CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>Engineering Design Research Papers - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "by_tag", 'action': "show_one", 'controller_action': 'by_tag#show_one', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="NWKjim3Zcn/umpHLLH4vBIqqJsNy6veBuIIIXuy9EixD5LvhTe8yaSQHkft1aNoOS1QCMEp1B4ANmlK+wGJ0NA==" /> <link href="/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?after=50%2C28594916" rel="next" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-10fa40af19d25203774df2d4a03b9b5771b45109c2304968038e88a81d1215c5.css" /> <meta name="description" content="View Engineering Design Research Papers on Academia.edu for free." /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'by_tag'; var $action_name = "show_one"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '80db5713b537f171057fdcf4bfc7d2d5f6287a96'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":15252,"monthly_visitors":"120 million","monthly_visitor_count":120260779,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":120,"user_count":278648802,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1734020022000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1734020022000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-0fb6fc03c471832908791ad7ddba619b6165b3ccf7ae0f65cf933f34b0b660a7.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-2eebbf16f94e23df09908fc0eb355e7d088296bc7bbbbe96567743814345fdd9.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-086d9084944b0c8a793ea96ac398b4180db6177bb674e9655034fb25e834c8b4.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design" /> </head>   <body class='c-by_tag a-show_one logged_out u-bgColorWhite'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav no-sm no-md"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <div class="DesignSystem" style="margin-top:-40px"><div class="PageHeader"><div class="container"><div class="row"><style type="text/css">.sor-abstract { display: -webkit-box; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Engineering Design</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">41,460 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Engineering Design</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Engineering_Design">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10818482" data-work_id="10818482" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10818482/Optimal_knowledge_transfer_methods_a_Generation_X_perspective">Optimal knowledge transfer methods: a Generation X perspective</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Purpose -The research study involved an exploration of the thoughts and perspectives of Generation X aerospace engineers regarding strategies, processes, and methods to enhance the transfer of knowledge from baby boomers to Generation X... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10818482" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Purpose -The research study involved an exploration of the thoughts and perspectives of Generation X aerospace engineers regarding strategies, processes, and methods to enhance the transfer of knowledge from baby boomers to Generation X aerospace engineers.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10818482" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6021cf941b4ee5e93bdfe8f272867e59" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36647659,"asset_id":10818482,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36647659/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26304344" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DebbyMcNichols">Debby McNichols</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26304344" type="text/json">{"id":26304344,"first_name":"Debby","last_name":"McNichols","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DebbyMcNichols","display_name":"Debby McNichols","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DebbyMcNichols?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10818482 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10818482"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10818482, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10818482", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_10818482 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10818482; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_10818482"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_10818482 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10818482"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10818482; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10818482]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10818482").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10818482").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10818482"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1241" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge_Management">Knowledge Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1241" type="text/json">{"id":1241,"name":"Knowledge Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge_Management?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2065" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology">Research Methodology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2065" type="text/json">{"id":2065,"name":"Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5527" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge_sharing">Knowledge sharing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5527" type="text/json">{"id":5527,"name":"Knowledge sharing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge_sharing?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10818482]'), work: {"id":10818482,"title":"Optimal knowledge transfer methods: a Generation X perspective","created_at":"2015-02-15T13:43:36.565-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10818482/Optimal_knowledge_transfer_methods_a_Generation_X_perspective?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_10818482","summary":"Purpose -The research study involved an exploration of the thoughts and perspectives of Generation X aerospace engineers regarding strategies, processes, and methods to enhance the transfer of knowledge from baby boomers to Generation X aerospace engineers.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36647659,"asset_id":10818482,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false},{"id":36647644,"asset_id":10818482,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26304344,"first_name":"Debby","last_name":"McNichols","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DebbyMcNichols","display_name":"Debby McNichols","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DebbyMcNichols?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1241,"name":"Knowledge Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge_Management?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":2065,"name":"Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":5527,"name":"Knowledge sharing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge_sharing?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":11295,"name":"Knowledge Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge_Transfer?f_ri=7947"},{"id":18837,"name":"Organizational Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Knowledge?f_ri=7947"},{"id":99040,"name":"Process Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Process_Design?f_ri=7947"},{"id":153168,"name":"Data Collection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Collection?f_ri=7947"},{"id":158591,"name":"Research Method","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Method?f_ri=7947"},{"id":196189,"name":"Sample Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sample_Size?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1470936,"name":"Age Groups","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Age_Groups?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13752730" data-work_id="13752730" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13752730/Biologically_inspired_design_process_and_products">Biologically inspired design: process and products</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Biologically inspired engineering design uses analogies to biological systems to develop solutions for engineering problems. We conducted a study of biologically inspired design in the context of an interdisciplinary introductory course... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13752730" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Biologically inspired engineering design uses analogies to biological systems to develop solutions for engineering problems. We conducted a study of biologically inspired design in the context of an interdisciplinary introductory course on biologically inspired engineering design in Fall of 2006. The goals of this study were to understand the process of biologically inspired engineering design and to provide insight into biologically inspired design as a type of design activity. This paper provides a descriptive account of biologically inspired design processes and products, and summarizes our main observations: 1) designers use two distinct starting points for biologically inspired design; 2) regular patterns of practice emerge in biologically inspired design; and 3) certain errors occur regularly in the design process.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13752730" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9d829fb306fecbdcb130d1a70a9a61d2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44993082,"asset_id":13752730,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44993082/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32871238" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelHelms1">Michael Helms</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32871238" type="text/json">{"id":32871238,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Helms","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MichaelHelms1","display_name":"Michael Helms","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelHelms1?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13752730 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13752730"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13752730, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13752730", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_13752730 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13752730; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_13752730"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_13752730 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13752730"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13752730; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13752730]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13752730").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13752730").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13752730"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Systems">Information Systems</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37" type="text/json">{"id":37,"name":"Information Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Systems?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="67531" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_Cognition">Design Cognition</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="67531" type="text/json">{"id":67531,"name":"Design Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_Cognition?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="71358" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_process">Design process</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="71358" type="text/json">{"id":71358,"name":"Design process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_process?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13752730]'), work: {"id":13752730,"title":"Biologically inspired design: process and products","created_at":"2015-07-07T08:49:39.142-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13752730/Biologically_inspired_design_process_and_products?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_13752730","summary":"Biologically inspired engineering design uses analogies to biological systems to develop solutions for engineering problems. We conducted a study of biologically inspired design in the context of an interdisciplinary introductory course on biologically inspired engineering design in Fall of 2006. The goals of this study were to understand the process of biologically inspired engineering design and to provide insight into biologically inspired design as a type of design activity. This paper provides a descriptive account of biologically inspired design processes and products, and summarizes our main observations: 1) designers use two distinct starting points for biologically inspired design; 2) regular patterns of practice emerge in biologically inspired design; and 3) certain errors occur regularly in the design process.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44993082,"asset_id":13752730,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32871238,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Helms","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MichaelHelms1","display_name":"Michael Helms","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelHelms1?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":37,"name":"Information Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Systems?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":67531,"name":"Design Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_Cognition?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":71358,"name":"Design process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_process?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":78683,"name":"Design studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_studies?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2062668" data-work_id="2062668" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2062668/Product_development_strategies_for_innovative_product">Product development strategies for innovative product</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Abstmct-Product development based on customer preferences with applications of innovative technologies is a key to obtaining a larger market share and faster sales growth for organizations in high-tech products market. The purpose of this... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2062668" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Abstmct-Product development based on customer preferences with applications of innovative technologies is a key to obtaining a larger market share and faster sales growth for organizations in high-tech products market. The purpose of this paper is to develop series of product development strategies designed for different innovation levels and recommend the strategic approach for organizations frequently introducing new products. The strategies are developed from three viewpoints: level of product improvement, scope of product change, and speed of product change. Level of product improvement shows level of technology application differences for products. Scope of product change explains the affected area of product categories required to be modified due to the innovative product introduction to the same market. Speed of product change indicates speed of technology transmission to the same or other product categories in the same target market after innovative products are introduced to the market. The each strategy allocated by the three factors is effective method for designing their products to satisfy target customers' expectations. The factors are strategically generated by the analysis of current competitive innovative market condition.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2062668" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="84f67ab7b00b0d0503fe02c18d9c03c5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50774907,"asset_id":2062668,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50774907/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2694331" href="https://amirkabir.academia.edu/AnnaBatebi">Anna Batebi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2694331" type="text/json">{"id":2694331,"first_name":"Anna","last_name":"Batebi","domain_name":"amirkabir","page_name":"AnnaBatebi","display_name":"Anna Batebi","profile_url":"https://amirkabir.academia.edu/AnnaBatebi?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2694331/863503/1077393/s65_anna.batebi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2062668 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2062668"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2062668, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2062668", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2062668 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2062668; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2062668"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2062668 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2062668"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2062668; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2062668]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2062668").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2062668").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2062668"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7055" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology_Management">Technology Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7055" type="text/json">{"id":7055,"name":"Technology Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology_Management?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12815" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Customer_Satisfaction">Customer Satisfaction</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12815" type="text/json">{"id":12815,"name":"Customer Satisfaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Customer_Satisfaction?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="81794" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Innovation_Management">Innovation Management</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="81794" type="text/json">{"id":81794,"name":"Innovation Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Innovation_Management?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2062668]'), work: {"id":2062668,"title":"Product development strategies for innovative product","created_at":"2012-10-27T19:24:30.993-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2062668/Product_development_strategies_for_innovative_product?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_2062668","summary":"Abstmct-Product development based on customer preferences with applications of innovative technologies is a key to obtaining a larger market share and faster sales growth for organizations in high-tech products market. The purpose of this paper is to develop series of product development strategies designed for different innovation levels and recommend the strategic approach for organizations frequently introducing new products. The strategies are developed from three viewpoints: level of product improvement, scope of product change, and speed of product change. Level of product improvement shows level of technology application differences for products. Scope of product change explains the affected area of product categories required to be modified due to the innovative product introduction to the same market. Speed of product change indicates speed of technology transmission to the same or other product categories in the same target market after innovative products are introduced to the market. The each strategy allocated by the three factors is effective method for designing their products to satisfy target customers' expectations. The factors are strategically generated by the analysis of current competitive innovative market condition.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50774907,"asset_id":2062668,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2694331,"first_name":"Anna","last_name":"Batebi","domain_name":"amirkabir","page_name":"AnnaBatebi","display_name":"Anna Batebi","profile_url":"https://amirkabir.academia.edu/AnnaBatebi?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2694331/863503/1077393/s65_anna.batebi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7055,"name":"Technology Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology_Management?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":12815,"name":"Customer Satisfaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Customer_Satisfaction?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":81794,"name":"Innovation Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Innovation_Management?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":132333,"name":"Product Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Product_Development?f_ri=7947"},{"id":145748,"name":"Sales","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sales?f_ri=7947"},{"id":466041,"name":"Market Share","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Market_Share?f_ri=7947"},{"id":679783,"name":"Boolean Satisfiability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Boolean_Satisfiability?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1397420,"name":"New Product","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Product?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1745949,"name":"Innovation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Innovation-61?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4804622" data-work_id="4804622" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4804622/Thermal_properties_of_polymers_by_non_steady_state_techniques">Thermal properties of polymers by non-steady-state techniques</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">N O R M A S E M É T O D O S Introdução Durante o processo de extrusão o polímero experimenta uma complicada história térmica . No trajeto inicial da extrusora, as partículas sólidas do polímero são aquecidas até o ponto de fusão. Na... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_4804622" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">N O R M A S E M É T O D O S Introdução Durante o processo de extrusão o polímero experimenta uma complicada história térmica . No trajeto inicial da extrusora, as partículas sólidas do polímero são aquecidas até o ponto de fusão. Na região intermediária, a temperatura do polímero fundido é aumentada até um nível considerável acima do ponto de fusão, enquanto as partículas sólidas remanescentes continuam sendo aquecidas até a sua fusão. Na região final da extrusora, o polímero fundido tem que alcançar um estado termicamente homogêneo. Quando o material deixa a extrusora ele é, então, resfriado normalmente até a temperatura ambiente. Pode-se concluir, portanto, que o conhecimento das propriedades térmicas de polímeros é crucial na descrição e análise do processo de extrusão.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4804622" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="20404e70cf7c1acae2d082d1f769c350" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49625908,"asset_id":4804622,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49625908/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6208352" href="https://independent.academia.edu/wilsonsantos3">wilson santos</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6208352" type="text/json">{"id":6208352,"first_name":"wilson","last_name":"santos","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"wilsonsantos3","display_name":"wilson santos","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/wilsonsantos3?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4804622 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4804622"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4804622, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4804622", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_4804622 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4804622; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_4804622"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_4804622 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4804622"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4804622; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4804622]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4804622").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4804622").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4804622"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="56" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Engineering">Materials Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="56" type="text/json">{"id":56,"name":"Materials Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="60" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering">Mechanical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="60" type="text/json">{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8067" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Transfer">Heat Transfer</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8067" type="text/json">{"id":8067,"name":"Heat Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Transfer?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4804622]'), work: {"id":4804622,"title":"Thermal properties of polymers by non-steady-state techniques","created_at":"2013-10-17T18:39:23.662-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4804622/Thermal_properties_of_polymers_by_non_steady_state_techniques?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_4804622","summary":"N O R M A S E M É T O D O S Introdução Durante o processo de extrusão o polímero experimenta uma complicada história térmica . No trajeto inicial da extrusora, as partículas sólidas do polímero são aquecidas até o ponto de fusão. Na região intermediária, a temperatura do polímero fundido é aumentada até um nível considerável acima do ponto de fusão, enquanto as partículas sólidas remanescentes continuam sendo aquecidas até a sua fusão. Na região final da extrusora, o polímero fundido tem que alcançar um estado termicamente homogêneo. Quando o material deixa a extrusora ele é, então, resfriado normalmente até a temperatura ambiente. Pode-se concluir, portanto, que o conhecimento das propriedades térmicas de polímeros é crucial na descrição e análise do processo de extrusão.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49625908,"asset_id":4804622,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6208352,"first_name":"wilson","last_name":"santos","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"wilsonsantos3","display_name":"wilson santos","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/wilsonsantos3?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":56,"name":"Materials Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":8067,"name":"Heat Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Transfer?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":23890,"name":"Comparative Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Study?f_ri=7947"},{"id":134653,"name":"THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/THERMAL_DIFFUSIVITY?f_ri=7947"},{"id":234860,"name":"Steady state","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Steady_state?f_ri=7947"},{"id":246758,"name":"Thermal Conductivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermal_Conductivity?f_ri=7947"},{"id":247487,"name":"Temperature Dependence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temperature_Dependence?f_ri=7947"},{"id":396373,"name":"Differential Scanning Calorimeter","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Differential_Scanning_Calorimeter?f_ri=7947"},{"id":411663,"name":"Polímeros","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pol%C3%ADmeros?f_ri=7947"},{"id":742212,"name":"Polymer Testing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymer_Testing?f_ri=7947"},{"id":827572,"name":"Specific Heat","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Specific_Heat?f_ri=7947"},{"id":854553,"name":"Thermal Properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermal_Properties?f_ri=7947"},{"id":856612,"name":"Polimeros","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polimeros?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1032175,"name":"Bulk Density","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bulk_Density?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1228946,"name":"Physical Properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Properties?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1724844,"name":"Molecular Structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Structure?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44049808" data-work_id="44049808" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44049808/Teaching_High_School_Students_and_College_Freshmen_Product_Development_by_Deterministic_Design_With_PREP">Teaching High School Students and College Freshmen Product Development by Deterministic Design With PREP</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper describes an effective method for teaching design in a deterministic manner that is especially effective for underrepresented students (e.g. culture, race, gender, physical disability, personality, etc.). Ten years ago we... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44049808" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper describes an effective method for teaching design in a deterministic manner that is especially effective for underrepresented students (e.g. culture, race, gender, physical disability, personality, etc.). Ten years ago we postulated that students can learn a deterministic design process not only to learn about design, but to better study math and science with peers through the use of an ordered peer-review process. The foundation of Deterministic Design is that everything happens for a reason (science, e.g., physics) and a systematic approach should be used first by individuals in a team to ask and answer questions. To ensure participation and to check that items have not been overlooked, work by individuals is followed by a Peer-Review Evaluation Process (PREP) and then the team brainstorms. Deterministic Design has designers describing what is to be done (functional requirements), how it can be done (design parameters), why it will work (analysis), who else has done similar work (references), what are the risks and possible countermeasures. PREP is especially useful for diverse teams of designers with members from various backgrounds and personalities. It is also especially useful for enabling introverted team members to fully contribute to the development of designs.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44049808" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="276ed2dad77e7ad10f78575c4fb623ac" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64390958,"asset_id":44049808,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64390958/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="169577466" href="https://mit.academia.edu/AlexanderSlocum">Alexander Slocum</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="169577466" type="text/json">{"id":169577466,"first_name":"Alexander","last_name":"Slocum","domain_name":"mit","page_name":"AlexanderSlocum","display_name":"Alexander Slocum","profile_url":"https://mit.academia.edu/AlexanderSlocum?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44049808 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44049808"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44049808, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44049808", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44049808 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44049808; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44049808"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44049808 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44049808"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44049808; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44049808]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44049808").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44049808").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44049808"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="60" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering">Mechanical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="60" type="text/json">{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6177" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling">Modeling</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6177" type="text/json">{"id":6177,"name":"Modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture">Culture</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7125" type="text/json">{"id":7125,"name":"Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44049808]'), work: {"id":44049808,"title":"Teaching High School Students and College Freshmen Product Development by Deterministic Design With PREP","created_at":"2020-09-09T03:57:25.186-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44049808/Teaching_High_School_Students_and_College_Freshmen_Product_Development_by_Deterministic_Design_With_PREP?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_44049808","summary":"This paper describes an effective method for teaching design in a deterministic manner that is especially effective for underrepresented students (e.g. culture, race, gender, physical disability, personality, etc.). Ten years ago we postulated that students can learn a deterministic design process not only to learn about design, but to better study math and science with peers through the use of an ordered peer-review process. The foundation of Deterministic Design is that everything happens for a reason (science, e.g., physics) and a systematic approach should be used first by individuals in a team to ask and answer questions. To ensure participation and to check that items have not been overlooked, work by individuals is followed by a Peer-Review Evaluation Process (PREP) and then the team brainstorms. Deterministic Design has designers describing what is to be done (functional requirements), how it can be done (design parameters), why it will work (analysis), who else has done similar work (references), what are the risks and possible countermeasures. PREP is especially useful for diverse teams of designers with members from various backgrounds and personalities. It is also especially useful for enabling introverted team members to fully contribute to the development of designs.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64390958,"asset_id":44049808,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":169577466,"first_name":"Alexander","last_name":"Slocum","domain_name":"mit","page_name":"AlexanderSlocum","display_name":"Alexander Slocum","profile_url":"https://mit.academia.edu/AlexanderSlocum?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":6177,"name":"Modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7125,"name":"Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":15346,"name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Puerto_Rico?f_ri=7947"},{"id":24837,"name":"Peer Review","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peer_Review?f_ri=7947"},{"id":37753,"name":"Teaching","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching?f_ri=7947"},{"id":71358,"name":"Design process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_process?f_ri=7947"},{"id":85930,"name":"High School","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_School?f_ri=7947"},{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States?f_ri=7947"},{"id":132333,"name":"Product Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Product_Development?f_ri=7947"},{"id":133919,"name":"Non Functional Requirement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non_Functional_Requirement?f_ri=7947"},{"id":207826,"name":"Physical disability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_disability?f_ri=7947"},{"id":257367,"name":"Mechanical design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_design?f_ri=7947"},{"id":414724,"name":"High School Student","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_School_Student?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_57560121" data-work_id="57560121" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/57560121/An_object_oriented_modeling_framework_for_representing_uncertainty_in_early_variant_design">An object-oriented modeling framework for representing uncertainty in early variant design</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article presents a framework for the representation of uncertainty in the early design of complex adaptive products such as automobiles. The core of the framework is an object-oriented approach in which design objects and their... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_57560121" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article presents a framework for the representation of uncertainty in the early design of complex adaptive products such as automobiles. The core of the framework is an object-oriented approach in which design objects and their interrelationships may be modeled, and in which both the design attributes and the product structure may be uncertain. Relationship objects allow product variants and design alternatives to be represented. In addition to the design model, derivation methods for design attributes may be modeled, and methods may be incorporated to allow the deterministic or probabilistic computation of attributes. The modeling framework is the basis of a risk modeling tool, RiTo, in which Monte Carlo simulation is used to compute estimates for costs and other design attributes together with their probability of achievement in the final design. Uncertainties may be aggregated and levels of uncertainty in different parts of the model may be continually analysed and assessed. The framework also provides a mechanism for accumulating product knowledge, in particular knowledge concerning relationships between elements of part and assembly models, product volumes and manufacturing considerations.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/57560121" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="24353e493ba1c7f1169b77d4cf12b039" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":72403077,"asset_id":57560121,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72403077/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="151242300" href="https://bristol.academia.edu/ChrisMcMahon">Chris McMahon</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="151242300" type="text/json">{"id":151242300,"first_name":"Chris","last_name":"McMahon","domain_name":"bristol","page_name":"ChrisMcMahon","display_name":"Chris McMahon","profile_url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ChrisMcMahon?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_57560121 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="57560121"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 57560121, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_57560121", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_57560121 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57560121; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_57560121"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_57560121 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="57560121"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57560121; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=57560121]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_57560121").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_57560121").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="57560121"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4392" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monte_Carlo_Simulation">Monte Carlo Simulation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4392" type="text/json">{"id":4392,"name":"Monte Carlo Simulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monte_Carlo_Simulation?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="224811" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Object_Oriented_Model">Object Oriented Model</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="224811" type="text/json">{"id":224811,"name":"Object Oriented Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Object_Oriented_Model?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=57560121]'), work: {"id":57560121,"title":"An object-oriented modeling framework for representing uncertainty in early variant design","created_at":"2021-10-13T08:54:26.401-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/57560121/An_object_oriented_modeling_framework_for_representing_uncertainty_in_early_variant_design?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_57560121","summary":"This article presents a framework for the representation of uncertainty in the early design of complex adaptive products such as automobiles. The core of the framework is an object-oriented approach in which design objects and their interrelationships may be modeled, and in which both the design attributes and the product structure may be uncertain. Relationship objects allow product variants and design alternatives to be represented. In addition to the design model, derivation methods for design attributes may be modeled, and methods may be incorporated to allow the deterministic or probabilistic computation of attributes. The modeling framework is the basis of a risk modeling tool, RiTo, in which Monte Carlo simulation is used to compute estimates for costs and other design attributes together with their probability of achievement in the final design. Uncertainties may be aggregated and levels of uncertainty in different parts of the model may be continually analysed and assessed. The framework also provides a mechanism for accumulating product knowledge, in particular knowledge concerning relationships between elements of part and assembly models, product volumes and manufacturing considerations.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":72403077,"asset_id":57560121,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":151242300,"first_name":"Chris","last_name":"McMahon","domain_name":"bristol","page_name":"ChrisMcMahon","display_name":"Chris McMahon","profile_url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/ChrisMcMahon?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4392,"name":"Monte Carlo Simulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monte_Carlo_Simulation?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":224811,"name":"Object Oriented Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Object_Oriented_Model?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12978182" data-work_id="12978182" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12978182/Design_and_implementation_of_tuned_viscoelastic_dampers_for_vibration_control_in_milling">Design and implementation of tuned viscoelastic dampers for vibration control in milling</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Passive means of vibration attenuation have been employed successfully and efficiently in machining systems such as turning and milling. Traditional approach to controlling vibration in a milling system is to develop control mechanisms... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12978182" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Passive means of vibration attenuation have been employed successfully and efficiently in machining systems such as turning and milling. Traditional approach to controlling vibration in a milling system is to develop control mechanisms for cutting tools or machine spindles. However, due to the nature of milling operations where the cutting tools rotate at high speed, the passive vibration control methods</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12978182" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="46cf6ebc6eda856045993a3f79123594" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45809702,"asset_id":12978182,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45809702/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32185945" href="https://kth.academia.edu/ARashid">Amir Rashid</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32185945" type="text/json">{"id":32185945,"first_name":"Amir","last_name":"Rashid","domain_name":"kth","page_name":"ARashid","display_name":"Amir Rashid","profile_url":"https://kth.academia.edu/ARashid?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12978182 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12978182"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12978182, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12978182", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_12978182 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12978182; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_12978182"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_12978182 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12978182"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12978182; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12978182]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12978182").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12978182").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12978182"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2383" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viscoelasticity">Viscoelasticity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2383" type="text/json">{"id":2383,"name":"Viscoelasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viscoelasticity?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6177" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling">Modeling</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6177" type="text/json">{"id":6177,"name":"Modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13615" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modal_Analysis">Modal Analysis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="13615" type="text/json">{"id":13615,"name":"Modal Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modal_Analysis?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12978182]'), work: {"id":12978182,"title":"Design and implementation of tuned viscoelastic dampers for vibration control in milling","created_at":"2015-06-14T11:52:01.276-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12978182/Design_and_implementation_of_tuned_viscoelastic_dampers_for_vibration_control_in_milling?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_12978182","summary":"Passive means of vibration attenuation have been employed successfully and efficiently in machining systems such as turning and milling. Traditional approach to controlling vibration in a milling system is to develop control mechanisms for cutting tools or machine spindles. However, due to the nature of milling operations where the cutting tools rotate at high speed, the passive vibration control methods","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45809702,"asset_id":12978182,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32185945,"first_name":"Amir","last_name":"Rashid","domain_name":"kth","page_name":"ARashid","display_name":"Amir Rashid","profile_url":"https://kth.academia.edu/ARashid?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2383,"name":"Viscoelasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viscoelasticity?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":6177,"name":"Modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":13615,"name":"Modal Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modal_Analysis?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":13836,"name":"Vibration Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vibration_Control?f_ri=7947"},{"id":71358,"name":"Design process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_process?f_ri=7947"},{"id":81327,"name":"Machine Tools","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Machine_Tools?f_ri=7947"},{"id":96825,"name":"Manufacturing Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Manufacturing_Engineering?f_ri=7947"},{"id":146633,"name":"Natural Frequency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Frequency?f_ri=7947"},{"id":317745,"name":"High Speed","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Speed?f_ri=7947"},{"id":598448,"name":"Analytical Modelling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analytical_Modelling?f_ri=7947"},{"id":994520,"name":"Design and Implementation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_and_Implementation?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1197017,"name":"Impact Test","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Impact_Test?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1249261,"name":"Speed Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Speed_Control?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1548128,"name":"Machine Tool","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Machine_Tool?f_ri=7947"},{"id":2441533,"name":"Clamping","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clamping?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_72883391" data-work_id="72883391" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72883391/Visual_representations_for_communication_in_geographically_distributed_new_product_development_projects">Visual representations for communication in geographically distributed new product development projects</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This study addresses the role of visual representations in supporting communication between an R&D team and geographically distributed suppliers for a new product development (NPD) project. It specifically focuses on the design and use of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_72883391" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This study addresses the role of visual representations in supporting communication between an R&D team and geographically distributed suppliers for a new product development (NPD) project. It specifically focuses on the design and use of visual representations as a feasible way for communication between the distributed actors when they face communication challenges originating from differences in skills in the English language, but also from differences in work experiences. Relying on empirical materials from a Swedish manufacturing company in the mechanical engineering industry, this paper makes the following contributions to the literature. First, it shows that visual representations are effective boundary objects able to support process-oriented and product-oriented communication in distributed NPD projects. Second, it illustrates that visual representations do not necessarily have to follow graphic design principles, but can still be effective if distributed actors share the same project context. Finally, it highlights the need for a dynamic and context-dependent perspective on communication in NPD projects.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/72883391" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="33991b09eac2ae1e5c462b61b2fde972" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81629974,"asset_id":72883391,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81629974/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10128737" href="https://mdh.academia.edu/YvonneEriksson">Yvonne Eriksson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10128737" type="text/json">{"id":10128737,"first_name":"Yvonne","last_name":"Eriksson","domain_name":"mdh","page_name":"YvonneEriksson","display_name":"Yvonne Eriksson","profile_url":"https://mdh.academia.edu/YvonneEriksson?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_72883391 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="72883391"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72883391, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_72883391", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_72883391 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72883391; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_72883391"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_72883391 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72883391"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72883391; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72883391]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_72883391").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_72883391").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="72883391"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="422" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="422" type="text/json">{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="859" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication">Communication</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="859" type="text/json">{"id":859,"name":"Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4828" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Collaboration">Collaboration</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4828" type="text/json">{"id":4828,"name":"Collaboration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Collaboration?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=72883391]'), work: {"id":72883391,"title":"Visual representations for communication in geographically distributed new product development projects","created_at":"2022-03-03T00:58:11.274-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/72883391/Visual_representations_for_communication_in_geographically_distributed_new_product_development_projects?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_72883391","summary":"This study addresses the role of visual representations in supporting communication between an R\u0026D team and geographically distributed suppliers for a new product development (NPD) project. It specifically focuses on the design and use of visual representations as a feasible way for communication between the distributed actors when they face communication challenges originating from differences in skills in the English language, but also from differences in work experiences. Relying on empirical materials from a Swedish manufacturing company in the mechanical engineering industry, this paper makes the following contributions to the literature. First, it shows that visual representations are effective boundary objects able to support process-oriented and product-oriented communication in distributed NPD projects. Second, it illustrates that visual representations do not necessarily have to follow graphic design principles, but can still be effective if distributed actors share the same project context. Finally, it highlights the need for a dynamic and context-dependent perspective on communication in NPD projects.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81629974,"asset_id":72883391,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":10128737,"first_name":"Yvonne","last_name":"Eriksson","domain_name":"mdh","page_name":"YvonneEriksson","display_name":"Yvonne Eriksson","profile_url":"https://mdh.academia.edu/YvonneEriksson?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":859,"name":"Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":4828,"name":"Collaboration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Collaboration?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":13309,"name":"New Product Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Product_Development?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_68156301" data-work_id="68156301" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68156301/Automated_knowledge_capture_in_2D_and_3D_design_environments">Automated knowledge capture in 2D and 3D design environments</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In Life Cycle Engineering, it is vital that the engineering knowledge for the product is captured throughout its life cycle in a formal and structured manner. This will allow the information to be referred to in the future by engineers... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_68156301" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In Life Cycle Engineering, it is vital that the engineering knowledge for the product is captured throughout its life cycle in a formal and structured manner. This will allow the information to be referred to in the future by engineers who did not work on the original design but are wanting to understand the reasons that certain design decisions were made. In the past, attempts were made to try to capture this knowledge by having the engineer record the knowledge manually during a design session. However, this is not only time-consuming but is also disruptive to the creative process. Therefore, the research presented in this paper is concerned with capturing design knowledge automatically using a traditional 2D design environment and also an immersive 3D design environment. The design knowledge is captured by continuously and non-intrusively logging the user during a design session and then storing this output in a structured eXtensible Markup Language (XML) format. Next, the XML da...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/68156301" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8b5d5951e2e3a6ba59d374332a9db5d5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78732615,"asset_id":68156301,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78732615/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="141963137" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CsabaSalamon">Csaba Salamon</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="141963137" type="text/json">{"id":141963137,"first_name":"Csaba","last_name":"Salamon","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CsabaSalamon","display_name":"Csaba Salamon","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CsabaSalamon?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_68156301 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="68156301"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 68156301, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_68156301", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_68156301 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 68156301; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_68156301"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_68156301 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="68156301"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 68156301; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=68156301]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_68156301").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_68156301").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="68156301"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1241" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge_Management">Knowledge Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1241" type="text/json">{"id":1241,"name":"Knowledge Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge_Management?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6160" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Aided_Design">Computer Aided Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6160" type="text/json">{"id":6160,"name":"Computer Aided Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Aided_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15533" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge_Capture">Knowledge Capture</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="15533" type="text/json">{"id":15533,"name":"Knowledge Capture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge_Capture?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=68156301]'), work: {"id":68156301,"title":"Automated knowledge capture in 2D and 3D design environments","created_at":"2022-01-14T11:36:50.985-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/68156301/Automated_knowledge_capture_in_2D_and_3D_design_environments?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_68156301","summary":"In Life Cycle Engineering, it is vital that the engineering knowledge for the product is captured throughout its life cycle in a formal and structured manner. This will allow the information to be referred to in the future by engineers who did not work on the original design but are wanting to understand the reasons that certain design decisions were made. In the past, attempts were made to try to capture this knowledge by having the engineer record the knowledge manually during a design session. However, this is not only time-consuming but is also disruptive to the creative process. Therefore, the research presented in this paper is concerned with capturing design knowledge automatically using a traditional 2D design environment and also an immersive 3D design environment. The design knowledge is captured by continuously and non-intrusively logging the user during a design session and then storing this output in a structured eXtensible Markup Language (XML) format. Next, the XML da...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":78732615,"asset_id":68156301,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":141963137,"first_name":"Csaba","last_name":"Salamon","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CsabaSalamon","display_name":"Csaba Salamon","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CsabaSalamon?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1241,"name":"Knowledge Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge_Management?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":6160,"name":"Computer Aided Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Aided_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":15533,"name":"Knowledge Capture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge_Capture?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":50642,"name":"Virtual Reality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virtual_Reality?f_ri=7947"},{"id":71358,"name":"Design process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_process?f_ri=7947"},{"id":182962,"name":"Life Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_Cycle?f_ri=7947"},{"id":523869,"name":"Design knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_knowledge?f_ri=7947"},{"id":586946,"name":"Computer Aided Design (CAD)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Aided_Design_CAD_?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1471386,"name":"Extensible Markup Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Extensible_Markup_Language?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1749989,"name":"Life Cycle Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_Cycle_Engineering?f_ri=7947"},{"id":3561290,"name":"design environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/design_environment?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_67429665" data-work_id="67429665" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67429665/Recuperated_gas_turbine_aeroengines_part_II_engine_design_studies_following_early_development_testing">Recuperated gas turbine aeroengines, part II: engine design studies following early development testing</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Purpose-To advance the design of heat exchanged gas turbine propulsion aeroengines utilising experience gained from early development testing, and based on technologies prevailing in the 1970-2000 time frame.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_67429665" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Purpose-To advance the design of heat exchanged gas turbine propulsion aeroengines utilising experience gained from early development testing, and based on technologies prevailing in the 1970-2000 time frame. Design/methodology/approach-With emphasis on recuperated helicopter turboshaft engines, particularly in the 1,000 hp (746 kW) class, detailed performance analyses, parametric trade-off studies, and overall power plant layouts, based on state-of-the-art turbomachinery component efficiencies and high-temperature heat exchanger technologies, were undertaken for several engine configuration concepts. Findings-Using optimised cycle parameters, and the selection of a light weight tubular heat exchanger concept, an attractive engine architecture was established in which the recuperator was fully integrated with the engine structure. This resulted in a reduced overall engine weight and lower specific fuel consumption, and represented a significant advancement in technology from the modified simple-cycle engines tested in the late 1960s. Practical implications-While heat exchanged engine technology advancements were projected, there were essentially two major factors that essentially negated the continued study and development of recuperated aeroengines, namely again as mentioned in Part I, the reduced fuel consumption was not regarded as an important economic factor in an era of low-fuel cost, and more importantly in this time frame very significant simple-cycle engine performance advancements were made with the use of significantly higher pressure ratios and increased turbine inlet temperatures. Simply stated, recuperated variants could not compete with such a rapidly moving target. Originality/value-Establishing an engine design concept in which the recuperator was an integral part of the engine structure to minimise the overall power plant weight was regarded as a technical achievement. Such an approach, together with the emergence of lighter weight recuperators of assured structural integrity, would find acceptance around the year 2000 when there was renewed interest in the use of more efficient heat exchanged variants towards the future goal of establishing "greener" aeroengines, and this is discussed in Part III of this paper.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/67429665" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="86cefab8eacf39e7cb4fbb27be0e23a6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78249781,"asset_id":67429665,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78249781/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="192775703" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FaustoMassardo">Fausto Massardo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="192775703" type="text/json">{"id":192775703,"first_name":"Fausto","last_name":"Massardo","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FaustoMassardo","display_name":"Fausto Massardo","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FaustoMassardo?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/192775703/55583451/43763850/s65_fausto.massardo.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_67429665 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="67429665"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 67429665, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_67429665", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_67429665 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67429665; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_67429665"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_67429665 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="67429665"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67429665; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67429665]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_67429665").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_67429665").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="67429665"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17196" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/GAS_TURBINE">GAS TURBINE</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17196" type="text/json">{"id":17196,"name":"GAS TURBINE","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/GAS_TURBINE?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="19517" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Exchanger">Heat Exchanger</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="19517" type="text/json">{"id":19517,"name":"Heat Exchanger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Exchanger?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23046" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Integrity">Structural Integrity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="23046" type="text/json">{"id":23046,"name":"Structural Integrity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Integrity?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=67429665]'), work: {"id":67429665,"title":"Recuperated gas turbine aeroengines, part II: engine design studies following early development testing","created_at":"2022-01-06T13:38:06.380-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/67429665/Recuperated_gas_turbine_aeroengines_part_II_engine_design_studies_following_early_development_testing?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_67429665","summary":"Purpose-To advance the design of heat exchanged gas turbine propulsion aeroengines utilising experience gained from early development testing, and based on technologies prevailing in the 1970-2000 time frame. Design/methodology/approach-With emphasis on recuperated helicopter turboshaft engines, particularly in the 1,000 hp (746 kW) class, detailed performance analyses, parametric trade-off studies, and overall power plant layouts, based on state-of-the-art turbomachinery component efficiencies and high-temperature heat exchanger technologies, were undertaken for several engine configuration concepts. Findings-Using optimised cycle parameters, and the selection of a light weight tubular heat exchanger concept, an attractive engine architecture was established in which the recuperator was fully integrated with the engine structure. This resulted in a reduced overall engine weight and lower specific fuel consumption, and represented a significant advancement in technology from the modified simple-cycle engines tested in the late 1960s. Practical implications-While heat exchanged engine technology advancements were projected, there were essentially two major factors that essentially negated the continued study and development of recuperated aeroengines, namely again as mentioned in Part I, the reduced fuel consumption was not regarded as an important economic factor in an era of low-fuel cost, and more importantly in this time frame very significant simple-cycle engine performance advancements were made with the use of significantly higher pressure ratios and increased turbine inlet temperatures. Simply stated, recuperated variants could not compete with such a rapidly moving target. Originality/value-Establishing an engine design concept in which the recuperator was an integral part of the engine structure to minimise the overall power plant weight was regarded as a technical achievement. Such an approach, together with the emergence of lighter weight recuperators of assured structural integrity, would find acceptance around the year 2000 when there was renewed interest in the use of more efficient heat exchanged variants towards the future goal of establishing \"greener\" aeroengines, and this is discussed in Part III of this paper.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":78249781,"asset_id":67429665,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":192775703,"first_name":"Fausto","last_name":"Massardo","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FaustoMassardo","display_name":"Fausto Massardo","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FaustoMassardo?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/192775703/55583451/43763850/s65_fausto.massardo.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":17196,"name":"GAS TURBINE","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/GAS_TURBINE?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":19517,"name":"Heat Exchanger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Exchanger?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":23046,"name":"Structural Integrity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Integrity?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":34388,"name":"Power Plant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Plant?f_ri=7947"},{"id":150229,"name":"Early development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_development?f_ri=7947"},{"id":159687,"name":"Design Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_Methodology?f_ri=7947"},{"id":188361,"name":"Engine Performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engine_Performance?f_ri=7947"},{"id":191117,"name":"High Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Temperature?f_ri=7947"},{"id":431154,"name":"Fuel Consumption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fuel_Consumption?f_ri=7947"},{"id":448599,"name":"Engineering Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Technology?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_66829807" data-work_id="66829807" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66829807/Civil_Engineering_Course_Outcome_Assessment">Civil Engineering Course Outcome Assessment</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The implementation of the new ABET Engineering Accreditation Criteria 2000 (EAC 2000) into Civil and Environmental Engineering undergraduate curricula has been critical to the success of the education program. The EAC 2000 emphasizes an... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_66829807" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The implementation of the new ABET Engineering Accreditation Criteria 2000 (EAC 2000) into Civil and Environmental Engineering undergraduate curricula has been critical to the success of the education program. The EAC 2000 emphasizes an outcomebased system approach to engineering education where graduates must have demonstrated abilities (A-to-K), in math, science, engineering, design, teamwork, ethics, communication, and life-long learning. Although the student grades obtained may be a reflection of the course success and standard questionnaires are also employed to monitor the student feedback, little has concerned how to equip students with the skills and attitudes specified in those outcomes. The authors describe, in details, the development of an Excel spreadsheet and the associated assessment tools for a technical design course to measure its success and ensure its continuous improvement to meet the requirements of the ABET engineering criteria. Mapping of course outcomes to t...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/66829807" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="38a782907ad7e8e0a845a3e92325b5e5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":77872971,"asset_id":66829807,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/77872971/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="171488149" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ElAriss">Bilal El-Ariss</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="171488149" type="text/json">{"id":171488149,"first_name":"Bilal","last_name":"El-Ariss","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ElAriss","display_name":"Bilal El-Ariss","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ElAriss?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/171488149/157612425/147251685/s65_bilal.el-ariss.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_66829807 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="66829807"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 66829807, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_66829807", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_66829807 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 66829807; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_66829807"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_66829807 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="66829807"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 66829807; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=66829807]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_66829807").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_66829807").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="66829807"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2023" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Education">Engineering Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2023" type="text/json">{"id":2023,"name":"Engineering Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Education?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="102972" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_Long_Learning">Life Long Learning</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="102972" type="text/json">{"id":102972,"name":"Life Long Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_Long_Learning?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=66829807]'), work: {"id":66829807,"title":"Civil Engineering Course Outcome Assessment","created_at":"2022-01-01T20:53:45.056-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/66829807/Civil_Engineering_Course_Outcome_Assessment?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_66829807","summary":"The implementation of the new ABET Engineering Accreditation Criteria 2000 (EAC 2000) into Civil and Environmental Engineering undergraduate curricula has been critical to the success of the education program. The EAC 2000 emphasizes an outcomebased system approach to engineering education where graduates must have demonstrated abilities (A-to-K), in math, science, engineering, design, teamwork, ethics, communication, and life-long learning. Although the student grades obtained may be a reflection of the course success and standard questionnaires are also employed to monitor the student feedback, little has concerned how to equip students with the skills and attitudes specified in those outcomes. The authors describe, in details, the development of an Excel spreadsheet and the associated assessment tools for a technical design course to measure its success and ensure its continuous improvement to meet the requirements of the ABET engineering criteria. Mapping of course outcomes to t...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":77872971,"asset_id":66829807,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":171488149,"first_name":"Bilal","last_name":"El-Ariss","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ElAriss","display_name":"Bilal El-Ariss","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ElAriss?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/171488149/157612425/147251685/s65_bilal.el-ariss.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":2023,"name":"Engineering Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Education?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":102972,"name":"Life Long Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_Long_Learning?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_47289310" data-work_id="47289310" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47289310/Computer_Aided_Sketching_in_Engineering_Schools">Computer-Aided Sketching in Engineering Schools</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In this paper we analyze the current role of sketching in engineering design, and its importance as a learning outcome in engineering courses. Then we examine the current disconnection between sketching and CAD tools in the new product... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_47289310" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In this paper we analyze the current role of sketching in engineering design, and its importance as a learning outcome in engineering courses. Then we examine the current disconnection between sketching and CAD tools in the new product development (NPD) process, concluding that recent advances in the field of sketch-based interfaces and modelling (SBIM) promise better integration of those separated worlds. Sketching is certainly a powerful tool that greatly enhances design creativity and helps designers during the fixation of new products, but as a result of using computer-aided drafting in both engineering education and professional practice, hand-sketching skills have been overlooked. A recent survey conducted by the ASEE's Engineering Design Graphics Division includes the ability to sketch engineering objects in the freehand mode as the second main engineering student's outcome. This means that engineering teaching community considers sketching to be a capital outcome for current and future engineers. Hence, sketching must regain its capital role in engineering schools, but digital sketching must replace paper-and-pencil sketching, and it must become a "natural" process that does not disturb the user. It seems feasible now, since the reasons for its absence come only from the facts that appropriate hardware was not available until the recent advent of tablet PCs, and that currently available academic applications are not yet prepared for broad, commercial use. Moreover, the majority of handbooks and textbooks oriented towards assisting CAD users do not exploit the limited advantages that current CAD applications can offer during conceptual design. Such books introduce the reader to a world of actions (drawing) instead of a world of ideas (designing). In short, they are oriented towards obtaining maximum computer efficiency, instead of being designerefficiency oriented. In this context, commercially available CAD tools with some "pseudo-sketching" capabilities are far from being an alternative to satisfy sketching needs as they are clearly oriented towards detailed and not conceptual design, forcing designers precisely in the wrong direction. This process is better than the simplest and obsolete computer-aided drawing of predefined geometrical figures which was allowed by the first generation CAD tools. However, it is far from being genuine sketching; where incomplete and ill-defined geometries actually germinate from the designer's mind's eye. Current CAD applications are not suitable tools to integrate both conceptual design (where sketches dominate) and detailed design (where three-dimensional modelling is the nucleus). True computer-aided sketching (CAS) tools, oriented towards engineering design, are required. SBIM is an emerging research field, and seems to be able to create the computer tools required to shift to a new paradigm where sketches should be used as input to create digital engineering models in a true computer-aided ideation environment. In this paper, we analyze the main characteristics that a successful and fully integrated CAS tool must include for its application to engineering teaching.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/47289310" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c0a2592e3a6e3fb9f029fca082ea202d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66460388,"asset_id":47289310,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66460388/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36350302" href="https://uji.academia.edu/PedroCompany">Pedro Company</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36350302" type="text/json">{"id":36350302,"first_name":"Pedro","last_name":"Company","domain_name":"uji","page_name":"PedroCompany","display_name":"Pedro Company","profile_url":"https://uji.academia.edu/PedroCompany?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/36350302/10456389/11667313/s65_pedro.company.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_47289310 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="47289310"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 47289310, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_47289310", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_47289310 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 47289310; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_47289310"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_47289310 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="47289310"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 47289310; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=47289310]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_47289310").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_47289310").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="47289310"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2023" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Education">Engineering Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2023" type="text/json">{"id":2023,"name":"Engineering Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Education?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13309" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Product_Development">New Product Development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13309" type="text/json">{"id":13309,"name":"New Product Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Product_Development?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="84628" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conceptual_Design">Conceptual Design</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="84628" type="text/json">{"id":84628,"name":"Conceptual Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conceptual_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=47289310]'), work: {"id":47289310,"title":"Computer-Aided Sketching in Engineering Schools","created_at":"2021-04-21T10:39:44.881-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/47289310/Computer_Aided_Sketching_in_Engineering_Schools?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_47289310","summary":"In this paper we analyze the current role of sketching in engineering design, and its importance as a learning outcome in engineering courses. Then we examine the current disconnection between sketching and CAD tools in the new product development (NPD) process, concluding that recent advances in the field of sketch-based interfaces and modelling (SBIM) promise better integration of those separated worlds. Sketching is certainly a powerful tool that greatly enhances design creativity and helps designers during the fixation of new products, but as a result of using computer-aided drafting in both engineering education and professional practice, hand-sketching skills have been overlooked. A recent survey conducted by the ASEE's Engineering Design Graphics Division includes the ability to sketch engineering objects in the freehand mode as the second main engineering student's outcome. This means that engineering teaching community considers sketching to be a capital outcome for current and future engineers. Hence, sketching must regain its capital role in engineering schools, but digital sketching must replace paper-and-pencil sketching, and it must become a \"natural\" process that does not disturb the user. It seems feasible now, since the reasons for its absence come only from the facts that appropriate hardware was not available until the recent advent of tablet PCs, and that currently available academic applications are not yet prepared for broad, commercial use. Moreover, the majority of handbooks and textbooks oriented towards assisting CAD users do not exploit the limited advantages that current CAD applications can offer during conceptual design. Such books introduce the reader to a world of actions (drawing) instead of a world of ideas (designing). In short, they are oriented towards obtaining maximum computer efficiency, instead of being designerefficiency oriented. In this context, commercially available CAD tools with some \"pseudo-sketching\" capabilities are far from being an alternative to satisfy sketching needs as they are clearly oriented towards detailed and not conceptual design, forcing designers precisely in the wrong direction. This process is better than the simplest and obsolete computer-aided drawing of predefined geometrical figures which was allowed by the first generation CAD tools. However, it is far from being genuine sketching; where incomplete and ill-defined geometries actually germinate from the designer's mind's eye. Current CAD applications are not suitable tools to integrate both conceptual design (where sketches dominate) and detailed design (where three-dimensional modelling is the nucleus). True computer-aided sketching (CAS) tools, oriented towards engineering design, are required. SBIM is an emerging research field, and seems to be able to create the computer tools required to shift to a new paradigm where sketches should be used as input to create digital engineering models in a true computer-aided ideation environment. In this paper, we analyze the main characteristics that a successful and fully integrated CAS tool must include for its application to engineering teaching.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66460388,"asset_id":47289310,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":36350302,"first_name":"Pedro","last_name":"Company","domain_name":"uji","page_name":"PedroCompany","display_name":"Pedro Company","profile_url":"https://uji.academia.edu/PedroCompany?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/36350302/10456389/11667313/s65_pedro.company.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2023,"name":"Engineering Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Education?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":13309,"name":"New Product Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Product_Development?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":84628,"name":"Conceptual Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conceptual_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":130573,"name":"Tablet PC","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tablet_PC?f_ri=7947"},{"id":168071,"name":"Computational Efficiency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Efficiency?f_ri=7947"},{"id":312011,"name":"Professional Practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Professional_Practice?f_ri=7947"},{"id":504035,"name":"Three Dimensional","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Three_Dimensional?f_ri=7947"},{"id":679783,"name":"Boolean Satisfiability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Boolean_Satisfiability?f_ri=7947"},{"id":742997,"name":"Computer Aided Design and Drafting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Aided_Design_and_Drafting?f_ri=7947"},{"id":797948,"name":"Learning Outcome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning_Outcome?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1166524,"name":"New Products","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Products?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3226905" data-work_id="3226905" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3226905/Prediction_of_knock_limited_operating_conditions_of_a_natural_gas_engine">Prediction of knock limited operating conditions of a natural gas engine</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Computer models of engine processes are valuable tools for predicting and analyzing engine performance and allow exploration of many engine design alternatives in an inexpensive fashion. In the present work, a zero-dimensional, two zone... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3226905" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Computer models of engine processes are valuable tools for predicting and analyzing engine performance and allow exploration of many engine design alternatives in an inexpensive fashion. In the present work, a zero-dimensional, two zone thermodynamic model was used to determine the knock limited operating conditions of a natural gas engine. Experimentally based burning rate models were used for flame initiation and propagation calculations. A knock model was incorporated with the zero-dimensional model. Comparison of the measured and calculated cylinder pressure data indicated that the model is able to match the measured cylinder pressure data with less than 8% error in magnitudes if the computations are started at the experimental spark timing. The knock predictions agreed with the measurements also. With the established knock model, it is possible not only to investigate whether knock is observed with changing operating and design parameters, but also to evaluate their effects on the maximum possible knock intensity.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3226905" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="09bb5626e2694197af0f7f91930c54ca" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50405287,"asset_id":3226905,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50405287/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3692457" href="https://bilecik.academia.edu/SerefSoylu">Seref Soylu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3692457" type="text/json">{"id":3692457,"first_name":"Seref","last_name":"Soylu","domain_name":"bilecik","page_name":"SerefSoylu","display_name":"Seref Soylu","profile_url":"https://bilecik.academia.edu/SerefSoylu?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3692457/1313296/3081936/s65_seref.soylu.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3226905 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3226905"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3226905, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3226905", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3226905 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3226905; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_3226905"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_3226905 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3226905"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3226905; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3226905]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3226905").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3226905").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3226905"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6177" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling">Modeling</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6177" type="text/json">{"id":6177,"name":"Modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6263" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Combustion">Combustion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6263" type="text/json">{"id":6263,"name":"Combustion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Combustion?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9043" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance">Performance</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9043" type="text/json">{"id":9043,"name":"Performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3226905]'), work: {"id":3226905,"title":"Prediction of knock limited operating conditions of a natural gas engine","created_at":"2013-04-06T06:35:02.744-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3226905/Prediction_of_knock_limited_operating_conditions_of_a_natural_gas_engine?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_3226905","summary":"Computer models of engine processes are valuable tools for predicting and analyzing engine performance and allow exploration of many engine design alternatives in an inexpensive fashion. In the present work, a zero-dimensional, two zone thermodynamic model was used to determine the knock limited operating conditions of a natural gas engine. Experimentally based burning rate models were used for flame initiation and propagation calculations. A knock model was incorporated with the zero-dimensional model. Comparison of the measured and calculated cylinder pressure data indicated that the model is able to match the measured cylinder pressure data with less than 8% error in magnitudes if the computations are started at the experimental spark timing. The knock predictions agreed with the measurements also. With the established knock model, it is possible not only to investigate whether knock is observed with changing operating and design parameters, but also to evaluate their effects on the maximum possible knock intensity.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50405287,"asset_id":3226905,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3692457,"first_name":"Seref","last_name":"Soylu","domain_name":"bilecik","page_name":"SerefSoylu","display_name":"Seref Soylu","profile_url":"https://bilecik.academia.edu/SerefSoylu?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3692457/1313296/3081936/s65_seref.soylu.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6177,"name":"Modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":6263,"name":"Combustion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Combustion?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":9043,"name":"Performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":59128,"name":"Natural Gas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Gas?f_ri=7947"},{"id":477865,"name":"Operant Conditioning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Operant_Conditioning?f_ri=7947"},{"id":915070,"name":"Autoignition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoignition?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1198057,"name":"Computer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1237788,"name":"Electrical And Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9364647" data-work_id="9364647" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9364647/Advanced_power_core_system_for_the_ARIES_AT_power_plant">Advanced power core system for the ARIES-AT power plant</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The ARIES-AT power core was evolved with the overall objective of achieving high performance while maintaining attractive safety features, credible maintenance and fabrication processes, and reasonable design margins as a rough indication... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9364647" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The ARIES-AT power core was evolved with the overall objective of achieving high performance while maintaining attractive safety features, credible maintenance and fabrication processes, and reasonable design margins as a rough indication of reliability. The blanket and divertor designs are based on Pb-17Li as coolant and breeder, and low-activation SiC f /SiC as structural material. Flowing Pb-17Li in series through the divertor and blanket is appealing since it simplifies the coolant routing and minimize the number of cooling systems. However, Pb-17Li provides marginal heat transfer performance in particular in the presence of MHD effects and the divertor design had to be adapted to accommodate the peak design heat flux of 5 MW/m 2 . The blanket flow scheme enables operating Pb-17Li at a high outlet temperature (about 1100 • C) for high power cycle efficiency while maintaining SiC f /SiC at a substantially lower temperature consistent with allowable limits. Waste minimization and additional cost savings are achieved by radially subdividing the blanket into two zones: a replaceable first zone and a life of plant second zone. Maintenance methods have been investigated which allow for end-of-life replacement of individual components. This paper summarizes the results of the design study of the ARIES-AT power core focusing on the blanket and divertor and including a discussion of the key parameters influencing the design, such as the SiC f /SiC properties and the MHD effects, and a description of the design configuration, analysis results and reference operating parameters.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9364647" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="76ce43867b11ebbcbf6e620b5bc3c4bf" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47808537,"asset_id":9364647,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47808537/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="21696095" href="https://uin-malang.academia.edu/AvailMalang">Avail Malang</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="21696095" type="text/json">{"id":21696095,"first_name":"Avail","last_name":"Malang","domain_name":"uin-malang","page_name":"AvailMalang","display_name":"Avail Malang","profile_url":"https://uin-malang.academia.edu/AvailMalang?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/21696095/6358835/7195021/s65_avail.malang.jpg_oh_0ead5f255f211be0560d6af7b993ace7_oe_5503a345___gda___1426622706_7d4e5204c501f385838c7e875191edf2"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9364647 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9364647"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9364647, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9364647", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9364647 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9364647; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9364647"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9364647 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9364647"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9364647; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9364647]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9364647").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9364647").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9364647"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="60" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering">Mechanical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="60" type="text/json">{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8067" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Transfer">Heat Transfer</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8067" type="text/json">{"id":8067,"name":"Heat Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Transfer?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="34388" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Plant">Power Plant</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="34388" type="text/json">{"id":34388,"name":"Power Plant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Plant?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9364647]'), work: {"id":9364647,"title":"Advanced power core system for the ARIES-AT power plant","created_at":"2014-11-17T20:01:51.193-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9364647/Advanced_power_core_system_for_the_ARIES_AT_power_plant?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_9364647","summary":"The ARIES-AT power core was evolved with the overall objective of achieving high performance while maintaining attractive safety features, credible maintenance and fabrication processes, and reasonable design margins as a rough indication of reliability. The blanket and divertor designs are based on Pb-17Li as coolant and breeder, and low-activation SiC f /SiC as structural material. Flowing Pb-17Li in series through the divertor and blanket is appealing since it simplifies the coolant routing and minimize the number of cooling systems. However, Pb-17Li provides marginal heat transfer performance in particular in the presence of MHD effects and the divertor design had to be adapted to accommodate the peak design heat flux of 5 MW/m 2 . The blanket flow scheme enables operating Pb-17Li at a high outlet temperature (about 1100 • C) for high power cycle efficiency while maintaining SiC f /SiC at a substantially lower temperature consistent with allowable limits. Waste minimization and additional cost savings are achieved by radially subdividing the blanket into two zones: a replaceable first zone and a life of plant second zone. Maintenance methods have been investigated which allow for end-of-life replacement of individual components. This paper summarizes the results of the design study of the ARIES-AT power core focusing on the blanket and divertor and including a discussion of the key parameters influencing the design, such as the SiC f /SiC properties and the MHD effects, and a description of the design configuration, analysis results and reference operating parameters.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47808537,"asset_id":9364647,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":21696095,"first_name":"Avail","last_name":"Malang","domain_name":"uin-malang","page_name":"AvailMalang","display_name":"Avail Malang","profile_url":"https://uin-malang.academia.edu/AvailMalang?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/21696095/6358835/7195021/s65_avail.malang.jpg_oh_0ead5f255f211be0560d6af7b993ace7_oe_5503a345___gda___1426622706_7d4e5204c501f385838c7e875191edf2"}],"research_interests":[{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":8067,"name":"Heat Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Transfer?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":34388,"name":"Power Plant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Plant?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":97487,"name":"End of life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/End_of_life?f_ri=7947"},{"id":201306,"name":"Heat Flux","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Flux?f_ri=7947"},{"id":267869,"name":"Fusion Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fusion_Engineering?f_ri=7947"},{"id":297691,"name":"High performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_performance?f_ri=7947"},{"id":323552,"name":"High Power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Power?f_ri=7947"},{"id":508184,"name":"Cost Saving","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cost_Saving?f_ri=7947"},{"id":554780,"name":"Interdisciplinary Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interdisciplinary_Engineering?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22438577 coauthored" data-work_id="22438577" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22438577/Containment_Evaluation_under_Severe_Accidents_CESA_synthesis_of_the_predictive_calculations_and_analysis_of_the_first_experimental_results_obtained_on_the_Civaux_mock_up">Containment Evaluation under Severe Accidents (CESA): synthesis of the predictive calculations and analysis of the first experimental results obtained on the Civaux mock-up</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In 1996, EDF decided to build a containment model at the scale 1:3, the MAEVA mock-up, in order to check and study the behaviour of a pre-stressed concrete containment vessel without a liner in terms of mechanical strength and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22438577" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In 1996, EDF decided to build a containment model at the scale 1:3, the MAEVA mock-up, in order to check and study the behaviour of a pre-stressed concrete containment vessel without a liner in terms of mechanical strength and leaktightness, for loadings corresponding to its design and beyond design conditions. In parallel with the construction and testing of the mock-up, a cost-shared R&D action supported by the European Union, the CESA project, is dealing with quantification of leak rates through concrete cracks and porosity, predictive calculations of the behaviour of the mock-up and analysis of the experimental results. In this paper, we propose a synthesis of the main theoretical and experimental results, obtained after 2.5 years. It should however be noted that, due to some unexpected delays in the experimental programme, quite natural with such a huge and unique experimental set-up, only the design-basis accident sequences, already performed, have been reported in this paper. The first results are nevertheless very interesting, both from a scientific and nuclear utility point of view.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22438577" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b274bdade716d3f08f0426faf95614c1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43057137,"asset_id":22438577,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43057137/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="43923492" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FleuryF">F. Fleury</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="43923492" type="text/json">{"id":43923492,"first_name":"F.","last_name":"Fleury","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FleuryF","display_name":"F. Fleury","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FleuryF?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-22438577">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-22438577"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/CBorderie">Christian La Borderie</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-22438577'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-22438577').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22438577 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22438577"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22438577, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22438577", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_22438577 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22438577; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_22438577"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_22438577 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22438577"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22438577; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22438577]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22438577").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22438577").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22438577"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10347" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Union">European Union</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10347" type="text/json">{"id":10347,"name":"European Union","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Union?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="153929" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cost_Sharing">Cost Sharing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="153929" type="text/json">{"id":153929,"name":"Cost Sharing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cost_Sharing?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="554780" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interdisciplinary_Engineering">Interdisciplinary Engineering</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="554780" type="text/json">{"id":554780,"name":"Interdisciplinary Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interdisciplinary_Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22438577]'), work: {"id":22438577,"title":"Containment Evaluation under Severe Accidents (CESA): synthesis of the predictive calculations and analysis of the first experimental results obtained on the Civaux mock-up","created_at":"2016-02-25T07:53:44.477-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/22438577/Containment_Evaluation_under_Severe_Accidents_CESA_synthesis_of_the_predictive_calculations_and_analysis_of_the_first_experimental_results_obtained_on_the_Civaux_mock_up?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_22438577","summary":"In 1996, EDF decided to build a containment model at the scale 1:3, the MAEVA mock-up, in order to check and study the behaviour of a pre-stressed concrete containment vessel without a liner in terms of mechanical strength and leaktightness, for loadings corresponding to its design and beyond design conditions. In parallel with the construction and testing of the mock-up, a cost-shared R\u0026D action supported by the European Union, the CESA project, is dealing with quantification of leak rates through concrete cracks and porosity, predictive calculations of the behaviour of the mock-up and analysis of the experimental results. In this paper, we propose a synthesis of the main theoretical and experimental results, obtained after 2.5 years. It should however be noted that, due to some unexpected delays in the experimental programme, quite natural with such a huge and unique experimental set-up, only the design-basis accident sequences, already performed, have been reported in this paper. The first results are nevertheless very interesting, both from a scientific and nuclear utility point of view.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43057137,"asset_id":22438577,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":43923492,"first_name":"F.","last_name":"Fleury","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FleuryF","display_name":"F. Fleury","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FleuryF?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":37858375,"first_name":"Christian La","last_name":"Borderie","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CBorderie","display_name":"Christian La Borderie","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CBorderie?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":10347,"name":"European Union","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Union?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":153929,"name":"Cost Sharing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cost_Sharing?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":554780,"name":"Interdisciplinary Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interdisciplinary_Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":892890,"name":"Point of View","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Point_of_View?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1151307,"name":"Severe Accident","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Severe_Accident?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_55174634" data-work_id="55174634" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/55174634/Contribution_Toward_Future_Biorobots_TC_Spotlight_">Contribution Toward Future Biorobots [TC Spotlight]</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/55174634" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e086c4e977409cd99a1cf392e3c4fc44" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":71171584,"asset_id":55174634,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/71171584/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8889609" href="https://case.academia.edu/RaviVaidyanathan">Ravi Vaidyanathan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8889609" type="text/json">{"id":8889609,"first_name":"Ravi","last_name":"Vaidyanathan","domain_name":"case","page_name":"RaviVaidyanathan","display_name":"Ravi Vaidyanathan","profile_url":"https://case.academia.edu/RaviVaidyanathan?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_55174634 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="55174634"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 55174634, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_55174634", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_55174634 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 55174634; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_55174634"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_55174634 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="55174634"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 55174634; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=55174634]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_55174634").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_55174634").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="55174634"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="60" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering">Mechanical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="60" type="text/json">{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="30718" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Level_Of_Detail_LOD_">Level Of Detail (LOD)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="30718" type="text/json">{"id":30718,"name":"Level Of Detail (LOD)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Level_Of_Detail_LOD_?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=55174634]'), work: {"id":55174634,"title":"Contribution Toward Future Biorobots [TC Spotlight]","created_at":"2021-10-03T09:45:53.655-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/55174634/Contribution_Toward_Future_Biorobots_TC_Spotlight_?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_55174634","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":71171584,"asset_id":55174634,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8889609,"first_name":"Ravi","last_name":"Vaidyanathan","domain_name":"case","page_name":"RaviVaidyanathan","display_name":"Ravi Vaidyanathan","profile_url":"https://case.academia.edu/RaviVaidyanathan?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":30718,"name":"Level Of Detail (LOD)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Level_Of_Detail_LOD_?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":54501,"name":"Complex System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Complex_System?f_ri=7947"},{"id":89919,"name":"Robots","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Robots?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1208732,"name":"Simulation Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Simulation_Model?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1237788,"name":"Electrical And Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering?f_ri=7947"},{"id":2273259,"name":"Biological System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_System?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_25962396" data-work_id="25962396" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25962396/Design_evolution_through_customer_interaction_with_functional_prototypes">Design evolution through customer interaction with functional prototypes</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25962396" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1ec6a9d6dd1062f89520b270a85bc6d9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46314054,"asset_id":25962396,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46314054/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="49766127" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HagueRichard">Richard Hague</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="49766127" type="text/json">{"id":49766127,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Hague","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HagueRichard","display_name":"Richard Hague","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HagueRichard?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25962396 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25962396"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25962396, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25962396", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_25962396 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25962396; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_25962396"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_25962396 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="25962396"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25962396; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25962396]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_25962396").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_25962396").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="25962396"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5770" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Concurrent_Engineering">Concurrent Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5770" type="text/json">{"id":5770,"name":"Concurrent Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Concurrent_Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13309" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Product_Development">New Product Development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13309" type="text/json">{"id":13309,"name":"New Product Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Product_Development?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="34190" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rapid_Prototyping">Rapid Prototyping</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="34190" type="text/json">{"id":34190,"name":"Rapid Prototyping","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rapid_Prototyping?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=25962396]'), work: {"id":25962396,"title":"Design evolution through customer interaction with functional prototypes","created_at":"2016-06-07T09:14:49.741-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/25962396/Design_evolution_through_customer_interaction_with_functional_prototypes?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_25962396","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46314054,"asset_id":25962396,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":49766127,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Hague","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HagueRichard","display_name":"Richard Hague","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HagueRichard?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5770,"name":"Concurrent Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Concurrent_Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":13309,"name":"New Product Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Product_Development?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":34190,"name":"Rapid Prototyping","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rapid_Prototyping?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":79213,"name":"Virtual Prototyping","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virtual_Prototyping?f_ri=7947"},{"id":96047,"name":"Case Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study?f_ri=7947"},{"id":582043,"name":"Development Process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Process?f_ri=7947"},{"id":875506,"name":"Physical Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Model?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4268898" data-work_id="4268898" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4268898/The_Communication_Patterns_of_Engineers_within_an_SME_in_2012">The Communication Patterns of Engineers within an SME in 2012</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The communication patterns of engineers has been well researched over the past decades. However, due to the rise of new communication technologies and their speed of inception within society, it can be argued that this research could be... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_4268898" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The communication patterns of engineers has been well researched over the past decades. However, due to the rise of new communication technologies and their speed of inception within society, it can be argued that this research could be less relevant to modern communication patterns of engineers. In addition, the engineers may have a preference on the communication technology used depending on the subject or purpose of the communication. Therefore, this paper discusses the results from an exploratory study that has investigated the communication patterns of engineers within an SME in 2012. The instances of communication, subject of communication and the purpose of communication were of particular focus. From this, a list of subjects and purposes for the communications was generated, which engineers were able to assign their communication to.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4268898" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b6fe7cdf79baf3d5df730a83fe8d101e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31742728,"asset_id":4268898,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31742728/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5059866" href="https://bristol.academia.edu/JamesGopsill">James Gopsill</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5059866" type="text/json">{"id":5059866,"first_name":"James","last_name":"Gopsill","domain_name":"bristol","page_name":"JamesGopsill","display_name":"James Gopsill","profile_url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/JamesGopsill?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5059866/2206124/2584112/s65_james.gopsill.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4268898 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4268898"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4268898, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4268898", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_4268898 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4268898; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_4268898"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_4268898 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4268898"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4268898; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4268898]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4268898").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4268898").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4268898"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3936" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Communication">Engineering Communication</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3936" type="text/json">{"id":3936,"name":"Engineering Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Communication?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4268898]'), work: {"id":4268898,"title":"The Communication Patterns of Engineers within an SME in 2012","created_at":"2013-08-18T21:14:28.581-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4268898/The_Communication_Patterns_of_Engineers_within_an_SME_in_2012?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_4268898","summary":"The communication patterns of engineers has been well researched over the past decades. However, due to the rise of new communication technologies and their speed of inception within society, it can be argued that this research could be less relevant to modern communication patterns of engineers. In addition, the engineers may have a preference on the communication technology used depending on the subject or purpose of the communication. Therefore, this paper discusses the results from an exploratory study that has investigated the communication patterns of engineers within an SME in 2012. The instances of communication, subject of communication and the purpose of communication were of particular focus. From this, a list of subjects and purposes for the communications was generated, which engineers were able to assign their communication to.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31742728,"asset_id":4268898,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5059866,"first_name":"James","last_name":"Gopsill","domain_name":"bristol","page_name":"JamesGopsill","display_name":"James Gopsill","profile_url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/JamesGopsill?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5059866/2206124/2584112/s65_james.gopsill.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3936,"name":"Engineering Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Communication?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_629084" data-work_id="629084" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/629084/Development_of_a_methodology_for_analysis_of_feasibility_of_application_of_an_emerging_technology_in_a_given_product">Development of a methodology for analysis of feasibility of application of an emerging technology in a given product</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The aim of the study reported in this paper was to undertake a study about the influence of technology in the form of products that incorporate technology, using a standard methodology developed for this purpose. Examples of products and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_629084" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The aim of the study reported in this paper was to undertake a study about the influence of technology in the form of products that incorporate technology, using a standard methodology developed for this purpose. Examples of products and their shape changes over time were analyzed, to understand the extent to which these changes are consequences of the developments in technology. A review of the evolution of form, taking into account the technology of a selected range of consumer products that incorporate technology, with the aim of deconstructing archetypes that are fixed and propose new ideas was accomplished. In particular, a range of technologies that are foreseen for the future were considered. Selecting specific cases of products, from a historical perspective, one can see what have been the determinants of their shape, which led to the establishment of their archetypal form. A comparative methodology was developed, in order to "decode" the role of technology as a determinant of the shape of products. Understanding the importance of technology as a modeling influence for products' form, what role this has in the consumer society, and what is its responsibility as a major element in the deconstruction of the archetypes of form is intended in this study. The influence of technology in the transformation of products is demonstrated, considering three distinct types of alterations caused by changes in technology, in a tripartite view, which focuses on: product changes, in the cases where technological change leads to a radical change of product form; product change, if technological change is not reflected so much in the change of form, but rather in the performance and the yield of the product; and, ultimately, change in the product in the event of technological change leading to a deconstruction of the product as an object. It is emphasized that the product as a physical object may disappear or may be dissolved in the environment or the architecture, with the advent of emerging technologies and their new capabilities that will certainly cause changes in the shape of products. <br />Document Type: Proceedings Paper  <br />Language: English  <br />Author Keywords: Change of form; Evolutionary perspective; Deconstruction of archetypes; Future concepts; Emerging technologies; Comparison methodology</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/629084" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="44ee369952741f51b7635efe0559b35c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30849761,"asset_id":629084,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30849761/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="361230" href="https://ubi.academia.edu/DenisCoelho">Denis A. Coelho</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="361230" type="text/json">{"id":361230,"first_name":"Denis A.","last_name":"Coelho","domain_name":"ubi","page_name":"DenisCoelho","display_name":"Denis A. Coelho","profile_url":"https://ubi.academia.edu/DenisCoelho?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/361230/110238/402020/s65_denis.coelho.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_629084 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="629084"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 629084, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_629084", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_629084 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 629084; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_629084"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_629084 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="629084"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 629084; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=629084]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_629084").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_629084").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="629084"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6513" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Product_Design">Engineering Product Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6513" type="text/json">{"id":6513,"name":"Engineering Product Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Product_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7055" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology_Management">Technology Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7055" type="text/json">{"id":7055,"name":"Technology Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology_Management?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=629084]'), work: {"id":629084,"title":"Development of a methodology for analysis of feasibility of application of an emerging technology in a given product","created_at":"2011-05-30T02:42:52.391-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/629084/Development_of_a_methodology_for_analysis_of_feasibility_of_application_of_an_emerging_technology_in_a_given_product?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_629084","summary":" The aim of the study reported in this paper was to undertake a study about the influence of technology in the form of products that incorporate technology, using a standard methodology developed for this purpose. Examples of products and their shape changes over time were analyzed, to understand the extent to which these changes are consequences of the developments in technology. A review of the evolution of form, taking into account the technology of a selected range of consumer products that incorporate technology, with the aim of deconstructing archetypes that are fixed and propose new ideas was accomplished. In particular, a range of technologies that are foreseen for the future were considered. Selecting specific cases of products, from a historical perspective, one can see what have been the determinants of their shape, which led to the establishment of their archetypal form. A comparative methodology was developed, in order to \"decode\" the role of technology as a determinant of the shape of products. Understanding the importance of technology as a modeling influence for products' form, what role this has in the consumer society, and what is its responsibility as a major element in the deconstruction of the archetypes of form is intended in this study. The influence of technology in the transformation of products is demonstrated, considering three distinct types of alterations caused by changes in technology, in a tripartite view, which focuses on: product changes, in the cases where technological change leads to a radical change of product form; product change, if technological change is not reflected so much in the change of form, but rather in the performance and the yield of the product; and, ultimately, change in the product in the event of technological change leading to a deconstruction of the product as an object. It is emphasized that the product as a physical object may disappear or may be dissolved in the environment or the architecture, with the advent of emerging technologies and their new capabilities that will certainly cause changes in the shape of products. \nDocument Type: Proceedings Paper \nLanguage: English \nAuthor Keywords: Change of form; Evolutionary perspective; Deconstruction of archetypes; Future concepts; Emerging technologies; Comparison methodology \n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30849761,"asset_id":629084,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":361230,"first_name":"Denis A.","last_name":"Coelho","domain_name":"ubi","page_name":"DenisCoelho","display_name":"Denis A. Coelho","profile_url":"https://ubi.academia.edu/DenisCoelho?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/361230/110238/402020/s65_denis.coelho.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6513,"name":"Engineering Product Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Product_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7055,"name":"Technology Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology_Management?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7005054" data-work_id="7005054" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7005054/Between_thought_and_object_in_engineering_design">Between thought and object in engineering design</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">If one accepts that engineering design is the business of a collective or team and that different participants, with different competencies, responsibilities and interest 'see' the object of design differently, then the question arises:... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7005054" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">If one accepts that engineering design is the business of a collective or team and that different participants, with different competencies, responsibilities and interest 'see' the object of design differently, then the question arises: how do they harmonize their claims and proposals throughout the course of design? For that matter, how does any one participant, working alone, exercising his or her expertise, transform ideas of function into plans which ultimately fix the form and structure of the product? We explore the possibility of extending the scope of language to include artifacts of process -sketches, bits and pieces of hardware -to see how they might serve to bridge thought and object. k c</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7005054" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="23d0c91bcb103adfa8abc95946bfa0e9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48636538,"asset_id":7005054,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48636538/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11915432" href="https://mit.academia.edu/louisbucciarelli">louis bucciarelli</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11915432" type="text/json">{"id":11915432,"first_name":"louis","last_name":"bucciarelli","domain_name":"mit","page_name":"louisbucciarelli","display_name":"louis bucciarelli","profile_url":"https://mit.academia.edu/louisbucciarelli?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11915432/166519331/156426817/s65_louis.bucciarelli.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7005054 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7005054"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7005054, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7005054", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_7005054 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7005054; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_7005054"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_7005054 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7005054"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7005054; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7005054]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7005054").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7005054").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7005054"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Systems">Information Systems</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37" type="text/json">{"id":37,"name":"Information Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Systems?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14194" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Design">Philosophy of Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14194" type="text/json">{"id":14194,"name":"Philosophy of Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="60361" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teamwork">Teamwork</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="60361" type="text/json">{"id":60361,"name":"Teamwork","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teamwork?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7005054]'), work: {"id":7005054,"title":"Between thought and object in engineering design","created_at":"2014-05-10T05:40:31.675-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7005054/Between_thought_and_object_in_engineering_design?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_7005054","summary":"If one accepts that engineering design is the business of a collective or team and that different participants, with different competencies, responsibilities and interest 'see' the object of design differently, then the question arises: how do they harmonize their claims and proposals throughout the course of design? For that matter, how does any one participant, working alone, exercising his or her expertise, transform ideas of function into plans which ultimately fix the form and structure of the product? We explore the possibility of extending the scope of language to include artifacts of process -sketches, bits and pieces of hardware -to see how they might serve to bridge thought and object. k c","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48636538,"asset_id":7005054,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":11915432,"first_name":"louis","last_name":"bucciarelli","domain_name":"mit","page_name":"louisbucciarelli","display_name":"louis bucciarelli","profile_url":"https://mit.academia.edu/louisbucciarelli?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11915432/166519331/156426817/s65_louis.bucciarelli.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":37,"name":"Information Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Systems?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":14194,"name":"Philosophy of Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":60361,"name":"Teamwork","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teamwork?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":78683,"name":"Design studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_studies?f_ri=7947"},{"id":523869,"name":"Design knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_knowledge?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_69901354" data-work_id="69901354" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69901354/Automated_Knowledge_Capture_in_2D_and_3D_Design_Environments">Automated Knowledge Capture in 2D and 3D Design Environments</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In Life Cycle Engineering, it is vital that the engineering knowledge for the product is captured throughout its life cycle in a formal and structured manner. This will allow the information to be referred to in the future by engineers... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_69901354" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In Life Cycle Engineering, it is vital that the engineering knowledge for the product is captured throughout its life cycle in a formal and structured manner. This will allow the information to be referred to in the future by engineers who did not work on the original design but are wanting to understand the reasons that certain design decisions were made. In the past, attempts were made to try to capture this knowledge by having the engineer record the knowledge manually during a design session. However, this is not only time-consuming but is also disruptive to the creative process. Therefore, the research presented in this paper is concerned with capturing design knowledge automatically using a traditional 2D design environment and also an immersive 3D design environment. The design knowledge is captured by continuously and non-intrusively logging the user during a design session and then storing this output in a structured eXtensible Markup Language (XML) format. Next, the XML da...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/69901354" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="831dc4d24c67c7cd016478ae1cbcf426" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":79820661,"asset_id":69901354,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79820661/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="145708146" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HeatherJRea">Heather J Rea</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="145708146" type="text/json">{"id":145708146,"first_name":"Heather J","last_name":"Rea","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HeatherJRea","display_name":"Heather J Rea","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HeatherJRea?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_69901354 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="69901354"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 69901354, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_69901354", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_69901354 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69901354; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_69901354"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_69901354 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="69901354"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69901354; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=69901354]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_69901354").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_69901354").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="69901354"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1241" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge_Management">Knowledge Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1241" type="text/json">{"id":1241,"name":"Knowledge Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge_Management?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6160" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Aided_Design">Computer Aided Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6160" type="text/json">{"id":6160,"name":"Computer Aided Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Aided_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15533" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge_Capture">Knowledge Capture</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="15533" type="text/json">{"id":15533,"name":"Knowledge Capture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge_Capture?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=69901354]'), work: {"id":69901354,"title":"Automated Knowledge Capture in 2D and 3D Design Environments","created_at":"2022-01-29T04:23:24.718-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/69901354/Automated_Knowledge_Capture_in_2D_and_3D_Design_Environments?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_69901354","summary":"In Life Cycle Engineering, it is vital that the engineering knowledge for the product is captured throughout its life cycle in a formal and structured manner. This will allow the information to be referred to in the future by engineers who did not work on the original design but are wanting to understand the reasons that certain design decisions were made. In the past, attempts were made to try to capture this knowledge by having the engineer record the knowledge manually during a design session. However, this is not only time-consuming but is also disruptive to the creative process. Therefore, the research presented in this paper is concerned with capturing design knowledge automatically using a traditional 2D design environment and also an immersive 3D design environment. The design knowledge is captured by continuously and non-intrusively logging the user during a design session and then storing this output in a structured eXtensible Markup Language (XML) format. Next, the XML da...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":79820661,"asset_id":69901354,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":145708146,"first_name":"Heather J","last_name":"Rea","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HeatherJRea","display_name":"Heather J Rea","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HeatherJRea?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1241,"name":"Knowledge Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge_Management?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":6160,"name":"Computer Aided Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Aided_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":15533,"name":"Knowledge Capture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge_Capture?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":50642,"name":"Virtual Reality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virtual_Reality?f_ri=7947"},{"id":71358,"name":"Design process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_process?f_ri=7947"},{"id":182962,"name":"Life Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_Cycle?f_ri=7947"},{"id":523869,"name":"Design knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_knowledge?f_ri=7947"},{"id":586946,"name":"Computer Aided Design (CAD)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Aided_Design_CAD_?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1471386,"name":"Extensible Markup Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Extensible_Markup_Language?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1749989,"name":"Life Cycle Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_Cycle_Engineering?f_ri=7947"},{"id":3561290,"name":"design environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/design_environment?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_26056646" data-work_id="26056646" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26056646/Shear_History_Extensional_Rheology_Experiment_A_Proposed_ISS_Experiment">Shear History Extensional Rheology Experiment: A Proposed ISS Experiment</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">International Space Station (ISS) glovebox experiment designed to study the effect of preshear on the transient evolution of the microstructure and viscoelastic tensile stresses for monodisperse dilute polymer solutions. Collectively... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_26056646" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">International Space Station (ISS) glovebox experiment designed to study the effect of preshear on the transient evolution of the microstructure and viscoelastic tensile stresses for monodisperse dilute polymer solutions. Collectively referred to as "Boger fluids," these polymer solutions have become a popular choice for rheological studies of non-Newtonian fluids and are the non-Newtonian fluid used in this experiment. The SHERE hardware consists of the Rheometer, Camera Arm, Interface Box, Cabling, Keyboard, Tool Box, Fluid Modules, and Stowage Tray. Each component will be described in detail in this paper. In the area of space exploration, the development of in-situ fabrication and repair technology represents a critical element in evolution of autonomous exploration capability. SHERE has the capability to provide data for engineering design tools needed for polymer parts manufacturing systems to ensure their rheological properties have not been impacted in the variable gravity environment and this will be briefly addressed.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26056646" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d839dc889187beabb3a04c16410ca2f9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46397760,"asset_id":26056646,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46397760/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35410020" href="https://mit.academia.edu/GarethMcKinley">Gareth McKinley</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35410020" type="text/json">{"id":35410020,"first_name":"Gareth","last_name":"McKinley","domain_name":"mit","page_name":"GarethMcKinley","display_name":"Gareth McKinley","profile_url":"https://mit.academia.edu/GarethMcKinley?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/35410020/16969742/17172819/s65_gareth.mckinley.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_26056646 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="26056646"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 26056646, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_26056646", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_26056646 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26056646; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_26056646"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_26056646 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26056646"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26056646; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26056646]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_26056646").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_26056646").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="26056646"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9432" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experience_Design">Experience Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9432" type="text/json">{"id":9432,"name":"Experience Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experience_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146586" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non-newtonian_Fluid_Mechanics">Non-newtonian Fluid Mechanics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146586" type="text/json">{"id":146586,"name":"Non-newtonian Fluid Mechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non-newtonian_Fluid_Mechanics?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="285668" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rheological_properties">Rheological properties</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="285668" type="text/json">{"id":285668,"name":"Rheological properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rheological_properties?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=26056646]'), work: {"id":26056646,"title":"Shear History Extensional Rheology Experiment: A Proposed ISS Experiment","created_at":"2016-06-11T06:16:17.818-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/26056646/Shear_History_Extensional_Rheology_Experiment_A_Proposed_ISS_Experiment?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_26056646","summary":"International Space Station (ISS) glovebox experiment designed to study the effect of preshear on the transient evolution of the microstructure and viscoelastic tensile stresses for monodisperse dilute polymer solutions. Collectively referred to as \"Boger fluids,\" these polymer solutions have become a popular choice for rheological studies of non-Newtonian fluids and are the non-Newtonian fluid used in this experiment. The SHERE hardware consists of the Rheometer, Camera Arm, Interface Box, Cabling, Keyboard, Tool Box, Fluid Modules, and Stowage Tray. Each component will be described in detail in this paper. In the area of space exploration, the development of in-situ fabrication and repair technology represents a critical element in evolution of autonomous exploration capability. SHERE has the capability to provide data for engineering design tools needed for polymer parts manufacturing systems to ensure their rheological properties have not been impacted in the variable gravity environment and this will be briefly addressed.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46397760,"asset_id":26056646,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35410020,"first_name":"Gareth","last_name":"McKinley","domain_name":"mit","page_name":"GarethMcKinley","display_name":"Gareth McKinley","profile_url":"https://mit.academia.edu/GarethMcKinley?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/35410020/16969742/17172819/s65_gareth.mckinley.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":9432,"name":"Experience Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experience_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":146586,"name":"Non-newtonian Fluid Mechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non-newtonian_Fluid_Mechanics?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":285668,"name":"Rheological properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rheological_properties?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":391258,"name":"Polymer Solution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymer_Solution?f_ri=7947"},{"id":473797,"name":"Microstructures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microstructures?f_ri=7947"},{"id":578094,"name":"International space station","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_space_station?f_ri=7947"},{"id":623396,"name":"Manufacturing System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Manufacturing_System?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1639420" data-work_id="1639420" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1639420/Collaborative_learning_vs_lecture_discussion_Students_reported_learning_gains">Collaborative learning vs. lecture/discussion: Students' reported learning gains</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This study examined the extent to which undergraduate engineering courses taught using active and collaborative learning methods differ from traditional lecture and discussion courses in their ability to promote the development of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1639420" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This study examined the extent to which undergraduate engineering courses taught using active and collaborative learning methods differ from traditional lecture and discussion courses in their ability to promote the development of students' engineering design, problem-solving, communication, and group participation skills. Evidence for the study comes from 480 students enrolled in 17 active or collaborative learning courses/sections and six traditional courses/sections at six engineering schools. Results indicate that active or collaborative methods produce both statistically significant and substantially greater gains in student learning than those associated with more traditional instructional methods. These learning advantages remained even when differences in a variety of student pre-course characteristics were controlled.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1639420" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5b8fd17de186b235855cbcf5b8059fa2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":17245772,"asset_id":1639420,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/17245772/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1918061" href="https://sbu.academia.edu/DianaPhalon">Diana Phalon</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1918061" type="text/json">{"id":1918061,"first_name":"Diana","last_name":"Phalon","domain_name":"sbu","page_name":"DianaPhalon","display_name":"Diana Phalon","profile_url":"https://sbu.academia.edu/DianaPhalon?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1639420 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1639420"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1639420, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1639420", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1639420 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1639420; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1639420"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1639420 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1639420"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1639420; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1639420]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1639420").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1639420").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1639420"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="922" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education">Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="922" type="text/json">{"id":922,"name":"Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2023" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Education">Engineering Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2023" type="text/json">{"id":2023,"name":"Engineering Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Education?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1639420]'), work: {"id":1639420,"title":"Collaborative learning vs. lecture/discussion: Students' reported learning gains","created_at":"2012-06-10T01:00:09.877-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1639420/Collaborative_learning_vs_lecture_discussion_Students_reported_learning_gains?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_1639420","summary":"This study examined the extent to which undergraduate engineering courses taught using active and collaborative learning methods differ from traditional lecture and discussion courses in their ability to promote the development of students' engineering design, problem-solving, communication, and group participation skills. Evidence for the study comes from 480 students enrolled in 17 active or collaborative learning courses/sections and six traditional courses/sections at six engineering schools. Results indicate that active or collaborative methods produce both statistically significant and substantially greater gains in student learning than those associated with more traditional instructional methods. These learning advantages remained even when differences in a variety of student pre-course characteristics were controlled.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":17245772,"asset_id":1639420,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1918061,"first_name":"Diana","last_name":"Phalon","domain_name":"sbu","page_name":"DianaPhalon","display_name":"Diana Phalon","profile_url":"https://sbu.academia.edu/DianaPhalon?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":922,"name":"Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":2023,"name":"Engineering Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Education?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":35254,"name":"Collaborative Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Collaborative_Learning?f_ri=7947"},{"id":49419,"name":"Problem Solving","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Problem_Solving?f_ri=7947"},{"id":125564,"name":"Statistical Significance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statistical_Significance?f_ri=7947"},{"id":131640,"name":"Student Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Student_Learning?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_72648694" data-work_id="72648694" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72648694/Design_and_Fabrication_of_an_Industrial_Poultry_Feed_Tumble_Mixer">Design and Fabrication of an Industrial Poultry Feed Tumble Mixer</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper presents the design and fabrication of a poultry feed industrial tumble mixer. The design computations to handle a 50Kg mass of feed was done in the MS Excel environment for proper machine design approach. The machine was... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_72648694" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper presents the design and fabrication of a poultry feed industrial tumble mixer. The design computations to handle a 50Kg mass of feed was done in the MS Excel environment for proper machine design approach. The machine was designed using AUTOCAD 2D/3D design software and proper material selection was done before the assembling and fabrication of parts. The efficiency of the machine, its associated cost of production and the product obtained after few minutes of mixing were outstanding, thereby, making the design acceptable and cost effective.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/72648694" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0a78602fd18a778a5c4678be954ef416" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81493996,"asset_id":72648694,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81493996/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="79568590" href="https://independent.academia.edu/thompsonaguheva">thompson aguheva</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="79568590" type="text/json">{"id":79568590,"first_name":"thompson","last_name":"aguheva","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"thompsonaguheva","display_name":"thompson aguheva","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/thompsonaguheva?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_72648694 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="72648694"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72648694, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_72648694", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_72648694 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72648694; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_72648694"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_72648694 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72648694"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72648694; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72648694]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_72648694").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_72648694").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="72648694"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128697" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Costing">Costing</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="128697" type="text/json">{"id":128697,"name":"Costing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Costing?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=72648694]'), work: {"id":72648694,"title":"Design and Fabrication of an Industrial Poultry Feed Tumble Mixer","created_at":"2022-02-28T23:09:30.164-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/72648694/Design_and_Fabrication_of_an_Industrial_Poultry_Feed_Tumble_Mixer?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_72648694","summary":"This paper presents the design and fabrication of a poultry feed industrial tumble mixer. The design computations to handle a 50Kg mass of feed was done in the MS Excel environment for proper machine design approach. The machine was designed using AUTOCAD 2D/3D design software and proper material selection was done before the assembling and fabrication of parts. The efficiency of the machine, its associated cost of production and the product obtained after few minutes of mixing were outstanding, thereby, making the design acceptable and cost effective.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81493996,"asset_id":72648694,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":79568590,"first_name":"thompson","last_name":"aguheva","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"thompsonaguheva","display_name":"thompson aguheva","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/thompsonaguheva?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":128697,"name":"Costing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Costing?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_56234164" data-work_id="56234164" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/56234164/Teaching_methodology_for_3D_animation">Teaching methodology for 3D animation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The field of 3d animation has addressed design processes and work practices in the design disciplines for in recent years. There are good reasons for considering the development of systematic design processes for the development of 3d... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_56234164" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The field of 3d animation has addressed design processes and work practices in the design disciplines for in recent years. There are good reasons for considering the development of systematic design processes for the development of 3d animation and it&#x27;s teaching. Design ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/56234164" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ddbd792478c32b7d998ce6352a56dc3f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":71720546,"asset_id":56234164,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/71720546/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="183727" href="https://csu-au.academia.edu/muqeemkhan">muqeem khan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="183727" type="text/json">{"id":183727,"first_name":"muqeem","last_name":"khan","domain_name":"csu-au","page_name":"muqeemkhan","display_name":"muqeem khan","profile_url":"https://csu-au.academia.edu/muqeemkhan?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/183727/5889671/30807294/s65_muqeem.khan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_56234164 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="56234164"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 56234164, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_56234164", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_56234164 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 56234164; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_56234164"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_56234164 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="56234164"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 56234164; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=56234164]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_56234164").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_56234164").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="56234164"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science_Education">Computer Science Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1128" type="text/json">{"id":1128,"name":"Computer Science Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science_Education?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2621" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education">Higher Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2621" type="text/json">{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3952" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industrial_Design">Industrial Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3952" type="text/json">{"id":3952,"name":"Industrial Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industrial_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4122" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Animation">Computer Animation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4122" type="text/json">{"id":4122,"name":"Computer Animation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Animation?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=56234164]'), work: {"id":56234164,"title":"Teaching methodology for 3D animation","created_at":"2021-10-07T02:44:25.685-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/56234164/Teaching_methodology_for_3D_animation?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_56234164","summary":"The field of 3d animation has addressed design processes and work practices in the design disciplines for in recent years. There are good reasons for considering the development of systematic design processes for the development of 3d animation and it\u0026#x27;s teaching. Design ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":71720546,"asset_id":56234164,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":183727,"first_name":"muqeem","last_name":"khan","domain_name":"csu-au","page_name":"muqeemkhan","display_name":"muqeem khan","profile_url":"https://csu-au.academia.edu/muqeemkhan?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/183727/5889671/30807294/s65_muqeem.khan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1128,"name":"Computer Science Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science_Education?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":3952,"name":"Industrial Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industrial_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":4122,"name":"Computer Animation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Animation?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947"},{"id":12932,"name":"Teaching Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_Methodology?f_ri=7947"},{"id":16606,"name":"Human Resource","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Resource?f_ri=7947"},{"id":37753,"name":"Teaching","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching?f_ri=7947"},{"id":71358,"name":"Design process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_process?f_ri=7947"},{"id":80596,"name":"Design method","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_method?f_ri=7947"},{"id":159687,"name":"Design Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_Methodology?f_ri=7947"},{"id":264606,"name":"Computer Graphic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Graphic?f_ri=7947"},{"id":267802,"name":"Dimensional","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dimensional?f_ri=7947"},{"id":888563,"name":"Body of Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_of_Knowledge?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_50603659" data-work_id="50603659" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50603659/Integrating_innovation_skills_in_an_introductory_engineering_design_build_course">Integrating innovation skills in an introductory engineering design-build course</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Modern engineering curricula have started to emphasize design, mostly in the form of design-build experiences. Apart from instilling important problem-solving skills, such pedagogical frameworks address the critical social skill aspects... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_50603659" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Modern engineering curricula have started to emphasize design, mostly in the form of design-build experiences. Apart from instilling important problem-solving skills, such pedagogical frameworks address the critical social skill aspects of engineering education due to their team-based, project-based nature. However, it is required of the twentyfirst century engineer to be not only technically competent and socially and culturally aware, but also innovative and entrepreneurial. This paper discusses a reformulated firstyear engineering course at the University of Pretoria, which was adopted 6 years ago to better address the required innovation skills of engineering students. This design-buildinnovate course employs a unique creative problem-solving strategy in designing and building solutions to set technological problems. The students further investigate the provisional patenting of their design concepts. Mini business plans are developed and the students participate in a university-and in a national innovation competition. This introductory engineering course has been successful as measured by overwhelmingly positive student feedback, several provisional patents, and a number of small start-up companies that emanated from the students' work.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/50603659" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5359e7c1d8b9ca91a0a3582c9d0fbfcd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":68523330,"asset_id":50603659,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68523330/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="196656708" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LiebenbergL">Leon Liebenberg</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="196656708" type="text/json">{"id":196656708,"first_name":"Leon","last_name":"Liebenberg","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LiebenbergL","display_name":"Leon Liebenberg","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LiebenbergL?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/196656708/58887372/47124625/s65_leon.liebenberg.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_50603659 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="50603659"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50603659, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_50603659", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_50603659 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50603659; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_50603659"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_50603659 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50603659"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50603659; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50603659]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_50603659").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_50603659").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="50603659"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27" type="text/json">{"id":27,"name":"Entrepreneurship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entrepreneurship?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="967" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_Property">Intellectual Property</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="967" type="text/json">{"id":967,"name":"Intellectual Property","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_Property?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="988" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design">Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="988" type="text/json">{"id":988,"name":"Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2023" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Education">Engineering Education</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2023" type="text/json">{"id":2023,"name":"Engineering Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Education?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=50603659]'), work: {"id":50603659,"title":"Integrating innovation skills in an introductory engineering design-build course","created_at":"2021-08-02T16:46:17.906-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/50603659/Integrating_innovation_skills_in_an_introductory_engineering_design_build_course?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_50603659","summary":"Modern engineering curricula have started to emphasize design, mostly in the form of design-build experiences. Apart from instilling important problem-solving skills, such pedagogical frameworks address the critical social skill aspects of engineering education due to their team-based, project-based nature. However, it is required of the twentyfirst century engineer to be not only technically competent and socially and culturally aware, but also innovative and entrepreneurial. This paper discusses a reformulated firstyear engineering course at the University of Pretoria, which was adopted 6 years ago to better address the required innovation skills of engineering students. This design-buildinnovate course employs a unique creative problem-solving strategy in designing and building solutions to set technological problems. The students further investigate the provisional patenting of their design concepts. Mini business plans are developed and the students participate in a university-and in a national innovation competition. This introductory engineering course has been successful as measured by overwhelmingly positive student feedback, several provisional patents, and a number of small start-up companies that emanated from the students' work.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68523330,"asset_id":50603659,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":196656708,"first_name":"Leon","last_name":"Liebenberg","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LiebenbergL","display_name":"Leon Liebenberg","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LiebenbergL?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/196656708/58887372/47124625/s65_leon.liebenberg.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":27,"name":"Entrepreneurship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entrepreneurship?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":967,"name":"Intellectual Property","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_Property?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":988,"name":"Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":2023,"name":"Engineering Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Education?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":3747,"name":"Creative Problem Solving","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Creative_Problem_Solving?f_ri=7947"},{"id":4803,"name":"Active Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Active_Learning?f_ri=7947"},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947"},{"id":16475,"name":"Competition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Competition?f_ri=7947"},{"id":49419,"name":"Problem Solving","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Problem_Solving?f_ri=7947"},{"id":173746,"name":"Design and Technology Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_and_Technology_Education?f_ri=7947"},{"id":174205,"name":"Business Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Planning?f_ri=7947"},{"id":291620,"name":"Social Skill","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Skill?f_ri=7947"},{"id":296671,"name":"Student feedback","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Student_feedback?f_ri=7947"},{"id":442734,"name":"First Year","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/First_Year?f_ri=7947"},{"id":508371,"name":"Curriculum and Pedagogy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Curriculum_and_Pedagogy?f_ri=7947"},{"id":991886,"name":"Cultural Awareness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Awareness?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1745949,"name":"Innovation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Innovation-61?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_49405524" data-work_id="49405524" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49405524/Dimensioning_analysis_toward_automatic_understanding_of_engineering_drawings">Dimensioning analysis: toward automatic understanding of engineering drawings</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49405524" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0ff41818de7a57b90f0ed9d1c7b3fc53" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67766478,"asset_id":49405524,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67766478/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5560054" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DovDori">Dov Dori</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5560054" type="text/json">{"id":5560054,"first_name":"Dov","last_name":"Dori","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DovDori","display_name":"Dov Dori","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DovDori?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5560054/10693332/11937657/s65_dov.dori.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49405524 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49405524"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49405524, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49405524", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_49405524 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49405524; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_49405524"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_49405524 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49405524"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49405524; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49405524]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_49405524").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_49405524").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="49405524"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5109" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pattern_Recognition">Pattern Recognition</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5109" type="text/json">{"id":5109,"name":"Pattern Recognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pattern_Recognition?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6160" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Aided_Design">Computer Aided Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6160" type="text/json">{"id":6160,"name":"Computer Aided Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Aided_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="20719" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interpretation">Interpretation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="20719" type="text/json">{"id":20719,"name":"Interpretation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interpretation?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=49405524]'), work: {"id":49405524,"title":"Dimensioning analysis: toward automatic understanding of engineering drawings","created_at":"2021-06-26T12:04:25.063-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/49405524/Dimensioning_analysis_toward_automatic_understanding_of_engineering_drawings?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_49405524","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67766478,"asset_id":49405524,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5560054,"first_name":"Dov","last_name":"Dori","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DovDori","display_name":"Dov Dori","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DovDori?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5560054/10693332/11937657/s65_dov.dori.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5109,"name":"Pattern Recognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pattern_Recognition?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":6160,"name":"Computer Aided Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Aided_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":20719,"name":"Interpretation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interpretation?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":38072,"name":"Annotation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Annotation?f_ri=7947"},{"id":71999,"name":"Document Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Document_Analysis?f_ri=7947"},{"id":161591,"name":"Graph Representation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Graph_Representation?f_ri=7947"},{"id":269983,"name":"Computer System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_System?f_ri=7947"},{"id":753054,"name":"Cad Cam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cad_Cam-1?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1545338,"name":"Engineering Drawings","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Drawings?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36664528 coauthored" data-work_id="36664528" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36664528/COMBINING_HIERARCHICAL_TASK_ANALYSIS_AND_USAGE_SCENARIOS_TO_HELP_EMBED_HUMAN_FACTORS_IN_DESIGN">COMBINING HIERARCHICAL TASK ANALYSIS AND USAGE SCENARIOS TO HELP EMBED HUMAN FACTORS IN DESIGN</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">– The introductory design course in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at Ryerson University combines Human Factors (HF) and Design. Due to its unique character, we have developed custom courseware. In recent years the instructors have... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36664528" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">– The introductory design course in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at Ryerson University combines Human Factors (HF) and Design. Due to its unique character, we have developed custom courseware. In recent years the instructors have noticed four specific shortcomings in students' abilities to incorporate HF into their designs. We are developing new courseware that focuses on embedding HF considerations into the requirements specification stage. The courseware incorporates a novel combination of Hierarchical Task Analysis (a well-known method) with Usage Scenarios (a method of Salustri's invention, based on the work of Stone and Wood). We further alter the courseware in several other ways to minimize the amount of documentation that students need to provide, while still capturing their decision-making process well enough to allow appropriate assessments. A plan for implementing and assessing the proposed work is also presented.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36664528" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bf43c8fcc926d1b3989922e8fe12813d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56598226,"asset_id":36664528,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56598226/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6019" href="https://torontomu.academia.edu/FilippoSalustri">Filippo Salustri</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6019" type="text/json">{"id":6019,"first_name":"Filippo","last_name":"Salustri","domain_name":"torontomu","page_name":"FilippoSalustri","display_name":"Filippo Salustri","profile_url":"https://torontomu.academia.edu/FilippoSalustri?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6019/2336/35403483/s65_filippo.salustri.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-36664528">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-36664528"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/WPNeumann">W. P. Neumann</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-36664528'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-36664528').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36664528 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36664528"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36664528, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36664528", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36664528 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36664528; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36664528"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36664528 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36664528"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36664528; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36664528]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36664528").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36664528").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36664528"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2023" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Education">Engineering Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2023" type="text/json">{"id":2023,"name":"Engineering Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Education?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3762" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Factors">Human Factors</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3762" type="text/json">{"id":3762,"name":"Human Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Factors?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36664528]'), work: {"id":36664528,"title":"COMBINING HIERARCHICAL TASK ANALYSIS AND USAGE SCENARIOS TO HELP EMBED HUMAN FACTORS IN DESIGN","created_at":"2018-05-18T07:43:12.153-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36664528/COMBINING_HIERARCHICAL_TASK_ANALYSIS_AND_USAGE_SCENARIOS_TO_HELP_EMBED_HUMAN_FACTORS_IN_DESIGN?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_36664528","summary":"– The introductory design course in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at Ryerson University combines Human Factors (HF) and Design. Due to its unique character, we have developed custom courseware. In recent years the instructors have noticed four specific shortcomings in students' abilities to incorporate HF into their designs. We are developing new courseware that focuses on embedding HF considerations into the requirements specification stage. The courseware incorporates a novel combination of Hierarchical Task Analysis (a well-known method) with Usage Scenarios (a method of Salustri's invention, based on the work of Stone and Wood). We further alter the courseware in several other ways to minimize the amount of documentation that students need to provide, while still capturing their decision-making process well enough to allow appropriate assessments. A plan for implementing and assessing the proposed work is also presented.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56598226,"asset_id":36664528,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6019,"first_name":"Filippo","last_name":"Salustri","domain_name":"torontomu","page_name":"FilippoSalustri","display_name":"Filippo Salustri","profile_url":"https://torontomu.academia.edu/FilippoSalustri?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6019/2336/35403483/s65_filippo.salustri.jpg"},{"id":32470416,"first_name":"W. P.","last_name":"Neumann","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"WPNeumann","display_name":"W. P. Neumann","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WPNeumann?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2023,"name":"Engineering Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Education?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":3762,"name":"Human Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Factors?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32895677 coauthored" data-work_id="32895677" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32895677/Creating_a_Human_Centric_Engineering_Design_Course">Creating a Human-Centric Engineering Design Course</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">–In 2009, the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at Ryerson University introduced a new course, MEC325: Introduction to Engineering Design, intended to address various perceived shortcomings in the Mechanical Engineering... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_32895677" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">–In 2009, the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at Ryerson University introduced a new course, MEC325: Introduction to Engineering Design, intended to address various perceived shortcomings in the Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Engineering undergraduate programs. The authors realized that there is very little literature on how human factors can be embedded ubiquitously in engineering design processes. As a result, MEC325 has become anchored on the concept of " human-centric engineering design. " This paper will describe the course's initial state and summarize many of the efforts taken by the authors to tightly integrate engineering design and human factors, and to provide a valuable learning experience to both mechanical and industrial engineering undergraduate students.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32895677" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3dde855bd465bae2f6162473e856ef0c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53035420,"asset_id":32895677,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53035420/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6019" href="https://torontomu.academia.edu/FilippoSalustri">Filippo Salustri</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6019" type="text/json">{"id":6019,"first_name":"Filippo","last_name":"Salustri","domain_name":"torontomu","page_name":"FilippoSalustri","display_name":"Filippo Salustri","profile_url":"https://torontomu.academia.edu/FilippoSalustri?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6019/2336/35403483/s65_filippo.salustri.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-32895677">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-32895677"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/WPNeumann">W. P. Neumann</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-32895677'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-32895677').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_32895677 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="32895677"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 32895677, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_32895677", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_32895677 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32895677; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_32895677"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_32895677 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32895677"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32895677; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32895677]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_32895677").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_32895677").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="32895677"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2023" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Education">Engineering Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2023" type="text/json">{"id":2023,"name":"Engineering Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Education?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3762" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Factors">Human Factors</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3762" type="text/json">{"id":3762,"name":"Human Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Factors?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="82715" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human-Centered_Design">Human-Centered Design</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="82715" type="text/json">{"id":82715,"name":"Human-Centered Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human-Centered_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=32895677]'), work: {"id":32895677,"title":"Creating a Human-Centric Engineering Design Course","created_at":"2017-05-07T16:40:49.068-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/32895677/Creating_a_Human_Centric_Engineering_Design_Course?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_32895677","summary":"–In 2009, the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at Ryerson University introduced a new course, MEC325: Introduction to Engineering Design, intended to address various perceived shortcomings in the Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Engineering undergraduate programs. The authors realized that there is very little literature on how human factors can be embedded ubiquitously in engineering design processes. As a result, MEC325 has become anchored on the concept of \" human-centric engineering design. \" This paper will describe the course's initial state and summarize many of the efforts taken by the authors to tightly integrate engineering design and human factors, and to provide a valuable learning experience to both mechanical and industrial engineering undergraduate students.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53035420,"asset_id":32895677,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6019,"first_name":"Filippo","last_name":"Salustri","domain_name":"torontomu","page_name":"FilippoSalustri","display_name":"Filippo Salustri","profile_url":"https://torontomu.academia.edu/FilippoSalustri?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6019/2336/35403483/s65_filippo.salustri.jpg"},{"id":32470416,"first_name":"W. P.","last_name":"Neumann","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"WPNeumann","display_name":"W. P. Neumann","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WPNeumann?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2023,"name":"Engineering Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Education?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":3762,"name":"Human Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Factors?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":82715,"name":"Human-Centered Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human-Centered_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6083429" data-work_id="6083429" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6083429/Geometric_Programming_Problem_with_Co_Efficients_and_Exponents_Associated_with_Binary_Numbers">Geometric Programming Problem with Co-Efficients and Exponents Associated with Binary Numbers</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Geometric programming (GP) provides a power tool for solving a variety of optimization problems. In the real world, many applications of geometric programming (GP) are engineering design problems in which some of the problem parameters... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6083429" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Geometric programming (GP) provides a power tool for solving a variety of optimization problems. In the real world, many applications of geometric programming (GP) are engineering design problems in which some of the problem parameters are estimating of actual values. This paper develops a solution procedure to solve nonlinear programming problems using GP technique by splitting the cost coefficients, constraint coefficients and exponents with the help of binary numbers. The equivalent mathematical programming problems are formulated to find their corresponding value of the objective function based on the duality theorem. The ability of calculating the cost coefficients, constraint coefficients and exponents developed in this paper might help lead to more realistic modeling efforts in engineering design areas. Standard nonlinear programming software has been used to solve the proposed optimization problem. Two numerical examples are presented to illustrate the method.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6083429" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a60957707d7dc5e8fcb0c29a7ceee8b6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33000410,"asset_id":6083429,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33000410/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9166406" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ojhaajay">ajay ojha</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9166406" type="text/json">{"id":9166406,"first_name":"ajay","last_name":"ojha","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ojhaajay","display_name":"ajay ojha","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ojhaajay?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9166406/18853701/18811375/s65_ajay.ojha.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6083429 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6083429"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6083429, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6083429", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_6083429 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6083429; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_6083429"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_6083429 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6083429"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6083429; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6083429]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6083429").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6083429").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6083429"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5446" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Programming">Mathematical Programming</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5446" type="text/json">{"id":5446,"name":"Mathematical Programming","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Programming?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5448" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonlinear_Programming">Nonlinear Programming</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5448" type="text/json">{"id":5448,"name":"Nonlinear Programming","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonlinear_Programming?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2421822" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Objective_function">Objective function</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2421822" type="text/json">{"id":2421822,"name":"Objective function","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Objective_function?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6083429]'), work: {"id":6083429,"title":"Geometric Programming Problem with Co-Efficients and Exponents Associated with Binary Numbers","created_at":"2014-02-15T00:24:57.401-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6083429/Geometric_Programming_Problem_with_Co_Efficients_and_Exponents_Associated_with_Binary_Numbers?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_6083429","summary":"Geometric programming (GP) provides a power tool for solving a variety of optimization problems. In the real world, many applications of geometric programming (GP) are engineering design problems in which some of the problem parameters are estimating of actual values. This paper develops a solution procedure to solve nonlinear programming problems using GP technique by splitting the cost coefficients, constraint coefficients and exponents with the help of binary numbers. The equivalent mathematical programming problems are formulated to find their corresponding value of the objective function based on the duality theorem. The ability of calculating the cost coefficients, constraint coefficients and exponents developed in this paper might help lead to more realistic modeling efforts in engineering design areas. Standard nonlinear programming software has been used to solve the proposed optimization problem. Two numerical examples are presented to illustrate the method.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33000410,"asset_id":6083429,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9166406,"first_name":"ajay","last_name":"ojha","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ojhaajay","display_name":"ajay ojha","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ojhaajay?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9166406/18853701/18811375/s65_ajay.ojha.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5446,"name":"Mathematical Programming","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Programming?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":5448,"name":"Nonlinear Programming","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonlinear_Programming?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":2421822,"name":"Objective function","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Objective_function?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14972104" data-work_id="14972104" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14972104/Requirements_management_in_practice_findings_from_an_empirical_study_in_the_automotive_industry">Requirements management in practice: findings from an empirical study in the automotive industry</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper presents an empirical study carried out in the automotive industry, with the aim to bring forward new experiences and knowledge on management of requirements in practice. Adopting a qualitative systems approach, and using... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14972104" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper presents an empirical study carried out in the automotive industry, with the aim to bring forward new experiences and knowledge on management of requirements in practice. Adopting a qualitative systems approach, and using multiple information sources, the requirements management process during the development of a passenger car cockpit has been mapped out. More specifically, the intention has been to identify and describe progress, changes, deviations, and compromises regarding the requirements and their fulfilment linked to the different phases of the product development. The logical reconstruction of the requirements management process is complemented with broad descriptions of associated phenomena, such as important events, organisational structures, competences, and attitudes. Findings are presented, analysed and discussed considering also factors underlying observed phenomena. Accompanying the empirical findings, the paper concludes with recommendations for constructive and efficient requirements management in practice.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14972104" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c4306a7332a339c1fd4092a882b0c805" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43686804,"asset_id":14972104,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43686804/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33967805" href="https://chalmers.academia.edu/JohanMalmqvist">Johan Malmqvist</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33967805" type="text/json">{"id":33967805,"first_name":"Johan","last_name":"Malmqvist","domain_name":"chalmers","page_name":"JohanMalmqvist","display_name":"Johan Malmqvist","profile_url":"https://chalmers.academia.edu/JohanMalmqvist?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14972104 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14972104"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14972104, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14972104", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_14972104 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14972104; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_14972104"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_14972104 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="14972104"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14972104; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14972104]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14972104").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14972104").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14972104"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18873" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automotive_Industry">Automotive Industry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18873" type="text/json">{"id":18873,"name":"Automotive Industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automotive_Industry?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="68851" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/System_Approach">System Approach</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="68851" type="text/json">{"id":68851,"name":"System Approach","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/System_Approach?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14972104]'), work: {"id":14972104,"title":"Requirements management in practice: findings from an empirical study in the automotive industry","created_at":"2015-08-16T23:34:58.479-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/14972104/Requirements_management_in_practice_findings_from_an_empirical_study_in_the_automotive_industry?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_14972104","summary":"This paper presents an empirical study carried out in the automotive industry, with the aim to bring forward new experiences and knowledge on management of requirements in practice. Adopting a qualitative systems approach, and using multiple information sources, the requirements management process during the development of a passenger car cockpit has been mapped out. More specifically, the intention has been to identify and describe progress, changes, deviations, and compromises regarding the requirements and their fulfilment linked to the different phases of the product development. The logical reconstruction of the requirements management process is complemented with broad descriptions of associated phenomena, such as important events, organisational structures, competences, and attitudes. Findings are presented, analysed and discussed considering also factors underlying observed phenomena. Accompanying the empirical findings, the paper concludes with recommendations for constructive and efficient requirements management in practice.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43686804,"asset_id":14972104,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33967805,"first_name":"Johan","last_name":"Malmqvist","domain_name":"chalmers","page_name":"JohanMalmqvist","display_name":"Johan Malmqvist","profile_url":"https://chalmers.academia.edu/JohanMalmqvist?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":18873,"name":"Automotive Industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automotive_Industry?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":68851,"name":"System Approach","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/System_Approach?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":104112,"name":"Information Sources","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Sources?f_ri=7947"},{"id":108541,"name":"Requirements Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Requirements_Management?f_ri=7947"},{"id":132333,"name":"Product Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Product_Development?f_ri=7947"},{"id":219474,"name":"Empirical Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empirical_Study?f_ri=7947"},{"id":257755,"name":"Organisational Structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organisational_Structure?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18794437" data-work_id="18794437" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18794437/Satisficing_in_engineering_design_causes_consequences_and_implications_for_design_support">Satisficing in engineering design: causes, consequences and implications for design support</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We describe an approach to investigating design cognition which involved comparing prescriptive theories of good design practice with observations of actual design behaviour. The tenet of prescriptive theory which formed the focus of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18794437" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We describe an approach to investigating design cognition which involved comparing prescriptive theories of good design practice with observations of actual design behaviour. The tenet of prescriptive theory which formed the focus of the research is the idea that designers should generate and evaluate multiple design alternatives in order to increase the chances of attaining better design solutions than might arise if they fixated upon an initial solution. Our study focused upon six professional electronic engineers attempting a novel integrated-circuit design problem. Verbal-protocol data revealed: (i) a failure to search for alternative solutions; (ii) a marked inclination to stick with early 'satisficing' solution ideas even when these were showing deficiencies; and (iii) only superficial modelling and assessment of competing alternatives when such options were actually considered. We argue that while minimal solution search in design may sometimes be caused by motivational factors and working-memory limitations, its major determinant relates to inhibitory memory processes that arise subsequent to the recognition-based emergence of familiar design solutions. We conclude by exploring the implications of minimal solution search for design support, with particular reference to an agent-based indexing system which we are developing in order to facilitate the pursuit of design alternatives in engineering contexts. 0 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. solving expertise in general as well as of design expertise in particular [ll. At an applied level, an analysis of solution-development processes in design is vital for devising optimal methods for design education and sound techniques for computer-based design support [2]. A general approach to investigating goal-directed problem-solving processes which has been applied to good effect in many areas of cognitive psychology is to compare normative theories of optimal practice with what people actually do. For example, numerous investigations of decision making (e.g., Ref.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18794437" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e512598766b5092c7908ca0ee5980f2c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40258826,"asset_id":18794437,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40258826/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="27278756" href="https://uclan.academia.edu/LindenJBall">Linden J Ball</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="27278756" type="text/json">{"id":27278756,"first_name":"Linden","last_name":"Ball","domain_name":"uclan","page_name":"LindenJBall","display_name":"Linden J Ball","profile_url":"https://uclan.academia.edu/LindenJBall?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27278756/9445921/10525459/s65_linden.ball.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18794437 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18794437"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18794437, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18794437", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_18794437 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18794437; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_18794437"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_18794437 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18794437"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18794437; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18794437]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18794437").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18794437").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18794437"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1904" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_practice">Design practice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1904" type="text/json">{"id":1904,"name":"Design practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_practice?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3385" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_Support">Design Support</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3385" type="text/json">{"id":3385,"name":"Design Support","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_Support?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7406" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agent_Based">Agent Based</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7406" type="text/json">{"id":7406,"name":"Agent Based","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agent_Based?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18794437]'), work: {"id":18794437,"title":"Satisficing in engineering design: causes, consequences and implications for design support","created_at":"2015-11-22T04:41:47.364-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18794437/Satisficing_in_engineering_design_causes_consequences_and_implications_for_design_support?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_18794437","summary":"We describe an approach to investigating design cognition which involved comparing prescriptive theories of good design practice with observations of actual design behaviour. The tenet of prescriptive theory which formed the focus of the research is the idea that designers should generate and evaluate multiple design alternatives in order to increase the chances of attaining better design solutions than might arise if they fixated upon an initial solution. Our study focused upon six professional electronic engineers attempting a novel integrated-circuit design problem. Verbal-protocol data revealed: (i) a failure to search for alternative solutions; (ii) a marked inclination to stick with early 'satisficing' solution ideas even when these were showing deficiencies; and (iii) only superficial modelling and assessment of competing alternatives when such options were actually considered. We argue that while minimal solution search in design may sometimes be caused by motivational factors and working-memory limitations, its major determinant relates to inhibitory memory processes that arise subsequent to the recognition-based emergence of familiar design solutions. We conclude by exploring the implications of minimal solution search for design support, with particular reference to an agent-based indexing system which we are developing in order to facilitate the pursuit of design alternatives in engineering contexts. 0 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. solving expertise in general as well as of design expertise in particular [ll. At an applied level, an analysis of solution-development processes in design is vital for devising optimal methods for design education and sound techniques for computer-based design support [2]. A general approach to investigating goal-directed problem-solving processes which has been applied to good effect in many areas of cognitive psychology is to compare normative theories of optimal practice with what people actually do. For example, numerous investigations of decision making (e.g., Ref.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40258826,"asset_id":18794437,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":27278756,"first_name":"Linden","last_name":"Ball","domain_name":"uclan","page_name":"LindenJBall","display_name":"Linden J Ball","profile_url":"https://uclan.academia.edu/LindenJBall?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27278756/9445921/10525459/s65_linden.ball.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":1904,"name":"Design practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_practice?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":3385,"name":"Design Support","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_Support?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7406,"name":"Agent Based","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agent_Based?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947"},{"id":8538,"name":"Working Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Working_Memory?f_ri=7947"},{"id":33995,"name":"CMOS Integrated Circuit Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CMOS_Integrated_Circuit_Design?f_ri=7947"},{"id":45872,"name":"Intelligent Agent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intelligent_Agent?f_ri=7947"},{"id":67531,"name":"Design Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_Cognition?f_ri=7947"},{"id":91713,"name":"Automation and robotics in Construction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automation_and_robotics_in_Construction?f_ri=7947"},{"id":154636,"name":"Cognitive Process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Process?f_ri=7947"},{"id":634532,"name":"Design Practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_Practice-1?f_ri=7947"},{"id":749302,"name":"Indexation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indexation?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1014508,"name":"Design Reuse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_Reuse?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14197829" data-work_id="14197829" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14197829/Designers_Potential_Liability_Development_Contingents_and_the_Representation_of_Risk">Designer's Potential Liability, Development Contingents and the Representation of Risk</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Professional liability has become a perennial problem for the independent designer, particularly the one-off designer who provides the design services for cranes and bulk materials handling machines. Part of the problem can be seen to be... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14197829" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Professional liability has become a perennial problem for the independent designer, particularly the one-off designer who provides the design services for cranes and bulk materials handling machines. Part of the problem can be seen to be the way engineers have been representing the risk associated with their work. This has lead to the distressing notion that a bid price does not need to include a development contingent when the design is sub contracted. <br /><br />A form of representation of risk is proposed in terms of permissible error rate associated with a particular level of development contingent. It is suggested that for a 5% (of purchase price) contingent to be adequate, the designer is allowed no more than 1 error in 300 design decisions. This representation could be used to argue for the provision of such a contingent, and to let the designer share in the residual of that contingent on completion of the job. Should the contingent not suffice, then a claim could be made against the professional indemnity insurer, but that claim be reduced by the contingent. <br /><br />This allows the developer to budget and be properly protected by insurance, allows the designer to share in the benefits of the risks he is expected to take, and allows for the insurer to see a substantially larger excess than is noted on the policy</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14197829" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5e8420713c02489c3515d1e977e793c6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38233015,"asset_id":14197829,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38233015/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33185297" href="https://unsw.academia.edu/HelmutMayer">Helmut Mayer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33185297" type="text/json">{"id":33185297,"first_name":"Helmut","last_name":"Mayer","domain_name":"unsw","page_name":"HelmutMayer","display_name":"Helmut Mayer","profile_url":"https://unsw.academia.edu/HelmutMayer?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33185297/31169400/28728683/s65_helmut.mayer.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14197829 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14197829"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14197829, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14197829", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_14197829 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14197829; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_14197829"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_14197829 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="14197829"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14197829; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14197829]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14197829").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14197829").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14197829"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14197829]'), work: {"id":14197829,"title":"Designer's Potential Liability, Development Contingents and the Representation of Risk","created_at":"2015-07-19T21:54:34.420-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/14197829/Designers_Potential_Liability_Development_Contingents_and_the_Representation_of_Risk?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_14197829","summary":"\nProfessional liability has become a perennial problem for the independent designer, particularly the one-off designer who provides the design services for cranes and bulk materials handling machines. Part of the problem can be seen to be the way engineers have been representing the risk associated with their work. This has lead to the distressing notion that a bid price does not need to include a development contingent when the design is sub contracted. \n\nA form of representation of risk is proposed in terms of permissible error rate associated with a particular level of development contingent. It is suggested that for a 5% (of purchase price) contingent to be adequate, the designer is allowed no more than 1 error in 300 design decisions. This representation could be used to argue for the provision of such a contingent, and to let the designer share in the residual of that contingent on completion of the job. Should the contingent not suffice, then a claim could be made against the professional indemnity insurer, but that claim be reduced by the contingent. \n\nThis allows the developer to budget and be properly protected by insurance, allows the designer to share in the benefits of the risks he is expected to take, and allows for the insurer to see a substantially larger excess than is noted on the policy","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":38233015,"asset_id":14197829,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33185297,"first_name":"Helmut","last_name":"Mayer","domain_name":"unsw","page_name":"HelmutMayer","display_name":"Helmut Mayer","profile_url":"https://unsw.academia.edu/HelmutMayer?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33185297/31169400/28728683/s65_helmut.mayer.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_81405315" data-work_id="81405315" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/81405315/Modeling_and_analysis_of_thermal_damping_in_heat_exchanger_tube_bundles">Modeling and analysis of thermal damping in heat exchanger tube bundles</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Most structures and equipment used in nuclear power plant and process plant, such as reactor internals, fuel rods, steam generator tubes bundles, and process heat exchanger tube bundles, are subjected to flow-induced vibrations (FIV).... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_81405315" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Most structures and equipment used in nuclear power plant and process plant, such as reactor internals, fuel rods, steam generator tubes bundles, and process heat exchanger tube bundles, are subjected to flow-induced vibrations (FIV). Costly plant shutdowns have been the source of motivation for continuing studies on cross-flow-induced vibration in these structures. Damping has been the target of various research attempts related to FIV in tube bundles. A recent research attempt has shown the usefulness of a phenomenon termed as 'thermal damping'. The current paper focuses on the modeling and analysis of thermal damping in tube bundles subjected to cross-flow. It is expected that the present attempt will help in establishing improved design guidelines with respect to damping in tube bundles.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/81405315" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c487a03b4ff1e2bc0bd9331625d0fd9f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":87459202,"asset_id":81405315,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87459202/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11965880" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KhanZaffar">Zaffar Khan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11965880" type="text/json">{"id":11965880,"first_name":"Zaffar","last_name":"Khan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KhanZaffar","display_name":"Zaffar Khan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KhanZaffar?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11965880/3439300/4043552/s65_zaffar.khan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_81405315 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="81405315"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 81405315, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_81405315", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_81405315 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81405315; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_81405315"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_81405315 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="81405315"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 81405315; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=81405315]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_81405315").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_81405315").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="81405315"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="511" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science">Materials Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="511" type="text/json">{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="512" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanics">Mechanics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="512" type="text/json">{"id":512,"name":"Mechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanics?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=81405315]'), work: {"id":81405315,"title":"Modeling and analysis of thermal damping in heat exchanger tube bundles","created_at":"2022-06-13T10:41:44.113-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/81405315/Modeling_and_analysis_of_thermal_damping_in_heat_exchanger_tube_bundles?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_81405315","summary":"Most structures and equipment used in nuclear power plant and process plant, such as reactor internals, fuel rods, steam generator tubes bundles, and process heat exchanger tube bundles, are subjected to flow-induced vibrations (FIV). Costly plant shutdowns have been the source of motivation for continuing studies on cross-flow-induced vibration in these structures. Damping has been the target of various research attempts related to FIV in tube bundles. A recent research attempt has shown the usefulness of a phenomenon termed as 'thermal damping'. The current paper focuses on the modeling and analysis of thermal damping in tube bundles subjected to cross-flow. It is expected that the present attempt will help in establishing improved design guidelines with respect to damping in tube bundles.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":87459202,"asset_id":81405315,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":11965880,"first_name":"Zaffar","last_name":"Khan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KhanZaffar","display_name":"Zaffar Khan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KhanZaffar?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11965880/3439300/4043552/s65_zaffar.khan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":512,"name":"Mechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanics?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":19517,"name":"Heat Exchanger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Exchanger?f_ri=7947"},{"id":432657,"name":"Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shell_and_Tube_Heat_Exchanger?f_ri=7947"},{"id":554780,"name":"Interdisciplinary Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interdisciplinary_Engineering?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1214122,"name":"Nuclear Power Plant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nuclear_Power_Plant?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1759269,"name":"Steam Generator","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Steam_Generator?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1968875,"name":"Modeling and Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling_and_Analysis?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33985363" data-work_id="33985363" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33985363/US_conductor_R_and_D_and_small_scale_experiments_for_the_ITER_magnets">US conductor R&D and small scale experiments for the ITER magnets</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">During the Engineering Design Activity (EDA) of the ITER program a major effort is being devoted to conductor R&D for the ITER magnets systems. This program includes all aspects of cable-in-conduit-conductor (CICC) manufacturing... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33985363" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">During the Engineering Design Activity (EDA) of the ITER program a major effort is being devoted to conductor R&D for the ITER magnets systems. This program includes all aspects of cable-in-conduit-conductor (CICC) manufacturing development such as superconducting strand, large multistage cables, and fabrication of thick-wall and thin-wall conduits. It also includes an extensive program of small scale laboratory measurements and experiments designed to predict the full-size conductor and magnet performance, and to quantify elements of the conductor design guidelines. A description of the manufacturing development and experimental program is given, including experiments for determining AC losses in the superconductor, CICC stability under DC and fast ramped conditions of field and current, and development of novel quench detection techniques.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33985363" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="62aa7b56ef8e45f239a9eac95fc16f6d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53936988,"asset_id":33985363,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53936988/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4789349" href="https://mit.academia.edu/JosephMinervini">Joseph V . Minervini</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4789349" type="text/json">{"id":4789349,"first_name":"Joseph","last_name":"Minervini","domain_name":"mit","page_name":"JosephMinervini","display_name":"Joseph V . Minervini","profile_url":"https://mit.academia.edu/JosephMinervini?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4789349/2038712/36274635/s65_joseph.minervini.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33985363 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33985363"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33985363, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33985363", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_33985363 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33985363; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_33985363"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_33985363 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="33985363"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33985363; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33985363]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33985363").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33985363").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33985363"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9432" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experience_Design">Experience Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9432" type="text/json">{"id":9432,"name":"Experience Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experience_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="44039" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/AC_Loss">AC Loss</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="44039" type="text/json">{"id":44039,"name":"AC Loss","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/AC_Loss?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="125513" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Superconductors">Superconductors</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="125513" type="text/json">{"id":125513,"name":"Superconductors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Superconductors?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33985363]'), work: {"id":33985363,"title":"US conductor R\u0026D and small scale experiments for the ITER magnets","created_at":"2017-07-21T07:49:52.236-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33985363/US_conductor_R_and_D_and_small_scale_experiments_for_the_ITER_magnets?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_33985363","summary":"During the Engineering Design Activity (EDA) of the ITER program a major effort is being devoted to conductor R\u0026D for the ITER magnets systems. This program includes all aspects of cable-in-conduit-conductor (CICC) manufacturing development such as superconducting strand, large multistage cables, and fabrication of thick-wall and thin-wall conduits. It also includes an extensive program of small scale laboratory measurements and experiments designed to predict the full-size conductor and magnet performance, and to quantify elements of the conductor design guidelines. A description of the manufacturing development and experimental program is given, including experiments for determining AC losses in the superconductor, CICC stability under DC and fast ramped conditions of field and current, and development of novel quench detection techniques.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53936988,"asset_id":33985363,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4789349,"first_name":"Joseph","last_name":"Minervini","domain_name":"mit","page_name":"JosephMinervini","display_name":"Joseph V . Minervini","profile_url":"https://mit.academia.edu/JosephMinervini?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4789349/2038712/36274635/s65_joseph.minervini.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":9432,"name":"Experience Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experience_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":44039,"name":"AC Loss","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/AC_Loss?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":125513,"name":"Superconductors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Superconductors?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17473741" data-work_id="17473741" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17473741/Usability_principles_and_best_practices_for_the_user_interface_design_of_complex_3D_architectural_design_and_engineering_tools">Usability principles and best practices for the user interface design of complex 3D architectural design and engineering tools</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This study proposes usability principles for the user interfaces (UI) design of complex 3D parametric architectural design and engineering tools. Numerous usability principles have been developed for generic desktop or web applications.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17473741" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This study proposes usability principles for the user interfaces (UI) design of complex 3D parametric architectural design and engineering tools. Numerous usability principles have been developed for generic desktop or web applications. The authors tried to apply existing usability principles as guidelines for evaluating complex 3D design and engineering applications. However, the principles were too generic and high-level to be useful as design or evaluation guidelines. The authors, all with more than 10 or 30 years of experience with various CAD systems, selected and reviewed 10 state-of-the-art 3D parametric design and engineering applications and captured what they thought were best practices, as screenshots and videos. The collected best practices were reviewed through a series of discussion sessions. During the discussion sessions, UI design principles underlying the collected best practices were characterized in the line of existing UI principles. Based on the best practices and the derived common UI principles, a new set of refined and detailed UI principles were proposed for improving and evaluating 3D parametric engineering design tools in the future.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17473741" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0db5186dabd34be48a9d6a53996c4eb4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39529418,"asset_id":17473741,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39529418/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37225524" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EastmanCharles">Charles Eastman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37225524" type="text/json">{"id":37225524,"first_name":"Charles","last_name":"Eastman","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EastmanCharles","display_name":"Charles Eastman","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EastmanCharles?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17473741 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17473741"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17473741, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17473741", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_17473741 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17473741; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_17473741"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_17473741 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="17473741"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17473741; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17473741]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17473741").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17473741").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17473741"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6160" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Aided_Design">Computer Aided Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6160" type="text/json">{"id":6160,"name":"Computer Aided Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Aided_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11119" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/User_Interface">User Interface</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11119" type="text/json">{"id":11119,"name":"User Interface","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/User_Interface?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="61738" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Architectural_Design">Architectural Design</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="61738" type="text/json">{"id":61738,"name":"Architectural Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Architectural_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17473741]'), work: {"id":17473741,"title":"Usability principles and best practices for the user interface design of complex 3D architectural design and engineering tools","created_at":"2015-10-29T09:25:28.375-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17473741/Usability_principles_and_best_practices_for_the_user_interface_design_of_complex_3D_architectural_design_and_engineering_tools?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_17473741","summary":"This study proposes usability principles for the user interfaces (UI) design of complex 3D parametric architectural design and engineering tools. Numerous usability principles have been developed for generic desktop or web applications. The authors tried to apply existing usability principles as guidelines for evaluating complex 3D design and engineering applications. However, the principles were too generic and high-level to be useful as design or evaluation guidelines. The authors, all with more than 10 or 30 years of experience with various CAD systems, selected and reviewed 10 state-of-the-art 3D parametric design and engineering applications and captured what they thought were best practices, as screenshots and videos. The collected best practices were reviewed through a series of discussion sessions. During the discussion sessions, UI design principles underlying the collected best practices were characterized in the line of existing UI principles. Based on the best practices and the derived common UI principles, a new set of refined and detailed UI principles were proposed for improving and evaluating 3D parametric engineering design tools in the future.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39529418,"asset_id":17473741,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":37225524,"first_name":"Charles","last_name":"Eastman","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EastmanCharles","display_name":"Charles Eastman","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EastmanCharles?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6160,"name":"Computer Aided Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Aided_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":11119,"name":"User Interface","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/User_Interface?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":61738,"name":"Architectural Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Architectural_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":83229,"name":"Best practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Best_practice?f_ri=7947"},{"id":100247,"name":"User Interface Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/User_Interface_Design?f_ri=7947"},{"id":111897,"name":"Parametric Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parametric_Design?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_56087198" data-work_id="56087198" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/56087198/Self_reflection_Lessons_learned_in_a_new_product_development_class">Self-reflection: Lessons learned in a new product development class</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">New product development (NPD) classes based around problem-based learning and mediated by design coaches from industry provide an effective vehicle for authentic learning and realistic design experiences within the constraints of academic... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_56087198" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">New product development (NPD) classes based around problem-based learning and mediated by design coaches from industry provide an effective vehicle for authentic learning and realistic design experiences within the constraints of academic settings. Little is known, however, ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/56087198" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="554fc1d2a72ee1804bc973fb24ef7591" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":71646098,"asset_id":56087198,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/71646098/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="283920" href="https://berkeley.academia.edu/SaraLBeckman">Sara L. Beckman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="283920" type="text/json">{"id":283920,"first_name":"Sara L.","last_name":"Beckman","domain_name":"berkeley","page_name":"SaraLBeckman","display_name":"Sara L. Beckman","profile_url":"https://berkeley.academia.edu/SaraLBeckman?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_56087198 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="56087198"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 56087198, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_56087198", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_56087198 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 56087198; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_56087198"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_56087198 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="56087198"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 56087198; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=56087198]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_56087198").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_56087198").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="56087198"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="60" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering">Mechanical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="60" type="text/json">{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="988" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design">Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="988" type="text/json">{"id":988,"name":"Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1750" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Assessment">Assessment</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1750" type="text/json">{"id":1750,"name":"Assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Assessment?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=56087198]'), work: {"id":56087198,"title":"Self-reflection: Lessons learned in a new product development class","created_at":"2021-10-06T16:34:58.930-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/56087198/Self_reflection_Lessons_learned_in_a_new_product_development_class?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_56087198","summary":"New product development (NPD) classes based around problem-based learning and mediated by design coaches from industry provide an effective vehicle for authentic learning and realistic design experiences within the constraints of academic settings. Little is known, however, ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":71646098,"asset_id":56087198,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":283920,"first_name":"Sara L.","last_name":"Beckman","domain_name":"berkeley","page_name":"SaraLBeckman","display_name":"Sara L. Beckman","profile_url":"https://berkeley.academia.edu/SaraLBeckman?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":988,"name":"Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":1750,"name":"Assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Assessment?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":11804,"name":"Authentic Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authentic_Learning?f_ri=7947"},{"id":13309,"name":"New Product Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Product_Development?f_ri=7947"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=7947"},{"id":29169,"name":"Reflection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reflection?f_ri=7947"},{"id":37753,"name":"Teaching","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching?f_ri=7947"},{"id":46173,"name":"User Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/User_Research?f_ri=7947"},{"id":111543,"name":"Team work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Team_work?f_ri=7947"},{"id":132333,"name":"Product Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Product_Development?f_ri=7947"},{"id":257367,"name":"Mechanical design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_design?f_ri=7947"},{"id":339262,"name":"Lessons Learned","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lessons_Learned?f_ri=7947"},{"id":681132,"name":"Multidisciplinary Teams","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary_Teams?f_ri=7947"},{"id":816036,"name":"Negociation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Negociation?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1198046,"name":"Mechanical","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1397420,"name":"New Product","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Product?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8380558" data-work_id="8380558" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8380558/NEDAT_a_toolset_to_design_and_analyze_future_force_networks">NEDAT- a toolset to design and analyze future force networks</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">1) The Department of Defense has developed the overarching concept of Net-Centric Warfare (NCW) to incorporate the technological advancements of the information age into the U.S. military. Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are a vital... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8380558" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">1) The Department of Defense has developed the overarching concept of Net-Centric Warfare (NCW) to incorporate the technological advancements of the information age into the U.S. military. Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are a vital component to realizing the NCW concept. To ensure the success of the NCW concept, there is a critical need for systematic techniques based on formal approaches to designing and predicting performance of MANETs. This paper presents a Network Engineering Design Analytic Toolset (NEDAT) that applies network science based approaches to the design and analysis of NCW-like networks. It is the result of a joint project between CERDEC and Telcordia Technologies.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8380558" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="508eb7b7a9f4cfedb21523ffad6a005b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48114861,"asset_id":8380558,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48114861/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16872188" href="https://umd.academia.edu/KyriakosManousakis">Kyriakos Manousakis</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16872188" type="text/json">{"id":16872188,"first_name":"Kyriakos","last_name":"Manousakis","domain_name":"umd","page_name":"KyriakosManousakis","display_name":"Kyriakos Manousakis","profile_url":"https://umd.academia.edu/KyriakosManousakis?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16872188/4630855/5350399/s65_kyriakos.manousakis.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8380558 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8380558"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8380558, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8380558", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_8380558 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8380558; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_8380558"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_8380558 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8380558"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8380558; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8380558]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8380558").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8380558").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8380558"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="58607" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mobile_Ad_Hoc_Network">Mobile Ad Hoc Network</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="58607" type="text/json">{"id":58607,"name":"Mobile Ad Hoc Network","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mobile_Ad_Hoc_Network?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70493" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ad_Hoc_Networks">Ad Hoc Networks</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70493" type="text/json">{"id":70493,"name":"Ad Hoc Networks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ad_Hoc_Networks?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184919" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Age">Information Age</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="184919" type="text/json">{"id":184919,"name":"Information Age","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Age?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8380558]'), work: {"id":8380558,"title":"NEDAT- a toolset to design and analyze future force networks","created_at":"2014-09-18T03:53:49.067-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8380558/NEDAT_a_toolset_to_design_and_analyze_future_force_networks?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_8380558","summary":"1) The Department of Defense has developed the overarching concept of Net-Centric Warfare (NCW) to incorporate the technological advancements of the information age into the U.S. military. Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are a vital component to realizing the NCW concept. To ensure the success of the NCW concept, there is a critical need for systematic techniques based on formal approaches to designing and predicting performance of MANETs. This paper presents a Network Engineering Design Analytic Toolset (NEDAT) that applies network science based approaches to the design and analysis of NCW-like networks. It is the result of a joint project between CERDEC and Telcordia Technologies.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48114861,"asset_id":8380558,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":16872188,"first_name":"Kyriakos","last_name":"Manousakis","domain_name":"umd","page_name":"KyriakosManousakis","display_name":"Kyriakos Manousakis","profile_url":"https://umd.academia.edu/KyriakosManousakis?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16872188/4630855/5350399/s65_kyriakos.manousakis.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":58607,"name":"Mobile Ad Hoc Network","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mobile_Ad_Hoc_Network?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":70493,"name":"Ad Hoc Networks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ad_Hoc_Networks?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":184919,"name":"Information Age","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Age?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":722982,"name":"Department of Defense","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Department_of_Defense?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27521270" data-work_id="27521270" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27521270/A_Sequential_Linear_Programming_Coordination_Algorithm_for_Analytical_Target_Cascading">A Sequential Linear Programming Coordination Algorithm for Analytical Target Cascading</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Decomposition-based strategies, such as analytical target cascading (ATC), are often employed in design optimization of complex systems. Achieving convergence and computational efficiency in the coordination strategy that solves the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27521270" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Decomposition-based strategies, such as analytical target cascading (ATC), are often employed in design optimization of complex systems. Achieving convergence and computational efficiency in the coordination strategy that solves the partitioned problem is a key challenge. A new convergent strategy is proposed for ATC, which coordinates the interactions among subproblems using sequential lineralizations. Linearity of subproblems is maintained using L ∞ norms to measure deviations between targets and responses. A subproblem suspension strategy is used to temporarily suspend inclusion of subproblems that do not need significant redesign, based on trust region and target value step size. The proposed strategy is intended for use in optimization problems where sequential linearizations are typically effective, such as problems with extensive monotonicities, large number of constraints relative to variables, and propagation of probabilities with normal distributions. Experiments with test problems show that, relative to standard ATC coordination, the number of subproblem evaluations is reduced considerably while maintaining accuracy.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27521270" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="085dbb68e19c1ba0cced8ba60195bc52" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47776700,"asset_id":27521270,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47776700/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51625324" href="https://umich.academia.edu/PanosPapalambros">Panos Papalambros</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51625324" type="text/json">{"id":51625324,"first_name":"Panos","last_name":"Papalambros","domain_name":"umich","page_name":"PanosPapalambros","display_name":"Panos Papalambros","profile_url":"https://umich.academia.edu/PanosPapalambros?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27521270 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27521270"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27521270, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27521270", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_27521270 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27521270; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_27521270"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_27521270 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27521270"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27521270; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27521270]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_27521270").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_27521270").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="27521270"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="60" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering">Mechanical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="60" type="text/json">{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="428" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms">Algorithms</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="428" type="text/json">{"id":428,"name":"Algorithms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="988" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design">Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="988" type="text/json">{"id":988,"name":"Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5447" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linear_Programming">Linear Programming</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5447" type="text/json">{"id":5447,"name":"Linear Programming","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linear_Programming?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=27521270]'), work: {"id":27521270,"title":"A Sequential Linear Programming Coordination Algorithm for Analytical Target Cascading","created_at":"2016-08-03T23:13:36.567-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/27521270/A_Sequential_Linear_Programming_Coordination_Algorithm_for_Analytical_Target_Cascading?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_27521270","summary":"Decomposition-based strategies, such as analytical target cascading (ATC), are often employed in design optimization of complex systems. Achieving convergence and computational efficiency in the coordination strategy that solves the partitioned problem is a key challenge. A new convergent strategy is proposed for ATC, which coordinates the interactions among subproblems using sequential lineralizations. Linearity of subproblems is maintained using L ∞ norms to measure deviations between targets and responses. A subproblem suspension strategy is used to temporarily suspend inclusion of subproblems that do not need significant redesign, based on trust region and target value step size. The proposed strategy is intended for use in optimization problems where sequential linearizations are typically effective, such as problems with extensive monotonicities, large number of constraints relative to variables, and propagation of probabilities with normal distributions. Experiments with test problems show that, relative to standard ATC coordination, the number of subproblem evaluations is reduced considerably while maintaining accuracy.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47776700,"asset_id":27521270,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":51625324,"first_name":"Panos","last_name":"Papalambros","domain_name":"umich","page_name":"PanosPapalambros","display_name":"Panos Papalambros","profile_url":"https://umich.academia.edu/PanosPapalambros?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":428,"name":"Algorithms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":988,"name":"Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":5447,"name":"Linear Programming","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linear_Programming?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7150,"name":"Complex Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Complex_Systems?f_ri=7947"},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947"},{"id":33069,"name":"Probability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Probability?f_ri=7947"},{"id":43981,"name":"Optimization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optimization?f_ri=7947"},{"id":49419,"name":"Problem Solving","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Problem_Solving?f_ri=7947"},{"id":54501,"name":"Complex System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Complex_System?f_ri=7947"},{"id":180826,"name":"Analytical Target Cascading","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analytical_Target_Cascading?f_ri=7947"},{"id":257367,"name":"Mechanical design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_design?f_ri=7947"},{"id":345971,"name":"Design optimization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_optimization?f_ri=7947"},{"id":349904,"name":"Linearization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linearization?f_ri=7947"},{"id":389829,"name":"Gaussian distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gaussian_distribution?f_ri=7947"},{"id":552138,"name":"Adomian decomposition method","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adomian_decomposition_method?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1142720,"name":"Normal Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Normal_Distribution?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1587858,"name":"Confidence Interval","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Confidence_Interval?f_ri=7947"},{"id":2213268,"name":"Trust Region","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trust_Region?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20790510 coauthored" data-work_id="20790510" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20790510/Design_for_Manufacturing_One_Piece_Fibre_Placed_Composite_Helicopter_Tailboom">Design for Manufacturing – One-Piece, Fibre-Placed Composite Helicopter Tailboom</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Recurring cost has become a critical driver in the design of helicopter airframes, and although composite materials have become widely used in aircraft structures, the hand lay-up manufacturing process in many cases prevents these... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_20790510" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Recurring cost has become a critical driver in the design of helicopter airframes, and although composite materials have become widely used in aircraft structures, the hand lay-up manufacturing process in many cases prevents these applications from being cost-effective. Automated manufacturing technologies promise not only reduced production costs but also higher quality, repeatable parts. The introduction of existing automated manufacturing techniques</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20790510" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0cedaedb22cb4e9deee22eeaa9e8d916" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41922693,"asset_id":20790510,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41922693/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42075097" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RobertFews">Robert Fews</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42075097" type="text/json">{"id":42075097,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Fews","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RobertFews","display_name":"Robert Fews","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RobertFews?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-20790510">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-20790510"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/PaulOldroyd">Paul Oldroyd</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-20790510'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-20790510').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20790510 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20790510"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20790510, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20790510", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_20790510 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20790510; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_20790510"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_20790510 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="20790510"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20790510; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20790510]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20790510").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20790510").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20790510"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28235" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary">Multidisciplinary</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28235" type="text/json">{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37306" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quality_Control">Quality Control</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37306" type="text/json">{"id":37306,"name":"Quality Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quality_Control?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="165565" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cost_effectiveness">Cost effectiveness</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="165565" type="text/json">{"id":165565,"name":"Cost effectiveness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cost_effectiveness?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20790510]'), work: {"id":20790510,"title":"Design for Manufacturing – One-Piece, Fibre-Placed Composite Helicopter Tailboom","created_at":"2016-01-25T09:44:37.095-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20790510/Design_for_Manufacturing_One_Piece_Fibre_Placed_Composite_Helicopter_Tailboom?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_20790510","summary":"Recurring cost has become a critical driver in the design of helicopter airframes, and although composite materials have become widely used in aircraft structures, the hand lay-up manufacturing process in many cases prevents these applications from being cost-effective. Automated manufacturing technologies promise not only reduced production costs but also higher quality, repeatable parts. The introduction of existing automated manufacturing techniques","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41922693,"asset_id":20790510,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42075097,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Fews","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RobertFews","display_name":"Robert Fews","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RobertFews?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":42136621,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Oldroyd","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PaulOldroyd","display_name":"Paul Oldroyd","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PaulOldroyd?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":37306,"name":"Quality Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quality_Control?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":165565,"name":"Cost effectiveness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cost_effectiveness?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":169323,"name":"Composite Material","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Composite_Material?f_ri=7947"},{"id":535951,"name":"Design for Manufacture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_for_Manufacture?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1358026,"name":"Production Cost","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Production_Cost?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_73490862" data-work_id="73490862" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73490862/Thinking_and_re_thinking_verbal_protocol_analysis_in_design_research">Thinking and re-thinking verbal protocol analysis in design research</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper assesses the appropriateness of verbal protocol analysis (VPA) as a means of analysing design activity. Design activity includes human cognitive abilities such as creativity, synthesis, and problem solving. These can vary... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_73490862" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper assesses the appropriateness of verbal protocol analysis (VPA) as a means of analysing design activity. Design activity includes human cognitive abilities such as creativity, synthesis, and problem solving. These can vary depending on the design disciplines and design practices involved such as industrial design, engineering design, etc. In order to find out how these abilities are expressed, a study of VPA was carried out based on interviews with two researchers from different disciplines – product design and machine design – and their experiences were compared. The issues in this paper cover general reflections, positive aspects, negative aspects, evaluation (Meta-VPA), ethics and conclusions. On the basis of the results from the analysis of the interviews on VPA, it seems to be significant to carefully consider the reasons for mapping and analysing design activity and how the results may be put into practice.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/73490862" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="10d6b9c30b97db0d537a072d1f050dea" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81993795,"asset_id":73490862,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81993795/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="179103376" href="https://idv.academia.edu/AndreLiem">Andre Liem</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="179103376" type="text/json">{"id":179103376,"first_name":"Andre","last_name":"Liem","domain_name":"idv","page_name":"AndreLiem","display_name":"Andre Liem","profile_url":"https://idv.academia.edu/AndreLiem?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_73490862 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="73490862"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 73490862, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_73490862", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_73490862 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 73490862; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_73490862"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_73490862 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="73490862"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 73490862; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=73490862]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_73490862").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_73490862").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="73490862"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="814" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics">Ethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="814" type="text/json">{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1904" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_practice">Design practice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1904" type="text/json">{"id":1904,"name":"Design practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_practice?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2923" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Methodology">Methodology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2923" type="text/json">{"id":2923,"name":"Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Methodology?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=73490862]'), work: {"id":73490862,"title":"Thinking and re-thinking verbal protocol analysis in design research","created_at":"2022-03-10T11:54:16.535-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/73490862/Thinking_and_re_thinking_verbal_protocol_analysis_in_design_research?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_73490862","summary":"This paper assesses the appropriateness of verbal protocol analysis (VPA) as a means of analysing design activity. Design activity includes human cognitive abilities such as creativity, synthesis, and problem solving. These can vary depending on the design disciplines and design practices involved such as industrial design, engineering design, etc. In order to find out how these abilities are expressed, a study of VPA was carried out based on interviews with two researchers from different disciplines – product design and machine design – and their experiences were compared. The issues in this paper cover general reflections, positive aspects, negative aspects, evaluation (Meta-VPA), ethics and conclusions. On the basis of the results from the analysis of the interviews on VPA, it seems to be significant to carefully consider the reasons for mapping and analysing design activity and how the results may be put into practice.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81993795,"asset_id":73490862,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":179103376,"first_name":"Andre","last_name":"Liem","domain_name":"idv","page_name":"AndreLiem","display_name":"Andre Liem","profile_url":"https://idv.academia.edu/AndreLiem?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":1904,"name":"Design practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_practice?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":2923,"name":"Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Methodology?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":3952,"name":"Industrial Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industrial_Design?f_ri=7947"},{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition?f_ri=7947"},{"id":5282,"name":"Design Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_Research?f_ri=7947"},{"id":6514,"name":"Product Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Product_Design?f_ri=7947"},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947"},{"id":16296,"name":"Protocol Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protocol_Analysis?f_ri=7947"},{"id":34286,"name":"Machine Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Machine_Design?f_ri=7947"},{"id":49419,"name":"Problem Solving","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Problem_Solving?f_ri=7947"},{"id":189014,"name":"Verbal protocol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Verbal_protocol?f_ri=7947"},{"id":428130,"name":"Cognitive Ability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Ability?f_ri=7947"},{"id":634532,"name":"Design Practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_Practice-1?f_ri=7947"},{"id":786022,"name":"Appropriateness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Appropriateness?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1823489,"name":"Verbal Protocol Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Verbal_Protocol_Analysis?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_66816268" data-work_id="66816268" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66816268/Latest_achievements_of_CEA_and_AREVA_NP_on_HTR_fuel_fabrication">Latest achievements of CEA and AREVA NP on HTR fuel fabrication</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Extensive research and development programs on the (Very) High Temperature gas cooled Reactor (V/HTR) are being conducted by many countries mainly promoted by the attractiveness of this concept and its capability for other applications... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_66816268" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Extensive research and development programs on the (Very) High Temperature gas cooled Reactor (V/HTR) are being conducted by many countries mainly promoted by the attractiveness of this concept and its capability for other applications than electricity production, such as ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/66816268" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3d08654194df694dc8d38cf7415071f9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":77863772,"asset_id":66816268,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/77863772/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39608837" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FrancoisCharollais">Francois Charollais</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39608837" type="text/json">{"id":39608837,"first_name":"Francois","last_name":"Charollais","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FrancoisCharollais","display_name":"Francois Charollais","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FrancoisCharollais?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_66816268 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="66816268"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 66816268, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_66816268", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_66816268 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 66816268; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_66816268"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_66816268 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="66816268"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 66816268; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=66816268]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_66816268").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_66816268").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="66816268"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6177" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling">Modeling</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6177" type="text/json">{"id":6177,"name":"Modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43981" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optimization">Optimization</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="43981" type="text/json">{"id":43981,"name":"Optimization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optimization?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=66816268]'), work: {"id":66816268,"title":"Latest achievements of CEA and AREVA NP on HTR fuel fabrication","created_at":"2022-01-01T14:13:05.232-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/66816268/Latest_achievements_of_CEA_and_AREVA_NP_on_HTR_fuel_fabrication?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_66816268","summary":"Extensive research and development programs on the (Very) High Temperature gas cooled Reactor (V/HTR) are being conducted by many countries mainly promoted by the attractiveness of this concept and its capability for other applications than electricity production, such as ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":77863772,"asset_id":66816268,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39608837,"first_name":"Francois","last_name":"Charollais","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FrancoisCharollais","display_name":"Francois Charollais","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FrancoisCharollais?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":6177,"name":"Modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":43981,"name":"Optimization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optimization?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":44752,"name":"Chemical Vapor Deposition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Vapor_Deposition?f_ri=7947"},{"id":59546,"name":"New Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Technology?f_ri=7947"},{"id":129891,"name":"Research and Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_and_Development-2?f_ri=7947"},{"id":191117,"name":"High Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Temperature?f_ri=7947"},{"id":329715,"name":"Product Quality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Product_Quality?f_ri=7947"},{"id":554780,"name":"Interdisciplinary Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interdisciplinary_Engineering?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_952122 coauthored" data-work_id="952122" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/952122/Boundary_objects_and_prototypes_at_the_interfaces_of_engineering_design">Boundary objects and prototypes at the interfaces of engineering design</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The primary hypothesis of this paper is that internal and external changes in design and manufacturing organizations ffect the viability of boundary objects (representations, drawings, models -virtual and physical) and require changes in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_952122" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The primary hypothesis of this paper is that internal and external changes in design and manufacturing organizations ffect the viability of boundary objects (representations, drawings, models -virtual and physical) and require changes in the underlying distributed cognitive models. Internal and external factors include new advances in technologies, insights into organizational processes, organizational restructuring and change of market focus. If the above hypothesis is true, then there are consequences for the methodologies of designing computational support systems for co-operative engineering work. We provide evidence by describing three empirical studies of engineering design we have performed in large organizations. We investigate how changing technologies disrupt the common grounds among interfaces and how this opens debate on the role of boundary objects, especially in the product visualization and analysis arena. We then argue that changes in market forces and other factors leading to changes in organizational structures often lead to erosion of common understanding of representations and prototypes, above all at the interfaces. We conclude by making the case that every structural and information flow change in engineering organizations is accompanied by the potential deterioration of the common ground. This requires the synthesis of new common grounds to accommodate the needs of new interfaces.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/952122" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9dfb5843db3bacb430a83fea9e027ca0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51150792,"asset_id":952122,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51150792/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="788748" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IraMonarch">Ira Monarch</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="788748" type="text/json">{"id":788748,"first_name":"Ira","last_name":"Monarch","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IraMonarch","display_name":"Ira Monarch","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IraMonarch?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-952122">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-952122"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://cmu.academia.edu/EswaranSubrahmanian">Eswaran Subrahmanian</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-952122'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-952122').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_952122 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="952122"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 952122, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_952122", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_952122 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 952122; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_952122"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_952122 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="952122"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 952122; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=952122]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_952122").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_952122").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="952122"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Systems">Information Systems</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37" type="text/json">{"id":37,"name":"Information Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Systems?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2129" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Supported_Cooperative_Work_CSCW_">Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2129" type="text/json">{"id":2129,"name":"Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Supported_Cooperative_Work_CSCW_?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=952122]'), work: {"id":952122,"title":"Boundary objects and prototypes at the interfaces of engineering design","created_at":"2011-09-26T02:19:26.592-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/952122/Boundary_objects_and_prototypes_at_the_interfaces_of_engineering_design?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_952122","summary":"The primary hypothesis of this paper is that internal and external changes in design and manufacturing organizations ffect the viability of boundary objects (representations, drawings, models -virtual and physical) and require changes in the underlying distributed cognitive models. Internal and external factors include new advances in technologies, insights into organizational processes, organizational restructuring and change of market focus. If the above hypothesis is true, then there are consequences for the methodologies of designing computational support systems for co-operative engineering work. We provide evidence by describing three empirical studies of engineering design we have performed in large organizations. We investigate how changing technologies disrupt the common grounds among interfaces and how this opens debate on the role of boundary objects, especially in the product visualization and analysis arena. We then argue that changes in market forces and other factors leading to changes in organizational structures often lead to erosion of common understanding of representations and prototypes, above all at the interfaces. We conclude by making the case that every structural and information flow change in engineering organizations is accompanied by the potential deterioration of the common ground. This requires the synthesis of new common grounds to accommodate the needs of new interfaces.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51150792,"asset_id":952122,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":788748,"first_name":"Ira","last_name":"Monarch","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IraMonarch","display_name":"Ira Monarch","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IraMonarch?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":1719455,"first_name":"Eswaran","last_name":"Subrahmanian","domain_name":"cmu","page_name":"EswaranSubrahmanian","display_name":"Eswaran Subrahmanian","profile_url":"https://cmu.academia.edu/EswaranSubrahmanian?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":37,"name":"Information Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Systems?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":2129,"name":"Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Supported_Cooperative_Work_CSCW_?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":35811,"name":"Organizational structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_structure?f_ri=7947"},{"id":47964,"name":"Information Flow","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Flow?f_ri=7947"},{"id":73321,"name":"Common Ground","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Ground?f_ri=7947"},{"id":176632,"name":"Interfaces","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interfaces?f_ri=7947"},{"id":219474,"name":"Empirical Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empirical_Study?f_ri=7947"},{"id":370326,"name":"Computer Supported Cooperative Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Supported_Cooperative_Work?f_ri=7947"},{"id":382200,"name":"Cognitive Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Models?f_ri=7947"},{"id":504701,"name":"Cognitive Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Model?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1150983,"name":"Support System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Support_System?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1988101,"name":"Boundary Object","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Boundary_Object?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3070557" data-work_id="3070557" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3070557/Multidisciplinary_grammars_supporting_design_optimization_of_buildings">Multidisciplinary grammars supporting design optimization of buildings</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Optimization often focuses only on the variation of parameters while neglecting the consideration of alternative systems. However, the rearrangement of the components of a design offers important scope for improvement. To deal with such... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3070557" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Optimization often focuses only on the variation of parameters while neglecting the consideration of alternative systems. However, the rearrangement of the components of a design offers important scope for improvement. To deal with such variations concerning the system structure of models for multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO), this paper proposes a framework for generating models dynamically using a design grammar with an underlying component-oriented analysis. Decomposition and modification rules support the derivation of alternative optimization model and the formalization of system changes. By linking qualitative characteristics with quantitative analyses, the components serve to assign architectural qualities to economic and environmental resources such as costs and energy consumption and thus to include non-numerical, qualitative characteristics within numerical optimization. The approach is developed with the help of a frame-based hall design and demonstrates system modifications of the optimization model by a specific rule set. The rule set focuses on the structural design but considers the effects for the other essential disciplines involved in the design case. The setup and the prototypical implementation of an optimization model for this design illustrate a way of including grammar-based system variations in MDO.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3070557" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c627b71f4704f38233827b4f5582cc7b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50491019,"asset_id":3070557,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50491019/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3530132" href="https://nust-ac.academia.edu/NgonidzasheMarowa">Ngonidzashe Marowa</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3530132" type="text/json">{"id":3530132,"first_name":"Ngonidzashe","last_name":"Marowa","domain_name":"nust-ac","page_name":"NgonidzasheMarowa","display_name":"Ngonidzashe Marowa","profile_url":"https://nust-ac.academia.edu/NgonidzasheMarowa?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3530132/1212544/1517361/s65_ngonidzashe.marowa.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3070557 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3070557"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3070557, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3070557", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3070557 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3070557; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_3070557"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_3070557 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3070557"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3070557; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3070557]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3070557").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3070557").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3070557"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49593" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary_Design_Optimization">Multidisciplinary Design Optimization</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="49593" type="text/json">{"id":49593,"name":"Multidisciplinary Design Optimization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary_Design_Optimization?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="186204" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Building_Design">Building Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="186204" type="text/json">{"id":186204,"name":"Building Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Building_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="345971" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_optimization">Design optimization</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="345971" type="text/json">{"id":345971,"name":"Design optimization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_optimization?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3070557]'), work: {"id":3070557,"title":"Multidisciplinary grammars supporting design optimization of buildings","created_at":"2013-03-20T17:35:02.058-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3070557/Multidisciplinary_grammars_supporting_design_optimization_of_buildings?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_3070557","summary":"Optimization often focuses only on the variation of parameters while neglecting the consideration of alternative systems. However, the rearrangement of the components of a design offers important scope for improvement. To deal with such variations concerning the system structure of models for multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO), this paper proposes a framework for generating models dynamically using a design grammar with an underlying component-oriented analysis. Decomposition and modification rules support the derivation of alternative optimization model and the formalization of system changes. By linking qualitative characteristics with quantitative analyses, the components serve to assign architectural qualities to economic and environmental resources such as costs and energy consumption and thus to include non-numerical, qualitative characteristics within numerical optimization. The approach is developed with the help of a frame-based hall design and demonstrates system modifications of the optimization model by a specific rule set. The rule set focuses on the structural design but considers the effects for the other essential disciplines involved in the design case. The setup and the prototypical implementation of an optimization model for this design illustrate a way of including grammar-based system variations in MDO.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50491019,"asset_id":3070557,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3530132,"first_name":"Ngonidzashe","last_name":"Marowa","domain_name":"nust-ac","page_name":"NgonidzasheMarowa","display_name":"Ngonidzashe Marowa","profile_url":"https://nust-ac.academia.edu/NgonidzasheMarowa?f_ri=7947","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3530132/1212544/1517361/s65_ngonidzashe.marowa.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":49593,"name":"Multidisciplinary Design Optimization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary_Design_Optimization?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":186204,"name":"Building Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Building_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":345971,"name":"Design optimization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_optimization?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7572477" data-work_id="7572477" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7572477/Sustainable_and_responsible_design_from_a_christian_worldview">Sustainable and responsible design from a christian worldview</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Many aspects of design require engineers to make choices based on non-quantifiable personal perspectives. These decisions touch issues in aesthetics, ethics, social impact, and responsibility and sustainability. Part of Baylor... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7572477" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Many aspects of design require engineers to make choices based on non-quantifiable personal perspectives. These decisions touch issues in aesthetics, ethics, social impact, and responsibility and sustainability. Part of Baylor University’s mission is to provide a learning community in which Christian life values and worldviews might be integrated into academic disciplines. In view of this institutional commitment, members of the Engineering faculty are investigating how Christian worldviews might interact with elements of engineering design in such a way as to produce uniquely Christian insights and inform the non-quantifiable aspects of the engineering process.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7572477" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ee7bf1aa1cea696ddb8f672442fbbc53" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48417547,"asset_id":7572477,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48417547/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13628585" href="https://mondoweiss.academia.edu/StevenEisenbarth">Steven Eisenbarth</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13628585" type="text/json">{"id":13628585,"first_name":"Steven","last_name":"Eisenbarth","domain_name":"mondoweiss","page_name":"StevenEisenbarth","display_name":"Steven Eisenbarth","profile_url":"https://mondoweiss.academia.edu/StevenEisenbarth?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7572477 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7572477"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7572477, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7572477", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_7572477 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7572477; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_7572477"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_7572477 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7572477"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7572477; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7572477]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7572477").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7572477").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7572477"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="109" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity">Christianity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="109" type="text/json">{"id":109,"name":"Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="814" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics">Ethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="814" type="text/json">{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="906" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Ethics">Applied Ethics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="906" type="text/json">{"id":906,"name":"Applied Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Ethics?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7572477]'), work: {"id":7572477,"title":"Sustainable and responsible design from a christian worldview","created_at":"2014-07-06T05:16:50.287-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7572477/Sustainable_and_responsible_design_from_a_christian_worldview?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_7572477","summary":"Many aspects of design require engineers to make choices based on non-quantifiable personal perspectives. These decisions touch issues in aesthetics, ethics, social impact, and responsibility and sustainability. Part of Baylor University’s mission is to provide a learning community in which Christian life values and worldviews might be integrated into academic disciplines. In view of this institutional commitment, members of the Engineering faculty are investigating how Christian worldviews might interact with elements of engineering design in such a way as to produce uniquely Christian insights and inform the non-quantifiable aspects of the engineering process.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48417547,"asset_id":7572477,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13628585,"first_name":"Steven","last_name":"Eisenbarth","domain_name":"mondoweiss","page_name":"StevenEisenbarth","display_name":"Steven Eisenbarth","profile_url":"https://mondoweiss.academia.edu/StevenEisenbarth?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":109,"name":"Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":906,"name":"Applied Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Ethics?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":988,"name":"Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design?f_ri=7947"},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947"},{"id":50027,"name":"Learning Community","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning_Community?f_ri=7947"},{"id":106716,"name":"Requirement Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Requirement_Engineering?f_ri=7947"},{"id":187233,"name":"Worldview","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Worldview-3?f_ri=7947"},{"id":273651,"name":"Texas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Texas?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2295048" data-work_id="2295048" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2295048/Representing_artefacts_as_media_Modelling_the_relationship_between_designer_intent_and_consumer_experience">Representing artefacts as media: Modelling the relationship between designer intent and consumer experience</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The design literature contains many diagrammatic models that represent the relationship between how designers intend artefacts to be experienced and how they are subsequently experienced by consumers, users and other stakeholders. Despite... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2295048" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The design literature contains many diagrammatic models that represent the relationship between how designers intend artefacts to be experienced and how they are subsequently experienced by consumers, users and other stakeholders. Despite the prevalence of such models, they remain largely disconnected from each other, both within and across design disciplines, and also disconnected from the models of communication whose basic structure they share. The existing models are therefore difficult to locate and useful conceptual developments are often overlooked. The consequences of this are that unnecessary effort is expended in developing representations that duplicate those that already exist or new models are developed from inappropriate foundations. To address such issues, this article reviews many of the existing models that can be found in the different disciplines that comprise the fields of communication and design. The most pertinent features of these models are extracted and synthesised into a generic communication-based model of design. This acts as both a guide to what the existing models emphasise and an integrated foundation from which future models might be developed.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2295048" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="65faeeb30405418e8214bd754c2eb8af" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30342115,"asset_id":2295048,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30342115/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2899318" href="https://dtu.academia.edu/AnjaMaier">Anja Maier</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2899318" type="text/json">{"id":2899318,"first_name":"Anja","last_name":"Maier","domain_name":"dtu","page_name":"AnjaMaier","display_name":"Anja Maier","profile_url":"https://dtu.academia.edu/AnjaMaier?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2295048 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2295048"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2295048, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2295048", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2295048 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2295048; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2295048"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2295048 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2295048"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2295048; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2295048]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2295048").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2295048").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2295048"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="422" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="422" type="text/json">{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="859" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication">Communication</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="859" type="text/json">{"id":859,"name":"Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="988" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design">Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="988" type="text/json">{"id":988,"name":"Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2277" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Project_Management">Project Management</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2277" type="text/json">{"id":2277,"name":"Project Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Project_Management?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2295048]'), work: {"id":2295048,"title":"Representing artefacts as media: Modelling the relationship between designer intent and consumer experience","created_at":"2012-12-15T03:17:31.527-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2295048/Representing_artefacts_as_media_Modelling_the_relationship_between_designer_intent_and_consumer_experience?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_2295048","summary":"The design literature contains many diagrammatic models that represent the relationship between how designers intend artefacts to be experienced and how they are subsequently experienced by consumers, users and other stakeholders. Despite the prevalence of such models, they remain largely disconnected from each other, both within and across design disciplines, and also disconnected from the models of communication whose basic structure they share. The existing models are therefore difficult to locate and useful conceptual developments are often overlooked. The consequences of this are that unnecessary effort is expended in developing representations that duplicate those that already exist or new models are developed from inappropriate foundations. To address such issues, this article reviews many of the existing models that can be found in the different disciplines that comprise the fields of communication and design. The most pertinent features of these models are extracted and synthesised into a generic communication-based model of design. This acts as both a guide to what the existing models emphasise and an integrated foundation from which future models might be developed.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30342115,"asset_id":2295048,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2899318,"first_name":"Anja","last_name":"Maier","domain_name":"dtu","page_name":"AnjaMaier","display_name":"Anja Maier","profile_url":"https://dtu.academia.edu/AnjaMaier?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":859,"name":"Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":988,"name":"Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":2277,"name":"Project Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Project_Management?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947"},{"id":53084,"name":"Boundary objects","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Boundary_objects?f_ri=7947"},{"id":287095,"name":"Knowledge Representation and Reasoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge_Representation_and_Reasoning?f_ri=7947"},{"id":466843,"name":"Visuals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visuals?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_60459190" data-work_id="60459190" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/60459190/A_systems_based_approach_for_integrated_design_of_materials_products_and_design_process_chains">A systems-based approach for integrated design of materials, products and design process chains</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The concurrent design of materials and products provides designers with flexibility to achieve design objectives that were not previously accessible. However, the improved flexibility comes at a cost of increased complexity of the design... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_60459190" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The concurrent design of materials and products provides designers with flexibility to achieve design objectives that were not previously accessible. However, the improved flexibility comes at a cost of increased complexity of the design process chains and the materials simulation models used for executing the design chains. Efforts to reduce the complexity generally result in increased uncertainty. We contend that a systems based approach is essential for managing both the complexity and the uncertainty in design process chains and simulation models in concurrent material and product design. Our approach is based on simplifying the design process chains systematically such that the resulting uncertainty does not significantly affect the overall system performance. Similarly, instead of striving for accurate models for multiscale systems (that are inherently complex), we rely on making design decisions that are robust to uncertainties in the models. Accordingly, we pursue hierarchical modeling in the context of design of multiscale systems. In this paper our focus is on design process chains. We present a systems based approach, premised on the assumption that complex systems can be designed efficiently by managing the complexity of design process chains. The approach relies on a) the use of reusable interaction patterns to model design process chains, and b) consideration of design process decisions using value-of-information based metrics. The approach is illustrated using a Multifunctional Energetic Structural Material (MESM) design example. Energetic materials store considerable energy which can be released through shock-induced detonation; conventionally, they are not engineered for strength properties. The design objectives for the MESM in this paper include both sufficient strength and energy release characteristics. The design is carried out by using models at different length and time scales that simulate different aspects of the system. Finally, by applying the method to the MESM design problem, we show that the integrated design of materials and products can be carried out more efficiently by explicitly accounting for design process decisions with the hierarchy of models.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/60459190" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fa1ab25863809a607c33c01339b8eb0c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":73896476,"asset_id":60459190,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/73896476/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38135208" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Mistree">F. Mistree</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38135208" type="text/json">{"id":38135208,"first_name":"F.","last_name":"Mistree","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"Mistree","display_name":"F. Mistree","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Mistree?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_60459190 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="60459190"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 60459190, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_60459190", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_60459190 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 60459190; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_60459190"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_60459190 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="60459190"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 60459190; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=60459190]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_60459190").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_60459190").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="60459190"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5770" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Concurrent_Engineering">Concurrent Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5770" type="text/json">{"id":5770,"name":"Concurrent Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Concurrent_Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6177" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling">Modeling</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6177" type="text/json">{"id":6177,"name":"Modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6514" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Product_Design">Product Design</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6514" type="text/json">{"id":6514,"name":"Product Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Product_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=60459190]'), work: {"id":60459190,"title":"A systems-based approach for integrated design of materials, products and design process chains","created_at":"2021-10-30T12:27:10.746-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/60459190/A_systems_based_approach_for_integrated_design_of_materials_products_and_design_process_chains?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_60459190","summary":"The concurrent design of materials and products provides designers with flexibility to achieve design objectives that were not previously accessible. However, the improved flexibility comes at a cost of increased complexity of the design process chains and the materials simulation models used for executing the design chains. Efforts to reduce the complexity generally result in increased uncertainty. We contend that a systems based approach is essential for managing both the complexity and the uncertainty in design process chains and simulation models in concurrent material and product design. Our approach is based on simplifying the design process chains systematically such that the resulting uncertainty does not significantly affect the overall system performance. Similarly, instead of striving for accurate models for multiscale systems (that are inherently complex), we rely on making design decisions that are robust to uncertainties in the models. Accordingly, we pursue hierarchical modeling in the context of design of multiscale systems. In this paper our focus is on design process chains. We present a systems based approach, premised on the assumption that complex systems can be designed efficiently by managing the complexity of design process chains. The approach relies on a) the use of reusable interaction patterns to model design process chains, and b) consideration of design process decisions using value-of-information based metrics. The approach is illustrated using a Multifunctional Energetic Structural Material (MESM) design example. Energetic materials store considerable energy which can be released through shock-induced detonation; conventionally, they are not engineered for strength properties. The design objectives for the MESM in this paper include both sufficient strength and energy release characteristics. The design is carried out by using models at different length and time scales that simulate different aspects of the system. Finally, by applying the method to the MESM design problem, we show that the integrated design of materials and products can be carried out more efficiently by explicitly accounting for design process decisions with the hierarchy of models.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":73896476,"asset_id":60459190,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38135208,"first_name":"F.","last_name":"Mistree","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"Mistree","display_name":"F. Mistree","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Mistree?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5770,"name":"Concurrent Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Concurrent_Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":6177,"name":"Modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":6514,"name":"Product Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Product_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":32153,"name":"Structural Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Analysis?f_ri=7947"},{"id":45874,"name":"Decision support system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_support_system?f_ri=7947"},{"id":54501,"name":"Complex System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Complex_System?f_ri=7947"},{"id":71358,"name":"Design process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_process?f_ri=7947"},{"id":118535,"name":"Detonation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Detonation?f_ri=7947"},{"id":146455,"name":"New Car Model Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Car_Model_Design?f_ri=7947"},{"id":232299,"name":"Hierarchy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hierarchy?f_ri=7947"},{"id":275103,"name":"Value of Information","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Value_of_Information?f_ri=7947"},{"id":304097,"name":"Integrated design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Integrated_design?f_ri=7947"},{"id":339532,"name":"Bayesian hierarchical model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bayesian_hierarchical_model?f_ri=7947"},{"id":838973,"name":"System performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/System_performance?f_ri=7947"},{"id":996089,"name":"Metric","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metric?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1208732,"name":"Simulation Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Simulation_Model?f_ri=7947"},{"id":2752785,"name":"Interaction Pattern","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interaction_Pattern?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28594916" data-work_id="28594916" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28594916/Optimization_under_uncertainty_state_of_the_art_and_opportunities">Optimization under uncertainty: state-of-the-art and opportunities</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A large number of problems in production planning and scheduling, location, transportation, finance, and engineering design require that decisions be made in the presence of uncertainty. Uncertainty, for instance, governs the prices of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28594916" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A large number of problems in production planning and scheduling, location, transportation, finance, and engineering design require that decisions be made in the presence of uncertainty. Uncertainty, for instance, governs the prices of fuels, the availability of electricity, and the demand for chemicals. A key difficulty in optimization under uncertainty is in dealing with an uncertainty space that is huge and frequently leads to very large-scale optimization models. Decision-making under uncertainty is often further complicated by the presence of integer decision variables to model logical and other discrete decisions in a multi-period or multi-stage setting.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28594916" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="918d2ec718e1bb62180f635cb14cc3c9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48957014,"asset_id":28594916,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48957014/download_file?st=MTczNDAyMDAyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="53527665" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NikolaosSahinidis">Nikolaos Sahinidis</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="53527665" type="text/json">{"id":53527665,"first_name":"Nikolaos","last_name":"Sahinidis","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NikolaosSahinidis","display_name":"Nikolaos Sahinidis","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NikolaosSahinidis?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28594916 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28594916"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28594916, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28594916", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_28594916 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28594916; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_28594916"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_28594916 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="28594916"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28594916; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28594916]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28594916").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28594916").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28594916"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="60" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering">Mechanical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="60" type="text/json">{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="72" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering">Chemical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="72" type="text/json">{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6432" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stochastic_Programming">Stochastic Programming</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6432" type="text/json">{"id":6432,"name":"Stochastic Programming","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stochastic_Programming?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design">Engineering Design</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7947" type="text/json">{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28594916]'), work: {"id":28594916,"title":"Optimization under uncertainty: state-of-the-art and opportunities","created_at":"2016-09-19T04:48:42.723-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28594916/Optimization_under_uncertainty_state_of_the_art_and_opportunities?f_ri=7947","dom_id":"work_28594916","summary":"A large number of problems in production planning and scheduling, location, transportation, finance, and engineering design require that decisions be made in the presence of uncertainty. Uncertainty, for instance, governs the prices of fuels, the availability of electricity, and the demand for chemicals. A key difficulty in optimization under uncertainty is in dealing with an uncertainty space that is huge and frequently leads to very large-scale optimization models. Decision-making under uncertainty is often further complicated by the presence of integer decision variables to model logical and other discrete decisions in a multi-period or multi-stage setting.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48957014,"asset_id":28594916,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":53527665,"first_name":"Nikolaos","last_name":"Sahinidis","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NikolaosSahinidis","display_name":"Nikolaos Sahinidis","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NikolaosSahinidis?f_ri=7947","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":6432,"name":"Stochastic Programming","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stochastic_Programming?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7947,"name":"Engineering Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?f_ri=7947","nofollow":false},{"id":7973,"name":"Approximation Algorithms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Approximation_Algorithms?f_ri=7947"},{"id":16097,"name":"Decision Making Under Uncertainty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_Making_Under_Uncertainty?f_ri=7947"},{"id":34003,"name":"Fuzzy Programming","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fuzzy_Programming?f_ri=7947"},{"id":46254,"name":"Optimization Problem","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optimization_Problem?f_ri=7947"},{"id":76803,"name":"Stochastic Dynamic Programming","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stochastic_Dynamic_Programming?f_ri=7947"},{"id":107131,"name":"Global Optimization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Optimization?f_ri=7947"},{"id":398361,"name":"Large Scale Optimization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Large_Scale_Optimization?f_ri=7947"},{"id":559962,"name":"Approximate Algorithm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Approximate_Algorithm?f_ri=7947"},{"id":607985,"name":"Chance Constraint","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chance_Constraint?f_ri=7947"},{"id":1276161,"name":"Planning and Scheduling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Planning_and_Scheduling?f_ri=7947"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination"><li class="next_page"><a href="/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?after=50%2C28594916" rel="next">Next</a></li><li class="last next"><a href="/Documents/in/Engineering_Design?page=last">Last »</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="u-pl6x"><div style="width: 300px;"><div class="panel panel-flat u-mt7x"><div class="panel-heading u-p5x"><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-taCenter u-fw700 u-textUppercase">Related Topics</div></div><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Machine_Design">Machine Design</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="34286">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="34286">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wind_Energy">Wind Energy</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="2798">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="2798">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="48">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="48">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wind_Energy_Engineering_">Wind Energy (Engineering)</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="21179">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="21179">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Product_Design">Engineering Product Design</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="6513">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="6513">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering">Mechanical Engineering</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="60">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="60">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_Engineering">Design Engineering</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="63">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="63">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/FEM">FEM</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="15606">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="15606">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Product_Design">Product Design</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="6514">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="6514">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Mechanics">Engineering Mechanics</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="1079">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="1079">Following</a></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// MIT License // Copyright © 2011 Sebastian Tschan, https://blueimp.net // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of // this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in // the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to // use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of // the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, // subject to the following conditions: // The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all // copies or substantial portions of the Software. // THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR // IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS // FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR // COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER // IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN // CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. !function(n){"use strict";function d(n,t){var r=(65535&n)+(65535&t);return(n>>16)+(t>>16)+(r>>16)<<16|65535&r}function f(n,t,r,e,o,u){return d((c=d(d(t,n),d(e,u)))<<(f=o)|c>>>32-f,r);var c,f}function l(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&r|~t&e,n,t,o,u,c)}function v(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&e|r&~e,n,t,o,u,c)}function g(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t^r^e,n,t,o,u,c)}function m(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(r^(t|~e),n,t,o,u,c)}function i(n,t){var r,e,o,u;n[t>>5]|=128<<t%32,n[14+(t+64>>>9<<4)]=t;for(var c=1732584193,f=-271733879,i=-1732584194,a=271733878,h=0;h<n.length;h+=16)c=l(r=c,e=f,o=i,u=a,n[h],7,-680876936),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+1],12,-389564586),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],17,606105819),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+3],22,-1044525330),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],7,-176418897),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+5],12,1200080426),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],17,-1473231341),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+7],22,-45705983),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],7,1770035416),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+9],12,-1958414417),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],17,-42063),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+11],22,-1990404162),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],7,1804603682),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+13],12,-40341101),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],17,-1502002290),c=v(c,f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+15],22,1236535329),i,a,n[h+1],5,-165796510),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+6],9,-1069501632),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],14,643717713),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h],20,-373897302),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+5],5,-701558691),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+10],9,38016083),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],14,-660478335),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+4],20,-405537848),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],5,568446438),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+14],9,-1019803690),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],14,-187363961),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+8],20,1163531501),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],5,-1444681467),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+2],9,-51403784),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],14,1735328473),c=g(c,f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+12],20,-1926607734),i,a,n[h+5],4,-378558),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+8],11,-2022574463),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],16,1839030562),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+14],23,-35309556),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+1],4,-1530992060),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+4],11,1272893353),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],16,-155497632),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+10],23,-1094730640),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],4,681279174),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h],11,-358537222),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],16,-722521979),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+6],23,76029189),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],4,-640364487),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+12],11,-421815835),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],16,530742520),c=m(c,f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+2],23,-995338651),i,a,n[h],6,-198630844),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+7],10,1126891415),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],15,-1416354905),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+5],21,-57434055),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],6,1700485571),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+3],10,-1894986606),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],15,-1051523),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+1],21,-2054922799),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],6,1873313359),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+15],10,-30611744),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],15,-1560198380),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+13],21,1309151649),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],6,-145523070),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+11],10,-1120210379),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],15,718787259),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+9],21,-343485551),c=d(c,r),f=d(f,e),i=d(i,o),a=d(a,u);return[c,f,i,a]}function a(n){for(var t="",r=32*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t+=String.fromCharCode(n[e>>5]>>>e%32&255);return t}function h(n){var t=[];for(t[(n.length>>2)-1]=void 0,e=0;e<t.length;e+=1)t[e]=0;for(var r=8*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t[e>>5]|=(255&n.charCodeAt(e/8))<<e%32;return t}function e(n){for(var t,r="0123456789abcdef",e="",o=0;o<n.length;o+=1)t=n.charCodeAt(o),e+=r.charAt(t>>>4&15)+r.charAt(15&t);return e}function r(n){return unescape(encodeURIComponent(n))}function o(n){return a(i(h(t=r(n)),8*t.length));var t}function u(n,t){return function(n,t){var r,e,o=h(n),u=[],c=[];for(u[15]=c[15]=void 0,16<o.length&&(o=i(o,8*n.length)),r=0;r<16;r+=1)u[r]=909522486^o[r],c[r]=1549556828^o[r];return e=i(u.concat(h(t)),512+8*t.length),a(i(c.concat(e),640))}(r(n),r(t))}function t(n,t,r){return t?r?u(t,n):e(u(t,n)):r?o(n):e(o(n))}"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(function(){return t}):"object"==typeof module&&module.exports?module.exports=t:n.md5=t}(this);</script><script>window.AbTest = (function() { return { 'ab_test': (uniqueId, test_name, buckets) => { let override = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get(`ab_test[${test_name}]`); if ( override ) { return override; } const bucketNames = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? bucket : Object.keys(bucket)[0]; }); const weights = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? 1 : Object.values(bucket)[0]; }); const total = weights.reduce((sum, weight) => sum + weight); const hash = md5(`${uniqueId}${test_name}`); const hashNum = parseInt(hash.slice(-12), 16); let bucketPoint = total * (hashNum % 100000) / 100000; const bucket = bucketNames.find((_, i) => { if (weights[i] > bucketPoint) { return true; } bucketPoint -= weights[i]; return false; }); return bucket; } }; })();</script><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><script>function onGoogleOneTapEvent(event) { var momentType = event.getMomentType(); var momentReason = null; if (event.isNotDisplayed()) { momentReason = event.getNotDisplayedReason(); } else if (event.isSkippedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getSkippedReason(); } else if (event.isDismissedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getDismissedReason(); } Aedu.arbitraryEvents.write('GoogleOneTapEvent', { moment_type: momentType, moment_reason: momentReason, }); }</script><script>(function() { var auvid = unescape( document.cookie .split(/; ?/) .find((s) => s.startsWith('auvid')) .substring(6)); var bucket = AbTest.ab_test(auvid, 'lo_ri_one_tap_google_sign_on', ['control', 'one_tap_google_sign_on']); if (bucket === 'control') return; var oneTapTag = document.createElement('script') oneTapTag.async = true oneTapTag.defer = true oneTapTag.src = 'https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client' document.body.appendChild(oneTapTag) })();</script></div></div></div> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "1c145472610936ef9cc451499b16fa09b740f9df4e6cd42da87ede35b6636669", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="DcMvcV8KQf6Ze8AnEOVF/1LWn4S62gZPCDGmMXckhHh7RTcafzwB6FPmwBdJ87D1kyi7d4JF9k69KfzRW/viYA==" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Design" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="CeBfkQleOHaRCqzrr0MapSLpXLRbaf/hVgUYl/Qn9Np/Zkf6KWh4YFuXrNv2Ve+v4xd4R2P2D+DjHUJ32PiSwg==" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2024</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>