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href="#Tectonics_and_paleogeography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tectonics and paleogeography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tectonics_and_paleogeography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Climate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Climate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eocene-Oligocene_transition_and_Oi1_event" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eocene-Oligocene_transition_and_Oi1_event"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Eocene-Oligocene transition and Oi1 event</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eocene-Oligocene_transition_and_Oi1_event-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Oligocene_climate_and_the_Oi2_event" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Oligocene_climate_and_the_Oi2_event"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Middle Oligocene climate and the Oi2 event</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Oligocene_climate_and_the_Oi2_event-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Oligocene_warming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Oligocene_warming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Late Oligocene warming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Oligocene_warming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Biosphere</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biosphere-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biosphere subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Oceans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oceans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Oceans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Oceans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effects_of_oceanic_gateways_on_circulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_oceanic_gateways_on_circulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Effects of oceanic gateways on circulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_oceanic_gateways_on_circulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drake_Passage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drake_Passage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Drake Passage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drake_Passage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opening_of_the_Tasman_Gateway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opening_of_the_Tasman_Gateway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Opening of the Tasman Gateway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opening_of_the_Tasman_Gateway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tethys_Seaway_closing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tethys_Seaway_closing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Tethys Seaway closing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tethys_Seaway_closing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greenland–Iceland–Faroes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenland–Iceland–Faroes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Greenland–Iceland–Faroes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenland–Iceland–Faroes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ocean_cooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ocean_cooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ocean cooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ocean_cooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deep_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deep_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Deep water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deep_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Impact events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supervolcanic_explosions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supervolcanic_explosions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Supervolcanic explosions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supervolcanic_explosions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Oligocene</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoseen" title="Oligoseen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oligoseen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="العصر الأوليغوسيني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر الأوليغوسيني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligocenu" title="Oligocenu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Oligocenu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliqotsen" title="Oliqotsen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Oliqotsen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C4%81m-sin-s%C3%A8" title="Chiām-sin-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chiām-sin-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Алігацэн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алігацэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Олигоцен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Олигоцен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligocen" title="Oligocen – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Oligocen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligosen" title="Oligosen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Oligosen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoc%C3%A8" title="Oligocè – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oligocè" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoc%C3%A9n" title="Oligocén – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oligocén" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligosen" title="Oligosen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Oligosen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoc%C3%A6n" title="Oligocæn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oligocæn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoz%C3%A4n" title="Oligozän – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oligozän" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligotseen" title="Oligotseen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Oligotseen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Ολιγόκαινο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ολιγόκαινο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoceno" title="Oligoceno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oligoceno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoceno" title="Oligoceno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oligoceno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligozeno" title="Oligozeno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oligozeno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86" title="الیگوسن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الیگوسن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoc%C3%A8ne" title="Oligocène – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oligocène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Sealad_Olagaic%C3%A9ineach" title="An Sealad Olagaicéineach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Sealad Olagaicéineach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoceno" title="Oligoceno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Oligoceno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%AC%EA%B3%A0%EC%84%B8" title="올리고세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="올리고세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="ओलिगोसीन युग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओलिगोसीन युग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligocen" title="Oligocen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oligocen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligosen" title="Oligosen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Oligosen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93l%C3%ADg%C3%B3sent%C3%ADmabili%C3%B0" title="Ólígósentímabilið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ólígósentímabilið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oligocene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%9F" title="אוליגוקן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוליגוקן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಲಿಗೊಸೀನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಲಿಗೊಸೀನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ოლიგოცენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოლიგოცენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Олигоцен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Олигоцен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligocaenum" title="Oligocaenum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oligocaenum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoc%C4%93ns" title="Oligocēns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Oligocēns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligozen" title="Oligozen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Oligozen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligocenas" title="Oligocenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Oligocenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligosene" title="Oligosene – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Oligosene" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoc%C3%A9n" title="Oligocén – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oligocén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Олигоцен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Олигоцен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB" title="ഒലിഗോസീൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒലിഗോസീൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86" title="اولیگوسن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اولیگوسن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligosen" title="Oligosen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Oligosen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoceen" title="Oligoceen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oligoceen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%B8%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="漸新世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="漸新世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligocen" title="Oligocen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oligocen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligocen" title="Oligocen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oligocen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoc%C3%A8n" title="Oligocèn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Oligocèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligotsen" title="Oligotsen – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oligotsen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligocen" title="Oligocen – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Oligocen" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoz%C3%A4n" title="Oligozän – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Oligozän" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligocen" title="Oligocen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oligocen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoceno" title="Oligoceno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oligoceno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligocen" title="Oligocen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oligocen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Олигоцен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Олигоцен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoz%C3%A4n" title="Oligozän – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Oligozän" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oligocene" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoc%C3%A9n" title="Oligocén – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oligocén" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligocen" title="Oligocen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Oligocen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Олигоцен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Олигоцен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligocen" title="Oligocen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Oligocen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoseeni" title="Oligoseeni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oligoseeni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligocen" title="Oligocen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oligocen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoseno" title="Oligoseno – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Oligoseno" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligosen" title="Oligosen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oligosen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Олігоцен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Олігоцен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_Oligocen" title="Thế Oligocen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế Oligocen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligocen" title="Oligocen – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Oligocen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%90%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="渐新世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="渐新世" 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Oligogene" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligogene">Oligogene</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;background:rgb(254,192,122);">Oligocene</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">33.9 – 23.03 <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:208.52615384615px; width:3.6790769230769px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:208.52615384615px; width:3.6790769230769px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:209.52615384615px; width:1.6790769230769px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth,_30_Ma_(Rupelian_Age).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_30_Ma_%28Rupelian_Age%29.png/250px-Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_30_Ma_%28Rupelian_Age%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_30_Ma_%28Rupelian_Age%29.png/375px-Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_30_Ma_%28Rupelian_Age%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_30_Ma_%28Rupelian_Age%29.png/500px-Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_30_Ma_%28Rupelian_Age%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3610" data-file-height="1810" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A map of Earth as it appeared 30 million years ago during the Oligocene Epoch, Rupelian Age</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Chronology</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="font-size:14px"><table id="Container" role="presentation" class="toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:none;margin:auto;overflow:hidden;min-width:23.65em"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:32em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:29.56em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−65 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.91em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:26.25em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−60 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:24.60em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:22.94em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−55 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:21.29em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:19.63em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−50 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.98em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:16.32em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−45 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:14.67em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:13.01em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−40 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:11.36em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.70em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−35 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:8.05em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:6.39em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−30 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:4.74em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:3.08em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−25 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:1.43em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:7.5em;height:32em;float:left;border:none;background-color:#000000"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(103,197,202);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:30.222em;height:1.778em;left:0.000em;width:0.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:10px;display:block;"><b><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">M<br />Z</a></b></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(242,249,29);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:30.222em;left:0.000em;width:0.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-15.111em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:16px;display:block;"><b><a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">C<br />e<br />n<br />o<br />z<br />o<br />i<br />c</a></b></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(127,198,78);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:30.222em;height:1.778em;left:0.900em;width:0.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></b></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(253,154,82);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.778em;height:28.344em;left:0.900em;width:0.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-14.172em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:16px;display:block;"><b><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">P<br />a<br />l<br />e<br />o<br />g<br />e<br />n<br />e</a></b></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,230,25);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.778em;left:0.900em;width:0.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></b></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(166,216,74);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:30.222em;height:1.778em;left:1.800em;width:5.700em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late K</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(253,167,95);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:23.602em;height:6.520em;left:1.800em;width:0.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.260em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:9px;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">P<br />a<br />l<br />e<br />o<br />c<br />e<br />n<br />e</a><br /><br /></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(253,180,108);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:8.973em;height:14.629em;left:1.800em;width:0.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-7.315em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:14px;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">E<br />o<br />c<br />e<br />n<br />e</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(254,192,122);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.778em;height:7.095em;left:1.800em;width:0.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.548em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:10px;display:block;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">O<br />l<br />i<br />g<br />o<br />c<br />e<br />n<br />e</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,255,0);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.778em;left:1.800em;width:5.700em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(253,180,98);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:27.309em;height:2.813em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.406em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Danian" title="Danian">Danian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(254,191,101);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:25.721em;height:1.589em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.794em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Selandian" title="Selandian">Selandian</a><br /></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(253,191,111);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:23.602em;height:2.018em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.009em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Thanetian" title="Thanetian">Thanetian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(252,167,115);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:18.175em;height:5.428em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.714em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Ypresian" title="Ypresian">Ypresian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(253,180,130);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:13.872em;height:4.203em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.101em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Lutetian" title="Lutetian">Lutetian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(253,192,145);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:11.687em;height:2.184em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.092em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Bartonian" title="Bartonian">Bartonian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(253,205,161);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:8.973em;height:2.714em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.357em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Priabonian" title="Priabonian">Priabonian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(254,217,154);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:5.134em;height:3.739em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.870em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Rupelian" title="Rupelian">Rupelian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(254,230,170);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.778em;height:3.356em;left:2.700em;width:4.800em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.678em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Chattian" title="Chattian">Chattian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:32.000em;left:7.425em;width:0.075em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-16.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:30.222em;height:0.033em;left:0.000em;width:7.500em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.017em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:11.555em;height:0.066em;left:2.625em;width:4.875em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.033em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.778em;height:0.033em;left:0.825em;width:6.675em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.017em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:10.25em;height:32em"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:23.602em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Paleocene%E2%80%93Eocene_Thermal_Maximum" title="Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum">PETM</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:8.973em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="line-height:10px; display:block;">First Antarctic <a href="/wiki/Ice-sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice-sheet">permanent ice-sheets</a><sup id="cite_ref-Zachos2k5_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zachos2k5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:30.090em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="line-height:10px;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">K-Pg mass<br />extinction</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 auto;float:left;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:20.5em"><b>Subdivision of the Paleogene according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a>, as of 2021.</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago<br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Etymology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Name formality</th><td class="infobox-data">Formal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Name ratified</th><td class="infobox-data">1978</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Usage information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Celestial body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Earth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Regional usage</th><td class="infobox-data">Global (<a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Time scale(s) used</th><td class="infobox-data">ICS Time Scale</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Definition</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Chronological unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">Epoch</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Stratigraphic unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Series_(stratigraphy)" title="Series (stratigraphy)">Series</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Time span formality</th><td class="infobox-data">Formal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Last_appearance_datum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Last appearance datum (page does not exist)">LAD</a> of <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">Planktonic Foraminifers</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Hantkenina" title="Hantkenina">Hantkenina</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cribrohantkenina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cribrohantkenina (page does not exist)">Cribrohantkenina</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary GSSP</th><td class="infobox-data">Massignano quarry section, <a href="/wiki/Massignano" title="Massignano">Massignano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oligocene&params=43.5328_N_13.6011_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°31′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">13°36′04″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.5328°N 13.6011°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.5328; 13.6011</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower GSSP ratified</th><td class="infobox-data">1992<sup id="cite_ref-stratigraphy379_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stratigraphy379-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Base of magnetic polarity <a href="/wiki/Chronozone" title="Chronozone">chronozone</a> C6Cn.2n.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_appearance_datum" title="First appearance datum">FAD</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">Planktonic Foraminiferan</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paragloborotalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paragloborotalia (page does not exist)">Paragloborotalia kugleri</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary GSSP</th><td class="infobox-data">Lemme-Carrosio Section, <a href="/wiki/Carrosio" title="Carrosio">Carrosio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oligocene&params=44.6589_N_8.8364_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°39′32″N</span> <span class="longitude">8°50′11″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.6589°N 8.8364°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.6589; 8.8364</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper GSSP ratified</th><td class="infobox-data">1996</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Oligocene</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">OL</span>-ə-gə-seen, -⁠goh-</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a geologic <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a> <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Period</a> that extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001339000000000000♠"></span>33.9<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.1</span> to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7014726771528000000♠"></span>23.03<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.05 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span>). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the epoch are slightly uncertain. The name Oligocene was coined in 1854 by the German paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Ernst_Beyrich" title="Heinrich Ernst Beyrich">Heinrich Ernst Beyrich</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from his studies of marine beds in Belgium and Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2005472_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero2005472-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name comes from Ancient Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὀλίγος</span></span> (<i>olígos</i>) 'few' and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">καινός</span></span> (<i>kainós</i>) 'new',<sup id="cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OnlineEtDict-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and refers to the sparsity of <a href="/wiki/Neontology" title="Neontology">extant</a> forms of <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">molluscs</a>. The Oligocene is preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> Epoch and is followed by the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> Epoch. The Oligocene is the third and final epoch of the <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a> Period. </p><p>The Oligocene is often considered an important time of transition, a link between the archaic world of the tropical Eocene and the more modern <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> of the Miocene.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major changes during the Oligocene included a global expansion of <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a>, and a regression of <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> broad leaf <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forests</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Equatorial belt">equatorial belt</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Oligocene–Miocene_boundary"></span> The start of the Oligocene is marked by a notable <a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">extinction event</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Coupure" class="mw-redirect" title="Grande Coupure">Grande Coupure</a>; it featured the replacement of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> fauna with <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a> <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>, except for the endemic <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupial</a> families. By contrast, the <b>Oligocene–Miocene boundary</b> is not set at an easily identified worldwide event but rather at regional boundaries between the warmer late Oligocene and the relatively cooler Miocene. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boundaries_and_subdivisions">Boundaries and subdivisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oligocene&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Boundaries and subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lower boundary of the Oligocene (its <a href="/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point" title="Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point">Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point</a> or GSSP) is placed at the last appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Foraminiferan" class="mw-redirect" title="Foraminiferan">foraminiferan</a> genus <i><a href="/wiki/Hantkenina" title="Hantkenina">Hantkenina</a></i> in a quarry at <a href="/wiki/Massignano" title="Massignano">Massignano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. However, this GSSP has been criticized as excluding the uppermost part of the type Eocene Priabonian Stage and because it is slightly earlier than important climate shifts that form natural markers for the boundary, such as the global oxygen isotope shift marking the expansion of Antarctic glaciation (the Oi1 event).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2005472–473_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero2005472–473-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The upper boundary of the Oligocene is defined by its GSSP at <a href="/wiki/Carrosio" title="Carrosio">Carrosio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, which coincides with the <a href="/wiki/First_appearance_datum" title="First appearance datum">first appearance</a> of the foraminiferan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paragloborotalia_kugleri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paragloborotalia kugleri (page does not exist)">Paragloborotalia kugleri</a></i> and with the base of <a href="/wiki/Polarity_chron" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarity chron">magnetic polarity chronozone</a> C6Cn.2n.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oligocene <a href="/wiki/Faunal_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Faunal stage">faunal stages</a> from youngest to oldest are:<sup id="cite_ref-stratigraphy379_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stratigraphy379-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chattian" title="Chattian">Chattian</a> or late Oligocene </td> <td> (<span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=27.82">27.82</a>  </span>–  <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=23.03">23.03</a> <a href="/wiki/Mya_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mya (unit)">mya</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rupelian" title="Rupelian">Rupelian</a> or early Oligocene </td> <td> (<span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=33.9">33.9</a>  </span>–  <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=27.82">27.82</a> mya</span>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oligocene_Chart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Oligocene_Chart.jpg/220px-Oligocene_Chart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Oligocene_Chart.jpg/330px-Oligocene_Chart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Oligocene_Chart.jpg/440px-Oligocene_Chart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1004" /></a><figcaption>Subdivisions of the Oligocene</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tectonics_and_paleogeography">Tectonics and paleogeography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oligocene&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tectonics and paleogeography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mediterranean_Rupelian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mediterranean_Rupelian.jpg/260px-Mediterranean_Rupelian.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mediterranean_Rupelian.jpg/390px-Mediterranean_Rupelian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mediterranean_Rupelian.jpg/520px-Mediterranean_Rupelian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="747" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neotethys" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotethys">Neotethys</a> during the Oligocene (Rupelian, 33.9–28.4 mya)</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Oligocene Epoch, the continents continued to <a href="/wiki/Continental_drift" title="Continental drift">drift</a> toward their present positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2005476–477_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero2005476–477-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> became more isolated as deep ocean channels were established between Antarctica and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. Australia had been very slowly rifting away from West Antarctica since the Jurassic, but the exact timing of the establishment of ocean channels between the two continents remains uncertain. However, one estimate is that a deep channel was in place between the two continents by the end of the early Oligocene.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorsvikCocks2017251–252_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorsvikCocks2017251–252-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The timing of the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Drake_Passage" title="Drake Passage">Drake Passage</a> between South America and Antarctica is also uncertain, with estimates ranging from 49 to 17 mya (early Eocene to Miocene),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but oceanic circulation through the Drake Passage may also have been in place by the end of the early Oligocene.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2005474,_476_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero2005474,_476-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorsvikCocks2017251–252_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorsvikCocks2017251–252-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may have been interrupted by a temporary constriction of the Drake Passage from sometime in the middle to late Oligocene (29 to 22 mya) to the middle Miocene (15 mya).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reorganization of the oceanic tectonic plates of the northeastern Pacific, which had begun in the Paleocene, culminated with the arrival of the Murray and Mendocino Fracture Zones at the North American subduction zone in the Oligocene. This initiated strike-slip movement along the <a href="/wiki/San_Andreas_Fault" title="San Andreas Fault">San Andreas Fault</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extensional_tectonics" title="Extensional tectonics">extensional tectonics</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Basin_and_Range_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Basin and Range province">Basin and Range province</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorsvikCocks2017245_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorsvikCocks2017245-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ended volcanism south of the Cascades, and produced clockwise rotation of many western North American terranes. The Rocky Mountains were at their peak. A new volcanic arc was established in western North America, far inland from the coast, reaching from central Mexico through the <a href="/wiki/Mogollon-Datil_volcanic_field" title="Mogollon-Datil volcanic field">Mogollon-Datil volcanic field</a> to the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_volcanic_field" title="San Juan volcanic field">San Juan volcanic field</a>, then through Utah and Nevada to the ancestral Northern Cascades. Huge ash deposits from these volcanoes created the <a href="/wiki/White_River_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="White River Group">White River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arikaree_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Arikaree Group">Arikaree Groups</a> of the High Plains, with their excellent fossil beds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2005477_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero2005477-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 31 and 26 mya, the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia-Yemen_Continental_Flood_Basalts" title="Ethiopia-Yemen Continental Flood Basalts">Ethiopia-Yemen Continental Flood Basalts</a> were emplaced by the East African <a href="/wiki/Large_igneous_province" title="Large igneous province">large igneous province</a>, which also initiated rifting along the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorsvikCocks2017241,_249_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorsvikCocks2017241,_249-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> were rapidly rising in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> as the <a href="/wiki/African_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="African Plate">African Plate</a> continued to push north into the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plate</a>, isolating the remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tethys Sea">Tethys Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2005476–477_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero2005476–477-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorsvikCocks2017241–245_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorsvikCocks2017241–245-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sea levels were lower in the Oligocene than in the early Eocene, exposing large coastal plains in Europe and the Gulf Coast and Atlantic Coast of North America. The <a href="/wiki/Obik_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Obik Sea">Obik Sea</a>, which had separated Europe from Asia, retreated early in the Oligocene, creating a persistent land connection between the continents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2005476–477_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero2005476–477-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Paratethys_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Paratethys Sea">Paratethys Sea</a> stretched from what is now the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Peninsula">Balkan Peninsula</a> across <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> region of what is now <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There appears to have been a land bridge in the early Oligocene between North America and Europe, since the <a href="/wiki/Fauna_(animals)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna (animals)">faunas</a> of the two regions are very similar.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, towards the end of the Oligocene, there was a brief marine incursion in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rise of the Himalayas during the Oligocene remains poorly understood. One recent hypothesis is that a separate microcontinent collided with south Asia in the early Eocene, and India itself did not collide with south Asia until the end of the Oligocene.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorsvikCocks2017241_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorsvikCocks2017241-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a> may have reached nearly its present elevation by the late Oligocene.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Andes first became a major mountain chain in the Oligocene, as subduction became more direct into the coastline.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2005477_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero2005477-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Orme_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orme-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oligocene&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:65_Myr_Climate_Change.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/65_Myr_Climate_Change.png/300px-65_Myr_Climate_Change.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/65_Myr_Climate_Change.png/450px-65_Myr_Climate_Change.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/65_Myr_Climate_Change.png/600px-65_Myr_Climate_Change.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Climate change during the last 65 million years<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Climate during the Oligocene reflected a general cooling trend following the <a href="/wiki/Early_Eocene_Climatic_Optimum" title="Early Eocene Climatic Optimum">Early Eocene Climatic Optimum</a>. This transformed the Earth's climate from a greenhouse to an icehouse climate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2005473_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero2005473-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eocene-Oligocene_transition_and_Oi1_event">Eocene-Oligocene transition and Oi1 event</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oligocene&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Eocene-Oligocene transition and Oi1 event"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Eocene-Oligocene transition was a major cooling event and reorganization of the biosphere,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being part of a broader trend of global cooling lasting from the <a href="/wiki/Bartonian" title="Bartonian">Bartonian</a> to the Rupelian.<sup id="cite_ref-LauretanoEtAl2021_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LauretanoEtAl2021-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transition is marked by the Oi1 event, an oxygen isotope excursion occurring approximately 33.55 million years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-JovaneEtAl2006GGG_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JovaneEtAl2006GGG-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during which <a href="/wiki/Marine_isotope_stages" title="Marine isotope stages">oxygen isotope ratios</a> decreased by 1.3<span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">‰</span>. About 0.3–0.4<span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">‰</span> of this is estimated to be due to major expansion of Antarctic ice sheets. The remaining 0.9 to 1.0<span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">‰</span> was due to about 5 to 6 °C (9 to 10 °F) of <a href="/wiki/Global_cooling" title="Global cooling">global cooling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2005473_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero2005473-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transition likely took place in three closely spaced steps over the period from 33.8 to 33.5 mya. By the end of the transition, sea levels had dropped by 105 meters (344 ft), and ice sheets were 25% greater in extent than in the modern world.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The effects of the transition can be seen in the geological record at many locations around the world. Ice volumes rose as temperature and sea levels dropped.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">Playa</a> lakes of the Tibetan Plateau disappeared at the transition, pointing to cooling and aridification of central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pollen and spore counts in marine sediments of the Norwegian-Greenland Sea indicate a drop in winter temperatures at high latitudes of about 5 °C (9.0 °F) just prior to the Oi1 event.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Borehole dating from the Southeast Faroes drift indicates that deep-ocean circulation from the Arctic Ocean to the North Atlantic Ocean began in the early Oligocene.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The best terrestrial record of Oligocene climate comes from North America, where temperatures dropped by 7 to 11 °C (13 to 20 °F) in the earliest Oligocene. This change is seen from Alaska to the Gulf Coast. Upper Eocene <a href="/wiki/Paleosols" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleosols">paleosols</a> reflect annual precipitation of over a meter of rain, but early Oligocene precipitation was less than half this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2005475_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero2005475-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Late_Eocene_and_Oligocene_paleosols_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Late_Eocene_and_Oligocene_paleosols-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In central North America, the cooling was by 8.2 ± 3.1 °C over a period of 400,000 years, though there is little indication of significant increase in aridity during this interval.<sup id="cite_ref-Large_temperature_drop_across_the_E_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Large_temperature_drop_across_the_E-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ice-rafted debris in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea indicated that glaciers had appeared in Greenland by the start of the Oligocene.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Continental ice sheets in Antarctica reached sea level during the transition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxallPearson2007351–387_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxallPearson2007351–387-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerggrenProthero19921_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerggrenProthero19921-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glacially rafted debris of early Oligocene age in the <a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Plateau" title="Kerguelen Plateau">Kerguelen Plateau</a>, in combination with Oi1 isotope shift, provides unambiguous evidence of a continental ice sheet on Antarctica by the early Oligocene.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerggrenProthero19925–6_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerggrenProthero19925–6-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The causes of the Eocene-Oligocene transition are not yet fully understood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO’BrienHuberThomasPagani202025302_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO’BrienHuberThomasPagani202025302-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The timing is wrong for this to be caused either by known <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">impact events</a> or by the volcanic activity on the Ethiopean Plateau.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2005474_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero2005474-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other possible drivers of climate change, not mutually exclusive, have been proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO’BrienHuberThomasPagani202025302_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO’BrienHuberThomasPagani202025302-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first is thermal isolation of the continent of Antarctica by development of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current" title="Antarctic Circumpolar Current">Antarctic Circumpolar Current</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2005474,_476_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero2005474,_476-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerggrenProthero19921_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerggrenProthero19921-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deep sea cores from south of New Zealand suggest that cold deep-sea currents were present by the early Oligocene.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2005474_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero2005474-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the timing of this event remains controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other possibility, for which there is considerable evidence, is a drop in atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> levels (<a href="/wiki/PCO2" title="PCO2">pCO2</a>) during the transition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO’BrienHuberThomasPagani202025302_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO’BrienHuberThomasPagani202025302-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LauretanoEtAl2021_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LauretanoEtAl2021-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pCO2 is estimated to have dropped just before the transition, to 760 ppm at the peak of ice sheet growth, then rebounded slightly before resuming a more gradual fall.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climate modeling suggests that glaciation of Antarctica took place only when pCO2 dropped below a critical threshold value.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancisMarenssiLevyHambrey2008_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancisMarenssiLevyHambrey2008-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brachiopod oxygen isotope ratios from New Zealand suggest that a proto-Subtropical Convergence developed during the Early Oligocene, with northern New Zealand being subtropical and southern and eastern New Zealand being cooled by cold, subantarctic water.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Oligocene_climate_and_the_Oi2_event">Middle Oligocene climate and the Oi2 event</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oligocene&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Middle Oligocene climate and the Oi2 event"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oligocene climate following the Eocene-Oligocene event is poorly known.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO’BrienHuberThomasPagani202025302–25309_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO’BrienHuberThomasPagani202025302–25309-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were several pulses of glaciation in middle Oligocene, about the time of the Oi2 oxygen isotope shift. This led to the largest drop of sea level in past 100 million years, by about 75 meters (246 ft). This is reflected in a mid-Oligocene incision of continental shelves and unconformities in marine rocks around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2005475_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero2005475-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some evidence suggests that the climate remained warm at high latitudes<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO’BrienHuberThomasPagani202025302–25309_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO’BrienHuberThomasPagani202025302–25309-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even as ice sheets experienced cyclical growth and retreat in response to <a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">orbital forcing</a> and other climate drivers.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other evidence indicates significant cooling at high latitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxallPearson2007351–387_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxallPearson2007351–387-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the difficulty may be that there were strong regional variations in the response to climate shifts. Evidence of a relatively warm Oligocene suggests an enigmatic climate state, neither hothouse nor icehouse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO’BrienHuberThomasPagani202025303_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO’BrienHuberThomasPagani202025303-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Oligocene_warming">Late Oligocene warming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oligocene&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Late Oligocene warming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The late Oligocene (26.5 to 24 mya) likely saw a warming trend in spite of low pCO2 levels, though this appears to vary by region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO’BrienHuberThomasPagani202025302–25303_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO’BrienHuberThomasPagani202025302–25303-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Antarctica remained heavily glaciated during this warming period.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The late Oligocene warming is discernible in pollen counts from the Tibetan Plateau, which also show that the <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian monsoon">South Asian Monsoon</a> had already developed by the late Oligocene.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 25.8 Ma, the South Asian Monsoon underwent an episode of major intensification brought on by the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A deep 400,000-year glaciated Oligocene-Miocene boundary event is recorded at <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Sound" title="McMurdo Sound">McMurdo Sound</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_George_Island_(South_Shetland_Islands)" title="King George Island (South Shetland Islands)">King George Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biosphere">Biosphere</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oligocene&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Biosphere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turtle_Cove_mural_-_Roger_Witter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Turtle_Cove_mural_-_Roger_Witter.jpg/300px-Turtle_Cove_mural_-_Roger_Witter.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Turtle_Cove_mural_-_Roger_Witter.jpg/450px-Turtle_Cove_mural_-_Roger_Witter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Turtle_Cove_mural_-_Roger_Witter.jpg/600px-Turtle_Cove_mural_-_Roger_Witter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="2578" /></a><figcaption>Restoration of <i><a href="/wiki/Nimravus" title="Nimravus">Nimravus</a></i> (far left) and other animals from the <a href="/wiki/Turtle_Cove_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Turtle Cove Formation">Turtle Cove Formation</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The early Eocene climate was very warm, with <a href="/wiki/Crocodilians" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodilians">crocodilians</a> and temperate plants thriving north of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>. The cooling trend that began in the middle Eocene continued into the Oligocene, bringing both poles well below freezing for the first time in the <a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">Phanerozoic</a>. The cooling climate, together with the opening of some land bridges and the closing of others, led to a profound reorganization of the biosphere and loss of taxonomic diversity. Land animals and marine organisms reached a Phanerozoic low in diversity by the late Oligocene, and the temperate forests and jungles of the Eocene were replaced by forest and scrubland. The closing of the Tethys Seaway destroyed its tropical biota.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2005473–477_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero2005473–477-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oligocene&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Oi1 event of the Eocene-Oligocene transition covered the continent of Antarctica with ice sheets, leaving <i><a href="/wiki/Nothofagus" title="Nothofagus">Nothofagus</a></i> and mosses and ferns clinging to life around the periphery of Antarctica in tundra conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancisMarenssiLevyHambrey2008_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancisMarenssiLevyHambrey2008-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">Angiosperms</a> continued their expansion throughout the world as tropical and sub-<a href="/wiki/Tropical_forest" title="Tropical forest">tropical forests</a> were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Temperate_deciduous_forest" title="Temperate deciduous forest">temperate deciduous forests</a>. Open <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a> became more common and <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grasses</a> expanded from their water-bank habitat in the Eocene moving out into open tracts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorsvikCocks2017255_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorsvikCocks2017255-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decline in pCO2 favored <a href="/wiki/C4_photosynthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="C4 photosynthesis">C4 photosynthesis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is found only in angiosperms and is particularly characteristic of grasses.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, even at the end of the period, grass was not quite common enough for modern <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savannas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorsvikCocks2017255_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorsvikCocks2017255-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In North America, much of the dense forest was replaced by patchy scrubland with riparian forests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2005475_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero2005475-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Late_Eocene_and_Oligocene_paleosols_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Late_Eocene_and_Oligocene_paleosols-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subtropical species dominated with <a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">cashews</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Lychee" title="Lychee">lychee</a> trees present,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and temperate woody plants such as <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">roses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beeches</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pines</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorsvikCocks2017254_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorsvikCocks2017254-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were common. The <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a> spread,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">sedges</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a> continued their ascent.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe, floral assemblages became increasingly affected by strengthening seasonality as it related to wildfire activity.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ha Long megafossil flora from the Dong Ho Formation of Oligocene age shows that the Oligocene flora of what is now <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> was very similar to its present flora.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kelps make their first appearance in the fossil record during the earliest Oligocene.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oligocene&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Mammal_at_Denver_Museum_of_Nature_and_Science.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ancient_Mammal_at_Denver_Museum_of_Nature_and_Science.jpg/220px-Ancient_Mammal_at_Denver_Museum_of_Nature_and_Science.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ancient_Mammal_at_Denver_Museum_of_Nature_and_Science.jpg/330px-Ancient_Mammal_at_Denver_Museum_of_Nature_and_Science.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ancient_Mammal_at_Denver_Museum_of_Nature_and_Science.jpg/440px-Ancient_Mammal_at_Denver_Museum_of_Nature_and_Science.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>Life restoration of <i><a href="/wiki/Daeodon" title="Daeodon">Daeodon</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paraceratherium_transouralicum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Paraceratherium_transouralicum.jpg/220px-Paraceratherium_transouralicum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Paraceratherium_transouralicum.jpg/330px-Paraceratherium_transouralicum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Paraceratherium_transouralicum.jpg/440px-Paraceratherium_transouralicum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2364" data-file-height="1671" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Paraceratherium" title="Paraceratherium">Paraceratherium</a></i> restored next to <i><a href="/wiki/Hyaenodon" title="Hyaenodon">Hyaenodon</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Most extant mammal families had appeared by the end of the Oligocene. These included primitive three-toed horses, rhinoceroses, camels, deer, and peccaries. Carnivores such as <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">dogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nimravids" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimravids">nimravids</a>, bears, weasels, and raccoons began to replace the <a href="/wiki/Creodonts" class="mw-redirect" title="Creodonts">creodonts</a> that had dominated the Paleocene in the Old World. Rodents and rabbits underwent tremendous diversification due to the increase in suitable habitats for ground-dwelling seed eaters, as habitats for squirrel-like nut- and fruit-eaters diminished. The primates, once present in Eurasia, were reduced in range to Africa and South America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2005476_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero2005476-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many groups, such as <a href="/wiki/Equid" class="mw-redirect" title="Equid">equids</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Entelodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Entelodont">entelodonts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhino" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhino">rhinos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merycoidodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Merycoidodont">merycoidodonts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Camelid" class="mw-redirect" title="Camelid">camelids</a>, became more able to run during this time, adapting to the plains that were spreading as the Eocene rainforests receded.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brontotheriidae" title="Brontotheriidae">Brontotheres</a> died out in the Earliest Oligocene, and <a href="/wiki/Creodonts" class="mw-redirect" title="Creodonts">creodonts</a> died out outside <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> at the end of the period. <a href="/wiki/Multituberculates" class="mw-redirect" title="Multituberculates">Multituberculates</a>, an ancient lineage of primitive mammals that originated back in the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>, also became extinct in the Oligocene, aside from the <a href="/wiki/Gondwanathere" class="mw-redirect" title="Gondwanathere">gondwanatheres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Eocene-Oligocene transition in Europe and Asia has been characterized as the Grande Coupure.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lowering of sea levels closed the Turgai Strait across the Obik Sea, which had previously separated Asia from Europe. This allowed Asian mammals, such as <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceroses" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinoceroses">rhinoceroses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruminants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruminants">ruminants</a>, to enter Europe and drive endemic species to extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2005476_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero2005476-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lesser faunal turnovers occurred simultaneously with the Oi2 event and towards the end of the Oligocene.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was significant diversification of mammals in Eurasia, including the giant <a href="/wiki/Indricotheres" class="mw-redirect" title="Indricotheres">indricotheres</a>, that grew up to 6 meters (20 ft) at the shoulder and weighed up to 20 tons. <i><a href="/wiki/Paraceratherium" title="Paraceratherium">Paraceratherium</a></i> was one of the largest land mammals ever to walk the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the indricotheres were an exception to a general tendency for Oligocene mammals to be much smaller than their Eocene counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorsvikCocks2017255_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorsvikCocks2017255-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest deer, giraffes, pigs, and cattle appeared in the mid-Oligocene in Eurasia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2005476_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero2005476-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Felid" class="mw-redirect" title="Felid">felid</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Proailurus" title="Proailurus">Proailurus</a></i>, originated in Asia during the late Oligocene and spread to Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Mott_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mott-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paraphysornis_BW-2r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Paraphysornis_BW-2r.jpg/220px-Paraphysornis_BW-2r.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Paraphysornis_BW-2r.jpg/330px-Paraphysornis_BW-2r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Paraphysornis_BW-2r.jpg/440px-Paraphysornis_BW-2r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Life restoration of <i><a href="/wiki/Paraphysornis" title="Paraphysornis">Paraphysornis</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>There was only limited migration between Asia and North America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2005476_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero2005476-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cooling of central North America at the Eocene-Oligocene transition resulted in a large turnover of gastropods, amphibians, and reptiles. Mammals were much less affected.<sup id="cite_ref-Large_temperature_drop_across_the_E_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Large_temperature_drop_across_the_E-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crocodilians and pond turtles replaced by dry land tortoises. Molluscs shifted to more drought-tolerant forms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2005475_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero2005475-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/White_River_Fauna" title="White River Fauna">White River Fauna</a> of central North America inhabited a semiarid prairie home and included entelodonts like <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeotherium" title="Archaeotherium">Archaeotherium</a></i>, camelids (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Poebrotherium" title="Poebrotherium">Poebrotherium</a></i>), running <a href="/wiki/Rhino" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhino">rhinoceratoids</a>, three-toed equids (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Mesohippus" title="Mesohippus">Mesohippus</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Nimravids" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimravids">nimravids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protoceratidae" title="Protoceratidae">protoceratids</a>, and early <a href="/wiki/Canid" class="mw-redirect" title="Canid">canids</a> like <i><a href="/wiki/Hesperocyon" title="Hesperocyon">Hesperocyon</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Merycoidodonts, an endemic American group, were very diverse during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegyptopithecus_NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Aegyptopithecus_NT.jpg/220px-Aegyptopithecus_NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Aegyptopithecus_NT.jpg/330px-Aegyptopithecus_NT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Aegyptopithecus_NT.jpg/440px-Aegyptopithecus_NT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Aegyptopithecus" title="Aegyptopithecus">Aegyptopithecus</a></i> is an early fossil <a href="/wiki/Catarrhini" title="Catarrhini">catarrhine</a> that predates the divergence between <a href="/wiki/Hominoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominoids">hominoids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">apes</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Old_World_monkey" title="Old World monkey">Old World monkeys</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Australia and South America became geographically isolated and developed their own distinctive endemic fauna. These included the New World and Old World monkeys. The South American continent was home to animals such as <a href="/wiki/Pyrotheria" title="Pyrotheria">pyrotheres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrapotheria" title="Astrapotheria">astrapotheres</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Litoptern" class="mw-redirect" title="Litoptern">litopterns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Notoungulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Notoungulate">notoungulates</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sebecosuchian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebecosuchian">Sebecosuchians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phorusrhacidae" title="Phorusrhacidae">terror birds</a>, and carnivorous <a href="/wiki/Metathere" class="mw-redirect" title="Metathere">metatheres</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Borhyaenidae" title="Borhyaenidae">borhyaenids</a> remained the dominant predators.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Africa was also relatively isolated and retained its endemic fauna. These included mastodonts, hyraxes, arsinoitheres, and other archaic forms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2005476_83-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero2005476-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egypt in the Oligocene was an environment of lush forested deltas.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the Early Oligocene saw a major reduction in the diversity of many Afro-Arabian mammal clades, including hyaenodonts, primates, and hystricognath and anomaluroid rodents.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Oligocene, the Tethyan marine biodiversity hotspot collapsed as the Tethys Ocean contracted. The seas around Southeast Asia and Australia became the new dominant hotspot of marine biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At sea, 97% of marine snail species, 89% of clams, and 50% of echinoderms of the Gulf Coast did not survive past the earliest Oligocene. New species evolved, but the overall diversity diminished. Cold-water mollusks migrated around the Pacific Rim from Alaska and Siberia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2005476_83-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero2005476-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marine animals of Oligocene oceans resembled today's fauna, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bivalves" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalves">bivalves</a>. Calcareous <a href="/wiki/Cirratulidae" title="Cirratulidae">cirratulids</a> appeared in the Oligocene.<sup id="cite_ref-Vinn2009_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vinn2009-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Oligocene saw the emergence of parrotfishes, as the centre of marine biodiversity shifted from the Central Tethys eastward into the Indo-Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fossil record of marine mammals is a little spotty during this time, and not as well known as the Eocene or Miocene, but some fossils have been found. The <a href="/wiki/Baleen_whale" title="Baleen whale">baleen whales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toothed_whales" class="mw-redirect" title="Toothed whales">toothed whales</a> had just appeared, and their ancestors, the <a href="/wiki/Archaeoceti" title="Archaeoceti">archaeocete</a> <a href="/wiki/Cetacean" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetacean">cetaceans</a> began to decrease in diversity due to their lack of echolocation, which was very useful as the water became colder and cloudier. Other factors to their decline could include climate changes and competition with today's modern cetaceans and the <a href="/wiki/Requiem_shark" title="Requiem shark">requiem sharks</a>, which also appeared in this epoch. Early <a href="/wiki/Desmostylia" title="Desmostylia">desmostylians</a>, like <i><a href="/wiki/Behemotops" title="Behemotops">Behemotops</a></i>, are known from the Oligocene. <a href="/wiki/Pinnipeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnipeds">Pinnipeds</a> appeared near the end of the epoch from an <a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">otter</a>-like ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NMNH-USNMV15917Poebrotherium.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poebrotherium"><img alt="Poebrotherium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NMNH-USNMV15917Poebrotherium.jpg/120px-NMNH-USNMV15917Poebrotherium.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NMNH-USNMV15917Poebrotherium.jpg/180px-NMNH-USNMV15917Poebrotherium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NMNH-USNMV15917Poebrotherium.jpg/240px-NMNH-USNMV15917Poebrotherium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3771" data-file-height="2437" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Poebrotherium" title="Poebrotherium">Poebrotherium</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Merycoidodon_Skull_Oligocene_Left_Side.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Merycoidodon"><img alt="Merycoidodon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Merycoidodon_Skull_Oligocene_Left_Side.jpg/120px-Merycoidodon_Skull_Oligocene_Left_Side.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Merycoidodon_Skull_Oligocene_Left_Side.jpg/180px-Merycoidodon_Skull_Oligocene_Left_Side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Merycoidodon_Skull_Oligocene_Left_Side.jpg/240px-Merycoidodon_Skull_Oligocene_Left_Side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3066" data-file-height="2706" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Merycoidodon" title="Merycoidodon">Merycoidodon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoplophoneus_primaevus_(fossil_false_sabertooth_cat)_(Middle_Oligocene;_Nebraska,_USA)_3_(32791323412).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hoplophoneus"><img alt="Hoplophoneus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Hoplophoneus_primaevus_%28fossil_false_sabertooth_cat%29_%28Middle_Oligocene%3B_Nebraska%2C_USA%29_3_%2832791323412%29.jpg/120px-Hoplophoneus_primaevus_%28fossil_false_sabertooth_cat%29_%28Middle_Oligocene%3B_Nebraska%2C_USA%29_3_%2832791323412%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Hoplophoneus_primaevus_%28fossil_false_sabertooth_cat%29_%28Middle_Oligocene%3B_Nebraska%2C_USA%29_3_%2832791323412%29.jpg/180px-Hoplophoneus_primaevus_%28fossil_false_sabertooth_cat%29_%28Middle_Oligocene%3B_Nebraska%2C_USA%29_3_%2832791323412%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Hoplophoneus_primaevus_%28fossil_false_sabertooth_cat%29_%28Middle_Oligocene%3B_Nebraska%2C_USA%29_3_%2832791323412%29.jpg/240px-Hoplophoneus_primaevus_%28fossil_false_sabertooth_cat%29_%28Middle_Oligocene%3B_Nebraska%2C_USA%29_3_%2832791323412%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3588" data-file-height="2314" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hoplophoneus" title="Hoplophoneus">Hoplophoneus</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesohippus_barbouri_Harvard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mesohippus"><img alt="Mesohippus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mesohippus_barbouri_Harvard.jpg/120px-Mesohippus_barbouri_Harvard.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mesohippus_barbouri_Harvard.jpg/180px-Mesohippus_barbouri_Harvard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mesohippus_barbouri_Harvard.jpg/240px-Mesohippus_barbouri_Harvard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1851" data-file-height="1234" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mesohippus" title="Mesohippus">Mesohippus</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paraceratherium_transouralicum_skull.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paraceratherium"><img alt="Paraceratherium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Paraceratherium_transouralicum_skull.jpg/120px-Paraceratherium_transouralicum_skull.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Paraceratherium_transouralicum_skull.jpg/180px-Paraceratherium_transouralicum_skull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Paraceratherium_transouralicum_skull.jpg/240px-Paraceratherium_transouralicum_skull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2343" data-file-height="1660" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Paraceratherium" title="Paraceratherium">Paraceratherium</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paleoparadoxia_Natural_History_Museum_of_Los_Angeles_County_20110330.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paleoparadoxia"><img alt="Paleoparadoxia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Paleoparadoxia_Natural_History_Museum_of_Los_Angeles_County_20110330.jpg/120px-Paleoparadoxia_Natural_History_Museum_of_Los_Angeles_County_20110330.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Paleoparadoxia_Natural_History_Museum_of_Los_Angeles_County_20110330.jpg/180px-Paleoparadoxia_Natural_History_Museum_of_Los_Angeles_County_20110330.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Paleoparadoxia_Natural_History_Museum_of_Los_Angeles_County_20110330.jpg/240px-Paleoparadoxia_Natural_History_Museum_of_Los_Angeles_County_20110330.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2772" data-file-height="1468" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Paleoparadoxia" title="Paleoparadoxia">Paleoparadoxia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protoceras_skeleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Protoceras"><img alt="Protoceras" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Protoceras_skeleton.jpg/120px-Protoceras_skeleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Protoceras_skeleton.jpg/180px-Protoceras_skeleton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Protoceras_skeleton.jpg/240px-Protoceras_skeleton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="674" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Protoceras" title="Protoceras">Protoceras</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaeotherium_mortoni.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Archaeotherium"><img alt="Archaeotherium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Archaeotherium_mortoni.JPG/120px-Archaeotherium_mortoni.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Archaeotherium_mortoni.JPG/180px-Archaeotherium_mortoni.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Archaeotherium_mortoni.JPG/240px-Archaeotherium_mortoni.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1497" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Archaeotherium" title="Archaeotherium">Archaeotherium</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Janjucetus_hunderi_skull.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Janjucetus"><img alt="Janjucetus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Janjucetus_hunderi_skull.jpg/120px-Janjucetus_hunderi_skull.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Janjucetus_hunderi_skull.jpg/180px-Janjucetus_hunderi_skull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Janjucetus_hunderi_skull.jpg/240px-Janjucetus_hunderi_skull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2376" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Janjucetus" title="Janjucetus">Janjucetus</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceans">Oceans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oligocene&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Oceans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Oligocene sees the beginnings of modern ocean circulation, with tectonic shifts causing the opening and closing of ocean gateways. Cooling of the oceans had already commenced by the Eocene/Oligocene boundary,<sup id="cite_ref-Lyle_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyle-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they continued to cool as the Oligocene progressed. The formation of permanent Antarctic ice sheets during the early Oligocene and possible glacial activity in the Arctic may have influenced this oceanic cooling, though the extent of this influence is still a matter of some significant dispute. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_oceanic_gateways_on_circulation">Effects of oceanic gateways on circulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oligocene&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Effects of oceanic gateways on circulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The opening and closing of ocean gateways: the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Drake_Passage" title="Drake Passage">Drake Passage</a>; the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Passage" title="Tasmanian Passage">Tasmanian Gateway</a> and the closing of the <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys</a> seaway; along with the final formation of the <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>–<a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>–<a href="/wiki/Faroes" class="mw-redirect" title="Faroes">Faroes</a> Ridge; played vital parts in reshaping oceanic currents during the Oligocene. As the continents shifted to a more modern configuration, so too did ocean circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Proth_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proth-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Drake_Passage">Drake Passage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oligocene&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Drake Passage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eocene-Paleocene-circumpolar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Eocene-Paleocene-circumpolar.svg/250px-Eocene-Paleocene-circumpolar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Eocene-Paleocene-circumpolar.svg/375px-Eocene-Paleocene-circumpolar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Eocene-Paleocene-circumpolar.svg/500px-Eocene-Paleocene-circumpolar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="1158" /></a><figcaption>Eocene-Oligocene circum-Antarctic oceanic changes</figcaption></figure> <p>The Drake Passage is located between <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. Once the Tasmanian Gateway between Australia and Antarctica opened, all that kept Antarctica from being completely isolated by the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a> was its connection to South America. As the South American continent moved north, the Drake Passage opened and enabled the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current" title="Antarctic Circumpolar Current">Antarctic Circumpolar Current</a> (ACC), which would have kept the cold waters of Antarctica circulating around that continent and strengthened the formation of Antarctic Bottom Water (ABW).<sup id="cite_ref-Proth_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proth-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mack_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mack-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the cold water concentrated around Antarctica, <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperatures</a> and, consequently, continental temperatures would have dropped. The onset of Antarctic glaciation occurred during the early Oligocene,<sup id="cite_ref-Via_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Via-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the effect of the Drake Passage opening on this glaciation has been the subject of much research. However, some controversy still exists as to the exact timing of the passage opening, whether it occurred at the start of the Oligocene or nearer the end. Even so, many theories agree that at the Eocene/Oligocene (E/O) boundary, a yet shallow flow existed between South America and Antarctica, permitting the start of an Antarctic Circumpolar Current.<sup id="cite_ref-Katz_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katz-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stemming from the issue of when the opening of the Drake Passage took place, is the dispute over how great of an influence the opening of the Drake Passage had on the global climate. While early researchers concluded that the advent of the ACC was highly important, perhaps even the trigger, for Antarctic glaciation<sup id="cite_ref-Proth_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proth-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subsequent global cooling, other studies have suggested that the δ<sup>18</sup>O signature is too strong for glaciation to be the main trigger for cooling.<sup id="cite_ref-Katz_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katz-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through study of Pacific Ocean sediments, other researchers have shown that the transition from warm Eocene ocean temperatures to cool Oligocene ocean temperatures took only 300,000 years,<sup id="cite_ref-Lyle_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyle-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which strongly implies that feedbacks and factors other than the ACC were integral to the rapid cooling.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyle_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyle-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The latest hypothesized time for the opening of the Drake Passage is during the early Miocene.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyle_100-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyle-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the shallow flow between South America and Antarctica, there was not enough of a deep water opening to allow for significant flow to create a true Antarctic Circumpolar Current. If the opening occurred as late as hypothesized, then the Antarctic Circumpolar Current could not have had much of an effect on early Oligocene cooling, as it would not have existed. </p><p>The earliest hypothesized time for the opening of the Drake Passage is around 30 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyle_100-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyle-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the possible issues with this timing was the continental debris cluttering up the seaway between the two plates in question. This debris, along with what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Shackleton_Fracture_Zone" title="Shackleton Fracture Zone">Shackleton Fracture Zone</a>, has been shown in a recent study to be fairly young, only about 8 million years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Mack_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mack-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study concludes that the Drake Passage would be free to allow significant deep water flow by around 31 Ma. This would have facilitated an earlier onset of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. There is some evidence that it occurred much earlier, during the early Eocene.<sup id="cite_ref-Lagemaat2021_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lagemaat2021-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opening_of_the_Tasman_Gateway">Opening of the Tasman Gateway</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oligocene&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Opening of the Tasman Gateway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The other major oceanic gateway opening during this time was the Tasman, or Tasmanian, depending on the paper, gateway between Australia and Antarctica. The time frame for this opening is less disputed than the Drake Passage and is largely considered to have occurred around 34 Ma. As the gateway widened, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current strengthened. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tethys_Seaway_closing">Tethys Seaway closing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oligocene&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tethys Seaway closing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Seaway" class="mw-redirect" title="Tethys Seaway">Tethys Seaway</a> was not a gateway, but rather a sea in its own right. Its closing during the Oligocene had significant impact on both ocean circulation and climate. The collisions of the African plate with the European plate and of the Indian subcontinent with the Asian plate, cut off the Tethys Seaway that had provided a low-latitude ocean circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-von_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-von-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The closure of Tethys built some new mountains (the Zagros range) and drew down more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, contributing to global cooling.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greenland–Iceland–Faroes"><span id="Greenland.E2.80.93Iceland.E2.80.93Faroes"></span>Greenland–Iceland–Faroes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oligocene&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Greenland–Iceland–Faroes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The gradual separation of the clump of continental crust and the deepening of the tectonic ridge in the North Atlantic that would become Greenland, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands helped to increase the deep water flow in that area.<sup id="cite_ref-Via_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Via-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More information about the evolution of North Atlantic Deep Water will be given a few sections down. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ocean_cooling">Ocean cooling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oligocene&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ocean cooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Evidence for ocean-wide cooling during the Oligocene exists mostly in isotopic proxies. Patterns of extinction<sup id="cite_ref-Green_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and patterns of species migration<sup id="cite_ref-Bose_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bose-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can also be studied to gain insight into ocean conditions. For a while, it was thought that the glaciation of Antarctica may have significantly contributed to the cooling of the ocean, however, recent evidence tends to deny this.<sup id="cite_ref-Mack_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mack-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hay_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hay-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deep_water">Deep water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oligocene&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Deep water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reconstruction_of_Aglaocetus_moreni_(fossil_baleen_whale)_(Oligocene;_Argentina)_(32313481396).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Reconstruction_of_Aglaocetus_moreni_%28fossil_baleen_whale%29_%28Oligocene%3B_Argentina%29_%2832313481396%29.jpg/220px-Reconstruction_of_Aglaocetus_moreni_%28fossil_baleen_whale%29_%28Oligocene%3B_Argentina%29_%2832313481396%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Reconstruction_of_Aglaocetus_moreni_%28fossil_baleen_whale%29_%28Oligocene%3B_Argentina%29_%2832313481396%29.jpg/330px-Reconstruction_of_Aglaocetus_moreni_%28fossil_baleen_whale%29_%28Oligocene%3B_Argentina%29_%2832313481396%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Reconstruction_of_Aglaocetus_moreni_%28fossil_baleen_whale%29_%28Oligocene%3B_Argentina%29_%2832313481396%29.jpg/440px-Reconstruction_of_Aglaocetus_moreni_%28fossil_baleen_whale%29_%28Oligocene%3B_Argentina%29_%2832313481396%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1764" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of <i><a href="/wiki/Aglaocetus" title="Aglaocetus">Aglaocetus</a> moreni</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Isotopic evidence suggests that during the early Oligocene, the main source of deep water was the <a href="/wiki/North_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="North Pacific">North Pacific</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a>. As the Greenland-Iceland-Faroe Ridge sank and thereby connected the Norwegian–Greenland sea with the Atlantic Ocean, the deep water of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic">North Atlantic</a> began to come into play as well. Computer models suggest that once this occurred, a more modern in appearance thermo-haline circulation started.<sup id="cite_ref-von_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-von-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence for the early Oligocene onset of chilled North Atlantic deep water lies in the beginnings of sediment drift deposition in the North Atlantic, such as the Feni and Southeast Faroe drifts.<sup id="cite_ref-Via_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Via-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chilling of the South Ocean deep water began in earnest once the Tasmanian Gateway and the Drake Passage opened fully.<sup id="cite_ref-Mack_102-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mack-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of the time at which the opening of the Drake Passage occurred, the effect on the cooling of the Southern Ocean would have been the same. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_events">Impact events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oligocene&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Impact events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recorded extraterrestrial impacts: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haughton_impact_crater" title="Haughton impact crater">Haughton impact crater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, Canada (23 Ma, crater 24 km (15 mi) diameter; now considered questionable as an Oligocene event; later analyses have concluded the crater dates to 39 Ma, placing the event in the Eocene.)<sup id="cite_ref-EIDb_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIDb-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sherlock2005_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherlock2005-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supervolcanic_explosions">Supervolcanic explosions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oligocene&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Supervolcanic explosions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Garita_Caldera" title="La Garita Caldera">La Garita Caldera</a> (28–26 million years ago)<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wah_Wah_Springs_Caldera" title="Wah Wah Springs Caldera">Wah Wah Springs Caldera</a> (30 million years ago)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oligocene&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fossil_sites" title="List of fossil sites">List of fossil sites</a> <i>(with link directory)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgai_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Turgai Sea">Turgai Sea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oligocene&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Zachos2k5-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zachos2k5_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Episodes&rft.atitle=Decision+on+the+Eocene-Oligocene+boundary+stratotype&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=379-382&rft.date=1993-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F1993%2Fv16i3%2F002&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Isabella&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstratigraphy.org%2Fgssps%2Ffiles%2Frupelian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOligocene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/oligocene">"Oligocene Definition & Meaning"</a>. Dictionary.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oligocene+Definition+%26+Meaning&rft.pub=Dictionary.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Foligocene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOligocene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeyrich1854" class="citation journal cs1">Beyrich (November 1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044092888627;view=1up;seq=660">"Über die Stellung der hessische Tertiärbildungen"</a> [On the position of the Hessian Tertiary formations]. <i>Verhandlungen Köngliche Preussischen Akademie Wissenschaft Berlin [Proceedings of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences at Berlin]</i>: 640–666.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Verhandlungen+K%C3%B6ngliche+Preussischen+Akademie+Wissenschaft+Berlin+%5BProceedings+of+the+Royal+Prussian+Academy+of+Sciences+at+Berlin%5D&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+die+Stellung+der+hessische+Terti%C3%A4rbildungen&rft.pages=640-666&rft.date=1854-11&rft.au=Beyrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dhvd.32044092888627%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOligocene" class="Z3988"></span> From p. 664: <i>"Der neue Name Oligocän mag sich zwischenstellen zwischen das ältere Eocän und das jüngere Miocän."</i> (The new name Oligocene may be interposed between the older Eocene and the younger Miocene.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmarth1925" class="citation book cs1">Wilmarth, Mary Grace (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=my7x_PBkpm4C&pg=PA53"><i>Bulletin 769: The Geologic Time Classification of the United States Geological Survey Compared With Other Classifications, accompanied by the original definitions of era, period and epoch terms</i></a>. 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(1 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2018%2Fv41i1%2F018003">"The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Chattian stage (Paleogene System, Oligocene Series) at Monte Cagnero, Italy"</a>. <i>Episodes</i>. <b>41</b> (1): 17–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2018%2Fv41i1%2F018003">10.18814/epiiugs/2018/v41i1/018003</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11573%2F1611823">11573/1611823</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Episodes&rft.atitle=The+Global+Stratotype+Section+and+Point+%28GSSP%29+for+the+base+of+the+Chattian+stage+%28Paleogene+System%2C+Oligocene+Series%29+at+Monte+Cagnero%2C+Italy&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-32&rft.date=2018-03-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11573%2F1611823&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2018%2Fv41i1%2F018003&rft.aulast=Coccioni&rft.aufirst=Rodolfo&rft.au=Montanari%2C+Alessandro&rft.au=Nice%2C+David&rft.au=Brinkhuis%2C+Henk&rft.au=Deino%2C+Alain&rft.au=Frontalini%2C+Fabrizio&rft.au=Liter%2C+Fabrizio&rft.au=Maiorano%2C+Patricia&rft.au=Monechi%2C+Simonetta&rft.au=Prods%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rft.au=Rochette%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Sagnotti%2C+Leonardo&rft.au=Sideri%2C+Marianna&rft.au=Sprovieri%2C+Mario&rft.au=Tateo%2C+Fabio&rft.au=Touchard%2C+Yannick&rft.au=Can+Simaeys%2C+Stefaan&rft.au=Williams%2C+Graham+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18814%252Fepiiugs%252F2018%252Fv41i1%252F018003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOligocene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProthero2005476–477-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2005476–477_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2005476–477_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProthero2005476–477_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProthero2005">Prothero 2005</a>, pp. 476–477.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torsvik-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torsvik_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorsvikCocks2017" class="citation book cs1">Torsvik, Trond H.; Cocks, L. 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Accessed April 30, 2006.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oligocene&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Cenozoic#Paleogene" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Cenozoic">Cenozoic#Paleogene</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Oligocene_System" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oligocene System">Oligocene System</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palaeos.com/cenozoic/oligocene/oligocene.html">Palaeos: Oligocene</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/tertiary/oli.html">UCMP Berkeley Oligocene Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copyrightexpired.com/earlyimage/index.html">Prehistoric Pictures, in the Public Domain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041211081307/http://paleodirect.com/pl-003.htm">Oligocene Leaf Fossils</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041103215522/http://www.paleodirect.com/f1-001.htm">Olicgocene Fish Fossils</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scotese.com/oligocen.htm">PaleoMap Project: Oligocene</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foraminifera.eu/querydb.php?age=Oligocene&aktion=suche">Oligocene Microfossils: 300+ images of Foraminifera</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paleogene_footer" title="Template talk:Paleogene footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paleogene_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paleogene footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paleogene_Period" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene Period</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;border: none;;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 0 3px 3px 3px; border-color:rgb(253,154,82); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene Epoch</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 0 3px 3px 3px; border-color:rgb(253,154,82); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene Epoch</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 0 3px 3px 3px; border-color:rgb(253,154,82); text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oligocene Epoch</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 3px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(253,154,82); text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danian" title="Danian">Danian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selandian" title="Selandian">Selandian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanetian" title="Thanetian">Thanetian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 3px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(253,154,82); text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ypresian" title="Ypresian">Ypresian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetian" title="Lutetian">Lutetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartonian" title="Bartonian">Bartonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priabonian" title="Priabonian">Priabonian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 3px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(253,154,82); text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rupelian" title="Rupelian">Rupelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattian" title="Chattian">Chattian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geological_history_of_Earth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Template:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Template talk:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geological_history_of_Earth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(present–66.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary <span class="nobold">(present–2.58 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene (present–11.7 ka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene <span class="nobold">(2.58–23.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene <span class="nobold">(23.0–66.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(66.0–252 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous <span class="nobold">(66.0–145 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late (66.0–100 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early (100–145 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic <span class="nobold">(145–201 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late (145–164 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle (164–174 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early (174–201 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic <span class="nobold">(201–252 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late (201–237 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle (237–247 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early (247–252 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(252–539 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian <span class="nobold">(252–299 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lopingian" title="Lopingian">Lopingian (252–260 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous <span class="nobold">(299–359 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_(geology)" title="Mississippian (geology)">Mississippian (323–359 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian <span class="nobold">(359–419 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Devonian">Late (359–383 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Devonian" title="Middle Devonian">Middle (383–393 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Devonian" title="Early Devonian">Early (393–419 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian <span class="nobold">(419–444 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pridoli_Epoch" title="Pridoli Epoch">Pridoli (419–423 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Epoch" title="Ludlow Epoch">Ludlow (423–427 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenlock_Epoch" title="Wenlock Epoch">Wenlock (427–433 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llandovery_Epoch" title="Llandovery Epoch">Llandovery (433–444 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician <span class="nobold">(444–485 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ordovician" title="Late Ordovician">Late (444–458 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ordovician" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ordovician">Middle (458–470 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Ordovician" title="Early Ordovician">Early (470–485 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian <span class="nobold">(485–539 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furongian" title="Furongian">Furongian (485–497 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaolingian" title="Miaolingian">Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Series_2" title="Cambrian Series 2">Series 2 (509–521 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terreneuvian" title="Terreneuvian">Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic Eon<br /><span class="nobold">(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(539 Ma–1 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonian" title="Tonian">Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Mesoproterozoic" title="Mesoproterozoic">Mesoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(1–1.6 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenian" title="Stenian">Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectasian" title="Ectasian">Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calymmian" title="Calymmian">Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoic" title="Paleoproterozoic">Paleoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(1.6–2.5 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statherian" title="Statherian">Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosirian" title="Orosirian">Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyacian" title="Rhyacian">Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderian" title="Siderian">Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean Eon <span class="nobold">(2.5–4 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoarchean" title="Neoarchean">Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoarchean" title="Mesoarchean">Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoarchean" title="Paleoarchean">Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoarchean" title="Eoarchean">Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Hadean Eon <span class="nobold">(4–4.6 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">ka</a> = kiloannum (thousand years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a> = megaannum (million years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ga</a> = gigaannum (billion years ago).<br /> <i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a>  •  <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/16px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/24px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/32px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a>  •  <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Paleopedology--Oligocene"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh99011709">United States</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Geology, Stratigraphic--Oligocene"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85054102">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Oligocène"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933326q">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Oligocène"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933326q">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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[\"CITEREFDaviesCartwrightPikeLine2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeCellesQuadeKappFan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenkGrimm2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenkGrímssonZetterSímonarson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevorePigg2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDupont-NivetKrijgsmanLangereisAbels2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEldrettGreenwoodHardingHuber2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEldrettHardingWilsonButler2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEscuderoHippWaterwayValente2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFilekHofmayerFeichtingerBerning2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFloyd2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlynnWyssCroftCharrier2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancisMarenssiLevyHambrey2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenHunt,_G.Wing,_S.DiMichele,_W.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGutiérrezPinoLe_RouxPetroza2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHandwerk2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHauptvogelPekarPincay2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayFlogel,_S.Soding,_E.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerendeenDilcher1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuangSpicerLiLiu2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJinXuLiHu2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJovaneFlorindoSprovieriPälike2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatzCramer,_B.Toggweiler,_J.Esmay,_G.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatzMillerWrightWade2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKielGoedertHuynhKrings2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLagabrielleGoddérisDonnadieuMalavieille2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLauretanoKennedy-AsserKorasidisWallace2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLear2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiLiZhangGuo2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiuPaganiZinnikerDeConto2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyleBarronBralowerHuber2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyleGibbsMooreRea2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackensen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMennecartAiglstorferLiLi2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerBrowningAubryWade2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMott2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMéndez-CárdenasCevallos-FerrizCalvillo-CanadellRodríguez-Yam2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrme2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO’BrienHuberThomasPagani2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearsonFosterWade2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPekarDeContoHarwood2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProthero1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProthero2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProthero2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProthero2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPälikeNorrisHerrleWilson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRetallack1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRousseDuringerStapf2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaarinenMantzoukaSakala2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSage2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScherMartin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherlockKelley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilvaJenkins1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiqueiraBellwoodCowman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteiningerAubryBerggrenBiolzi1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorsvikCocks2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUhlSpiekermannWuttkePoschmann2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViaThomas,_D.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVinn,_O.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilmarth1925\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilsonPekarNaishPasschier2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWuMiaoMengFang2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZachosPaganiSloanThomas2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZanazziKohnMacFaddenTerry2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_VriesHeritageBorthsSallam2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_HinsbergenLippertDupont-NivetMcQuarrie2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_de_LagemaatSwart2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_der_HeydtDijkstra2008\"] = 1,\n [\"Oligocene–Miocene_boundary\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Char\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite Earth Impact DB\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 66,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 7,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Geological history\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox geologic timespan\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Ma\"] = 4,\n [\"Paleogene Footer\"] = 1,\n [\"R\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 48,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Val\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikisource portal\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","340","23.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","15.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","6.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","6.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","4.2"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:426\u003E","40","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","40","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::ucfirst","40","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","2.8"],["init \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Date_validation\u003E","40","2.8"],["[others]","420","29.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-r4vhn","timestamp":"20241122140949","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Oligocene","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oligocene","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q101873","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q101873","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-05T09:30:13Z","dateModified":"2024-11-12T08:45:56Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/27\/Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_30_Ma_%28Rupelian_Age%29.png","headline":"third and last epoch of the Paleogene period"}</script> </body> </html>