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褉褍褋褋泻懈泄 - Finlands riddarhus
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锌芯褋ë谢泻械 袗谢褋薪ë.</p> <p>袩械褉胁芯薪邪褔邪谢褜薪芯 芯褌 薪邪谢芯谐芯胁 芯褋胁斜芯卸写邪谢懈 胁 懈薪写懈胁懈写褍邪谢褜薪芯屑 锌芯褉褟写泻械. 袩褉懈 械卸械谐芯写薪褘褏 芯褋屑芯褌褉邪褏 锌褉芯胁械褉褟谢懈 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈械 泻芯薪械泄. 袧邪褔懈薪邪褟 褋 16-谐芯 胁械泻邪 褎褉械谢褜蟹芯胁芯械 锌褉邪胁芯 褋褌邪谢芯 褋褔懈褌邪褌褜褋褟 薪邪褋谢械写褋褌胁械薪薪褘屑. 袣芯褉芯谢褜 屑芯谐 锌褉械写芯褋褌邪胁谢褟褌褜 褎褉械谢褜蟹芯胁芯械 锌褉邪胁芯 褋胁芯懈屑 蟹邪褋谢褍卸械薪薪褘屑 锌芯写写邪薪薪褘屑, 锌褉械懈屑褍褖械褋褌胁械薪薪芯 褋芯谢写邪褌邪屑 懈 斜械蟹 褋芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁褍褞褖械泄 泻邪胁邪谢械褉懈泄褋泻芯泄 褋谢褍卸斜褘. 袠蟹 泻褉械褋褌褜褟薪, 泻芯褌芯褉褘械 薪械褋谢懈 泻邪胁邪谢械褉懈泄褋泻褍褞 锌芯胁懈薪薪芯褋褌褜, 锌芯褋褌械锌械薪薪芯 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪谢芯褋褜 写胁芯褉褟薪褋泻芯械 褋芯褋谢芯胁懈械,胁 泻芯褌芯褉芯械 胁褏芯写懈谢懈 芯褎懈褑械褉褘, 褋褍写褜懈 懈 写褉褍谐懈械 褔懈薪芯胁薪懈泻懈. 袛胁芯褉褟薪褋褌胁芯 褋褌邪谢芯 胁 17-芯屑 胁械泻械 薪邪谐褉邪写芯泄 蟹邪 芯泻邪蟹邪薪薪褘械 褍褋谢褍谐懈.</p> <p>袛胁芯褉褟薪褋褌胁芯 锌芯谢褍褔懈谢芯 懈褋泻谢褞褔懈褌械谢褜薪芯械 锌褉邪胁芯 薪邪 胁褘褋褕懈械 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁械薪薪褘械 褔懈薪褘. 袟薪邪褌薪芯械 写胁芯褉褟薪褋褌胁芯, 褌.械. 谐褉邪褎褘, 斜邪褉芯薪褘 懈 褔谢械薪褘 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁械薪薪芯谐芯 褋芯胁械褌邪, 斜褘谢芯 蟹邪卸懈褌芯褔薪褘屑 懈 胁 肖懈薪谢褟薪写懈懈 薪械屑薪芯谐芯褔懈褋谢械薪薪褘屑. 袦械谢泻芯锌芯屑械褋褌薪芯械 写胁芯褉褟薪褋褌胁芯 斜褘谢芯 斜械写薪褘屑 懈 屑薪芯谐芯褔懈褋谢械薪薪褘屑. 袙 18-芯屑 懈 19-芯屑 胁械泻邪褏 写胁芯褉褟薪褋褌胁芯, 泻邪泻 褋芯褋谢芯胁懈械 褔懈薪芯胁薪懈泻芯胁, 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟谢芯 谐芯褋锌芯写褋褌胁褍褞褖懈泄 泻谢邪褋褋 胁 芯斜褖械褋褌胁械. 袙 褌芯 胁褉械屑褟 写胁芯褉褟薪褋泻芯谐芯 蟹胁邪薪懈褟 褍写芯褋褌邪懈胁邪谢懈褋褜 褌邪泻卸械 蟹邪褋谢褍卸械薪薪褘械 褍褔械薪褘械 懈 锌褉械写锌褉懈薪懈屑邪褌械谢懈. 肖褉械谢褜蟹, 褉褘褑邪褉褋褌胁芯 懈 写胁芯褉褟薪褋褌胁芯 泻邪泻 锌芯薪褟褌懈褟 芯褌褉邪卸邪谢懈 懈褋褌芯褉懈褔械褋泻懈械 褉械邪谢懈懈 褋胁芯械谐芯 胁褉械屑械薪懈, 薪芯 褋械谐芯写薪褟 屑械卸写褍 薪懈屑懈 薪械褌 蟹薪邪褔懈褌械谢褜薪芯泄 褉邪蟹薪懈褑褘.</p> <h3>袪袨袥鞋 袛袙袨袪携袧小孝袙袗 袙 袩袨袥袠孝袠袣袝</h3> <p>袧邪 褋械褋褋懈懈 褋芯褋谢芯胁懈懈 胁 谐. 袗褉斜芯谐邪 胁 1435-芯屑 谐芯写褍 写胁芯褉褟薪褋褌胁芯 斜褘谢芯 芯写薪懈屑 懈蟹 褔械褌褘褉械褏 褋芯褋谢芯胁懈泄. 袧邪 褋械褋褋懈懈 斜褘谢懈 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢械薪褘 写胁芯褉褟薪械, 褋胁褟褖械薪薪懈泻懈, 斜褞褉谐械褉褘 谐芯褉芯写芯胁 懈 泻褉械褋褌褜褟薪械 写械褉械胁薪懈. 袣邪卸写芯械 褋芯褋谢芯胁懈械 懈屑械谢芯 芯写懈薪 谐芯谢芯褋, 懈 写谢褟 锌褉懈薪褟褌懈褟 褉械褕械薪懈褟 褌褉械斜芯胁邪谢芯褋褜 芯写芯斜褉械薪懈械 褋芯 褋褌芯褉芯薪褘 褌褉械褏 褋芯褋谢芯胁懈泄. 小械褋褋懈褞 褔械褌褘褉械褏 褋芯褋谢芯胁懈泄 蟹邪屑械薪懈谢 胁 1906 谐芯写褍 芯写薪芯锌邪谢邪褌薪褘泄 锌邪褉谢邪屑械薪褌. 孝邪泻懈屑 芯斜褉邪蟹芯屑 褋械褋褋懈褟 褔械褌褘褉械褏 褋芯褋谢芯胁懈泄 - 褋邪屑邪褟 泻芯薪褋械褉胁邪褌懈胁薪邪褟 胁 袝胁褉芯锌械 褎芯褉屑邪 薪邪褉芯写薪芯谐芯 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁邪 锌褉械芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪谢邪褋褜 胁 褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪褘泄 锌邪褉谢邪屑械薪褌. 袛胁芯褉褟薪褋褌胁芯 锌芯褌械褉褟谢芯 褋胁芯械 锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻芯械 蟹薪邪褔械薪懈械.</p> <p>袣芯褉芯谢褜 袚褍褋褌邪褎 II 袗写芯谢褜褎 芯褋薪芯胁邪谢 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌 褉褘褑邪褉褋泻芯谐芯 褋芯斜褉邪薪懈褟 胁 1626 谐芯写褍. 袙 袪褘褑邪褉褋泻芯械 褋芯斜褉邪薪懈械 锌褉懈薪懈屑邪谢懈褋褜 胁褋械 写胁芯褉褟薪褋泻懈械 褉芯写褘 胁 锌芯褉褟写泻械 褋褌邪褉褕懈薪褋褌胁邪. 袥懈褕褜 泻芯褉芯谢褜 懈屑械谢 锌褉邪胁芯 锌芯褋胁褟褖邪褌褜 胁 写胁芯褉褟薪褋泻芯械 蟹胁邪薪懈械. 袙 小褌芯泻谐芯谢褜屑械 斜褘谢 胁 17-芯屑 胁械泻械 锌芯褋褌褉芯械薪 褉芯褋泻芯褕薪褘泄 写胁芯褉械褑 写谢褟 褋芯斜褉邪薪懈褟 写胁芯褉褟薪褋褌胁邪. 袩芯褋谢械 褌芯谐芯 泻邪泻 楔胁械褑懈褟 胁 1809 谐芯写褍 褍褋褌褍锌懈谢邪 肖懈薪谢褟薪写懈褞 袪芯褋褋懈懈, 胁 肖懈薪谢褟薪写懈懈 斜褘谢芯 胁 1818 谐芯写褍 褋芯蟹写邪薪芯 褋胁芯械 袪褘褑邪褉褋泻芯械 褋芯斜褉邪薪懈械. 袙 械谐芯 褋芯褋褌邪胁 胁芯褕谢懈 褌械 写胁芯褉褟薪褋泻懈械 褉芯写褘, 泻芯褌芯褉褘械 芯褋褌邪谢懈褋褜 卸懈褌褜 胁 肖懈薪谢褟薪写懈懈. 袠屑锌械褉邪褌芯褉 -袙械谢懈泻懈泄 泻薪褟蟹褜 锌褉芯写芯谢卸邪谢 胁芯蟹胁芯写懈褌褜 胁褘写邪褞褖懈褏褋褟 褎懈薪薪芯胁 胁 写胁芯褉褟薪褋泻懈泄 褋邪薪. 袦懈薪懈褋褌褉 褋褌邪褌褋-褋械泻褉械褌邪褉褜, 谐械薪械褉邪谢 袗胁谐褍褋褌 袥邪薪谐芯褎 斜褘谢 锌芯褋谢械写薪懈屑 懈蟹 锌芯褋胁褟褖械薪薪褘褏 胁 写胁芯褉褟薪褋泻芯械 蟹胁邪薪懈械; 芯薪 褋褌邪谢 斜邪褉芯薪芯屑 胁 1912 谐芯写褍.</p> <h3>袛袙袨袪携袧小孝袙袨 小袝袚袨袛袧携</h3> <p>袩褉械写芯褋褌邪胁谢械薪薪褘械 褉褘褑邪褉褋褌胁褍 懈 写胁芯褉褟薪褋褌胁褍 锌褉懈胁懈谢械谐懈懈 芯褌 1723 谐芯写邪 褉械谐褍谢懈褉芯胁邪谢懈 锌褉械懈屑褍褖械褋褌胁械薪薪芯 褋懈褋褌械屑褍 芯褋胁芯斜芯卸写械薪懈褟 芯褌 薪邪谢芯谐芯胁. 袩褉懈胁懈谢械谐懈懈 锌芯褌械褉褟谢懈 褋胁芯械 蟹薪邪褔械薪懈械, 泻芯谐写邪 胁 1920 谐芯写褍 锌褉芯懈蟹芯褕械谢 锌械褉械褏芯写 泻 锌芯写褏芯写薪芯屑褍 懈 锌芯懈屑褍褖械褋褌胁械薪薪芯屑褍 薪邪谢芯谐芯芯斜谢芯卸械薪懈褞.</p> <p>袧褘薪械褕薪褟褟 写械褟褌械谢褜薪芯褋褌褜 袪褘褑邪褉褋泻芯谐芯 写芯屑邪 芯褋薪芯胁褘胁邪械褌褋褟 薪邪 褍褌胁械褉卸写械薪薪芯屑 褉械谐械薪褌芯屑 褉械谐谢邪屑械薪褌械 袪褘褑邪褉褋泻芯谐芯 褋芯斜褉邪薪懈褟 芯褌 1918 谐芯写邪. 小芯谐谢邪褋薪芯 褝褌芯屑褍 褍褋褌邪胁褍 写胁芯褉褟薪褋褌胁芯 褋芯斜懈褉邪械褌褋褟 薪邪 蟹邪褋械写邪薪懈褟 写胁芯褉褟薪褋褌胁邪 泻邪卸写褘泄 褌褉械褌懈泄 谐芯写. 袙 谐芯写褘 屑械卸写褍 蟹邪褋械写邪薪懈褟屑懈 写械褟褌械谢褜薪芯褋褌褜褞 蟹邪胁械写褍械褌 写懈褉械泻褑懈褟 袪褘褑邪褉褋泻芯谐芯 写芯屑邪, 泻芯褌芯褉邪褟 褋芯褋褌芯懈褌褋褟 懈蟹 8 褔谢械薪芯胁 懈 5 泻邪薪写懈写邪褌芯胁 胁 褔谢械薪褘. 小械泻褉械褌邪褉褜 袪褘褑邪褉褋泻芯谐芯 写芯屑邪 褟胁谢褟械褌褋褟 褋械泻褉械褌邪褉械屑 蟹邪褋械写邪薪懈褟 写胁芯褉褟薪褋褌胁邪, 邪 褌邪泻卸械 写懈褉械泻褑懈懈.</p> <p>袚谢邪胁薪芯泄 蟹邪写邪褔械泄 袪褘褑邪褉褋泻芯谐芯 写芯屑邪 褟胁谢褟械褌褋褟 褍褏芯写 蟹邪 蟹写邪薪懈械屑 袪褘褑邪褉褋泻芯谐芯 褋芯斜褉邪薪懈褟 懈 械谐芯 泻芯谢谢械泻褑懈褟屑懈. 袣邪蟹薪邪褔械泄 袪褘褑邪褉褋泻芯谐芯 写芯屑邪 芯褌胁械褔邪械褌 蟹邪 褏芯蟹褟泄褋褌胁芯 写芯屑邪 懈 薪械褋械褌 芯斜褟蟹邪薪薪芯褋褌懈 褍锌褉邪胁谢褟褞褖械谐芯 蟹写邪薪懈械屑. 袚械薪械邪谢芯谐 袪褘褑邪褉褋泻芯谐芯 写芯屑邪 褉褍泻芯胁芯写懈褌 懈褋褋谢械写芯胁邪褌械谢褜褋泻芯泄 懈 懈蟹写邪褌械谢褜褋泻芯泄 写械褟褌械谢褜薪芯褋褌褜褞 袪褘褑邪褉褋泻芯谐芯 写芯屑邪. 袣邪薪褑械谢褟褉懈褟 褋 斜懈斜谢懈芯褌械泻芯泄 芯褌泻褉褘褌褘 写谢褟 懈褋褋谢械写芯胁邪褌械谢械泄 锌芯 斜褍写薪懈屑 写薪褟屑 褋 10 写芯 13 褔邪褋芯胁. 袣褉芯屑械 谐械薪械邪谢芯谐邪, 褌邪泻卸械 褋谢褍卸邪褖懈泄 懈 褉邪斜芯褌薪懈泻 泻邪薪褑械谢褟褉懈懈 芯斜褋谢褍卸懈胁邪褞褌 懈褋褋谢械写芯胁邪褌械谢械泄. 袙 邪褉褏懈胁械 褏褉邪薪懈褌褋褟 斜芯谢褜褕邪褟 泻芯谢谢械泻褑懈褟 谐械褉斜芯胁褘褏 写芯泻褍屑械薪褌芯胁 懈 褑胁械褌薪褘褏 褔械褉褌械卸械泄, 褋邪屑褘械 褋褌邪褉褘械 懈蟹 泻芯褌芯褉褘褏 写邪褌懈褉褍褞褌褋褟 16-褘屑 胁械泻芯屑. 孝邪屑 卸械 褏褉邪薪褟褌褋褟 邪薪泻械褌薪褘械 写邪薪薪褘械 胁褋械褏 褎懈薪谢褟薪写褋泻懈褏 写胁芯褉褟薪褋泻懈褏 褉芯写芯胁 芯褌 褋褉械写薪械胁械泻芯胁褜褟 写芯 薪邪褕懈褏 写薪械泄. 袙 褝褌懈 褉芯写芯褋谢芯胁薪褘械 锌芯褋褌芯褟薪薪芯 胁薪芯褋褟褌褋褟 写芯锌芯谢薪械薪懈褟. 孝褍褉 袣邪褉锌械谢邪薪 褋胁械谢 写邪薪薪褘械 褌邪斜谢懈褑褘 胁 褉芯写芯褋谢芯胁薪芯泄 泻薪懈谐械 «协褌褌邪褉褌邪胁谢芯褉 I-V», 泻芯褌芯褉邪褟 胁褘褏芯写懈谢邪 胁 1942-66 谐芯写褘. </p> <p>袘谢邪谐芯褌胁芯褉懈褌械谢褜薪褘屑懈 芯斜褖械褋褌胁邪屑懈, 泻芯褌芯褉褘械 褉邪斜芯褌邪褞褌 胁 褉邪屑泻邪褏 袪褘褑邪褉褋泻芯谐芯 写芯屑邪 褟胁谢褟褞褌褋褟 袛胁芯褉褟薪褋泻懈泄 褋芯褞蟹 肖懈薪谢褟薪写懈懈, 袘谢邪谐芯褌胁芯褉懈褌械谢褜薪芯械 芯斜褖械褋褌胁芯 袛胁芯褉褟薪褋泻芯谐芯 褋芯褞蟹邪, 邪 褌邪泻卸械 袪褘褑邪褉褋褌胁芯 袡芯邪薪懈褌芯胁 胁 肖懈薪谢褟薪写懈懈.</p> <h3>袛袙袨袪携袧小袣袠袡 袣袗袥袝袧袛袗袪鞋</h3> <p>袩械褉胁褘泄 写胁芯褉褟薪褋泻懈泄 泻邪谢械薪写邪褉褜 胁褘褕械谢 胁 1858 谐芯写褍. 袣邪谢械薪写邪褉褜 胁泻谢褞褔邪械褌 胁 褋械斜褟 邪薪泻械褌薪褘械 写邪薪薪褘械 胁褋械褏 卸懈胁褍褖懈褏 写胁芯褉褟薪. 袨薪 胁褘褏芯写懈褌 泻邪卸写褘泄 褌褉械褌懈泄 谐芯写. 袙 袪褘褑邪褉褋泻芯屑 写芯屑械 蟹邪褉械谐懈褋褌褉懈褉芯胁邪薪芯 胁褋械谐芯 357 褉芯写芯胁. 袠蟹 薪懈褏 锌芯 屑褍卸褋泻芯泄 谢懈薪懈懈 薪邪 薪邪褋褌芯褟褖懈泄 写械薪褜 褋芯褏褉邪薪懈谢芯褋褜 145 (2019 谐.), 懈蟹 泻芯褌芯褉褘褏 4 谐褉邪褎褋泻懈褏 懈 24 斜邪褉芯薪褋泻懈褏 褉芯写芯胁. 袣褉芯屑械 褌芯谐芯, 蟹邪 谐褉邪薪懈褑械泄 锌褉芯卸懈胁邪褞褌 芯褌写械谢褜薪褘械 褔谢械薪褘 锌芯褔褌懈 懈蟹 泻邪卸写芯谐芯 褉芯写邪.</p> <p>小芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁褍褞褖懈泄 褉褘褑邪褉褋泻芯屑褍 写芯屑褍 肖懈薪谢褟薪写懈懈 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌 懈屑械械褌褋褟 谢懈褕 胁 楔胁械褑懈懈. 袛胁芯褉褟薪褋泻懈械 锌褍斜谢懈褔薪芯-锌褉邪胁芯胁褘械 芯斜褖械褋褌胁邪 褉邪斜芯褌邪褞褌 胁 褉邪蟹谢懈褔薪褘褏 褎芯褉屑邪褏 胁 袙械谢懈泻芯斜褉懈褌邪薪懈懈, 袧懈写械褉谢邪薪写邪褏 , 袘械谢褜谐懈懈 懈 袠褋锌邪薪懈懈.</p> <h3>袚袝袪袘 袠 肖袗袦袠袥袠携</h3> <p>袣邪卸写褘泄 写胁芯褉褟薪褋泻懈泄 褉芯写 懈屑械械褌 褋胁芯泄 褍褌胁械褉卸写械薪薪褘泄 谐械褉斜. 袛胁芯褉褟薪褋泻懈械 谐械褉斜褘 肖懈薪谢褟薪写懈懈 懈蟹芯斜褉邪卸械薪褘 胁 谐械褉斜芯胁芯泄 泻薪懈谐械 袚. 袚褉邪薪褎械谢褌邪 芯褌 1889 谐芯写邪. 袙 泻邪薪褑械谢褟褉懈懈 袪褘褑邪褉褋泻芯谐芯 写芯屑邪 褋芯 屑薪芯谐懈屑懈 谐械褉斜邪屑懈 屑芯卸薪芯 芯蟹薪邪泻芯屑懈褌褜褋褟 锌芯 褑胁械褌薪褘屑 褋谢邪泄写邪屑.</p> <p>袩褉懈 胁芯蟹胁械写械薪懈懈 胁 写胁芯褉褟薪褋褌胁芯 锌芯褋胁褟褖邪械屑褘泄 褔邪褋褌芯 锌芯谢褍褔邪谢 薪芯胁褍褞 褎邪屑懈谢懈褞. 效邪褋褌芯 褝褌邪 写胁芯褉褟薪褋泻邪褟 褎邪屑懈谢懈褟 芯褋薪芯胁褘胁邪械褌褋褟 薪邪 谐械褉斜芯胁芯屑 褉懈褋褍薪泻械 懈谢懈 薪邪蟹胁邪薪懈懈 褉芯写芯胁芯谐芯 懈屑械薪懈褟. 袛芯 18 -谐芯 胁械泻邪 褎邪屑懈谢懈褟 褉械写泻芯 胁褋褌褉械褔邪谢邪褋褜 褋褉械写懈 薪械写胁芯褉褟薪. 袙 19 -芯屑 胁械泻械 胁芯蟹胁械写械薪薪褘泄 胁 写胁芯褉褟薪褋褌胁芯 芯斜褘褔薪芯 褋芯褏褉邪薪褟谢 褋胁芯褞 褎邪屑懈谢懈褞 锌芯褔褌懈 斜械蟹 懈蟹屑械薪械薪懈泄. 袟薪邪褔懈褌, 芯写薪褍 懈 褌褍 卸械 褎邪屑懈谢懈褞 屑芯谐褍褌 薪芯褋懈褌褜 泻邪泻 写胁芯褉褟薪褋泻懈械, 褌邪泻 懈 薪械写胁芯褉褟薪褋泻懈械 褉芯写芯胁褘械 谢懈薪懈懈, 懈, 褌邪泻懈屑 芯斜褉邪蟹芯屑, 褎邪屑懈谢懈褟 薪械 芯斜褟蟹邪褌械谢褜薪芯 谐芯胁芯褉懈褌 芯 写胁芯褉褟薪褋褌胁械. 孝褉懈 褉芯写邪 薪芯褋褟褌 褎懈薪褋泻芯褟蟹褘褔薪褍褞 褎邪屑懈谢懈褞, 懈 褍 褔邪褋褌懈 褔谢械薪芯胁 写褉褍谐懈褏 褉芯写芯胁 懈屑械械褌褋褟 褎懈薪褋泻芯褟蟹褘褔薪邪褟 褎邪屑懈谢懈褟, 锌芯谢褍褔械薪薪邪褟 斜谢邪谐芯写邪褉褟 懈蟹屑械薪械薪懈褞 褎邪屑懈谢懈懈. 袙褋械 褉芯写褘 胁泻谢褞褔邪褞褌 胁 褋械斜褟 泻邪泻 褎懈薪褋泻芯褟蟹褘褔薪褘褏, 褌邪泻 懈 褕胁械写褋泻芯褟蟹褘褔薪褘褏 褔谢械薪芯胁.</p> <h3>袪蝎笑袗袪小袣袠袡 袛袨袦 袙 谐. 啸袝袥鞋小袠袧袣袠</h3> <p>校卸械 胁 薪邪褔邪谢械 19-谐芯 胁械泻邪 胁 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢械薪薪芯屑 协褉械薪褋褌褉ë屑芯屑 谐械薪锌谢邪薪械 泻胁邪褉褌邪谢 锌芯写 薪邪蟹胁邪薪懈械屑 «小械褉胁邪谢懈», 薪邪褏芯写褟褖懈泄褋褟 泻 胁芯褋褌芯泻褍 芯褌 蟹写邪薪懈褟 小械薪邪褌邪, 斜褘谢 芯褌胁械写械薪 锌芯写 褋褌褉芯懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁芯 蟹写邪薪懈褟 袪褘褑邪褉褋泻芯谐芯 褋芯斜褉邪薪懈褟 懈谢懈 袛芯屑邪 褋芯褋谢芯胁懈泄. 袩褉械写褋褌邪胁懈褌械谢懈 袪褘褑邪褉褋褌胁邪 懈 写胁芯褉褟薪褋褌胁邪 褋屑芯谐谢懈 胁褘泻褍锌懈褌褜 褋胁芯泄 褍褔邪褋褌芯泻 谢懈褕褜 胁 1857 谐芯写褍. 袩褉械写谢芯卸械薪芯 斜褘谢芯 屑薪芯谐芯 锌褉芯械泻褌芯胁, 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢褟褞褖懈褏 褉邪蟹薪褘械 邪褉褏懈褌械泻褌褍褉薪褘械 褋褌懈谢懈, 薪芯 胁 泻芯薪械褔薪芯屑 懈褌芯谐械 斜褘谢 胁褘斜褉邪薪 锌褉芯械泻褌 褕胁械写褋泻芯谐芯 邪褉褏懈褌械泻褌芯褉邪 袚.孝. 效懈械胁懈褑邪, 锌褉械写谢邪谐邪胁褕械谐芯 锌芯褋褌芯褉芯懈褌褜 蟹写邪薪懈械 胁 薪械芯谐芯褌懈褔械褋泻芯屑 褋褌懈谢械. 袪褘褑邪褉褋泻懈泄 写芯屑 斜褘谢 谐芯褌芯胁 胁 1862 谐芯写褍 – 泻邪泻 褉邪蟹 写谢褟 锌褉懈ë屑邪 胁褋械褏 褔械褌褘褉械褏 褋芯褋谢芯胁懈泄 薪邪 褋械褋褋懈懈 胁 1863 谐芯写褍.</p> <p>袠薪褌械褉褜械褉 袪褘褑邪褉褋泻芯谐芯 写芯屑邪 胁褘锌芯谢薪械薪 胁 褌芯屑 卸械 薪械芯谐芯褌懈褔械褋泻芯屑 褋褌懈谢械, 泻邪泻 懈 褋邪屑芯 蟹写邪薪懈械. 袟邪锌邪写薪邪褟 褔邪褋褌褜 蟹写邪薪懈褟 褋写邪薪邪 胁 邪褉械薪写褍 屑褍蟹械泄薪芯屑褍 胁械写芯屑褋褌胁褍, 邪 褋芯斜褋褌胁械薪薪褘械 锌芯屑械褖械薪懈褟 袪褘褑邪褉褋泻芯谐芯 褋芯斜褉邪薪懈褟 薪邪褏芯写褟褌褋褟 胁 胁芯褋褌芯褔薪芯泄 褔邪褋褌懈 蟹写邪薪懈褟. 袩谢芯褖邪写褜 蟹邪谢邪 蟹邪褋械写邪薪懈褟 460 屑². 袟邪谢 锌芯谢褜蟹褍械褌褋褟 锌芯锌褍谢褟褉薪芯褋褌褜褞 懈 褋谢褍卸懈褌 屑械褋褌芯屑 写谢褟 芯褉谐邪薪懈蟹邪褑懈懈 泻芯薪褎械褉械薪褑懈泄, 锌褉懈械屑芯胁, 褍卸懈薪芯胁 懈 斜邪谢芯胁 懈 褌邪泻卸械 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹褍械褌褋褟 泻邪泻 泻芯薪褑械褉褌薪褘泄 蟹邪谢.</p> </div></div><footer class="Module Text Module-160532 Text-index module_160532 Text_index width-full text-light inner-12 footer footer1" style="background-color:rgba(99,13,13,1); " data-id="160532" data-action="index"><div 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