big dog!) </td> <td><i>černý batohu!</i><br />(black backpack!) </td> <td><i>malá kočko!</i><br />(small cat!) </td> <td><i>tvrdé dřevo!</i><br />(hard wood!) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Loc. </th> <td><i>o velkém psovi</i><br />(about the big dog) </td> <td><i>o černém batohu</i><br />(about the black backpack) </td> <td><i>o malé kočce</i><br />(about the small cat) </td> <td><i>o tvrdém dřevě</i><br />(about the hard wood) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Inst. </th> <td><i>s velkým psem</i><br />(with the big dog) </td> <td><i>s černým batohem</i><br />(with the black backpack) </td> <td><i>s malou kočkou</i><br />(with the small cat) </td> <td><i>s tvrdým dřevem</i><br />(with the hard wood) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Number">Number</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Number"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nouns are also inflected for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>, distinguishing between singular and plural. Typical of a Slavic language, Czech cardinal numbers one through four allow the nouns and adjectives they modify to take any case, but numbers over five require subject and direct object noun phrases to be declined in the genitive plural instead of the nominative or accusative, and when used as subjects these phrases take singular verbs. For example:<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Czech </th></tr> <tr> <td>one Czech crown was... </td> <td><i>jedna koruna česká byla...</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>two Czech crowns were... </td> <td><i>dvě koruny české byly...</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>three Czech crowns were... </td> <td><i>tři koruny české byly...</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>four Czech crowns were... </td> <td><i>čtyři koruny české byly...</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>five Czech crowns were... </td> <td><i>pět korun českých bylo...</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Numbers decline for case, and the numbers one and two are also inflected for gender. Numbers one through five are shown below as examples. The number one has declension patterns identical to those of the <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstrative pronoun">demonstrative pronoun</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ten#Czech" class="extiw" title="wikt:ten">ten</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>1 </th> <th>2 </th> <th>3 </th> <th>4 </th> <th>5 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td><i>jeden</i> (masc)<br /><i>jedna</i> (fem)<br /><i>jedno</i> (neut) </td> <td><i>dva</i> (masc)<br /><i>dvě</i> (fem, neut) </td> <td><i>tři</i> </td> <td><i>čtyři</i> </td> <td><i>pět</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td><i>jednoho</i> (masc)<br /><i>jedné</i> (fem)<br /><i>jednoho</i> (neut) </td> <td><i>dvou</i> </td> <td><i>tří</i> or <i>třech</i> </td> <td><i>čtyř</i> or <i>čtyřech</i> </td> <td><i>pěti</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td><i>jednomu</i> (masc)<br /><i>jedné</i> (fem)<br /><i>jednomu</i> (neut) </td> <td><i>dvěma</i> </td> <td><i>třem</i> </td> <td><i>čtyřem</i> </td> <td><i>pěti</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td><i>jednoho</i> (masc an.)<br /><i>jeden</i> (masc in.)<br /><i>jednu</i> (fem)<br /><i>jedno</i> (neut) </td> <td><i>dva</i> (masc)<br /><i>dvě</i> (fem, neut) </td> <td><i>tři</i> </td> <td><i>čtyři</i> </td> <td><i>pět</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td><i>jednom</i> (masc)<br /><i>jedné</i> (fem)<br /><i>jednom</i> (neut) </td> <td><i>dvou</i> </td> <td><i>třech</i> </td> <td><i>čtyřech</i> </td> <td><i>pěti</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td><i>jedním</i> (masc)<br /><i>jednou</i> (fem)<br /><i>jedním</i> (neut) </td> <td><i>dvěma</i> </td> <td><i>třemi</i> </td> <td><i>čtyřmi</i> </td> <td><i>pěti</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although Czech's <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">grammatical numbers</a> are singular and <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a>, several residuals of <a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual</a> forms remain, such as the words <i>dva</i> ("two") and <i>oba</i> ("both"), which decline the same way. Some nouns for paired body parts use a historical dual form to express plural in some cases: <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ruka" class="extiw" title="wikt:ruka">ruka</a></i> (hand)—<i>ruce</i> (nominative); <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/noha" class="extiw" title="wikt:noha">noha</a></i> (leg)—<i>nohama</i> (instrumental), <i>nohou</i> (genitive/locative); <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oko" class="extiw" title="wikt:oko">oko</a></i> (eye)—<i>oči</i>, and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ucho" class="extiw" title="wikt:ucho">ucho</a></i> (ear)—<i>uši</i>. While two of these nouns are neuter in their singular forms, all plural forms are considered feminine; their gender is relevant to their associated adjectives and verbs.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These forms are plural semantically, used for any non-singular count, as in <i>mezi čtyřma očima</i> (face to face, lit. <i>among four eyes</i>). The plural number paradigms of these nouns are a mixture of historical dual and plural forms. For example, <i>nohy</i> (legs; nominative/accusative) is a standard plural form of this type of noun.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verb_conjugation">Verb conjugation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Verb conjugation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Czech_conjugation" title="Czech conjugation">Czech conjugation</a></div> <p>Czech verbs agree with their subjects in <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a> (first, second or third), <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> (singular or plural), and in constructions involving <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participles</a>, which includes the past tense, also in <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a>. They are conjugated for tense (past, present or <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a>) and mood (<a href="/wiki/Indicative" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative">indicative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> or <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional</a>). For example, the conjugated verb <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mluvit" class="extiw" title="wikt:mluvit">mluvíme</a></i> (we speak) is in the present tense and first-person plural; it is distinguished from other conjugations of the <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> <i>mluvit</i> by its ending, <i>-íme</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Naughton_2005_131_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naughton_2005_131-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The infinitive form of Czech verbs ends in <i>-t</i> (archaically, <i>-ti</i> or <i>-ci</i>). It is the form found in dictionaries and the form that follows auxiliary verbs (for example, <i>můžu tě slyšet</i>—"I can <i>hear</i> you").<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aspect">Aspect</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Aspect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect_in_Slavic_languages" title="Grammatical aspect in Slavic languages">Grammatical aspect in Slavic languages</a></div> <p>Typical of Slavic languages, Czech marks its verbs for one of two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">grammatical aspects</a>: <a href="/wiki/Perfective_aspect" title="Perfective aspect">perfective</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperfective_aspect" title="Imperfective aspect">imperfective</a>. Most verbs are part of inflected aspect pairs—for example, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/koupit" class="extiw" title="wikt:koupit">koupit</a></i> (perfective) and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kupovat" class="extiw" title="wikt:kupovat">kupovat</a></i> (imperfective). Although the verbs' meaning is similar, in perfective verbs the action is completed and in imperfective verbs it is ongoing or repeated. This is distinct from <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past</a> and <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present tense</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Naughton_2005_146_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naughton_2005_146-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any verb of either aspect can be conjugated into either the past or present tense,<sup id="cite_ref-Naughton_2005_131_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naughton_2005_131-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the future tense is only used with imperfective verbs.<sup id="cite_ref-Naughton_2005_151_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naughton_2005_151-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aspect describes the state of the action at the time specified by the tense.<sup id="cite_ref-Naughton_2005_146_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naughton_2005_146-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The verbs of most aspect pairs differ in one of two ways: by prefix or by suffix. In prefix pairs, the perfective verb has an added prefix—for example, the imperfective <i>psát</i> (to write, to be writing) compared with the perfective <i>napsat</i> (to write down). The most common prefixes are <i>na-</i>, <i>o-</i>, <i>po-</i>, <i>s-</i>, <i>u-</i>, <i>vy-</i>, <i>z-</i> and <i>za-</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In suffix pairs, a different infinitive ending is added to the perfective stem; for example, the perfective verbs <i>koupit</i> (to buy) and <i>prodat</i> (to sell) have the imperfective forms <i>kupovat</i> and <i>prodávat</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imperfective verbs may undergo further morphology to make other imperfective verbs (iterative and <a href="/wiki/Frequentative" title="Frequentative">frequentative</a> forms), denoting repeated or regular action. The verb <i>jít</i> (to go) has the iterative form <i>chodit</i> (to go regularly) and the frequentative form <i>chodívat</i> (to go occasionally; to tend to go).<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many verbs have only one aspect, and verbs describing continual states of being—<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/b%C3%BDt" class="extiw" title="wikt:být">být</a></i> (to be), <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cht%C3%ADt" class="extiw" title="wikt:chtít">chtít</a></i> (to want), <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moct" class="extiw" title="wikt:moct">moct</a></i> (to be able to), <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/le%C5%BEet" class="extiw" title="wikt:ležet">ležet</a></i> (to lie down, to be lying down)—have no perfective form. Conversely, verbs describing immediate states of change—for example, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ot%C4%9Bhotn%C4%9Bt" class="extiw" title="wikt:otěhotnět">otěhotnět</a></i> (to become pregnant) and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nadchnout_se" class="extiw" title="wikt:nadchnout se">nadchnout se</a></i> (to become enthusiastic)—have no imperfective aspect.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tense">Tense</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatleft"> <caption>Conjugation of <i>být</i> in future tense </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Person </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1. </th> <td><i>budu</i> </td> <td><i>budeme</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2. </th> <td><i>budeš</i> </td> <td><i>budete</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3. </th> <td><i>bude</i> </td> <td><i>budou</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The present tense in Czech is formed by adding an ending that agrees with the person and number of the subject at the end of the verb stem. As Czech is a <a href="/wiki/Null-subject_language" title="Null-subject language">null-subject language</a>, the subject pronoun can be omitted unless it is needed for clarity.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The past tense is formed using a <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participle</a> which ends in <i>-l</i> and a further ending which agrees with the gender and number of the subject. For the first and second persons, the auxiliary verb <i>být</i> conjugated in the present tense is added.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some contexts, the present tense of perfective verbs (which differs from the English <a href="/wiki/Present_perfect" title="Present perfect">present perfect</a>) implies future action; in others, it connotes habitual action.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The perfective present is used to refer to completion of actions in the future and is distinguished from the imperfective future tense, which refers to actions that will be ongoing in the future. The future tense is regularly formed using the future conjugation of <i>být</i> (as shown in the table on the left) and the infinitive of an imperfective verb, for example, <i>budu jíst</i>—"I will eat" or "I will be eating".<sup id="cite_ref-Naughton_2005_151_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naughton_2005_151-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where <i>budu</i> has a noun or adjective complement it means "I will be", for example, <i>budu šťastný</i> (I will be happy).<sup id="cite_ref-Naughton_2005_151_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naughton_2005_151-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some verbs of movement form their future tense by adding the prefix <i>po-</i> to the present tense forms instead, e.g. <i>jedu</i> ("I go") > <i>pojedu</i> ("I will go").<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mood">Mood</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Conditional form of <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/koupit" class="extiw" title="wikt:koupit">koupit</a></i> (to buy) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Person </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1. </th> <td><i>koupil/a bych</i> </td> <td><i>koupili/y bychom</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2. </th> <td><i>koupil/a bys</i> </td> <td><i>koupili/y byste</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3. </th> <td><i>koupil/a/o by</i> </td> <td><i>koupili/y/a by</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Czech verbs have three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">grammatical moods</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indicative" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative">indicative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothstein_2010_359_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothstein_2010_359-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The imperative mood is formed by adding specific endings for each of three person–number categories: <i>-Ø/-i/-ej</i> for second-person singular, <i>-te/-ete/-ejte</i> for second-person plural and <i>-me/-eme/-ejme</i> for first-person plural.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imperatives are usually expressed using perfective verbs if positive and imperfective verbs if negative.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conditional mood is formed with a conditional <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verb</a> after the participle ending in -l which is used to form the past tense. This mood indicates hypothetical events and can also be used to express wishes.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verb_classes">Verb classes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Verb classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Morphological_classification_of_Czech_verbs" title="Morphological classification of Czech verbs">Morphological classification of Czech verbs</a></div> <p>Most Czech verbs fall into one of five <a href="/wiki/Morphological_classification_of_Czech_verbs" title="Morphological classification of Czech verbs">classes</a>, which determine their conjugation patterns. The future tense of <i>být</i> would be classified as a Class I verb because of its endings. Examples of the present tense of each class and some common irregular verbs follow in the tables below:<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Class I </th> <th>Class II </th> <th>Class III </th> <th>Class IV </th> <th>Class V </th></tr> <tr> <th>Definition </th> <td>to carry </td> <td>to print </td> <td>to wander </td> <td>to suffer </td> <td>to do, to make </td></tr> <tr> <th>Infinitive </th> <td><i>nést</i> </td> <td><i>tisknout</i> </td> <td><i>putovat</i> </td> <td><i>trpět</i> </td> <td><i>dělat</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1st p. sg. </th> <td><i>nesu</i> </td> <td><i>tisknu</i> </td> <td><i>putuji</i> </td> <td><i>trpím</i> </td> <td><i>dělám</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd p. sg. </th> <td><i>neseš</i> </td> <td><i>tiskneš</i> </td> <td><i>putuješ</i> </td> <td><i>trpíš</i> </td> <td><i>děláš</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd p. sg. </th> <td><i>nese</i> </td> <td><i>tiskne</i> </td> <td><i>putuje</i> </td> <td><i>trpí</i> </td> <td><i>dělá</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1st p. pl. </th> <td><i>neseme</i> </td> <td><i>tiskneme</i> </td> <td><i>putujeme</i> </td> <td><i>trpíme</i> </td> <td><i>děláme</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd p. pl. </th> <td><i>nesete</i> </td> <td><i>tisknete</i> </td> <td><i>putujete</i> </td> <td><i>trpíte</i> </td> <td><i>děláte</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd p. pl. </th> <td><i>nesou</i> </td> <td><i>tisknou</i> </td> <td><i>putují</i> </td> <td><i>trpí</i> </td> <td><i>dělají</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Irregular verbs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Definition </th> <td>to be </td> <td>to want </td> <td>to eat </td> <td>to know </td></tr> <tr> <th>Infinitive </th> <td><i>být</i> </td> <td><i>chtít</i> </td> <td><i>jíst</i> </td> <td><i>vědět</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1st p. sg. </th> <td><i>jsem</i> </td> <td><i>chci</i> </td> <td><i>jím</i> </td> <td><i>vím</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd p. sg. </th> <td><i>jsi</i> </td> <td><i>chceš</i> </td> <td><i>jíš</i> </td> <td><i>víš</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd p. sg. </th> <td><i>je</i> </td> <td><i>chce</i> </td> <td><i>jí</i> </td> <td><i>ví</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1st p. pl. </th> <td><i>jsme</i> </td> <td><i>chceme</i> </td> <td><i>jíme</i> </td> <td><i>víme</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd p. pl. </th> <td><i>jste</i> </td> <td><i>chcete</i> </td> <td><i>jíte</i> </td> <td><i>víte</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd p. pl. </th> <td><i>jsou</i> </td> <td><i>chtějí</i> </td> <td><i>jedí</i> </td> <td><i>vědí</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Psac%C3%AD_p%C3%ADsmo.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Psac%C3%AD_p%C3%ADsmo.gif/300px-Psac%C3%AD_p%C3%ADsmo.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Psac%C3%AD_p%C3%ADsmo.gif/450px-Psac%C3%AD_p%C3%ADsmo.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Psac%C3%AD_p%C3%ADsmo.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="201" /></a><figcaption>The handwritten Czech alphabet, without a Q, W and X</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Czech_orthography" title="Czech orthography">Czech orthography</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech Braille</a></div> <p>Czech has one of the most <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_orthography" title="Phonemic orthography">phonemic orthographies</a> of all European languages. Its alphabet contains 42 <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">graphemes</a>, most of which correspond to individual <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and only contains only one <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a>: <i>ch</i>, which follows <i>h</i> in the alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The characters <i>q</i>, <i>w</i> and <i>x</i> appear only in foreign words.<sup id="cite_ref-Harkins_1952_1_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harkins_1952_1-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" class="mw-redirect" title="Háček">háček</a> (ˇ) is used with certain letters to form new characters: <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0" title="Š">š</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%BD" title="Ž">ž</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%8C" title="Č">č</a></i>, as well as <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%87" title="Ň">ň</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%9A" title="Ě">ě</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%98" title="Ř">ř</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%A4" title="Ť">ť</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%8E" title="Ď">ď</a></i> (the latter five uncommon outside Czech). The last two letters are sometimes written with a comma above (ʼ, an abbreviated háček) because of their height.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Czech orthography has influenced the orthographies of other Balto-Slavic languages and some of its characters have been adopted for <a href="/wiki/Transliteration_of_Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transliteration of Cyrillic">transliteration of Cyrillic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Czech orthography reflects <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a>; long vowels are indicated by an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> or, in the case of the character <i>ů</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)" title="Ring (diacritic)">ring</a>. Long <i>u</i> is usually written <i>ú</i> at the beginning of a word or morpheme (<i>úroda</i>, <i>neúrodný</i>) and <i>ů</i> elsewhere,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for loanwords (<i>skútr</i>) or onomatopoeia (<i>bú</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long vowels and <i>ě</i> are not considered separate letters in the alphabetical order.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The character <i>ó</i> exists only in loanwords and <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Czech <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typographical</a> features not associated with phonetics generally resemble those of most European languages that use the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, including English. <a href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">Proper nouns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">honorifics</a>, and the first letters of quotations are <a href="/wiki/Capitalization" title="Capitalization">capitalized</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a> is typical of other Latin European languages. Ordinal numbers (1st) use a point, as in German (1.). The Czech language uses a decimal comma instead of a decimal point. When writing a long number, spaces between every three digits, including those in decimal places, may be used for better orientation in handwritten texts. The number 1,234,567.89101 may be written as 1234567,89101 or 1 234 567,891 01.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">proper noun</a> phrases (except personal and settlement names), only the first word and proper nouns inside such phrases are capitalized (<i>Pražský hrad</i>, <a href="/wiki/Prague_Castle" title="Prague Castle">Prague Castle</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages" title="Czech–Slovak languages">Czech–Slovak languages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anton%C3%ADn_Machek_-_Portrait_of_Josef_Jungmann.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Anton%C3%ADn_Machek_-_Portrait_of_Josef_Jungmann.jpg/170px-Anton%C3%ADn_Machek_-_Portrait_of_Josef_Jungmann.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Anton%C3%ADn_Machek_-_Portrait_of_Josef_Jungmann.jpg/255px-Anton%C3%ADn_Machek_-_Portrait_of_Josef_Jungmann.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Anton%C3%ADn_Machek_-_Portrait_of_Josef_Jungmann.jpg/340px-Anton%C3%ADn_Machek_-_Portrait_of_Josef_Jungmann.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Josef_Jungmann" title="Josef Jungmann">Josef Jungmann</a>, whose Czech–German dictionary laid the foundations for modern Standard Czech</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern literary standard and prestige variety, known as "Standard Czech" (<span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">spisovná čeština</i></span>) is based on the standardization during the <a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Revival" title="Czech National Revival">Czech National Revival</a> in the 1830s, significantly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Josef_Jungmann" title="Josef Jungmann">Josef Jungmann</a>'s Czech–German dictionary published during 1834–1839. Jungmann used vocabulary of the <a href="/wiki/Bible_of_Kralice" title="Bible of Kralice">Bible of Kralice</a> (1579–1613) period and of the language used by his contemporaries. He borrowed words not present in Czech from other Slavic languages or created neologisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Czech_Literature_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Czech_Literature-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Standard Czech is the formal register of the language which is used in official documents, formal literature, newspaper articles, education and occasionally public speeches.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is codified by the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Language_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Language Institute">Czech Language Institute</a>, who publish occasional reforms to the codification. The most recent reform took place in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">hovorová čeština</i></span> (lit. "Colloquial Czech") is sometimes used to refer to the spoken variety of standard Czech.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most widely spoken vernacular form of the language is called "Common Czech" (<span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">obecná čeština</i></span>), an <a href="/wiki/Interdialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdialect">interdialect</a> influenced by spoken Standard Czech and the Central Bohemian dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> region. Other Bohemian regional dialects have become marginalized, while <a href="/wiki/Moravian_dialects" title="Moravian dialects">Moravian dialects</a> remain more widespread and diverse, with a political movement for Moravian linguistic revival active since the 1990s. </p><p>These varieties of the language (Standard Czech, spoken/colloquial Standard Czech, Common Czech, and regional dialects) form a <a href="/wiki/Style_(sociolinguistics)" title="Style (sociolinguistics)">stylistic continuum</a>, in which contact between varieties of a similar prestige influences change within them.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_Czech">Common Czech</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Common Czech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dialects_of_the_Czech_language.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Dialects_of_the_Czech_language.jpg/290px-Dialects_of_the_Czech_language.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Dialects_of_the_Czech_language.jpg/435px-Dialects_of_the_Czech_language.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Dialects_of_the_Czech_language.jpg/580px-Dialects_of_the_Czech_language.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3595" data-file-height="2031" /></a><figcaption>Dialects of Czech, <a href="/wiki/Moravian_dialects" title="Moravian dialects">Moravian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lach_dialects" title="Lach dialects">Lach</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cieszyn Silesian">Cieszyn Silesian</a> spoken in the Czech Republic. The border areas, where German was formerly spoken, are now mixed.</figcaption></figure> <p>The main Czech vernacular, spoken primarily in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> including the capital <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, is known as Common Czech (<i>obecná čeština</i>). This is an academic distinction; most Czechs are unaware of the term or associate it with deformed or "incorrect" Czech.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_2010_21_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson_2010_21-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to Standard Czech, Common Czech is characterized by simpler inflection patterns and differences in sound distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-sciences_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciences-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common Czech is distinguished from spoken/colloquial Standard Czech (<span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">hovorová čeština</i></span>), which is a <a href="/wiki/Style_(sociolinguistics)" title="Style (sociolinguistics)">stylistic variety</a> within standard Czech.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Kamusella" title="Tomasz Kamusella">Tomasz Kamusella</a> defines the spoken variety of Standard Czech as a compromise between Common Czech and the written standard,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Kom%C3%A1rek" title="Miroslav Komárek">Miroslav Komárek</a> calls Common Czech an intersection of spoken Standard Czech and regional dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-kom117_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kom117-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common Czech has become ubiquitous in most parts of the Czech Republic since the later 20th century. It is usually defined as an <a href="/wiki/Interdialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdialect">interdialect</a> used in common speech in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> and western parts of <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> (by about two thirds of all inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>). Common Czech is not <a href="/wiki/Codification_(linguistics)" title="Codification (linguistics)">codified</a>, but some of its elements have become adopted in the written standard. Since the second half of the 20th century, Common Czech elements have also been spreading to regions previously unaffected, as a consequence of media influence. Standard Czech is still the norm for politicians, businesspeople and other Czechs in formal situations, but Common Czech is gaining ground in journalism and the mass media.<sup id="cite_ref-sciences_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciences-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colloquial form of Standard Czech finds limited use in daily communication due to the expansion of the Common Czech interdialect.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is sometimes defined as a theoretical construct rather than an actual tool of colloquial communication, since in casual contexts, the non-standard interdialect is preferred.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common Czech <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> is based on that of the Central Bohemian dialect group, which has a slightly different set of vowel phonemes to Standard Czech.<sup id="cite_ref-kom117_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kom117-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phoneme /ɛː/ is peripheral and usually merges with /iː/, e.g. in <i>mal<b>ý</b> město</i> (small town), <i>plam<b>í</b>nek</i> (little flame) and <i>l<b>í</b>tat</i> (to fly), and a second native diphthong /ɛɪ̯/ occurs, usually in places where Standard Czech has /iː/, e.g. <i>mal<b>ej</b> dům</i> (small house), <i>ml<b>ej</b>n</i> (mill), <i>pl<b>ej</b>tvat</i> (to waste), <i>b<b>ej</b>t</i> (to be).<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, a prothetic <i>v-</i> is added to most words beginning <i>o-</i>, such as <i><b>v</b>otevřít <b>v</b>okno</i> (to open the window).<sup id="cite_ref-tahal_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tahal-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non-standard <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a> features that are more or less common among all Common Czech speakers include:<sup id="cite_ref-tahal_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tahal-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>unified <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a> <a href="/wiki/Ending_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ending (linguistics)">endings</a> of <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>: <i>mal<b>ý</b> lidi</i> (small people), <i>mal<b>ý</b> ženy</i> (small women), <i>mal<b>ý</b> města</i> (small towns) – standard: <i>malí lidé, malé ženy, malá města;</i></li> <li>unified <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a> <a href="/wiki/Ending_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ending (linguistics)">ending</a> <i>-ma</i> in <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a>: <i>s tě<b>ma</b> dobrej<b>ma</b> lid<b>ma</b>, žena<b>ma</b>, chlapa<b>ma</b>, města<b>ma</b></i> (with the good people, women, guys, towns) – standard: <i>s těmi dobrými lidmi, ženami, chlapy, městy.</i> In essence, this form resembles the form of the <a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual</a>, which was once a productive form, but now is almost extinct and retained in a lexically specific set of words. In Common Czech the ending became productive again around the 17th century, but used as a substitute for a regular plural form.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>omission of the syllabic <i>-l</i> in the masculine ending of past tense verbs: <i>řek</i> (he said), <i>moh</i> (he could), <i>pích</i> (he pricked) – standard: <i>řekl, mohl, píchl.</i></li> <li>tendency of merging the locative singular masculine/neuter for adjectives with the instrumental by changing the locative ending <i>-ém</i> to <i>-ým</i> and then shortening the vowel: <i>mladém</i> (standard locative), <i>mladým</i> (standard instrumental) > <i>mladým</i> (Common Czech locative), <i>mladym</i> (Common Czech instrumental) > <i>mladym</i> (Common Czech locative/instrumental with shortening).<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Examples of declension (Standard Czech is added in italics for comparison): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th>  </th> <th>Masculine<br />animate </th> <th>Masculine<br />inanimate </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">Sg. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>mlad<b>ej</b> člověk<br /><i>mladý člověk</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ej</b> stát<br /><i>mladý stát</i> </td> <td>mladá žena<br /><i>mladá žena</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ý</b> zvíře<br /><i>mladé zvíře</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>mlad<b>ýho</b> člověka<br /><i>mladého člověka</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ýho</b> státu<br /><i>mladého státu</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ý</b> ženy<br /><i>mladé ženy</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ýho</b> zvířete<br /><i>mladého zvířete</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>mlad<b>ýmu</b> člověkovi<br /><i>mladému člověku</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ýmu</b> státu<br /><i>mladému státu</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ý</b> ženě<br /><i>mladé ženě</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ýmu</b> zvířeti<br /><i>mladému zvířeti</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>mlad<b>ýho</b> člověka<br /><i>mladého člověka</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ej</b> stát<br /><i>mladý stát</i> </td> <td>mladou ženu<br /><i>mladou ženu</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ý</b> zvíře<br /><i>mladé zvíře</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>mlad<b>ej</b> člověče!<br /><i>mladý člověče!</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ej</b> státe!<br /><i>mladý státe!</i> </td> <td>mladá ženo!<br /><i>mladá ženo!</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ý</b> zvíře!<br /><i>mladé zvíře!</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>mlad<b>ým</b> člověkovi<br /><i>mladém člověkovi</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ým</b> státě<br /><i>mladém státě</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ý</b> ženě<br /><i>mladé ženě</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ým</b> zvířeti<br /><i>mladém zvířeti</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>mlad<b>ym</b> člověkem<br /><i>mladým člověkem</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ym</b> státem<br /><i>mladým státem</i> </td> <td>mladou ženou<br /><i>mladou ženou</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ym</b> zvířetem<br /><i>mladým zvířetem</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">Pl. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>mlad<b>ý</b> lidi<br /><i>mladí lidé</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ý</b> státy<br /><i>mladé státy</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ý</b> ženy<br /><i>mladé ženy</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ý</b> zvířata<br /><i>mladá zvířata</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>mlad<b>ejch</b> lidí<br /><i>mladých lidí</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ejch</b> států<br /><i>mladých států</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ejch</b> žen<br /><i>mladých žen</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ejch</b> zvířat<br /><i>mladých zvířat</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>mlad<b>ejm</b> lidem<br /><i>mladým lidem</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ejm</b> státům<br /><i>mladým státům</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ejm</b> ženám<br /><i>mladým ženám</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ejm</b> zvířatům<br /><i>mladým zvířatům</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>mlad<b>ý</b> lidi<br /><i>mladé lidi</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ý</b> státy<br /><i>mladé státy</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ý</b> ženy<br /><i>mladé ženy</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ý</b> zvířata<br /><i>mladá zvířata</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>mlad<b>ý</b> lidi!<br /><i>mladí lidé!</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ý</b> státy!<br /><i>mladé státy!</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ý</b> ženy!<br /><i>mladé ženy!</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ý</b> zvířata!<br /><i>mladá zvířata!</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>mlad<b>ejch</b> lidech<br /><i>mladých lidech</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ejch</b> státech<br /><i>mladých státech</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ejch</b> ženách<br /><i>mladých ženách</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ejch</b> zvířatech<br /><i>mladých zvířatech</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>mlad<b>ejma</b> lidma<br /><i>mladými lidmi</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ejma</b> státama<br /><i>mladými státy</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ejma</b> ženama<br /><i>mladými ženami</i> </td> <td>mlad<b>ejma</b> zvířatama<br /><i>mladými zvířaty</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>mladý člověk – young man/person, mladí lidé – young people, mladý stát – young state, mladá žena – young woman, mladé zvíře – young animal</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bohemian_dialects">Bohemian dialects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bohemian dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Getrzich_slatinskey.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Getrzich_slatinskey.png/220px-Getrzich_slatinskey.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Getrzich_slatinskey.png/330px-Getrzich_slatinskey.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Getrzich_slatinskey.png 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>A headstone in <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_Krumlov" title="Český Krumlov">Český Krumlov</a> from 1591. The inscription features the distinctive Bohemian diphthong   <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛɪ̯/</span>, spelled <span class="nowrap">⟨ey⟩</span>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chod_dialect" title="Chod dialect">Chod dialect</a></div> <p>Apart from the Common Czech vernacular, there remain a variety of other Bohemian dialects, mostly in marginal rural areas. Dialect use began to weaken in the second half of the 20th century, and by the early 1990s regional dialect use was stigmatized, associated with the shrinking lower class and used in literature or other media for comedic effect. Increased travel and media availability to dialect-speaking populations has encouraged them to shift to (or add to their own dialect) Standard Czech.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office" title="Czech Statistical Office">Czech Statistical Office</a> in 2003 recognized the following Bohemian dialects:<sup id="cite_ref-map_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-map-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Nářečí středočeská</i> (Central Bohemian dialects)</li> <li><i>Nářečí jihozápadočeská</i> (Southwestern Bohemian dialects)</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>Podskupina chodská</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chod_dialect" title="Chod dialect">Chod</a> subgroup)</li> <li><i>Podskupina doudlebská</i> (<a href="/wiki/Doudleby" title="Doudleby">Doudleby</a> subgroup)</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>Nářečí severovýchodočeská</i> (Northeastern Bohemian dialects)</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>Podskupina podkrknošská</i> (<a href="/wiki/Krkono%C5%A1e" class="mw-redirect" title="Krkonoše">Krkonoše</a> subgroup)</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moravian_dialects">Moravian dialects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Moravian dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moravian_dialects" title="Moravian dialects">Moravian dialects</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lach_dialects" title="Lach dialects">Lach dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesian_dialect" title="Cieszyn Silesian dialect">Cieszyn Silesian dialect</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moravian_dialects.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Moravian_dialects.png/280px-Moravian_dialects.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Moravian_dialects.png/420px-Moravian_dialects.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Moravian_dialects.png/560px-Moravian_dialects.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>Traditional territory of the main dialect groups of Moravia and Czech Silesia. Green: Central Moravian, Red: East Moravian, Yellow: <a href="/wiki/Lach_dialects" title="Lach dialects">Lach (Silesian)</a>, Pink: <a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cieszyn Silesian">Cieszyn Silesian</a>, Orange: Bohemian–Moravian transitional dialects, Purple: Mixed areas</figcaption></figure> <p>The Czech dialects spoken in <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> are known as <a href="/wiki/Moravian_dialects" title="Moravian dialects">Moravian</a> (<i>moravština</i>). In the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>, "Bohemian-Moravian-Slovak" was a language citizens could register as speaking (with German, Polish and several others).<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2011 census, where respondents could optionally specify up to two first languages,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 62,908 Czech citizens specified Moravian as their first language and 45,561 specified both Moravian and Czech.<sup id="cite_ref-obyvatelstvo_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obyvatelstvo-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the sixteenth century, some varieties of Czech resembled Slovak;<sup id="cite_ref-tuebingen_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tuebingen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the southeastern Moravian dialects form a continuum between the Czech and Slovak languages,<sup id="cite_ref-Kortmann_Auwera_516_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kortmann_Auwera_516-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using the same declension patterns for nouns and pronouns and the same verb conjugations as Slovak.<sup id="cite_ref-tartu_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tartu-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A popular misconception holds that eastern Moravian dialects are closer to Slovak than Czech, but this is incorrect; in fact, the opposite is true, and certain dialects in far western Slovakia exhibit features more akin to standard Czech than to standard Slovak.<sup id="cite_ref-rejzek_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rejzek-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office" title="Czech Statistical Office">Czech Statistical Office</a> in 2003 recognized the following Moravian dialects:<sup id="cite_ref-map_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-map-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Nářečí českomoravská</i> (Bohemian–Moravian dialects)</li> <li><i>Nářečí středomoravská</i> (Central Moravian dialects)</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>Podskupina tišnovská</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ti%C5%A1nov" title="Tišnov">Tišnov</a> subgroup)</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>Nářečí východomoravská</i> (Eastern Moravian dialects)</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>Podskupina slovácká</i> (<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Slovakia" title="Moravian Slovakia">Moravian Slovak</a> subgroup)</li> <li><i>Podskupina valašská</i> (<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Wallachia" title="Moravian Wallachia">Moravian Wallachian</a> subgroup)</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>Nářečí slezská</i> (Silesian dialects)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sample">Sample</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sample"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a 1964 textbook on Czech <a href="/wiki/Dialectology" title="Dialectology">dialectology</a>, Břetislav Koudela used the following sentence to highlight phonetic differences between dialects:<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table border="0"> <tbody><tr> <td>Standard Czech:</td> <td><i>D<b>ej</b> m<b>ou</b>k<b>u</b> z<b>e</b> m<b>lý</b>na na voz<b>í</b>k.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Common Czech:</td> <td><i>D<b>ej</b> m<b>ou</b>k<b>u</b> z<b>e</b> m<b>lej</b>na na voz<b>ej</b>k.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Central Moravian:</td> <td><i>D<b>é</b> m<b>ó</b>k<b>o</b> z<b>e</b> m<b>lé</b>na na voz<b>é</b>k.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eastern Moravian:</td> <td><i>D<b>aj</b> m<b>ú</b>k<b>u</b> z<b>e</b> m<b>łý</b>na na voz<b>í</b>k.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Silesian:</td> <td><i>D<b>aj</b> m<b>u</b>k<b>u</b> z<b>e</b> m<b>ły</b>na na voz<b>i</b>k.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slovak:</td> <td><i>D<b>aj</b> m<b>ú</b>k<b>u</b> z m<b>ly</b>na na voz<b>í</b>k.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>English:</td> <td>Put the flour from the mill into the cart. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mutual_intelligibility_with_Slovak">Mutual intelligibility with Slovak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Mutual intelligibility with Slovak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Czech and Slovak have been considered <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a>; speakers of either language can communicate with greater ease than those of any other pair of West Slavic languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Golubovic_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golubovic-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the 1993 <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a>, mutual intelligibility declined for younger speakers, probably because Czech speakers began to experience less exposure to Slovak and vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShort2009306_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShort2009306-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2015 study involving participants with a mean age of around 23 nonetheless concluded that there remained a high degree of mutual intelligibility between the two languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Golubovic_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golubovic-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grammatically, both languages share a common syntax.<sup id="cite_ref-tuebingen_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tuebingen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One study showed that Czech and Slovak <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicons</a> differed by 80 percent, but this high percentage was found to stem primarily from differing orthographies and slight inconsistencies in morphological formation;<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slovak morphology is more regular (when changing from the <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative case</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Pra<b>h</b>a</a></i> becomes <i>Pra<b>z</b>e</i> in Czech and <i>Pra<b>h</b>e</i> in Slovak). The two lexicons are generally considered similar, with most differences found in colloquial vocabulary and some scientific terminology. Slovak has slightly more borrowed words than Czech.<sup id="cite_ref-tuebingen_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tuebingen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The similarities between Czech and Slovak led to the languages being considered a single language by a group of 19th-century scholars who called themselves "Czechoslavs" (<i>Čechoslované</i>), believing that the peoples were connected in a way which excluded <a href="/wiki/German_Bohemians" class="mw-redirect" title="German Bohemians">German Bohemians</a> and (to a lesser extent) <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarians</a> and other Slavs.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Czechoslovak Republic</a> (1918–1938), although "Czechoslovak" was designated as the republic's official language, both Czech and Slovak written standards were used. Standard written Slovak was partially modeled on literary Czech, and Czech was preferred for some official functions in the Slovak half of the republic. Czech influence on Slovak was protested by Slovak scholars, and when Slovakia broke off from Czechoslovakia in 1938 as the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak State</a> (which then aligned with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>), literary Slovak was deliberately distanced from Czech. When the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> lost the war and Czechoslovakia reformed, Slovak developed somewhat on its own (with Czech influence); during the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> of 1968, Slovak gained independence from (and equality with) Czech,<sup id="cite_ref-tuebingen_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tuebingen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to the transformation of Czechoslovakia from a unitary state to a federation. Since the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993, "Czechoslovak" has referred to improvised <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgins</a> of the languages which have arisen from the decrease in mutual intelligibility.<sup id="cite_ref-cscs_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cscs-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Czech_origin" title="List of English words of Czech origin">List of English words of Czech origin</a></div> <p>Czech vocabulary derives primarily from Slavic, Baltic and other Indo-European roots. Although most verbs have Balto-Slavic origins, pronouns, prepositions and some verbs have wider, Indo-European roots.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some loanwords have been restructured by <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a> to resemble native Czech words (e.g. <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/h%C5%99bitov" class="extiw" title="wikt:hřbitov">hřbitov</a></i>, "graveyard" and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/listina" class="extiw" title="wikt:listina">listina</a></i>, "list").<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Czech loanwords originated in one of two time periods. Earlier loanwords, primarily from German,<sup id="cite_ref-Mathesius_2013_20_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathesius_2013_20-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and Latin,<sup id="cite_ref-Sussex_2011_101_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sussex_2011_101-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arrived before the Czech National Revival. More recent loanwords derive primarily from English and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mathesius_2013_20_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathesius_2013_20-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also from <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>. Many Russian loanwords, principally animal names and naval terms, also exist in Czech.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although older German loanwords were colloquial, recent borrowings from other languages are associated with high culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Mathesius_2013_20_136-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathesius_2013_20-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the nineteenth century, words with Greek and Latin roots were rejected in favor of those based on older Czech words and common Slavic roots; "music" is <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/muzyka" class="extiw" title="wikt:muzyka">muzyka</a></i> in Polish and <i>музыка</i> (<i>muzyka</i>) in Russian, but in Czech it is <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hudba" class="extiw" title="wikt:hudba">hudba</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sussex_2011_101_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sussex_2011_101-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Czech words have been borrowed as loanwords into <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Czech_origin" title="List of English words of Czech origin">English</a> and other languages—for example, <i><a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robot</a></i> (from <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/robota" class="extiw" title="wikt:robota">robota</a></i>, "labor")<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">polka</a></i> (from <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/polka" class="extiw" title="wikt:polka">polka</a></i>, "<a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> woman" or from "půlka" "half").<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_text">Example text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Example text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 1 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a></i> in Czech: </p> <dl><dd><i>Všichni lidé rodí se svobodní a sobě rovní co do důstojnosti a práv. Jsou nadáni rozumem a svědomím a mají spolu jednat v duchu bratrství.</i><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Article 1 of the <i>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</i> in English: </p> <dl><dd><i>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</i><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/ces/">Czech</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-COE-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-COE_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-COE_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-COE_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-COE_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-COE_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=polka+%28n.%29&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dpolka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220107193320/https://unicode.org/udhr/d/udhr_ces.html">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. <i>unicode.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/udhr/d/udhr_ces.html">the original</a> on 2022-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unicode.org&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funicode.org%2Fudhr%2Fd%2Fudhr_ces.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. <i>un.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=un.org&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Funiversal-declaration-of-human-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgnew1994" class="citation book cs1">Agnew, Hugh LeCaine (1994). <i>Origins of the Czech National Renascence</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-8549-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-8549-5"><bdi>978-0-8229-8549-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+Czech+National+Renascence&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-8549-5&rft.aulast=Agnew&rft.aufirst=Hugh+LeCaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDankovičová1999" class="citation book cs1">Dankovičová, Jana (1999). "Czech". <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association</i> (9th ed.). International Phonetic Association/Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63751-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63751-0"><bdi>978-0-521-63751-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Czech&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=International+Phonetic+Association%2FCambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63751-0&rft.aulast=Dankovi%C4%8Dov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Jana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCernaMachalek2007" class="citation book cs1">Cerna, Iva; Machalek, Jolana (2007). <i>Beginner's Czech</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hippocrene_Books" title="Hippocrene Books">Hippocrene Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1156-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1156-9"><bdi>978-0-7818-1156-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beginner%27s+Czech&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7818-1156-9&rft.aulast=Cerna&rft.aufirst=Iva&rft.au=Machalek%2C+Jolana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChloupekNekvapil1993" class="citation book cs1">Chloupek, Jan; Nekvapil, Jiří (1993). <i>Studies in Functional Stylistics</i>. John Benjamins Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-1545-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-1545-1"><bdi>978-90-272-1545-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Functional+Stylistics&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-272-1545-1&rft.aulast=Chloupek&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Nekvapil%2C+Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckert1993" class="citation book cs1">Eckert, Eva (1993). <i>Varieties of Czech: Studies in Czech Sociolinguistics</i>. Editions Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5183-490-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5183-490-1"><bdi>978-90-5183-490-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varieties+of+Czech%3A+Studies+in+Czech+Sociolinguistics&rft.pub=Editions+Rodopi&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-5183-490-1&rft.aulast=Eckert&rft.aufirst=Eva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2011" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, Anna (2011). <i>Analysis of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication and Enactment: The Processing Issues</i>. Springer Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-25774-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-25774-2"><bdi>978-3-642-25774-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analysis+of+Verbal+and+Nonverbal+Communication+and+Enactment%3A+The+Processing+Issues&rft.pub=Springer+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-642-25774-2&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHajičová1986" class="citation book cs1">Hajičová, Eva (1986). <i>Prague Studies in Mathematical Linguistics</i> (9th ed.). John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-1527-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-1527-7"><bdi>978-90-272-1527-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prague+Studies+in+Mathematical+Linguistics&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-90-272-1527-7&rft.aulast=Haji%C4%8Dov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Eva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarkins1952" class="citation book cs1">Harkins, William Edward (1952). <i>A Modern Czech Grammar</i>. King's Crown Press (<a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-09937-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-09937-0"><bdi>978-0-231-09937-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+Czech+Grammar&rft.pub=King%27s+Crown+Press+%28Columbia+University%29&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=978-0-231-09937-0&rft.aulast=Harkins&rft.aufirst=William+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomárek2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Komárek, Miroslav (2012). <i>Dějiny českého jazyka</i> (in Czech). Brno: Host. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-7294-591-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-7294-591-7"><bdi>978-80-7294-591-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%C4%9Bjiny+%C4%8Desk%C3%A9ho+jazyka&rft.place=Brno&rft.pub=Host&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-80-7294-591-7&rft.aulast=Kom%C3%A1rek&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKortmannvan_der_Auwera2011" class="citation book cs1">Kortmann, Bernd; van der Auwera, Johan (2011). <i>The Languages and Linguistics of Europe: A Comprehensive Guide (World of Linguistics)</i>. Mouton De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022025-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022025-4"><bdi>978-3-11-022025-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+Europe%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide+%28World+of+Linguistics%29&rft.pub=Mouton+De+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-11-022025-4&rft.aulast=Kortmann&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft.au=van+der+Auwera%2C+Johan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoudela1964" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Koudela, Břetislav; et al. (1964). <i>Vývoj českého jazyka a dialektologie</i> (in Czech). Československé státní pedagogické nakladatelství.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=V%C3%BDvoj+%C4%8Desk%C3%A9ho+jazyka+a+dialektologie&rft.pub=%C4%8Ceskoslovensk%C3%A9+st%C3%A1tn%C3%AD+pedagogick%C3%A9+nakladatelstv%C3%AD&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Koudela&rft.aufirst=B%C5%99etislav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibermanTrubetskoi2001" class="citation book cs1">Liberman, Anatoly; Trubetskoi, Nikolai S. (2001). <i>N.S. Trubetzkoy: Studies in General Linguistics and Language Structure</i>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2299-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2299-3"><bdi>978-0-8223-2299-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=N.S.+Trubetzkoy%3A+Studies+in+General+Linguistics+and+Language+Structure&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2299-3&rft.aulast=Liberman&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft.au=Trubetskoi%2C+Nikolai+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann1957" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Stuart Edward (1957). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/czechhistoricalg00mann"><i>Czech Historical Grammar</i></a></span>. Helmut Buske Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87118-261-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87118-261-7"><bdi>978-3-87118-261-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Czech+Historical+Grammar&rft.pub=Helmut+Buske+Verlag&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-3-87118-261-7&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Stuart+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fczechhistoricalg00mann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathesius2013" class="citation book cs1">Mathesius, Vilém (2013). <i>A Functional Analysis of Present Day English on a General Linguistic Basis</i>. De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-279-3077-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-279-3077-4"><bdi>978-90-279-3077-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Functional+Analysis+of+Present+Day+English+on+a+General+Linguistic+Basis&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-279-3077-4&rft.aulast=Mathesius&rft.aufirst=Vil%C3%A9m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxwell2009" class="citation book cs1">Maxwell, Alexander (2009). <i>Choosing Slovakia: Slavic Hungary, the Czechoslovak Language and Accidental Nationalism</i>. Tauris Academic Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-074-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-074-3"><bdi>978-1-84885-074-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choosing+Slovakia%3A+Slavic+Hungary%2C+the+Czechoslovak+Language+and+Accidental+Nationalism&rft.pub=Tauris+Academic+Studies&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84885-074-3&rft.aulast=Maxwell&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaughton2005" class="citation book cs1">Naughton, James (2005). <i>Czech: An Essential Grammar</i>. Routledge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28785-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28785-2"><bdi>978-0-415-28785-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Czech%3A+An+Essential+Grammar&rft.pub=Routledge+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28785-2&rft.aulast=Naughton&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPansofia1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pansofia (1993). <i>Pravidla českého pravopisu</i> (in Czech). Ústav pro jazyk český AV ČR. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-901373-6-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-901373-6-3"><bdi>978-80-901373-6-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pravidla+%C4%8Desk%C3%A9ho+pravopisu&rft.pub=%C3%9Astav+pro+jazyk+%C4%8Desk%C3%BD+AV+%C4%8CR&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-80-901373-6-3&rft.au=Pansofia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiotrowski2012" class="citation book cs1">Piotrowski, Michael (2012). <i>Natural Language Processing for Historical Texts</i>. Morgan & Claypool Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60845-946-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60845-946-9"><bdi>978-1-60845-946-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+Language+Processing+for+Historical+Texts&rft.pub=Morgan+%26+Claypool+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-60845-946-9&rft.aulast=Piotrowski&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQualls2012" class="citation book cs1">Qualls, Eduard J. (2012). <i>The Qualls Concise English Grammar</i>. Danaan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890000-09-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-890000-09-7"><bdi>978-1-890000-09-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qualls+Concise+English+Grammar&rft.pub=Danaan+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-890000-09-7&rft.aulast=Qualls&rft.aufirst=Eduard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothsteinThieroff2010" class="citation book cs1">Rothstein, Björn; Thieroff, Rolf (2010). <i>Mood in the Languages of Europe</i>. John Benjamins Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-0587-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-0587-2"><bdi>978-90-272-0587-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mood+in+the+Languages+of+Europe&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-272-0587-2&rft.aulast=Rothstein&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B6rn&rft.au=Thieroff%2C+Rolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShort2009" class="citation book cs1">Short, David (2009). "Czech and Slovak". In Bernard Comrie (ed.). <i>The World's Major Languages</i> (2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 305–330.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Czech+and+Slovak&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Major+Languages&rft.pages=305-330&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Short&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheer2004" class="citation book cs1">Scheer, Tobias (2004). <i>A Lateral Theory of Phonology: What is CVCV, and why Should it Be?, Part 1</i>. Walter De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017871-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017871-5"><bdi>978-3-11-017871-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Lateral+Theory+of+Phonology%3A+What+is+CVCV%2C+and+why+Should+it+Be%3F%2C+Part+1&rft.pub=Walter+De+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017871-5&rft.aulast=Scheer&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStankiewicz1986" class="citation book cs1">Stankiewicz, Edward (1986). <i>The Slavic Languages: Unity in Diversity</i>. Mouton De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-009904-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-009904-1"><bdi>978-3-11-009904-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slavic+Languages%3A+Unity+in+Diversity&rft.pub=Mouton+De+Gruyter&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-3-11-009904-1&rft.aulast=Stankiewicz&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSussexCubberley2011" class="citation book cs1">Sussex, Rolan; Cubberley, Paul (2011). <i>The Slavic Languages</i>. Cambridge Language Surveys. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29448-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29448-5"><bdi>978-0-521-29448-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slavic+Languages&rft.pub=Cambridge+Language+Surveys&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29448-5&rft.aulast=Sussex&rft.aufirst=Rolan&rft.au=Cubberley%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTahal2010" class="citation book cs1">Tahal, Karel (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AGrammarOfCzechAsAForeignLanguage"><i>A grammar of Czech as a foreign language</i></a>. Factum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+Czech+as+a+foreign+language&rft.pub=Factum&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Tahal&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAGrammarOfCzechAsAForeignLanguage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2009" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, James (2009). <i>Moravians in Prague: A Sociolinguistic Study of Dialect Contact in the Czech</i>. Peter Lang International Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-58694-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-58694-5"><bdi>978-3-631-58694-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moravians+in+Prague%3A+A+Sociolinguistic+Study+of+Dialect+Contact+in+the+Czech&rft.pub=Peter+Lang+International+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-631-58694-5&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="cs:"> Czech edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Czech_phrasebook#Q9056" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Czech phrasebook">Czech</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Czech language, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Czech_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Czech language"><i><b>Czech language</b></i> category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Czech" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Czech">Czech</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Czech_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Czech language">Czech language</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Czech_language" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Czech language">Czech language</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ujc.cas.cz/">Ústav pro jazyk český</a> – <a href="/wiki/Czech_Language_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Language Institute">Czech Language Institute</a>, the regulatory body for the Czech language <span class="languageicon">(in Czech)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712124340/http://ucnk.ff.cuni.cz/english/index.php">Czech National Corpus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bara.ujc.cas.cz/psjc/search.php">Czech Monolingual Online Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slovniky.lingea.cz/">Online Translation Dictionaries</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Czech_Swadesh_list">Czech Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words</a> (from Wiktionary's <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists">Swadesh-list appendix</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.czechtime.cz/">Online Czech Grammar and Exercises</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Czech lands">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo" title="Samo">Samo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty" title="Přemyslid dynasty">Přemyslid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown">Lands of the Bohemian Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Czech lands">Czech lands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1526%E2%80%931648)" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1526–1648)">1526–1648</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1648%E2%80%931867)" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1648–1867)">1648–1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1867%E2%80%931918)" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1867–1918)">1867–1918</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/80px-Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/120px-Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/160px-Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="1234" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Geography of the Czech Republic">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of cities and towns in the Czech Republic">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_lands" title="Czech lands">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomorphological_division_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Geomorphological division of the Czech Republic">Geomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Protected areas of the Czech Republic">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of rivers of the Czech Republic">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Urban planning in the Czech Republic">Urban planning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Politics of the Czech Republic">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of the Czech Republic">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Districts of the Czech Republic">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obec" title="Obec">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Regions of the Czech Republic">Regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Constitution of the Czech Republic">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Elections in the Czech Republic">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Foreign relations of the Czech Republic">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Government of the Czech Republic">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Judiciary of the Czech Republic">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Law enforcement in the Czech Republic">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Law of the Czech Republic">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Army of the Czech Republic">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Parliament of the Czech Republic">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of political parties in the Czech Republic">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Economy of the Czech Republic">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Energy in the Czech Republic">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Electricity sector in the Czech Republic">Electricity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_koruna" title="Czech koruna">Koruna <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_deposits_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Oil and gas deposits in the Czech Republic">Oil and gas deposits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Stock_Exchange" title="Prague Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Tourism in the Czech Republic">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Transport in the Czech Republic">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Category:Society of the Czech Republic">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Crime in the Czech Republic">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Demographics of the Czech Republic">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy of the Czech Republic">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Education in the Czech Republic">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Healthcare in the Czech Republic">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Irreligion in the Czech Republic">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Czech Republic">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Prostitution in the Czech Republic">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Culture of the Czech Republic">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_art" title="Czech art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_architecture" title="Czech architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rondocubism" title="Rondocubism">Rondocubism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Coat of arms of the Czech Republic">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_wine" title="Czech wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Flag of the Czech Republic">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_literature" title="Czech literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Music of the Czech Republic">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nationalism" title="Czech nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel%C3%A1k" title="Panelák"><i>Panelák</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(architectural style)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_philosophy" title="Czech philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Public holidays in the Czech Republic">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Sport in the Czech Republic">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Television in the Czech Republic">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Czech Republic">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Outline of the Czech Republic">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Czech_Republic%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Czech Republic–related topics">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Czech_Republic" title="Category:Czech Republic">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Czech_Republic" title="Portal:Czech Republic">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Czech_Republic" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Template:Languages of the Czech Republic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Template talk:Languages of the Czech Republic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the Czech Republic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Czech_Republic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Czech Republic">Languages of the Czech Republic</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Czech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minority_languages_of_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority languages of Czech Republic">Minority languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romany_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romany language">Romany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Sign_Language" title="Czech Sign Language">Czech Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Slovakia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Slovakia" title="Template:Languages of Slovakia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Slovakia" title="Template talk:Languages of Slovakia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Slovakia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Slovakia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Slovakia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Slovakia">Languages of Slovakia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Romani" title="Carpathian Romani">Carpathian Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Sign_Language" title="Slovak Sign Language">Slovak Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavic_languages" title="Template talk:Slavic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slavic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slavic_languages" title="History of the Slavic languages">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Proto-Slavic" title="History of Proto-Slavic">Up to Proto-Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_accent" title="Proto-Slavic accent">Accent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic script</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slavic_languages" title="History of the Slavic languages">Modern languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_speech" title="Simple speech">Simple speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Novgorod_dialect" title="Old Novgorod dialect">Old Novgorodian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_dialects" title="Russian dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Russian" title="Alaskan Russian">Alaskan Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Doukhobor Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dialects" title="Ukrainian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Canadian Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_speech" title="Simple speech">Simple speech</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Slavic" title="Eastern South Slavic">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages#Transitional_South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">Transitional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Torlakian dialect">Torlakian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_South_Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western South Slavic">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carantanians#Language" title="Carantanians">Alpine Slavic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages" title="Czech–Slovak languages">Czech-Slovak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Czech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Czech_language" title="Biblical Czech language">Biblical Czech</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_language" title="Czechoslovak language">Czechoslovak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_dialects" title="Moravian dialects">Moravian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">White Croatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese_Slovak" title="Camaldolese Slovak">Camaldolese Slovak</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">Eastern Slovak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lechitic_languages" title="Lechitic languages">Lechitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>East Lechitic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masurian_dialects" title="Masurian dialects">Masurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Polish language">Old Polish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Polish language">Middle Polish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lach_dialects" title="Lach dialects">Lach</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_language" title="Pomeranian language">Pomeranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_language" title="Slovincian language">Slovincian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lechitic_dialects" title="West Lechitic dialects">West Lechitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcho-Magdeburgian_dialect" title="Marcho-Magdeburgian dialect">Marcho-Magdeburgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polabian_language" title="Polabian language">Polabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_dialect" title="Rani dialect">Rani</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schleifer_dialect" title="Schleifer dialect">Schleifer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_microlanguages" title="Slavic microlanguages">Microlanguages</a> <br />and dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Carpathian Rusyn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lemkos#Language" title="Lemkos">Lemko</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlachian_language" title="Podlachian language">Podlachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Polesian" title="West Polesian">West Polesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarian_dialect" title="Banat Bulgarian dialect">Banat Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakavian" title="Chakavian">Chakavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croatian" title="Burgenland Croatian">Burgenland Croatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomak_language" title="Pomak language">Pomak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovene" title="Prekmurje Slovene">Prekmurje Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resian_dialect" title="Resian dialect">Resian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunjevac_dialect" title="Bunjevac dialect">Bunjevac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_dialects_of_Greece" title="Slavic dialects of Greece">Slavic dialects of Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">Eastern Slovak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goral_ethnolect" title="Goral ethnolect">Goral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesian_dialect" title="Cieszyn Silesian dialect">Cieszyn Silesian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balachka" title="Balachka">Balachka</a></li> <li><i>20th century <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Romani" title="Bohemian Romani">Bohemian Romani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyakhta_Russian%E2%80%93Chinese_Pidgin" title="Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin">Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mednyj_Aleut_language" title="Mednyj Aleut language">Mednyj Aleut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponaschemu" title="Ponaschemu">Ponaschemu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-Russian_macaronic_language" title="German-Russian macaronic language">Quelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Serbian_language" title="Romano-Serbian language">Romano-Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runglish" title="Runglish">Runglish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russenorsk" title="Russenorsk">Russenorsk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solombala_English" title="Solombala English">Solombala English</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taimyr_Pidgin_Russian" title="Taimyr Pidgin Russian">Taimyr Pidgin Russian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic_language" title="Pan-Slavic language">Pan-Slavic language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interslavic" title="Interslavic">Interslavic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydnevi" title="Lydnevi">Lydnevi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Army_Slavic" title="Army Slavic">Army Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iazychie" title="Iazychie">Iazychie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slavonic-Serbian" title="Slavonic-Serbian">Slavonic-Serbian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_first_palatalization" title="Slavic first palatalization">Slavic first palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_second_palatalization" title="Slavic second palatalization">Slavic second palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_liquid_metathesis_and_pleophony" title="Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony">Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophthongization_of_diphthongs_in_Proto-Slavic" title="Monophthongization of diphthongs in Proto-Slavic">Monophthongization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dybo%27s_law" title="Dybo's law">Dybo's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havl%C3%ADk%27s_law" title="Havlík's law">Havlík's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirt%27s_law" title="Hirt's law">Hirt's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illi%C4%8D-Svity%C4%8D%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Illič-Svityč's law">Illič-Svityč's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iv%C5%A1i%C4%87%27s_law" title="Ivšić's law">Ivšić's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meillet%27s_law" title="Meillet's law">Meillet's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedersen%27s_law" title="Pedersen's law">Pedersen's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruki_sound_law" title="Ruki sound law">Ruki sound law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Wijk%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Wijk's law">Van Wijk's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter%27s_law" title="Winter's law">Winter's law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Silesia_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Silesia_topics" title="Template:Silesia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Silesia_topics" title="Template talk:Silesia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Silesia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Silesia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Silesia_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Silesia" title="History of Silesia">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Offensives" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian Offensives">Offensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Uprisings" title="Silesian Uprisings">Uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Wars" title="Silesian Wars">Wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Silesian_War" title="First Silesian War">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Silesian_War" title="Second Silesian War">Second</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Silesian_War" title="Third Silesian War">Third</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Upper_Silesia_plebiscite" title="1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite">1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dresden" title="Treaty of Dresden">Treaty of Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Teschen" title="Treaty of Teschen">Treaty of Teschen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Henryk%C3%B3w" title="Book of Henryków">Book of Henryków</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Legnica" title="Battle of Legnica">Battle of Legnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuthen" title="Battle of Leuthen">Battle of Leuthen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Silesia" title="Category:History of Silesia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Silesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Silesia">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jelenia_G%C3%B3ra_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Jelenia Góra valley">Jelenia Góra valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%82odzko_Valley" title="Kłodzko Valley">Kłodzko Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Wilderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Silesian Wilderness">Lower Silesian Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obni%C5%BCenie_Milicko-G%C5%82ogowskie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obniżenie Milicko-Głogowskie (page does not exist)">Obniżenie Milicko-Głogowskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrava_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostrava Valley">Ostrava Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim_Basin" title="Oświęcim Basin">Oświęcim Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przedg%C3%B3rze_Sudeckie" class="mw-redirect" title="Przedgórze Sudeckie">Przedgórze Sudeckie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Walls" title="Silesian Walls">Silesian Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Foothills" title="Silesian Foothills">Silesian Foothills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Lowlands" title="Silesian Lowlands">Silesian Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Przesieka" title="Silesian Przesieka">Silesian Przesieka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Upland" title="Silesian Upland">Silesian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian-Lusatian_Lowlands" title="Silesian-Lusatian Lowlands">Silesian-Lusatian Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian-Moravian_Foothills" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian-Moravian Foothills">Silesian-Moravian Foothills</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wa%C5%82_Trzebnicki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wał Trzebnicki (page does not exist)">Wał Trzebnicki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zielona_G%C3%B3ra_Acclivity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zielona Góra Acclivity (page does not exist)">Zielona Góra Acclivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jezioro_Gocza%C5%82kowickie" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezioro Goczałkowickie">Jezioro Goczałkowickie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezioro_Otmuchowskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezioro Otmuchowskie">Jezioro Otmuchowskie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezioro_S%C5%82awskie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jezioro Sławskie (page does not exist)">Jezioro Sławskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyskie_Lake" title="Nyskie Lake">Nyskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slezsk%C3%A1_Harta_Reservoir" title="Slezská Harta Reservoir">Slezská Harta Reservoir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Beskids" title="Silesian Beskids">Silesian Beskids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian-Silesian_Beskids" title="Moravian-Silesian Beskids">Moravian-Silesian Beskids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetes" title="Sudetes">Sudetes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sudetes" title="Eastern Sudetes">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sudetes" title="Central Sudetes">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sudetes" title="Western Sudetes">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divok%C3%A1_Orlice" title="Divoká Orlice">Divoká Orlice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizera_(river)" title="Jizera (river)">Jizera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Apa" title="Úpa">Úpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barycz_(river)" title="Barycz (river)">Barycz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3br" title="Bóbr">Bóbr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaczawa" title="Kaczawa">Kaczawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%82odnica" title="Kłodnica">Kłodnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwisa" title="Kwisa">Kwisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liswarta" title="Liswarta">Liswarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%82a_Panew" title="Mała Panew">Mała Panew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nysa_K%C5%82odzka" class="mw-redirect" title="Nysa Kłodzka">Nysa Kłodzka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olza_(river)" title="Olza (river)">Olza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Al%C4%99za" title="Ślęza">Ślęza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82a_(Vistula)" title="Biała (Vistula)">Biała</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brynica" title="Brynica">Brynica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gostynia" title="Gostynia">Gostynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przemsza" title="Przemsza">Przemsza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pszczynka" title="Pszczynka">Pszczynka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_(river)" title="Rawa (river)">Rawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_and_Upper_Silesia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lower_and_Upper_Silesia.png/55px-Lower_and_Upper_Silesia.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lower_and_Upper_Silesia.png/83px-Lower_and_Upper_Silesia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lower_and_Upper_Silesia.png/110px-Lower_and_Upper_Silesia.png 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="319" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchies_of_Silesia" title="Duchies of Silesia">Duchies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Piasts" title="Silesian Piasts">Piasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Silesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Silesia">dukes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship_(1920%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian Voivodeship (1920–39)">Silesian Voivodeship (1920–39)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Parliament" title="Silesian Parliament">parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politicians_of_the_Silesian_Voivodeship_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="Category:Politicians of the Silesian Voivodeship (1920–1939)">politicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Treasury" title="Silesian Treasury">treasury</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_country" title="State country">State country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesia Province">Silesia Province</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Silesia Province">Upper Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesia_Province_(Prussia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Silesia Province (Prussia)">Lower Silesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Silesia" title="New Silesia">New Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Silesia" title="Austrian Silesia">Austrian Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Silesia" title="Eastern Silesia">Eastern Silesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesen%C3%ADk_District" title="Jeseník District">Jeseník District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian%E2%80%93Silesian_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Moravian–Silesian Region">Moravian–Silesian Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niederschlesischer_Oberlausitzkreis" title="Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis">Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz_(district)" title="Görlitz (district)">Görlitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Voivodeship" title="Voivodeship">Voivodeships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Lower Silesian Voivodeship">Lower Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubusz_Voivodeship" title="Lubusz Voivodeship">Lubusz Voivodeships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opole_Voivodeship" title="Opole Voivodeship">Opole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Silesian Voivodeship">Silesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">EP</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_constituency" title="European Parliament constituency">constituencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_and_Opole_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="Lower Silesian and Opole (European Parliament constituency)">Lower Silesian and Opole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="Silesian (European Parliament constituency)">Silesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Generic_Silesia_CoA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Generic_Silesia_CoA.svg/55px-Generic_Silesia_CoA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Generic_Silesia_CoA.svg/83px-Generic_Silesia_CoA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Generic_Silesia_CoA.svg/110px-Generic_Silesia_CoA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="167" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Socioeconomics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katowice_urban_area" title="Katowice urban area">Katowice urban area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_GZM" title="Metropolis GZM">Metropolis GZM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katowice-Ostrava_metropolitan_area" title="Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area">Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bielski_Okr%C4%99g_Przemys%C5%82owy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy (page does not exist)">Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legnicko-G%C5%82ogowski_Okr%C4%99g_Miedziowy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legnicko-Głogowski Okręg Miedziowy (page does not exist)">Legnicko-Głogowski Okręg Miedziowy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Silesian_Coal_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower Silesian Coal Basin (page does not exist)">Lower Silesian Coal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesian_Coal_Basin" title="Upper Silesian Coal Basin">Upper Silesian Coal Basin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesian_Industrial_Region" title="Upper Silesian Industrial Region">Industrial Region</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrava-Karvin%C3%A1_Coal_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ostrava-Karviná Coal Area (page does not exist)">Ostrava-Karviná</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rybnik_Coal_Area" title="Rybnik Coal Area">Rybnik Coal Areas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tourism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Silesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourism in Silesia (page does not exist)">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_architecture" title="Silesian architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Familok" title="Familok">Familŏk</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_regional_costume" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian regional costume">Regional costume</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Silesian_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Silesian Museum (page does not exist)">Upper Silesian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Museum_(Opava)" title="Silesian Museum (Opava)">Silesian Museum (Opava)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian Museum">Silesian Museum (Katowice)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Silesian_cuisine" title="Silesian cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_noodles" class="mw-redirect" title="Black noodles">Black noodles</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bryja" title="Bryja">Bryja</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panczkraut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panczkraut (page does not exist)">Panczkraut <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(ciapkapusta)</i></span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silesian_dumplings" title="Silesian dumplings">Klōzki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galert (page does not exist)">Galert</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hauskyjza" title="Hauskyjza">Hauskyjza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karminadle" title="Karminadle">Karminadle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ko%C5%82%C5%8Fcz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kołŏcz (page does not exist)">Kołŏcz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopalnioki" title="Kopalnioki">Kopalnioki</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kreple" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreple">Kreple</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaszanka" title="Kaszanka"><i>Krupniok</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mak%C3%B3wki" title="Makówki">Makōwki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moczka" title="Moczka">Moczka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modr%C5%8F_kapusta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modrŏ kapusta (page does not exist)">Modrŏ kapusta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siemieniotka" title="Siemieniotka">Siymiyniotka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sza%C5%82ot" title="Szałot">Szałŏt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wodzionka" class="mw-redirect" title="Wodzionka">Wodziōnka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBur" class="mw-redirect" title="Żur">Żur</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Berlin,_Brandenburg_and_Silesian_Upper_Lusatia" title="Evangelical Church in Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia">Evangelical Church in Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession" title="Silesian Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession">Silesian Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_in_Poland" title="Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland">Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_in_Poland" title="Pentecostal Church in Poland">Pentecostal Church in Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Football_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silesian Football Association (page does not exist)">Football Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian%E2%80%93Silesian_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Moravian–Silesian Football League">Moravian–Silesian Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia_national_football_team" title="Silesia national football team">National football team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Stadium" title="Silesian Stadium">Silesian Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German <span style="font-size:85%;">(Lower Silesian)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lach_dialects" title="Lach dialects">Lach dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language"> Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_dialects" title="Moravian dialects">Moravian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Silesia" title="Coat of arms of Silesia">Coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Silesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Silesia">Flags</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Unofficial anthems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schlesien_Unvergessene_Heimat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schlesien Unvergessene Heimat (page does not exist)">Schlesien Unvergessene Heimat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schlesierlied&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schlesierlied (page does not exist)">Schlesierlied</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slezsk%C3%A1_hymna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slezská hymna (page does not exist)">Slezská hymna</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Silesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Silesia">Demographics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Landsmannschaft_Schlesien" title="Landsmannschaft Schlesien">Landsmannschaft Schlesien</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Autonomy_Movement" title="Silesian Autonomy Movement">Silesian Autonomy Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_March" title="Autonomy March">Marsz Autōnōmije</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Silesia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Silesia.svg/55px-Flag_of_Silesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Silesia.svg/83px-Flag_of_Silesia.svg.png 1.5x, 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