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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>British relationship with the princely states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_relationship_with_the_princely_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Princely_status_and_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Princely_status_and_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Princely status and titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Princely_status_and_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precedence_and_prestige" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precedence_and_prestige"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Precedence and prestige</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Precedence_and_prestige-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Precedence and prestige subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Precedence_and_prestige-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Salute_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salute_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Salute states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salute_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-salute_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-salute_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Non-salute states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-salute_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_princely_states_by_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_princely_states_by_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Largest princely states by area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_princely_states_by_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doctrine_of_lapse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctrine_of_lapse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Doctrine of lapse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doctrine_of_lapse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Imperial governance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Imperial_governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Imperial governance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Imperial_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_direct_relations_with_the_central_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_direct_relations_with_the_central_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>In direct relations with the central government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_direct_relations_with_the_central_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Burma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_military_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_military_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>State military forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_military_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_integration_of_princely_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_integration_of_princely_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Political integration of princely states</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_integration_of_princely_states-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political integration of princely states subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_integration_of_princely_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gazetteers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gazetteers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Gazetteers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gazetteers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Princely state</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ولاية أميرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ولاية أميرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_(%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9B_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4)" title="দেশীয় ৰাজ্য (ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰত) – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দেশীয় ৰাজ্য (ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰত)" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C9%99mindar" title="Zəmindar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zəmindar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="দেশীয় রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দেশীয় রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoan-%C3%B4ng-kok" title="Hoan-ông-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoan-ông-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Княжеска държава – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Княжеска държава" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estats_principescs_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Estats principescs de l'Índia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estats principescs de l'Índia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C3%AD%C5%BEec%C3%AD_st%C3%A1t" title="Knížecí stát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Knížecí stát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_indiske_fyrstestater" title="De indiske fyrstestater – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="De indiske fyrstestater" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenstaat" title="Fürstenstaat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fürstenstaat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_principescos_de_la_India" title="Estados principescos de la India – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estados principescos de la India" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ایالت شاهزاده نشین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایالت شاهزاده نشین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat_princier_(Raj_britannique)" title="État princier (Raj britannique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="État princier (Raj britannique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84_%EB%B2%88%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="인도 번왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도 번왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82" title="ब्रिटिश भारत में रियासतें – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्रिटिश भारत में रियासतें" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Princely state" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stati_principeschi_dell%27India_britannica" title="Stati principeschi dell'India britannica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stati principeschi dell'India britannica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מדינה נסיכותית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדינה נסיכותית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് ഇന്ത്യയിലെ നാട്ടുരാജ്യങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് ഇന്ത്യയിലെ നാട്ടുരാജ്യങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="संस्थान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संस्थान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_kecil_India" title="Kerajaan kecil India – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerajaan kecil India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A7_%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%95_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯄꯥꯟꯕ ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯄꯥꯟꯕ ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorstenlanden_van_Brits-Indi%C3%AB" title="Vorstenlanden van Brits-Indië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vorstenlanden van Brits-Indië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%A9%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="藩王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="藩王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrstestater_i_India" title="Fyrstestater i India – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fyrstestater i India" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਬ੍ਰਿਟਿਸ਼ ਭਾਰਤ ਸਮੇਂ ਰਿਆਸਤਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬ੍ਰਿਟਿਸ਼ ਭਾਰਤ ਸਮੇਂ ਰਿਆਸਤਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%92_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="برطانوی ہند ویلے ریاستاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برطانوی ہند ویلے ریاستاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_principesco" title="Estado principesco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estado principesco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Туземное княжество – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Туземное княжество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%92_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="ہندوستان دے نوابی ریاستاں – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ہندوستان دے نوابی ریاستاں" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Princely state" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kne%C5%BEevska_dr%C5%BEava" title="Kneževska država – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kneževska država" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="సంస్థానం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సంస్థానం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2" title="รัฐมหาราชา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐมหาราชา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Тубільне князівство – Ukrainian" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian vassal states under the British Raj</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about states ruled by princes in the British Raj, the Republic of India and Pakistan. For the global concept, see <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial India</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India,_by_British_Information_Services,_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colonial India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India%2C_by_British_Information_Services%2C_1944.jpg/250px-India%2C_by_British_Information_Services%2C_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India%2C_by_British_Information_Services%2C_1944.jpg/375px-India%2C_by_British_Information_Services%2C_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India%2C_by_British_Information_Services%2C_1944.jpg/500px-India%2C_by_British_Information_Services%2C_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6118" data-file-height="9000" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Map of colonial <i>India</i>, distributed by the British Information Services (1942)</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian India">Austrian India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1778–1785</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_East_India_Company" title="Swedish East India Company">Swedish India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1731–1813</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_India" title="Dutch India">Dutch India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1605–1825</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Danish_India" title="Danish India">Danish India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1620–1869</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1668–1954</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(1505–1961)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Casa_da_%C3%8Dndia" title="Casa da Índia">Casa da Índia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1434–1833</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_East_India_Company" title="Portuguese East India Company">Portuguese East India Company</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1628–1633</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">British India</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(1600–1947)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">EIC in India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1600–1757</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company rule in India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1757–1858</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Portuguese_India" title="British rule in Portuguese India">British rule in Portuguese India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1797–1813</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj in India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1858–1947</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">British rule in Burma</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1824–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Princely states</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1721–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1947</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colonial_India" title="Template:Colonial India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colonial_India" title="Template talk:Colonial India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colonial_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colonial India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#dcf5dc;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Princely state</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salute_state" title="Salute state">Salute state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_paramountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="British paramountcy">British paramountcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Princes" title="Chamber of Princes">Chamber of Princes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagir" title="Jagir">Jagir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agencies_of_British_India" title="Agencies of British India">Agencies of British India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residencies_of_British_India" title="Residencies of British India">Residencies of British India‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_lapse" title="Doctrine of lapse">Doctrine of lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_pensioner" title="Political pensioner">Political pensioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_purse_in_India" title="Privy purse in India">Privy Purse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standstill_agreement_(India)" title="Standstill agreement (India)">Standstill agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession" title="Instrument of Accession">Instrument of Accession</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#dcf5dc 1px solid;"> Individual residencies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indore_Residency" title="Indore Residency">Indore (Holkar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_Residency" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysore Residency">Mysore (Maisur)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Residency" title="British Residency">Quilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#dcf5dc 1px solid;"> Agencies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagelkhand_Agency" title="Bagelkhand Agency">Bagelkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluchistan_Agency" title="Baluchistan Agency">Baluchistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroda_and_Gujarat_States_Agency" title="Baroda and Gujarat States Agency">Baroda and Gujarat States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroda,_Western_India_and_Gujarat_States_Agency" title="Baroda, Western India and Gujarat States Agency">Baroda, Western India and Gujarat States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhopawar_Agency" title="Bhopawar Agency">Bhopawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundelkhand_Agency" title="Bundelkhand Agency">Bundelkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_India_Agency" title="Central India Agency">Central India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccan_States_Agency" title="Deccan States Agency">Deccan States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_States_Agency" title="Eastern States Agency">Eastern States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit_Agency" title="Gilgit Agency">Gilgit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_Residency" title="Gwalior Residency">Gwalior Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaipur_Residency" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaipur Residency">Jaipur Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_States_Agency" title="Madras States Agency">Madras States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahi_Kantha_Agency" title="Mahi Kantha Agency">Mahi Kantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwa_Agency" title="Malwa Agency">Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewar_Residency" title="Mewar Residency">Mewar (Udaipur) Residency</a> and Western Rajputana Agency</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_States_Agency" title="North-West Frontier States Agency">North-West Frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palanpur_Agency" title="Palanpur Agency">Palanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_States_Agency" title="Punjab States Agency">Punjab States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajputana_Agency" title="Rajputana Agency">Rajputana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewa_Kantha_Agency" title="Rewa Kantha Agency">Rewa Kantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_India_States_Agency" title="Western India States Agency">Western India States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#dcf5dc 1px solid;"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(by_region)" title="List of princely states of British India (by region)">States by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">States by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rajput_dynasties_and_states" title="List of Rajput dynasties and states">Rajput States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maratha_dynasties_and_states" title="List of Maratha dynasties and states">Maratha States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princely_states_topics" title="Template:Princely states topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princely_states_topics" title="Template talk:Princely states topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princely_states_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princely states topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>A <b>princely state</b> (also called <b>native state</b> or <b>Indian state</b>) was a nominally sovereign<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> entity of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Indian Empire</a> that was not directly governed by the British, but rather by an Indian ruler under a form of <a href="/wiki/Indirect_rule" title="Indirect rule">indirect rule</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> subject to a <a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_alliance" title="Subsidiary alliance">subsidiary alliance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> or <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty#British_paramountcy" title="Suzerainty">paramountcy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British crown</a>. </p><p>In 1920, Congress (party) under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> declared <i><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">swaraj</a></i> (self-rule) for Indians as its goal and asked the princes of India to establish responsible government.<sup id="cite_ref-Sisson_Wolpert_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sisson_Wolpert-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> played a major role in pushing Congress to confront the princely states and declared in 1929 that "only people who have the right to determine the future of the States must be the people of these States".<sup id="cite_ref-o824_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o824-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1937, the Congress won in most parts of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> (not including the princely states) in the <a href="/wiki/1937_Indian_provincial_elections" title="1937 Indian provincial elections">provincial elections</a>, and started to intervene in the affairs of the states.<sup id="cite_ref-o824_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o824-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, Gandhi played a major role in proposing a federation involving a union between British India and the princely states, with an Indian central government. In 1946, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> observed that no princely state could prevail militarily against the army of independent India.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.in_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.in-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of the British withdrawal, 565 princely states were officially recognized in the Indian subcontinent,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> apart from thousands of <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">zamindari estates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jagir" title="Jagir">jagirs</a>. In 1947, princely states covered 40% of the area of pre-independence India and constituted 23% of its population.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important states had their own British political residencies: <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nizam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam">Nizams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pudukkottai_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudukkottai State">Pudukkottai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Travancore_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Travancore State">Travancore</a> in the South, <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indore_State" title="Indore State">Indore</a> in Central India. The most prominent among those – roughly a quarter of the total – had the status of a <a href="/wiki/Salute_state" title="Salute state">salute state</a>, one whose ruler was entitled to a set number of <a href="/wiki/Gun_salute" title="Gun salute">gun salutes</a> on ceremonial occasions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The princely states varied greatly in status, size, and wealth; the premier 21-gun salute states of Hyderabad and Jammu and Kashmir were each over 200,000 km<sup>2</sup> (77,000 sq mi) in size. In 1941, Hyderabad had a population of over 16 million, while Jammu and Kashmir had a population of slightly over 4 million. At the other end of the scale, the non-salute principality of <a href="/wiki/Lawa_Thikana" title="Lawa Thikana">Lawa</a> covered an area of 49 km<sup>2</sup> (19 sq mi), with a population of just below 3,000. Some two hundred of the lesser states even had an area of less than 25 km<sup>2</sup> (10 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-Markovits2004_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markovits2004-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scale_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scale-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princely_state&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India1765and1805b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/India1765and1805b.jpg/250px-India1765and1805b.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/India1765and1805b.jpg/375px-India1765and1805b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/India1765and1805b.jpg/500px-India1765and1805b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1227" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption>1765–1805 map of India, shown with a territorial division between Hindus, Muslims and the British</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/220px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/330px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/440px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="1223" /></a><figcaption>Political subdivisions of the Indian Empire in 1909 with British India (pink) and the princely states (yellow)</figcaption></figure> <p>The princely states at the time of Indian independence were mostly formed after the disintegration of the Mughal empire. Many Princely states had a foreign origin due to the long period of external migration to India. Some of these were the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bhopal_State" title="Bhopal State">Bhopal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghans</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Janjira_State" title="Janjira State">Janjira</a> (<a href="/wiki/Habesha_peoples" title="Habesha peoples">Abyssinian</a>). Among the Hindu kingdoms, most of the rulers were <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a>. Only the <a href="/wiki/Rajput_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajput states">Rajput states</a> and a scattering of <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_India" title="History of South India">South Indian kingdoms</a> could trace their lineage to the pre-Mughal period.<sup id="cite_ref-AZ_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AZ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_relationship_with_the_princely_states">British relationship with the princely states</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princely_state&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: British relationship with the princely states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India under the British <i>Raj</i></a> (the "Indian Empire") consisted of two types of territory: <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> and the <i>native states</i> or <i>princely states</i>. In its <a href="/wiki/Interpretation_Act_1889" title="Interpretation Act 1889">Interpretation Act 1889</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">British Parliament</a> adopted the following definitions: </p> <blockquote> <p>(4.) The expression "British India" shall mean all territories and places within Her Majesty's dominions which are for the time being governed by Her Majesty through the Governor-General of India or through any governor or other officer subordinate to the Governor-General of India.<br /> (5.) The expression "India" shall mean British India together with any territories of any native prince or chief under the suzerainty of Her Majesty exercised through the Governor-General of India, or through any governor or other officer subordinate to the Governor-General of India.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>In general the term "<a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>" had been used (and is still used) also to refer to the regions under <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">the rule of the East India Company</a> in India from 1774 to 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="British Crown">British Crown</a>'s suzerainty over 175 princely states, generally the largest and most important, was exercised in the name of the British Crown by the central government of British India under the Viceroy; the remaining approximately 400 states were influenced by Agents answerable to the provincial governments of British India under a governor, lieutenant-governor, or chief commissioner.<sup id="cite_ref-igi-60_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi-60-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A clear distinction between "dominion" and "suzerainty" was supplied by the jurisdiction of the courts of law: the law of British India rested upon the legislation enacted by the British Parliament, and the legislative powers those laws vested in the various governments of British India, both central and local; in contrast, the courts of the princely states existed under the authority of the respective rulers of those states.<sup id="cite_ref-igi-60_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi-60-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Princely_status_and_titles">Princely status and titles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princely_state&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Princely status and titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Princely_state" title="Special:EditPage/Princely state">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sayajirao_Gaekwad_III,_Maharaja_of_Baroda,_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sayajirao_Gaekwad_III%2C_Maharaja_of_Baroda%2C_1919.jpg/220px-Sayajirao_Gaekwad_III%2C_Maharaja_of_Baroda%2C_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sayajirao_Gaekwad_III%2C_Maharaja_of_Baroda%2C_1919.jpg/330px-Sayajirao_Gaekwad_III%2C_Maharaja_of_Baroda%2C_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sayajirao_Gaekwad_III%2C_Maharaja_of_Baroda%2C_1919.jpg/440px-Sayajirao_Gaekwad_III%2C_Maharaja_of_Baroda%2C_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1033" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sayajirao_Gaekwad_III" title="Sayajirao Gaekwad III">Sayajirao Gaekwad III</a>, The <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baroda_State" title="Baroda State">Baroda State</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Indian rulers bore various titles including <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a> ("king"), <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raje" title="Raje">Raje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nizam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam">Nizam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wadiyar_dynasty" title="Wadiyar dynasty">Wadiyar</a> (used only by the Maharajas of <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a>, meaning "lord"), Agniraj Maharaj for the rulers of Bhaddaiyan Raj, <a href="/wiki/Chogyal" title="Chogyal">Chogyal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a> ("governor"), <a href="/wiki/Nayak_(title)" title="Nayak (title)">Nayak</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāli">Wāli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inamdar_(feudal_title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inamdar (feudal title)">Inamdar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CommissionSimon1930_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CommissionSimon1930-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saranjamdar" title="Saranjamdar">Saranjamdar</a><sup id="cite_ref-All_India_reporter_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-All_India_reporter-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many others. Whatever the literal meaning and traditional prestige of the ruler's actual title, the British government translated them all as "prince", to avoid the implication that the native rulers could be "kings" with status equal to that of the British monarch. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Residency_in_Kollam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/British_Residency_in_Kollam.jpg/220px-British_Residency_in_Kollam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/British_Residency_in_Kollam.jpg/330px-British_Residency_in_Kollam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/British_Residency_in_Kollam.jpg/440px-British_Residency_in_Kollam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>An old image of the <a href="/wiki/British_Residency" title="British Residency">British Residency</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Quilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Quilon">Quilon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></figcaption></figure> <p>More prestigious Hindu rulers (mostly existing before the Mughal Empire, or having split from such old states) often used the title "<a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a>", or a variant such as Raje, <a href="/wiki/Rai_(title)" title="Rai (title)">Rai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rana_(title)" title="Rana (title)">Rana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babu_(title)" title="Babu (title)">Babu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rao_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rao (title)">Rao</a>, Rawat, or <a href="/wiki/Rawal_(title)" title="Rawal (title)">Rawal</a>. Also in this 'class' were several <a href="/wiki/Thakur_(Indian_title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thakur (Indian title)">Thakurs or Thai ores</a> and a few particular titles, such as <a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mankari" title="Mankari">Mankari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deshmukh" title="Deshmukh">Deshmukh</a>, Sar Desai, Istamuradar, <a href="/wiki/Saranjamdar" title="Saranjamdar">Saranjamdar</a>, Raja Inamdar, etc. The most prestigious Hindu rulers usually had the prefix "maha-" ("great", compare for example "<a href="/wiki/Grand_duke" title="Grand duke">grand duke</a>") in their titles, as in <i>Maharaja, Maharana, Maharao</i>, etc. This was used in many princely states including <a href="/wiki/Mewar" title="Mewar">Mewar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a>. The state of <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a> also had <a href="/wiki/Queen_regent" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen regent">queens regent</a> styled <a href="/wiki/Maharani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharani">Maharani</a>, applied only to <a href="/wiki/Marumakkathayam" title="Marumakkathayam">the sister of the ruler</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> rulers almost all used the title "<a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a>" (the Arabic honorific of <i>naib</i>, "deputy") originally used by Mughal governors, who became <i>de facto</i> autonomous with the decline of the Mughal Empire, with the prominent exceptions of the <a href="/wiki/Nizam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam">Nizam</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad & Berar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wali_(administrative_title)" title="Wali (administrative title)">Wali</a>/<a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kalat_(princely_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalat (princely state)">Kalat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/W%C4%81li_of_Swat" title="Wāli of Swat">Wali of Swat</a>. Other less usual titles included <a href="/wiki/Darbar_(title)" title="Darbar (title)">Darbar Sahib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dewan" title="Dewan">Dewan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jam_(title)" title="Jam (title)">Jam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chitral_(princely_state)" title="Chitral (princely state)">Mehtar</a> (unique to <a href="/wiki/Chitral_(princely_state)" title="Chitral (princely state)">Chitral</a>) and Mir (from <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> princes concentrated at <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a> usually adopted titles when attaining princely rank. A title at a level of <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> was used. </p><p>There were also compound titles, such as (Maha)rajadhiraj, Raj-i-rajgan, often relics from an elaborate system of hierarchical titles under the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal emperors</a>. For example, the addition of the adjective <i>Bahadur</i> (from Persian, literally meaning "brave") raised the status of the titleholder one level. </p><p>Furthermore, most dynasties used a variety of additional titles such as <a href="/wiki/Varma_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Varma (name)">Varma</a> in South India. This should not be confused with various titles and suffixes not specific to princes but used by entire (sub)castes. This is almost analogous to <a href="/wiki/Singh" title="Singh">Singh</a> title in North India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precedence_and_prestige">Precedence and prestige</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princely_state&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Precedence and prestige"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Princely_state" title="Special:EditPage/Princely state">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The actual importance of a princely state could not be read from the title of its ruler, which was usually <i>granted</i> (or at least recognized) as a favor, often in recognition for loyalty and services rendered to the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>. Although some titles were raised once or even repeatedly, there was no automatic updating when a state gained or lost real power. In fact, princely titles were even awarded to holders of domains (mainly <a href="/wiki/Jagir" title="Jagir"><i>jagirs</i></a>) and even <a href="/wiki/Taluqdar" title="Taluqdar"><i>taluqdars</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar"><i>zamindars</i></a>, which were not states at all. Most of the <i>zamindars</i> who held princely titles were in fact erstwhile princely and royal states reduced to becoming <i>zamindars</i> by the British East India Company. Various sources give significantly different numbers of states and domains of the various types. Even in general, the definition of titles and domains are clearly not well-established. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_portrait_of_the_Maharaja_of_Mysore_and_his_brothers_and_sisters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Group_portrait_of_the_Maharaja_of_Mysore_and_his_brothers_and_sisters.jpg/220px-Group_portrait_of_the_Maharaja_of_Mysore_and_his_brothers_and_sisters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Group_portrait_of_the_Maharaja_of_Mysore_and_his_brothers_and_sisters.jpg/330px-Group_portrait_of_the_Maharaja_of_Mysore_and_his_brothers_and_sisters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Group_portrait_of_the_Maharaja_of_Mysore_and_his_brothers_and_sisters.jpg/440px-Group_portrait_of_the_Maharaja_of_Mysore_and_his_brothers_and_sisters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption>An 1895 group photograph of the eleven-year-old <a href="/wiki/Krishnaraja_Wadiyar_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV">Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">princely state of Mysore</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, with his brothers and sisters. In 1799, his grandfather, then aged five, had been granted dominion of Mysore by the British and forced into a <a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_alliance" title="Subsidiary alliance">subsidiary alliance</a>. The British later directly governed the state between 1831 and 1881</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maharaja_rewapalace_govindgarh1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Maharaja_rewapalace_govindgarh1870.jpg/220px-Maharaja_rewapalace_govindgarh1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Maharaja_rewapalace_govindgarh1870.jpg/330px-Maharaja_rewapalace_govindgarh1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Maharaja_rewapalace_govindgarh1870.jpg/440px-Maharaja_rewapalace_govindgarh1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>The Govindgarh Palace of the Maharaja of <a href="/wiki/Rewa_(princely_state)" title="Rewa (princely state)">Rewa</a>. The palace which was built as a hunting lodge later became famous for the first <a href="/wiki/White_tiger" title="White tiger">white tigers</a> that were found in the adjacent jungle and raised in the palace zoo</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nawab_junagadh1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/23/Nawab_junagadh1885.jpg/220px-Nawab_junagadh1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/23/Nawab_junagadh1885.jpg/330px-Nawab_junagadh1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/23/Nawab_junagadh1885.jpg/440px-Nawab_junagadh1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Junagarh" title="Nawab of Junagarh">Nawab of Junagarh</a> Bahadur Khan III (seated centre in an ornate chair) shown in an 1885 photograph with state officials and family</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maharani_sikkim1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Maharani_sikkim1900.jpg/220px-Maharani_sikkim1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Maharani_sikkim1900.jpg/330px-Maharani_sikkim1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Maharani_sikkim1900.jpg/440px-Maharani_sikkim1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>Photograph (1900) of the Maharani of <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>. Sikkim was under the <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> of the Provincial government of Bengal; its ruler received a 15-gun salute</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to their titles, all princely rulers were eligible to be appointed to certain British orders of chivalry associated with India, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_India" title="Order of the Star of India">Most Exalted Order of the Star of India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" title="Order of the Indian Empire">Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire</a>. Women could be appointed as "Knights" (instead of Dames) of these orders. Rulers entitled to 21-gun and 19-gun salutes were normally appointed to the highest rank, Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India. </p><p>Many Indian princes served in the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Indian Army</a>, or in local guard or police forces, often rising to high ranks; some even served while on the throne. Many of these were appointed as an <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a>, either to the ruling prince of their own house (in the case of relatives of such rulers) or to British monarchs. Many saw <a href="/wiki/Active_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Active service">active service</a>, both on the subcontinent and on other fronts, during both World Wars. </p><p>Apart from those members of the princely houses who entered military service and who distinguished themselves, a good number of princes received honorary ranks as officers in the British and Indian Armed Forces. Those ranks were conferred based on several factors, including their heritage, lineage, gun-salute (or lack of one) as well as personal character or martial traditions. After the First and Second World Wars, the princely rulers of several of the major states, including <a href="/wiki/Gwalior_State" title="Gwalior State">Gwalior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patiala_State" title="Patiala State">Patiala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabha_State" title="Nabha State">Nabha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faridkot_State" title="Faridkot State">Faridkort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bikaner_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikaner State">Bikaner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaipur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaipur State">Jaipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jodhpur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Jodhpur State">Jodhpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_and_Jammu_(princely_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> and Hyderabad, were given honorary general officer ranks as a result of their states' contributions to the war effort. </p> <ul><li>Lieutenant/Captain/Flight Lieutenant or Lieutenant-Commander/Major/Squadron Leader (for junior members of princely houses or for minor princes)</li> <li>Commander/Lieutenant-Colonel/Wing Commander or Captain/Colonel/Group Captain (granted to princes of salute states, often to those entitled to 15-guns or more)</li> <li>Commodore/Brigadier/Air Commodore (conferred upon princes of salute states entitled to gun salutes of 15-guns or more)</li> <li>Major-General/Air Vice-Marshal (conferred upon princes of salute states entitled to 15-guns or more; conferred upon rulers of the major princely states, including Baroda, <a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala</a>, Travancore, <a href="/wiki/Bhopal_State" title="Bhopal State">Bhopal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mysore_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysore Kingdom">Mysore</a>)</li> <li>Lieutenant-General (conferred upon the rulers of the largest and most prominent princely houses after the First and Second World Wars for their states' contributions to the war effort.)</li> <li>General (very rarely awarded; the Maharajas of Gwalior and Jammu & Kashmir were created honorary Generals in the British Army in 1877, the Maharaja of Bikaner was made one in 1937, and the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1941)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>It was also not unusual for members of princely houses to be appointed to various colonial offices, often far from their native state, or to enter the diplomatic corps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salute_states">Salute states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princely_state&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Salute states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Princely_state" title="Special:EditPage/Princely state">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Salute_state" title="Salute state">Salute state</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HH_The_Maharaja_Sir_Jayaji_Rao_Scindia_of_Gwalior,_General_Sir_Henry_Daly_(Founder_of_The_Daly_College,_Indore),_with_British_officers_and_Maratha_nobility_in_Indore,_Holkar_State,_Cental_India._Circa_1879..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/HH_The_Maharaja_Sir_Jayaji_Rao_Scindia_of_Gwalior%2C_General_Sir_Henry_Daly_%28Founder_of_The_Daly_College%2C_Indore%29%2C_with_British_officers_and_Maratha_nobility_in_Indore%2C_Holkar_State%2C_Cental_India._Circa_1879..jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/HH_The_Maharaja_Sir_Jayaji_Rao_Scindia_of_Gwalior%2C_General_Sir_Henry_Daly_%28Founder_of_The_Daly_College%2C_Indore%29%2C_with_British_officers_and_Maratha_nobility_in_Indore%2C_Holkar_State%2C_Cental_India._Circa_1879..jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/HH_The_Maharaja_Sir_Jayaji_Rao_Scindia_of_Gwalior%2C_General_Sir_Henry_Daly_%28Founder_of_The_Daly_College%2C_Indore%29%2C_with_British_officers_and_Maratha_nobility_in_Indore%2C_Holkar_State%2C_Cental_India._Circa_1879..jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Jayajirao_Scindia" title="Jayajirao Scindia">HH Maharaja Sir Jayaji Rao Scindia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gwalior_State" title="Gwalior State">Gwalior State</a>, General Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Daly" title="Henry Daly">Henry Daly</a> (Founder of The <a href="/wiki/Daly_College" title="Daly College">Daly College</a>), with British officers and <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a> <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagirdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagirdar">Jagirdars</a> & <a href="/wiki/Mankari" title="Mankari">Mankaris</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Indore" title="Indore">Indore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holkar_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Holkar State">Holkar State</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1879</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gun_salute" title="Gun salute">gun salute</a> system was used to set unambiguously the precedence of the major rulers in the area in which the British East India Company was active, or generally of the states and their dynasties. As heads of a state, certain princely rulers were entitled to be saluted by the firing of an odd number of guns between three and 21, with a greater number of guns indicating greater prestige. Generally, the number of guns remained the same for all successive rulers of a particular state, but individual princes were sometimes granted additional guns on a personal basis. Furthermore, rulers were sometimes granted additional gun salutes within their own territories only, constituting a semi-promotion. The states of all these rulers (about 120) were known as <a href="/wiki/Salute_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Salute states">salute states</a>. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Indian Independence</a>, the Maharana of <a href="/wiki/Udaipur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Udaipur State">Udaipur</a> displaced the <a href="/wiki/Nizam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam">Nizam</a> of Hyderabad as the most senior prince in India, because <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad State</a> had not acceded to the new <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a>, and the style <i>Highness</i> was extended to all rulers entitled to 9-gun salutes. When the princely states had been integrated into the Indian Union their rulers were promised continued privileges and an income (known as the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Purse_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Purse in India">Privy Purse</a>) for their upkeep. Subsequently, when the Indian government abolished the Privy Purse in 1971, the whole princely order ceased to be recognised under Indian law, although many families continue to retain their social prestige informally; some descendants of the rulers are still prominent in regional or national politics, diplomacy, business and high society. </p><p>At the time of Indian independence, only five rulers – the <a href="/wiki/Nizam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam">Nizam</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad</a>, the Maharaja of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore</a>, the Maharaja of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_and_Jammu_(princely_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)">Jammu and Kashmir state</a>, the Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Gaekwad" title="Gaekwad">Gaekwad</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baroda_State" title="Baroda State">Baroda</a> and the Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Scindia" class="mw-redirect" title="Scindia">Scindia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gwalior_State" title="Gwalior State">Gwalior</a> – were entitled to a 21-gun salute. Six more<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> – the Nawab of <a href="/wiki/Bhopal_State" title="Bhopal State">Bhopal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Holkar" title="House of Holkar">Maharaja Holkar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indore_State" title="Indore State">Indore</a>, the Maharaja of <a href="/wiki/Bharatpur_State" title="Bharatpur State">Bharatpur</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, the Maharana of <a href="/wiki/Udaipur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Udaipur State">Udaipur</a>, the Maharaja of <a href="/wiki/Kolhapur_State" title="Kolhapur State">Kolhapur</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> of <a href="/wiki/Patiala_State" title="Patiala State">Patiala</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the Maharaja of <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a> – were entitled to 19-gun salutes. The most senior princely ruler was the <a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Nizam of Hyderabad</a>, who was entitled to the unique style <i><a href="/wiki/Exalted_Highness" class="mw-redirect" title="Exalted Highness">Exalted Highness</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/21-gun_salute" title="21-gun salute">21-gun salute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other princely rulers entitled to salutes of 11 guns (soon 9 guns too) or more were entitled to the style <i>Highness</i>. No special style was used by rulers entitled to lesser gun salutes. </p><p>As <i>paramount ruler</i>, and successor to the Mughals, the British <i><a href="/wiki/King-Emperor" title="King-Emperor">King-Emperor</a></i> of India, for whom the style of <a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">Majesty</a> was reserved, was entitled to an 'imperial' 101-gun salute—in the European tradition also the number of guns fired to announce the birth of an heir (male) to the throne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-salute_states">Non-salute states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princely_state&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Non-salute states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Princely_States._Karauli._Manak_Pal_(1772-1804)_Karauli_mint._Struck_in_the_name_of_the_Mughal_emperor_Shah_Alam_II._Dated_1784-5_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Princely_States._Karauli._Manak_Pal_%281772-1804%29_Karauli_mint._Struck_in_the_name_of_the_Mughal_emperor_Shah_Alam_II._Dated_1784-5_CE.jpg/220px-Princely_States._Karauli._Manak_Pal_%281772-1804%29_Karauli_mint._Struck_in_the_name_of_the_Mughal_emperor_Shah_Alam_II._Dated_1784-5_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Princely_States._Karauli._Manak_Pal_%281772-1804%29_Karauli_mint._Struck_in_the_name_of_the_Mughal_emperor_Shah_Alam_II._Dated_1784-5_CE.jpg/330px-Princely_States._Karauli._Manak_Pal_%281772-1804%29_Karauli_mint._Struck_in_the_name_of_the_Mughal_emperor_Shah_Alam_II._Dated_1784-5_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Princely_States._Karauli._Manak_Pal_%281772-1804%29_Karauli_mint._Struck_in_the_name_of_the_Mughal_emperor_Shah_Alam_II._Dated_1784-5_CE.jpg/440px-Princely_States._Karauli._Manak_Pal_%281772-1804%29_Karauli_mint._Struck_in_the_name_of_the_Mughal_emperor_Shah_Alam_II._Dated_1784-5_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>Coinage of king Manak Pal (1772-1804), <a href="/wiki/Karauli_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Karauli State">Princely State of Karauli</a>. Karauli mint. Struck in the name of the Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a>. Dated 1784-5 CE</figcaption></figure> <p>There was no strict correlation between the levels of the titles and the classes of gun salutes, the real measure of precedence, but merely a growing percentage of higher titles in classes with more guns. As a rule the majority of gun-salute princes had at least nine, with numbers below that usually the prerogative of Arab Sheikhs of the <a href="/wiki/Aden_protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aden protectorate">Aden protectorate</a>, also under British protection. </p><p>There were many so-called non-salute states of lower prestige. Since the total of salute states was 117 and there were more than 500 princely states, most rulers were not entitled to any gun salute. Not all of these were minor rulers – <a href="/wiki/Surguja_State" title="Surguja State">Surguja State</a>, for example, was both larger and more populous than <a href="/wiki/Karauli_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Karauli State">Karauli State</a>, but the Maharaja of Karauli was entitled to a 17-gun salute and the Maharaja of Surguja was not entitled to any gun salute at all.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of princes, in the broadest sense of the term, were not even acknowledged as such.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (December 2018)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On the other hand, the dynasties of certain defunct states were allowed to keep their princely status – they were known as <a href="/wiki/Political_pensioner" title="Political pensioner">political pensioners</a>, such as the Nawab of <a href="/wiki/Oudh" class="mw-redirect" title="Oudh">Oudh</a>. There were also certain estates of British India which were rendered as <a href="/wiki/Saranjamdar" title="Saranjamdar">political saranjams</a>, having equal princely status.<sup id="cite_ref-Patel1957_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patel1957-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though none of these princes were awarded gun salutes, princely titles in this category were recognised as a form of <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassals</a> of salute states, and were not even in direct relation with the paramount power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_princely_states_by_area">Largest princely states by area</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princely_state&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Largest princely states by area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"> <caption>Eleven largest princely states in terms of area </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name of princely state</th> <th>Area in square miles</th> <th colspan="2">Population in 1941</th> <th>Present State</th> <th>Title, ethnicity, and religion of ruler</th> <th>Gun-salute for ruler </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir_%281936-1953%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir_%281936-1953%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir_%281936-1953%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir_%281936-1953%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir_%281936-1953%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir_%281936-1953%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="665" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">84,471 </td> <td>4,021,616</td> <td>including Gilgit, Baltistan (Skardu), Ladakh, and Punch (mostly Muslim, with a sizeable Hindu and Buddhist minority) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a> </td> <td><i>Maharaja</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dogras" title="Dogras">Dogra</a>, Hindu</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center">21 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Asafia_flag_of_Hyderabad_State.svg/23px-Asafia_flag_of_Hyderabad_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Asafia_flag_of_Hyderabad_State.svg/35px-Asafia_flag_of_Hyderabad_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Asafia_flag_of_Hyderabad_State.svg/46px-Asafia_flag_of_Hyderabad_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="328" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad State</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">82,698 </td> <td style="text-align:right">16,338,534</td> <td>(mostly Hindu with a sizeable Muslim population) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Nizam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam">Nizam</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a>, Muslim</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center">21 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_the_Khanate_of_Kalat.png/23px-Flag_of_the_Khanate_of_Kalat.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_the_Khanate_of_Kalat.png/35px-Flag_of_the_Khanate_of_Kalat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_the_Khanate_of_Kalat.png/46px-Flag_of_the_Khanate_of_Kalat.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="217" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kalat" title="Khanate of Kalat">Khanate of Kalat</a></td> <td align="right">73,278</td> <td align="right">250,211</td> <td align="left">(chiefly Muslim)</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan, Pakistan</a></td> <td align="left"><i>Khan</i> or <i>Wali</i>, <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a>, Muslim</td> <td align="center">19 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Jodhpur_alternate.svg/20px-Flag_of_Jodhpur_alternate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Jodhpur_alternate.svg/31px-Flag_of_Jodhpur_alternate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Jodhpur_alternate.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jodhpur_alternate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="216" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jodhpur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Jodhpur State">Jodhpur State</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">36,071 </td> <td style="text-align:right">2,125,000</td> <td>(mostly Hindu with a sizeable Muslim population) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> </td> <td><i>Maharaja</i>, <a href="/wiki/Rathore_(Rajput_clan)" title="Rathore (Rajput clan)">Rathore</a>, Hindu </td> <td style="text-align:center">17 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Mysore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Mysore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Mysore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Mysore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Mysore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Mysore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">29,458 </td> <td style="text-align:right">7,328,896</td> <td>(Chiefly Hindu, with pockets of Muslim populations) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Wodeyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Wodeyar">Wodeyar</a></i> dynasty; <i>Maharaja</i>; <a href="/wiki/Kannadiga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannadiga">Kannadiga</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Kshattriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kshattriya">Kshattriya</a> (Urs/Arasu in Kannada) </td> <td style="text-align:center">21 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gwalior_flag.svg/23px-Gwalior_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gwalior_flag.svg/35px-Gwalior_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gwalior_flag.svg/46px-Gwalior_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_State" title="Gwalior State">Gwalior State</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">26,397 </td> <td style="text-align:right">4,006,159</td> <td>(chiefly Hindu, with a sizeable Muslim population) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Maratha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center">21 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Bikaner.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bikaner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Bikaner.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bikaner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Bikaner.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bikaner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bikaner_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikaner State">Bikaner State</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">23,317 </td> <td style="text-align:right">936,218</td> <td>(chiefly Hindu, with a low Muslim minority) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> </td> <td><i>Maharaja, Rathore, Hindu</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center">17 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_State_of_Bahawalpur.svg/23px-Flag_of_State_of_Bahawalpur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_State_of_Bahawalpur.svg/35px-Flag_of_State_of_Bahawalpur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_State_of_Bahawalpur.svg/46px-Flag_of_State_of_Bahawalpur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="444" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Bahawalpur State</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">17,726 </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,341,209</td> <td>(Chiefly Muslim, with a sizeable Hindu and Sikh minority) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab (Pakistan)</a> </td> <td><i>Nawab Amir, Abbasid, Muslim</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center">17 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Jaisalmer_Flag.svg/23px-Jaisalmer_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Jaisalmer_Flag.svg/35px-Jaisalmer_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Jaisalmer_Flag.svg/46px-Jaisalmer_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jaisalmer_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaisalmer State">Jaisalmer State</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">16,100 </td> <td style="text-align:right">76,255</td> <td>(Chiefly Hindu with a sizeable Muslim population) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> </td> <td><i>Maharaja, <a href="/wiki/Bhati" title="Bhati">Bhati</a>, Hindu</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center">15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Jaipur.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jaipur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Jaipur.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jaipur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Jaipur.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jaipur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jaipur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaipur State">Jaipur State</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">15,601 </td> <td style="text-align:right">2,631,775</td> <td>(Chiefly Hindu, with a sizeable Muslim population) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> </td> <td><i>Maharaja, <a href="/wiki/Kachhwaha" title="Kachhwaha">Kachhwaha</a>, Hindu</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center">17 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Drapeau_Bastar.png/23px-Drapeau_Bastar.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Drapeau_Bastar.png/35px-Drapeau_Bastar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Drapeau_Bastar.png/45px-Drapeau_Bastar.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="133" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bastar_State" title="Bastar State">Bastar State</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">13,062 </td> <td style="text-align:right">306,501</td> <td>(Chiefly Hindu, with a low Muslim population) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a> </td> <td><i>Maharaja, <a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bhanj_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhanj dynasty">Bhanj</a>, Hindu</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center">- </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doctrine_of_lapse">Doctrine of lapse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princely_state&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Doctrine of lapse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Princely_state" title="Special:EditPage/Princely state">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_lapse" title="Doctrine of lapse">Doctrine of lapse</a></div> <p>A controversial aspect of East India Company rule was the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_lapse" title="Doctrine of lapse">doctrine of lapse</a>, a policy under which lands whose feudal ruler died (or otherwise became unfit to rule) without a male biological heir (as opposed to an adopted son) would become directly controlled by the company and an adopted son would not become the ruler of the princely state. This policy went counter to Indian tradition where, unlike Europe, it was far more the accepted norm for a ruler to appoint his own heir. </p><p>The doctrine of lapse was pursued most vigorously by the Governor-General <a href="/wiki/James_Andrew_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" class="mw-redirect" title="James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Sir James Ramsay</a>, 10th Earl (later 1st Marquess) of <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Dalhousie" title="Earl of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a>. Dalhousie annexed seven states, including <a href="/wiki/Oudh_State" title="Oudh State">Awadh</a> (Oudh), whose Nawabs he had accused of misrule, and the <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Maratha</a> states of <a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhansi" title="Jhansi">Jhansi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satara_State" title="Satara State">Satara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambalpur" title="Sambalpur">Sambalpur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a>. Resentment over the annexation of these states turned to indignation when the heirlooms of the Maharajas of Nagpur were auctioned off in Calcutta. Dalhousie's actions contributed to the rising discontent amongst the upper castes which played a large part in the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_mutiny_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian mutiny of 1857">Indian mutiny of 1857</a>. The last Mughal <i>badshah</i> (emperor), whom many of the mutineers saw as a figurehead to rally around, was deposed following its suppression. </p><p>In response to the unpopularity of the doctrine, it was discontinued with the end of Company rule and the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">British Parliament</a>'s assumption of direct power over India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imperial_governance">Imperial governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princely_state&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Imperial governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Agencies_of_British_India" title="Agencies of British India">Agencies of British India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Residencies_of_British_India" title="Residencies of British India">Residencies of British India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_at_Residency_including_the_Maharaja_of_Kolhapur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Group_at_Residency_including_the_Maharaja_of_Kolhapur.jpg/220px-Group_at_Residency_including_the_Maharaja_of_Kolhapur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Group_at_Residency_including_the_Maharaja_of_Kolhapur.jpg/330px-Group_at_Residency_including_the_Maharaja_of_Kolhapur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Group_at_Residency_including_the_Maharaja_of_Kolhapur.jpg/440px-Group_at_Residency_including_the_Maharaja_of_Kolhapur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>Photograph (1894) of the 19-year-old <a href="/wiki/Shahaji_II" title="Shahaji II">Shahaji II Bhonsle</a> Maharajah of <a href="/wiki/Kolhapur_(princely_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolhapur (princely state)">Kolhapur</a> visiting the British resident and his staff at the Residency</figcaption></figure> <p>By treaty, the British controlled the external affairs of the princely states absolutely. As the states were not British possessions, they retained control over their own internal affairs, subject to a degree of British influence which in many states was substantial. </p><p>By the beginning of the 20th century, relations between the British and the four largest states – <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore</a>, Jammu and Kashmir, and <a href="/wiki/Baroda_State" title="Baroda State">Baroda</a> – were directly under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Governor-general_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-general of India">governor-general of India</a>, in the person of a British <a href="/wiki/Resident_minister#Residents_in_Asia" title="Resident minister">resident</a>. Two agencies, for <a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_India_Agency" title="Central India Agency">Central India</a>, oversaw twenty and 148 princely states respectively. The remaining princely states had their own British political officers, or Agents, who answered to the administrators of India's provinces. The agents of five princely states were then under the authority of <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras</a>, 354 under <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay</a>, 26 of <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a>, two under <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, 34 under <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (British India)">Punjab</a>, fifteen under the <a href="/wiki/Central_Provinces_and_Berar" title="Central Provinces and Berar">Central Provinces and Berar</a> and two under the <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">United Provinces</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chamber_of_Princes_17-03-1941_detail.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Chamber_of_Princes_17-03-1941_detail.png/220px-Chamber_of_Princes_17-03-1941_detail.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Chamber_of_Princes_17-03-1941_detail.png/330px-Chamber_of_Princes_17-03-1941_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Chamber_of_Princes_17-03-1941_detail.png/440px-Chamber_of_Princes_17-03-1941_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="1418" /></a><figcaption>Chamber of Princes meeting in March 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Princes" title="Chamber of Princes">Chamber of Princes</a> (<i>Narender Mandal</i> or <i>Narendra Mandal</i>) was an institution established in 1920 by a <a href="/wiki/Proclamation" title="Proclamation">royal proclamation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George V of the United Kingdom">King-Emperor</a> to provide a forum in which the rulers could voice their needs and aspirations to the government. It survived until the end of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 1930s, most of the princely states whose agencies were under the authority of India's provinces were organised into new Agencies, answerable directly to the governor-general, on the model of the Central India and Rajputana agencies: the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_States_Agency" title="Eastern States Agency">Eastern States Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_States_Agency" title="Punjab States Agency">Punjab States Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baluchistan_Agency" title="Baluchistan Agency">Baluchistan Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deccan_States_Agency" title="Deccan States Agency">Deccan States Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madras_States_Agency" title="Madras States Agency">Madras States Agency</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Frontier_States_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Frontier States Agency">Northwest Frontier States Agency</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Baroda_Residency" title="Baroda Residency">Baroda Residency</a> was combined with the princely states of northern Bombay Presidency into the <a href="/wiki/Baroda,_Western_India_and_Gujarat_States_Agency" title="Baroda, Western India and Gujarat States Agency">Baroda, Western India and Gujarat States Agency</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a> was separated from the Central India Agency and given its own Resident, and the states of <a href="/wiki/Rampur,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Rampur, Uttar Pradesh">Rampur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benares" class="mw-redirect" title="Benares">Benares</a>, formerly with Agents under the authority of the United Provinces, were placed under the <a href="/wiki/Gwalior_Residency" title="Gwalior Residency">Gwalior Residency</a> in 1936. The princely states of <a href="/wiki/Sanduru" title="Sanduru">Sandur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banaganapalli" title="Banaganapalli">Banganapalle</a> in Mysore Presidency were transferred to the agency of the Mysore Resident in 1939. </p> <dl><dt>Principal princely states in 1947</dt></dl> <p>The native states in 1947 included five large states that were in "direct political relations" with the Government of India. For the complete list of princely states in 1947, see <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_princely_states_of_India" title="Lists of princely states of India">lists of princely states of India</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_direct_relations_with_the_central_government">In direct relations with the central government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princely_state&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In direct relations with the central government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Five large princely states in direct political relations with the Central Government in India<sup id="cite_ref-igi-92_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi-92-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name of princely state</th> <th>Area in square miles</th> <th>Population in 1941</th> <th>Approximate revenue of the state (in hundred thousand <a href="/wiki/Coins_of_British_India" title="Coins of British India">rupees</a>)</th> <th>Title, ethnicity, and religion of ruler</th> <th>Gun-salute for ruler</th> <th>Designation of local political officer </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Baroda_flag.svg/23px-Baroda_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Baroda_flag.svg/35px-Baroda_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Baroda_flag.svg/46px-Baroda_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="216" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Baroda_State" title="Baroda State">Baroda State</a></td> <td align="center">13,866</td> <td align="center">3,343,477 (chiefly Hindu, with a sizeable Muslim population)</td> <td align="center">323.26</td> <td align="center"><i>Maharaja</i>, <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Maratha</a>, Hindu</td> <td align="center">21</td> <td align="center">Resident at Baroda </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Asafia_flag_of_Hyderabad_State.svg/23px-Asafia_flag_of_Hyderabad_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Asafia_flag_of_Hyderabad_State.svg/35px-Asafia_flag_of_Hyderabad_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Asafia_flag_of_Hyderabad_State.svg/46px-Asafia_flag_of_Hyderabad_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="328" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad State</a></td> <td align="center">82,698</td> <td align="center">16,338,534 (mostly Hindu with a sizeable Muslim minority)</td> <td align="center">1582.43</td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Nizam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam">Nizam</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a>, Muslim</td> <td align="center">21</td> <td align="center">Resident in Hyderabad </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir_%281936-1953%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir_%281936-1953%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir_%281936-1953%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir_%281936-1953%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir_%281936-1953%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir_%281936-1953%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="665" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></td> <td align="center">84,471</td> <td align="center">4,021,616 including Gilgit, Baltistan (Skardu), Ladakh, and Punch (mostly Muslim, with sizeable Hindu and Buddhist populations)</td> <td align="center">463.95</td> <td align="center"><i>Maharaja</i>, <a href="/wiki/Dogras" title="Dogras">Dogra</a>, Hindu</td> <td align="center">21</td> <td align="center">Resident in Jammu & Kashmir </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Mysore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Mysore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Mysore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Mysore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Mysore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Mysore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></td> <td align="center">29,458</td> <td align="center">7,328,896 (chiefly Hindu, with sizeable Muslim populations)</td> <td align="center">1001.38</td> <td align="center"><i>Wodeyar</i> (means Owner in <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>) and <i>Maharaja</i>, <a href="/wiki/Kannadiga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannadiga">Kannadiga</a>, Hindu</td> <td align="center">21</td> <td align="center">Resident in <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gwalior_flag.svg/23px-Gwalior_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gwalior_flag.svg/35px-Gwalior_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gwalior_flag.svg/46px-Gwalior_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_State" title="Gwalior State">Gwalior State</a></td> <td align="center">26,397</td> <td align="center">4,006,159 (chiefly Hindu, with a sizeable Muslim population)</td> <td align="center">356.75</td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Maratha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a></td> <td align="center">21</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Resident_(title)#Residents_in_(British)_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident (title)">Resident</a> at Gwalior </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th>236,890</th> <th>35,038,682</th> <th>3727.77</th> <th colspan="3"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Central_India_Agency" title="Central India Agency">Central India Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gwalior_Residency" title="Gwalior Residency">Gwalior Residency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baluchistan_Agency" title="Baluchistan Agency">Baluchistan Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajputana_Agency" title="Rajputana Agency">Rajputana Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_States_Agency" title="Eastern States Agency">Eastern States Agency</a></b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>88 princely states forming the Central India Agency<sup id="cite_ref-igi-93_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi-93-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name of princely state</th> <th>Area in square miles</th> <th>Population in 1941</th> <th>Approximate revenue of the state (in hundred thousand rupees)</th> <th>Title, ethnicity, and religion of ruler</th> <th>Gun-salute for ruler</th> <th>Designation of local political officer </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Indore_State" title="Indore State">Indore State</a></td> <td align="center">9,341</td> <td align="center">1,513,966 (chiefly Hindu, with a sizeable Muslim population)</td> <td align="center">304.9</td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Maratha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a></td> <td align="center">19 (plus 2 local)</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Resident_minister#Residents_in_Asia" title="Resident minister">Resident</a> at Indore </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Bhopal_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhopal (state)">Bhopal</a></td> <td align="center">6,924</td> <td align="center">785,322 (chiefly Hindu, with a sizeable Muslim population)</td> <td align="center">119.82</td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a></i>(m)/<i><a href="/wiki/Begum" title="Begum">Begum</a></i>(f), <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun people">Afghan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a></td> <td align="center">19 (plus 2 local)</td> <td align="center">Political Agent in Bhopal </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Rewa_(princely_state)" title="Rewa (princely state)">Rewah</a></td> <td align="center">13,000</td> <td align="center">1,820,445 (chiefly Hindu, with a sizeable Muslim population)</td> <td align="center">65</td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Baghel" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghel">Baghel</a> <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a></td> <td align="center">17</td> <td align="center">Second largest state in <a href="/wiki/Bagelkhand_Agency" title="Bagelkhand Agency">Baghelkhand</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">85 smaller and minor states (1941)</td> <td align="center">22,995 (1901)</td> <td align="center">2.74 million (chiefly Hindu, 1901)</td> <td align="center">129 (1901)</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th>77,395 (1901)</th> <th>8.51 million (1901)</th> <th>421 (1901)</th> <th colspan="3"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>42 princely states forming the Eastern States Agency<sup id="cite_ref-igi-93_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi-93-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name of princely state</th> <th>Area in square miles</th> <th>Population in 1941</th> <th>Approximate revenue of the state (in hundred thousand rupees)</th> <th>Title, ethnicity, and religion of ruler</th> <th>Gun-salute for ruler</th> <th>Designation of local political officer </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_State" title="Cooch Behar State">Cooch Behar</a></td> <td align="center">1,318</td> <td align="center">639,898 (chiefly Muslim, with a sizeable Hindu population)</td> <td align="center">91</td> <td align="center"><i>Maharaja</i>, <a href="/wiki/Rajbongshi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajbongshi people">Koch</a> (Kshattriya), Brahmo</td> <td align="center">13</td> <td align="center">Resident for the Eastern States </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Hill_Tippera" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill Tippera">Tripura State</a></td> <td align="center">4,116</td> <td align="center">513,010 (chiefly <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavite</a>, with a sizeable <a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahi</a> minority)</td> <td align="center">54</td> <td align="center"><i>Maharaja</i>, <a href="/wiki/Tripuri_people" title="Tripuri people">Tripuri</a>, Vaishnavite (Kshattriya)</td> <td align="center">13</td> <td align="center">Resident for the Eastern States </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Mayurbhanj_State" title="Mayurbhanj State">Mayurbhanj State</a></td> <td align="center">4,243</td> <td align="center">990,977 (chiefly Hindu)</td> <td align="center">49</td> <td align="center"><i>Maharaja</i>, Kshattriya, Hindu</td> <td align="center">9</td> <td align="center">Resident for the Eastern States </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">39 smaller and minor states (1941)</td> <td align="center">56,253</td> <td align="center">6,641,991</td> <td align="center">241.31</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th>65,930</th> <th>8,785,876</th> <th>435.31</th> <th colspan="3"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_Residency" title="Gwalior Residency">Gwalior Residency</a> (two states)</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Two states under the suzerainty of the Resident at Gwalior, Gwalior having direct relations with the central government.<sup id="cite_ref-igi-92_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi-92-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name of princely state</th> <th>Area in square miles</th> <th>Population in 1941</th> <th>Approximate revenue of the state (in hundred thousand rupees)</th> <th>Title, ethnicity, and religion of ruler</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gun_salute#In_the_colonial_context" title="Gun salute">Gun-salute</a> for ruler</th> <th>Designation of local political officer </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Rampur_State" title="Rampur State">Rampur</a></td> <td align="center">893</td> <td align="center">464,919 (chiefly Muslim, with a sizeable Hindu population in 1931)</td> <td align="center">51</td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Jat" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat">Jat</a>, Muslim</td> <td align="center">15</td> <td align="center">Political Agent at Rampur </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Benares_State" title="Benares State">Benares State</a></td> <td align="center">875</td> <td align="center">391,165 (chiefly Hindu, 1931)</td> <td align="center">19</td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Bhumihar_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhumihar Brahmin">Bhumihar Brahmin</a>, Hindu</td> <td align="center">13 (plus 2 local)</td> <td align="center">Political Agent at Benares </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th>1,768</th> <th>856,084 (1941, approx.)</th> <th>70</th> <th colspan="3"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>23 princely states forming the <a href="/wiki/Rajputana_Agency" title="Rajputana Agency">Rajputana Agency</a>, with the Resident for Rajputana at Abu<sup id="cite_ref-igi-94-95_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi-94-95-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name of princely state</th> <th>Area in square miles</th> <th>Population in 1941</th> <th>Approximate revenue of the state (in hundred thousand rupees)</th> <th>Title, ethnicity, and religion of ruler</th> <th>Gun-salute for ruler</th> <th>Designation of local political officer </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Udaipur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Udaipur State">Udaipur (Mewar)</a></td> <td align="center">13,170</td> <td align="center">1,926,698 (chiefly Hindu and <a href="/wiki/Bhil" title="Bhil">Bhil</a>)</td> <td align="center">107</td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Maharana" title="Maharana">Maharana</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Sisodia_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisodia Dynasty">Sisodia</a> <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a>, Hindu</td> <td align="center">19 (plus 2 personal)</td> <td align="center">Political Agent for the <a href="/wiki/Mewar" title="Mewar">Mewar</a> and Southern Rajputana States </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Jaipur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaipur State">Jaipur</a></td> <td align="center">15,610</td> <td align="center">3,040,876 (chiefly Hindu)</td> <td align="center">188.6</td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Kachwaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kachwaha">Kachwaha</a> <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a>, Hindu</td> <td align="center">17 (plus 2 personal)</td> <td align="center">Political Agent at Jaipur </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Jodhpur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Jodhpur State">Jodhpur (Marwar)</a></td> <td align="center">36,120</td> <td align="center">2,555,904 (chiefly Hindu)</td> <td align="center">208.65</td> <td align="center"><i>Maharaja</i>, <a href="/wiki/Rathore_(Rajput_clan)" title="Rathore (Rajput clan)">Rathor</a> <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a>, Hindu</td> <td align="center">17</td> <td align="center">Political Agent for the Western States of <a href="/wiki/Rajputana_Agency" title="Rajputana Agency">Rajputana</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Bikaner_(princely_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikaner (princely state)">Bikaner</a></td> <td align="center">23,181</td> <td align="center">1,292,938 (chiefly Hindu)</td> <td align="center">185.5</td> <td align="center"><i>Maharaja</i>, Rathor Rajput, Hindu</td> <td align="center">17</td> <td align="center">Political agent for the Western States of Rajputana </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">17 salute states, 1 chiefship, 1 <i>zamindari</i></td> <td align="center">42,374</td> <td align="center">3.64 million (chiefly Hindu, 1901)</td> <td align="center">155 (1901)</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th>128,918 (1901)</th> <th>9.84 million (1901)</th> <th>320 (1901)</th> <th colspan="3"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Three princely states forming the Baluchistan Agency<sup id="cite_ref-igi-96_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi-96-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name of princely state</th> <th>Area in square miles</th> <th>Population in 1941</th> <th>Approximate revenue of the state (in hundred thousand rupees)</th> <th>Title, ethnicity, and religion of ruler</th> <th>Gun-salute for ruler</th> <th>Designation of local political officer </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kalat" title="Khanate of Kalat">Kalat</a></td> <td align="center">73,278</td> <td align="center">250,211 (chiefly Muslim)</td> <td align="center">21.3</td> <td align="center"><i>Khan</i> or <i>Wali</i>, <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a>, Muslim</td> <td align="center">19</td> <td align="center">Political Agent in Kalat </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Las_Bela_(princely_state)" title="Las Bela (princely state)">Las Bela</a></td> <td align="center">7,132</td> <td align="center">68,972 (chiefly Muslim)</td> <td align="center">6.1</td> <td align="center"><i>Jam</i>, <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a>, Muslim</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">Political Agent in Kalat </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Kharan_(princely_state)" title="Kharan (princely state)">Kharan</a></td> <td align="center">14,210</td> <td align="center">33,763 (chiefly Muslim)</td> <td align="center">2</td> <td align="center"><i>Nawab</i>, <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a>, Muslim</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">Political Agent in Kalat </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th>94,620</th> <th>352,946</th> <th>29.4</th> <th colspan="3"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Other states under provincial governments</b> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras</a> (5 states)</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>5 states under the suzerainty of the Provincial Government of <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras</a><sup id="cite_ref-igi-96_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi-96-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name of princely state</th> <th>Area in square miles</th> <th>Population in 1901</th> <th>Approximate revenue of the state (in hundred thousand rupees)</th> <th>Title, ethnicity, and religion of ruler</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gun_salute#In_the_colonial_context" title="Gun salute">Gun-salute</a> for ruler</th> <th>Designation of local political officer </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a></td> <td align="center">7,091</td> <td align="center">2,952,157 (chiefly Hindu and Christian)</td> <td align="center">100</td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Samantha_Kshatriya" title="Samantha Kshatriya">Kshatriya-Samanthan</a>, Hindu</td> <td align="center">21 (including two guns personal to the then ruler)</td> <td align="center">Resident in Travancore and Cochin </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a></td> <td align="center">1,362</td> <td align="center">812,025 (chiefly Hindu and Christian)</td> <td align="center">27</td> <td align="center"><i>Raja</i>, <a href="/wiki/Samantha_Kshatriya" title="Samantha Kshatriya">Samanta-Kshatriya</a>, Hindu</td> <td align="center">17</td> <td align="center">Resident in Travancore and Cochin </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Pudukkottai_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudukkottai State">Pudukkottai</a></td> <td align="center">1,100</td> <td align="center">380,440 (chiefly Hindu)</td> <td align="center">11</td> <td align="center"><i>Raja</i>, <a href="/wiki/Kallar,_Trivandrum" title="Kallar, Trivandrum">Kallar</a>, Hindu</td> <td align="center">11</td> <td align="center">Collector of Trichinopoly (<i>ex officio</i> Political Agent) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2 minor states (<a href="/wiki/Banganapalle_State" title="Banganapalle State">Banganapalle</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandur_State)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandur State) (page does not exist)">Sandur</a>)</td> <td align="center">416</td> <td align="center">43,464</td> <td align="center">3</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th>9,969</th> <th>4,188,086</th> <th>141</th> <th colspan="3"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay</a> (354 states)</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>354 states under the suzerainty of the Provincial Government of <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay</a><sup id="cite_ref-igi-97_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi-97-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name of princely state</th> <th>Area in square miles</th> <th>Population in 1901</th> <th>Approximate revenue of the state (in hundred thousand rupees)</th> <th>Title, ethnicity, and religion of ruler</th> <th>Gun-salute for ruler</th> <th>Designation of local political officer </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Kolhapur_State" title="Kolhapur State">Kolhapur</a></td> <td align="center">2,855</td> <td align="center">910,011 (chiefly Hindu)</td> <td align="center">48</td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></i>", Chhtrapati "<a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Maratha</a>, Hindu</td> <td align="center">19</td> <td align="center">Political Agent for Kolhapur </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Cutch_State" title="Cutch State">Cutch</a></td> <td align="center">7,616</td> <td align="center">488,022 (chiefly Hindu)</td> <td align="center">20</td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Maharao" title="Maharao">Maharao</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Jadeja" title="Jadeja">Jadeja</a> <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a>, Hindu</td> <td align="center">17</td> <td align="center">Political Agent in Cutch </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Junagarh_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Junagarh (state)">Junagarh</a></td> <td align="center">3,284</td> <td align="center">395,428 (chiefly Hindu with a sizeable Muslim population)</td> <td align="center">27</td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun people">Pathan</a>, Muslim</td> <td align="center">11</td> <td align="center">Agent to the Governor in Kathiawar </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Nawanagar_State" title="Nawanagar State">Navanagar</a></td> <td align="center">3,791</td> <td align="center">336,779 (chiefly Hindu)</td> <td align="center">31</td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Jam_Sahib" title="Jam Sahib">Jam Sahib</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Jadeja" title="Jadeja">Jadeja</a> <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a>, Hindu</td> <td align="center">11</td> <td align="center">Agent to the Governor in Kathiawar </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">349 other states</td> <td align="center">42,165</td> <td align="center">4,579,095</td> <td align="center">281</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th>65,761</th> <th>6,908,648</th> <th>420</th> <th colspan="3"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Provinces_and_Berar" title="Central Provinces and Berar">Central Provinces</a> (15 states)</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>15 states under the suzerainty of the Provincial Government of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Provinces_and_Berar" title="Central Provinces and Berar">Central Provinces</a><sup id="cite_ref-igi-102_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi-102-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name of princely state</th> <th>Area in square miles</th> <th>Population in 1901</th> <th>Approximate revenue of the state (in hundred thousand rupees)</th> <th>Title, ethnicity, and religion of ruler</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gun_salute#In_the_colonial_context" title="Gun salute">Gun-salute</a> for ruler</th> <th>Designation of local political officer </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Kalahandi_State" title="Kalahandi State">Kalahandi</a></td> <td align="center">3,745</td> <td align="center">284,465 (chiefly Hindu)</td> <td align="center">4</td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></i>, Kshatriya, <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a></td> <td align="center">9</td> <td align="center">Political Agent for the <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh_Division" title="Chhattisgarh Division">Chhattisgarh</a> <a href="/wiki/Feudatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudatory">Feudatories</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Bastar_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastar state">Bastar</a></td> <td align="center">13,062</td> <td align="center">306,501 (chiefly <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animist</a>)</td> <td align="center">3</td> <td align="center"><i>Raja</i>, Kshatriya, Hindu</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">Political Agent for the <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh_Division" title="Chhattisgarh Division">Chhattisgarh</a> <a href="/wiki/Feudatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudatory">Feudatories</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">13 other states</td> <td align="center">12,628</td> <td align="center">1,339,353 (chiefly Hindu)</td> <td align="center">16</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">11</td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th>29,435</th> <th>1,996,383</th> <th>21</th> <th colspan="3"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Punjab_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (British India)">Punjab</a> (45 states)</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>45 states under the suzerainty of the Provincial Government of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (British India)">Punjab</a><sup id="cite_ref-igi-100_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi-100-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name of princely state</th> <th>Area in square miles</th> <th>Population in 1941</th> <th>Approximate revenue of the state (in hundred thousand rupees)</th> <th>Title, ethnicity, and religion of ruler</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gun_salute#In_the_colonial_context" title="Gun salute">Gun-salute</a> for ruler</th> <th>Designation of local political officer </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Bahawalpur State</a></td> <td align="center">16,434</td> <td align="center">1,341,209 (chiefly Muslim)</td> <td align="center">335</td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a></i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daudpota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daudpota (page does not exist)">Daudputra</a>, Muslim</td> <td align="center">17</td> <td align="center">Political Agent for <a href="/wiki/Phulkian" class="mw-redirect" title="Phulkian">Phulkian</a> States and Bahawalpur </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Patiala_State" title="Patiala State">Patiala State</a></td> <td align="center">5,942</td> <td align="center">1,936,259 (chiefly Sikh)</td> <td align="center">302.6</td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></i>, Sikh</td> <td align="center">17 (and 2 personal)</td> <td align="center">Political Agent for Phulkian States and Bahawalpur </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Nabha_State" title="Nabha State">Nabha State</a></td> <td align="center">947</td> <td align="center">340,044 (chiefly Sikh)</td> <td align="center">38.7</td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></i>, Sikh</td> <td align="center">13 (and 2 local)</td> <td align="center">Political Agent for Phulkian States and Bahawalpur </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Jind_State" title="Jind State">Jind State</a></td> <td align="center">1,299</td> <td align="center">361,812 (chiefly Sikh)</td> <td align="center">37.4</td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></i>, Sikh</td> <td align="center">13 (and 2 personal)</td> <td align="center">Political Agent for Phulkian States and Bahawalpur </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala State</a></td> <td align="center">645</td> <td align="center">378,380 (chiefly Sikh)</td> <td align="center">40.5</td> <td align="center"><i>Maharaja</i>, Ahuluwalia, Sikh</td> <td align="center">13 (and 2 personal)</td> <td align="center">Commissioner of the <a href="/wiki/Jullundur" class="mw-redirect" title="Jullundur">Jullundur</a> Division (<i>ex officio</i> Political Agent) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Faridkot_State" title="Faridkot State">Faridkot State</a></td> <td align="center">638</td> <td align="center">199,283 (chiefly Sikh)</td> <td align="center">22.7</td> <td align="center"><i>Raja</i>, Sikh</td> <td align="center">11</td> <td align="center">Commissioner of the Jullundur Division (<i>ex officio</i> Political Agent) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom" title="Garhwal Kingdom">Garhwal State</a></td> <td align="center">4,500</td> <td align="center">397,369 (chiefly Hindu)</td> <td align="center">26.9</td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> Hindu</td> <td align="center">11</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Commissioner#India" title="Commissioner">Commissioner</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kumaon_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaon Kingdom">Kumaun</a> (<i>ex officio</i> Political Agent) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Khayrpur_(princely_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayrpur (princely state)">Khayrpur State</a></td> <td align="center">6,050</td> <td align="center">305,387 (chiefly Muslim)</td> <td align="center">15 (plus 2 local)</td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Mir_(title)" title="Mir (title)">Mir</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Talpur" title="Talpur">Talpur</a> <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a>, Muslim</td> <td align="center">37.8</td> <td align="center">Political Agent for Khairpur </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">25 other states</td> <td align="center">12,661 (in 1901)</td> <td align="center">1,087,614 (in 1901)</td> <td align="center">30 (in 1901)</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th>36,532 (in 1901)</th> <th>4,424,398 (in 1901)</th> <th>155 (in 1901)</th> <th colspan="3"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Assam#British_Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> (26 states)</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>26 states under the suzerainty of the Provincial Government of <a href="/wiki/Assam#British_Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a><sup id="cite_ref-igi-103_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi-103-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name of princely state</th> <th>Area in square miles</th> <th>Population in 1941</th> <th>Approximate revenue of the state (in hundred thousand rupees)</th> <th>Title, ethnicity, and religion of ruler</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gun_salute#In_the_colonial_context" title="Gun salute">Gun-salute</a> for ruler</th> <th>Designation of local political officer </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Manipur_(princely_state)" title="Manipur (princely state)">Manipur</a></td> <td align="center">270.3</td> <td align="center">512,069 (chiefly Hindu and animist)</td> <td align="center">19</td> <td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a>, Hindu</td> <td align="center">11</td> <td align="center">Political Agent in Manipur </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Khasi_Hill_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasi Hill States">25 Khasi States</a></td> <td align="center">3,778</td> <td align="center">213,586 (chiefly Khasi and Christian)</td> <td align="center">~1 (1941, approx.)</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">Deputy Commissioner, Khasi and Jaintia Hills </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th>12,416</th> <th>725,655</th> <th>20 (1941; approx.)</th> <th colspan="3"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Burma">Burma</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princely_state&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Burma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wa_States" title="Wa States">Wa States</a></div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Burma#Colonial_era_(1886–1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> (52 states)</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>52 states in <a href="/wiki/Burma#Colonial_era_(1886–1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>: all except <a href="/wiki/Kantarawadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kantarawadi">Kantarawadi</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Karenni_States" title="Karenni States">Karenni States</a>, were included in British India until 1937<sup id="cite_ref-igi-101_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi-101-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name of princely state</th> <th>Area in square miles</th> <th>Population in 1901</th> <th>Approximate revenue of the state (in hundred thousand rupees)</th> <th>Title, ethnicity, and religion of ruler</th> <th>Gun-salute for ruler</th> <th>Designation of local political officer </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Hsipaw_State" title="Hsipaw State">Hsipaw</a> (Thibaw)</td> <td align="center">5,086</td> <td align="center">105,000 (<a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a>)</td> <td align="center">3</td> <td align="center"><i>Sawbwa</i>, <a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a>, Buddhist</td> <td align="center">9</td> <td align="center">Superintendent, <a href="/wiki/Shan_State" title="Shan State">Northern Shan States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Kengtung_State" title="Kengtung State">Kengtung</a></td> <td align="center">12,000</td> <td align="center">190,000 (Buddhist)</td> <td align="center">1</td> <td align="center"><i>Sawbwa</i>, Shan, Buddhist</td> <td align="center">9</td> <td align="center">Superintendent <a href="/wiki/Shan_State" title="Shan State">Southern Shan States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Yawnghwe" title="Yawnghwe">Yawnghwe</a></td> <td align="center">865</td> <td align="center">95,339 (Buddhist)</td> <td align="center">2.13</td> <td align="center"><i>Sawbwa</i>, Shan, Buddhist</td> <td align="center">9</td> <td align="center">Superintendent Southern Shan States </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Mongnai_State" title="Mongnai State">Mongnai</a></td> <td align="center">2,717</td> <td align="center">44,000 (Buddhist)</td> <td align="center">0.5</td> <td align="center"><i>Sawbwa</i>, Shan, Buddhist</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">Superintendent Southern Shan States </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5 <a href="/wiki/Karenni_States" title="Karenni States">Karenni States</a></td> <td align="center">3,130</td> <td align="center">45,795 (Buddhist and animist)</td> <td align="center">0.035</td> <td align="center"><i>Sawbwa</i>, <a href="/wiki/Karenni_people" title="Karenni people">Karenni</a>, Buddhist</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">Superintendent Southern Shan States </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">44 other states</td> <td align="center">42,198</td> <td align="center">792,152 (Buddhist and animist)</td> <td align="center">8.5</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th>67,011</th> <th>1,177,987</th> <th>13.5</th> <th colspan="3"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_military_forces">State military forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princely_state&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: State military forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_State_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian State Forces">Indian State Forces</a></div> <p>The armies of the princely states were bound by many restrictions that were imposed by <a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_alliance" title="Subsidiary alliance">subsidiary alliances</a>. They existed mainly for ceremonial use and for internal policing, although certain units designated as Imperial Service Troops, were available for service alongside the regular Indian Army upon request by the British government.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to the <a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1907">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907</a>, p. 85, </p><blockquote><p>Since a chief can neither attack his neighbour nor fall out with a foreign nation, it follows that he needs no military establishment which is not required either for police purposes or personal display, or for cooperation with the Imperial Government. The treaty made with Gwalior in 1844, and the instrument of transfer given to Mysore in 1881, alike base the restriction of the forces of the State upon the broad ground of protection. The former explained in detail that unnecessary armies were embarrassing to the State itself and the cause of disquietude to others: a few months later a striking proof of this was afforded by the army of the Sikh kingdom of Lahore. The British Government has undertaken to protect the dominions of the Native princes from invasion and even from rebellion within: its army is organised for the defence not merely of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>, but of all the possessions under the <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> of the King-Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In addition, other restrictions were imposed: </p> <blockquote><p>The treaties with most of the larger States are clear on this point. Posts in the interior must not be fortified, factories for the production of guns and ammunition must not be constructed, nor may the subject of other States be enlisted in the local forces. ... They must allow the forces that defend them to obtain local supplies, to occupy cantonments or positions, and to arrest deserters; and in addition to these services they must recognise the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Imperial</a> control of the railways, telegraphs, and postal communications as essential not only to the common welfare but to the common defence.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Imperial Service Troops were routinely inspected by British army officers and had the same equipment as soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IGI-4-87_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IGI-4-87-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although their numbers were relatively small, the Imperial Service Troops were employed in China and <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a> in the first decade of the 20th century, and later saw action in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> .<sup id="cite_ref-IGI-4-87_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IGI-4-87-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_integration_of_princely_states">Political integration of princely states</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princely_state&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Political integration of princely states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1920, Congress under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> declared that attainment of <i>swaraj</i> for Indians was its goal. It asked "all the sovereign princes of India to establish full responsible government in their states". Gandhi assured the princes that Congress will not intervene in internal affairs of the princely states.<sup id="cite_ref-Sisson_Wolpert_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sisson_Wolpert-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress reiterated their demand at 1928 Calcutta Congress, "This Congress assures the people of the Indian States of its sympathy with and support in their legitimate and peaceful struggle for the attainment of full responsible government in the States."<sup id="cite_ref-o824_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o824-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> played a major role in pushing Congress to confront the princely states.<sup id="cite_ref-o824_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o824-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his presidential address at Lahore session in 1929, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> declared: "The Indian states cannot live apart from the rest of the (sic) India".<sup id="cite_ref-Phadnis_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phadnis-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nehru added he is "no believer in kings or princes" and that "the only people who have the right to determine the future of the States must be the people of these States. This Congress which claims self-determination cannot deny it to the people of the states."<sup id="cite_ref-o824_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o824-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Congress's electoral victory <a href="/wiki/1937_Indian_provincial_elections" title="1937 Indian provincial elections"> in 1937 elections</a>, protests, sometimes violent, and <i><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">satyagrahas</a></i> against the princely states were organised and were supported by the Congress's ministries. Gandhi fasted in <a href="/wiki/Rajkot_State" title="Rajkot State">Rajkot State</a> to demand "full responsible government" and added that "the people" were "the real rulers of Rajkot under the paramountcy of the Congress". Gandhi termed this protest as struggle against "the disciplined hordes of the British empire". Gandhi proclaimed that the Congress had now every right to intervene in "the states which are the vassals of the British".<sup id="cite_ref-o824_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o824-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1937, Gandhi played a major role in formation of federation involving a union between British India and the princely states with an Indian central government.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_2017_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh_2017-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1939, Nehru challenged the existence of the princely states and added that "the states in modern India are anachronistic and do not deserve to exist."<sup id="cite_ref-o824_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o824-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1946, Nehru pointedly observed that no princely state could prevail militarily against the army of independent India.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.in_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.in-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a> took funding from the <a href="/wiki/Princely_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely states">princely states</a> and supported them to remain independent even after the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of India">independence of India</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">V. D. Savarkar</a> particularly hailed the Hindu dominated states as the 'bedrock of Hindu power' and defended their despotic powers, referring to them as the 'citadels of organised Hindu power'. He particularly hailed the princely states such as <a href="/wiki/Mysore_State" title="Mysore State">Mysore State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">Oudh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroda_State" title="Baroda State">Baroda State</a> as 'progressive Hindu states'.<sup id="cite_ref-c565_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c565-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-w584_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w584-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The era of the princely states effectively ended with Indian independence in 1947; by 1950, almost all of the principalities had <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession" title="Instrument of Accession">acceded</a> to either India or Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accession process was largely peaceful, except in the cases of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> (whose ruler decided to accede to India following an <a href="/wiki/First_Kashmir_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Kashmir War">invasion</a> by Pakistan-based forces, resulting in a long-standing <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir dispute">dispute between the two countries</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad State</a> (whose ruler opted for independence in 1947, followed a year later by <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">the invasion and annexation</a> of the state by India), <a href="/wiki/Junagarh_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Junagarh (state)">Junagarh</a> and its vassal <a href="/wiki/Bantva_Manavadar" title="Bantva Manavadar">Bantva Manavadar</a> (whose rulers acceded to Pakistan, but were <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Junagadh" title="Annexation of Junagadh">annexed</a> by India),<sup id="cite_ref-Pande2011_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pande2011-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kalat" title="Khanate of Kalat">Kalat</a> (whose ruler declared independence in 1947, followed in 1948 by the state's accession to Pakistan).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princely_state&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration of India</a></div> <p>At the time of <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Indian independence</a> on 15 August 1947, India was divided into two sets of territories, the first being the territories of "<a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>", which were under the direct control of the <a href="/wiki/India_Office" title="India Office">India Office</a> in London and the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">governor-general of India</a>, and the second being the "princely states", the territories over which <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> had <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>, but which were under the control of their hereditary rulers. In addition, there were several colonial enclaves controlled by France and Portugal. The integration of these territories into <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a>, that had been created by the Indian Independence Act 1947 by the British Parliament, was a declared objective of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> pursued over the years 1947 to 1949. Through a combination of tactics, <a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a> <a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a> and <a href="/wiki/V._P._Menon" title="V. P. Menon">V. P. Menon</a> in the months immediately preceding and following the independence convinced the rulers of almost all of the hundreds of princely states to accede to India. In a speech in January 1948, Vallabhbhai Patel said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As you are all aware, on the lapse of Paramountcy every Indian State became a separate independent entity and our first task of consolidating about 550 States was on the basis of accession to the Indian Dominion on three subjects. Barring Hyderabad and Junagadh all the states which are contiguous to India acceded to Indian Dominion. Subsequently, Kashmir also came in... Some Rulers who were quick to read the writing on the wall, gave responsible government to their people; Cochin being the most illustrious example. In Travancore, there was a short struggle, but there, too, the Ruler soon recognised the aspiration of his people and agreed to introduce a constitution in which all powers would be transferred to the people and he would function as a constitutional Ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Although this process successfully integrated the vast majority of princely states into India, it was not as successful in relation to a few states, notably the former princely state of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_and_Jammu_(princely_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)">Kashmir</a>, whose Maharaja delayed signing the instrument of accession into India until his territories were under the threat of invasion by Pakistan, and the state of <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad</a>, whose ruler decided to remain independent and was subsequently defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Polo" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Polo">Operation Polo</a> invasion. </p><p>Having secured their accession, Sardar Patel and V. P. Menon then proceeded, in a step-by-step process, to secure and extend the central government's authority over these states and to transform their administrations until, by 1956, there was little difference between the territories that had formerly been part of British India and those that had been princely states. Simultaneously, the Government of India, through a combination of diplomatic and economic pressure, acquired control over most of the remaining European colonial exclaves on the subcontinent. Fed up with the protracted and stubborn resistance of the Portuguese government; in 1961 the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">invaded and annexed</a> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These territories, like the princely states, were also integrated into the Republic of India. </p><p>As the final step, in 1971, the 26th amendment<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> withdrew recognition of the princes as rulers, took away their remaining privileges, and abolished the remuneration granted to them by <a href="/wiki/Privy_Purse_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Purse in India">privy purses</a>. </p><p><br /> As per the terms of accession, the erstwhile Indian princes received <a href="/wiki/Privy_Purse_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Purse in India">privy purses</a> (government allowances), and initially retained their statuses, privileges, and autonomy in internal matters during a transitional period which lasted until 1956. During this time, the former princely states were merged into unions, each of which was headed by a former ruling prince with the title of <i>Rajpramukh</i> (ruling chief), equivalent to a state governor.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1956, the position of <i>Rajpramukh</i> was abolished and the federations dissolved, the former principalities becoming part of Indian states. The states which acceded to Pakistan retained their status until the promulgation of a new constitution in 1956, when most became part of the province of <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a>; a few of the former states retained their autonomy until 1969 when they were fully integrated into Pakistan. The Indian government abolished the privy purses in 1971, followed by the government of Pakistan in 1972.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In July 1946, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> pointedly observed that no princely state could prevail militarily against the army of independent India.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.in_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.in-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1947, Nehru said that independent India would not accept the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May, 1947, he declared that any princely state which refused to join the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly</a> would be treated as an enemy state.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were officially 565 princely states when India and Pakistan became independent in 1947, but the great majority had contracted with the British <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India"> viceroy</a> to provide public services and tax collection. Only 21 had actual state governments, and only four were large (<a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Jammu and Kashmir State</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baroda_State" title="Baroda State">Baroda State</a>). They <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_accession" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrument of accession">acceded</a> to one of the two new independent countries between 1947 and 1949. All the princes were eventually pensioned off.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princely_state&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Princely_states_of_Pakistan" title="Princely states of Pakistan">Princely states of Pakistan</a></div> <p>During the period of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, there were four princely states in Balochistan: <a href="/wiki/Makran_(princely_state)" title="Makran (princely state)">Makran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kharan_(princely_state)" title="Kharan (princely state)">Kharan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Las_Bela_(princely_state)" title="Las Bela (princely state)">Las Bela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalat_(princely_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalat (princely state)">Kalat</a>. The first three acceded to Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-CheemaRiemer1990_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CheemaRiemer1990-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Siddiqi2012_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siddiqi2012-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul2014_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul2014-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LongSingh2015_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LongSingh2015-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the ruler of the fourth princely state, the <a href="/wiki/Khan_of_Kalat" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan of Kalat">Khan of Kalat</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Yar_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Yar Khan">Ahmad Yar Khan</a>, declared Kalat's independence as this was one of the options given to all princely states.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidle2010_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidle2010-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state remained independent until it was acceded on 27 March 1948. The signing of the Instrument of Accession by Ahmad Yar Khan, led his brother, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Abdul_Karim" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Abdul Karim">Prince Abdul Karim</a>, to revolt against his brother's decision in July 1948, causing an <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochistan conflict">ongoing and still unresolved insurgency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hasnat2011_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasnat2011-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Bahawalpur</a> from the Punjab Agency joined Pakistan on 5 October 1947. The princely states of the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_States_Agency" title="North-West Frontier States Agency">North-West Frontier States Agencies</a>. included the Dir Swat and Chitral Agency and the Deputy Commissioner of Hazara acting as the Political Agent for Amb and Phulra. These states joined Pakistan on independence from the British.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princely_state&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Indian_princely_states" title="Flags of Indian princely states">Flags of Indian princely states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(by_region)" title="List of princely states of British India (by region)">List of princely states of British India (by region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_monarchs" title="List of Indian monarchs">List of Indian monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praja_Mandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Praja Mandal">Praja Mandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salute_state" title="Salute state">Salute state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_feudalism" title="Indian feudalism">Indian feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_honorifics" title="Indian honorifics">Indian honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghatwals_and_Mulraiyats" title="Ghatwals and Mulraiyats">Ghatwals and Mulraiyats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagirdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagirdar">Jagirdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maratha_dynasties_and_states" title="List of Maratha dynasties and states">List of Maratha dynasties and states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rajput_dynasties_and_states" title="List of Rajput dynasties and states">List of Rajput dynasties and states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oudh_Bequest" title="Oudh Bequest">Oudh Bequest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">Zamindar</a></li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princely_state&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamusack2004">Ramusack 2004</a>, pp. 85 <b>Quote:</b> "The British did not create the Indian princes. Before and during the European penetration of India, indigenous rulers achieved dominance through the military protection they provided to dependents and their skill in acquiring revenues to maintain their military and administrative organizations. Major Indian rulers exercised varying degrees and types of sovereign powers before they entered treaty relations with the British. What changed during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is that the British increasingly restricted the sovereignty of Indian rulers. The <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">Company</a> set boundaries; it extracted resources in the form of military personnel, subsidies or tribute payments, and the purchase of commercial goods at favorable prices, and limited opportunities for other alliances. From the 1810s onwards as the British expanded and consolidated their power, their centralized military despotism dramatically reduced the political options of Indian rulers." (p. 85)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamusack2004">Ramusack 2004</a>, p. 87 <b>Quote:</b> "The British system of indirect rule over Indian states ... provided a model for the efficient use of scarce monetary and personnel resources that could be adopted to imperial acquisitions in Malaya and Africa. (p. 87)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sisson_Wolpert-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sisson_Wolpert_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sisson_Wolpert_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSissonWolpert2018" class="citation book cs1">Sisson, Richard; Wolpert, Stanley (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=47jADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA381"><i>Congress and Indian Nationalism: The Pre-Independence Phase</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 381. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-30163-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-30163-4"><bdi>978-0-520-30163-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congress+and+Indian+Nationalism%3A+The+Pre-Independence+Phase&rft.pages=381&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-520-30163-4&rft.aulast=Sisson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Wolpert%2C+Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D47jADwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-o824-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-o824_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-o824_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-o824_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-o824_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-o824_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-o824_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-o824_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurushotham2021" class="citation book cs1">Purushotham, S. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4lQMEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT40"><i>From Raj to Republic: Sovereignty, Violence, and Democracy in India</i></a>. South Asia in Motion. Stanford University Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1455-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1455-0"><bdi>978-1-5036-1455-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Raj+to+Republic%3A+Sovereignty%2C+Violence%2C+and+Democracy+in+India&rft.series=South+Asia+in+Motion&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-1455-0&rft.aulast=Purushotham&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4lQMEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.co.in-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.in_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.in_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.in_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon2021" class="citation book cs1">Menon, Shivshankar (20 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eaWWDwAAQBAJ"><i>India and Asian Geopolitics: The Past, Present</i></a>. Brookings Institution Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-09129-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-09129-4"><bdi>978-0-670-09129-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+Asian+Geopolitics%3A+The+Past%2C+Present&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2021-04-20&rft.isbn=978-0-670-09129-4&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=Shivshankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeaWWDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhargava1991" class="citation cs2">Bhargava, R. P. (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BAQgNE1uSEgC&pg=PA313"><i>The Chamber of Princes</i></a>, Northern Book Centre, pp. 312–323, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-005-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-005-5"><bdi>978-81-7211-005-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chamber+of+Princes&rft.pages=312-323&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-7211-005-5&rft.aulast=Bhargava&rft.aufirst=R.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBAQgNE1uSEgC%26pg%3DPA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDatar2013" class="citation news cs1">Datar, Arvind P. (18 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/who-betrayed-sardar-patel/article5366083.ece">"Who betrayed Sardar Patel?"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Who+betrayed+Sardar+Patel%3F&rft.date=2013-11-18&rft.aulast=Datar&rft.aufirst=Arvind+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-opinion%2Fwho-betrayed-sardar-patel%2Farticle5366083.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Markovits2004-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Markovits2004_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkovits,_Claude2004" class="citation book cs1">Markovits, Claude (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C"><i>A history of modern India, 1480–1950</i></a>. Anthem Press. pp. 386–409. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843310044" title="Special:BookSources/9781843310044"><bdi>9781843310044</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+modern+India%2C+1480%E2%80%931950&rft.pages=386-409&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781843310044&rft.au=Markovits%2C+Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuzOmy2y0Zh4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scale-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scale_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The India Office and Burma Office List: 1945</i>. Harrison & Sons, Ltd. 1945. pp. 33–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+India+Office+and+Burma+Office+List%3A+1945&rft.pages=33-37&rft.pub=Harrison+%26+Sons%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AZ-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AZ_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZubrzycki2024" class="citation book cs1">Zubrzycki, John (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aYHgEAAAQBAJ&q=dethroned+patel+alexander"><i>Dethroned</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80526-053-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80526-053-0"><bdi>978-1-80526-053-0</bdi></a>. <q>Princely States at the time of Indian independence owed their existence to the slow collapse of the Mughal Empire following the death of Aurangzeb in 1707. Centuries of foreign domination meant that many of the rulers who carved out their own states were outsiders. The Nizams of Hyderabad were of Turkoman stock. Bhopal was established by one of Aurangzeb's Afghan generals. Rampurs first ruler, Nawab Faizullah Khan, was a Pashtun. Tonk in present day Rajasthan was founded by Pindari freebooters. The seaboard state of Janjira was the creation of an Abysinnian pirate. Among the Hindu kingdoms, most of the rulers were Kshatriya. Only the Rajput states and a scattering of South Indian kingdoms could trace their lineage to the pre-Mughal period.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dethroned&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-80526-053-0&rft.aulast=Zubrzycki&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaYHgEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddethroned%2Bpatel%2Balexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Interpretation Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c. 63), s. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>1.</b> <i>Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume IV, published under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/India_Office" title="India Office">Secretary of State for India-in-Council</a></i>, 1909, Oxford University Press. page 5. Quote: "The history of British India falls, as observed by Sir C. P. Ilbert in his <i>Government of India</i>, into three periods. From the beginning of the seventeenth century to the middle of the eighteenth century the East India Company is a trading corporation, existing on the sufferance of the native powers and in rivalry with the merchant companies of Holland and France. During the next century the Company acquires and consolidates its dominion, shares its sovereignty in increasing proportions with the Crown, and gradually loses its mercantile privileges and functions. After the mutiny of 1857 the remaining powers of the Company are transferred to the Crown, and then follows an era of peace in which India awakens to new life and progress." <b>2.</b> <i>The Statutes: From the Twentieth Year of King Henry the Third to the ...</i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Drayton" title="Robert Drayton">Robert Harry Drayton</a>, Statutes of the Realm – Law – 1770 Page 211 (3) "Save as otherwise expressly provided in this Act, the law of British India and of the several parts thereof existing immediately before the appointed ..." <b>3.</b> Edney, M. E. (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110521135907/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/presssite/metadata.epl?mode=synopsis&bookkey=40921"><i>Mapping an Empire: The Geographical Construction of British India, 1765–1843</i></a>, University of Chicago Press. 480 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-18488-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-18488-3">978-0-226-18488-3</a> <b>4.</b> Hawes, C.J. (1996) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d22WUEmG49IC&q=+%22British+India%22">Poor Relations: The Making of a Eurasian Community in British India, 1773–1833</a>. Routledge, 217 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-0425-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-0425-6">0-7007-0425-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._II1908">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II 1908</a>, pp. 463, 470 Quote<b>1</b>: "Before passing on to the political history of British India, which properly begins with the Anglo-French Wars in the <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_region" title="Carnatic region">Carnatic</a>, ... (p. 463)" Quote<b>2</b>: "The political history of the British in India begins in the eighteenth century with the French Wars in the Carnatic. (p.471)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-igi-60-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-igi-60_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-igi-60_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1907">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907</a>, p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CommissionSimon1930-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CommissionSimon1930_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreat_Britain._Indian_Statutory_CommissionViscount_John_Allsebrook_Simon_Simon1930" class="citation book cs1">Great Britain. Indian Statutory Commission; Viscount John Allsebrook Simon Simon (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTEoAAAAMAAJ"><i>Report of the Indian Statutory Commission ...</i></a> H.M. Stationery Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Indian+Statutory+Commission+...&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1930&rft.au=Great+Britain.+Indian+Statutory+Commission&rft.au=Viscount+John+Allsebrook+Simon+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTEoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-All_India_reporter-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-All_India_reporter_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.531944"><i>All India reporter</i></a>. D.V. Chitaley. 1938<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+India+reporter&rft.pub=D.V.+Chitaley&rft.date=1938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.531944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/king-of-all-rewinds.html">"King of all rewinds"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Week_(Indian_magazine)" title="The Week (Indian magazine)">The Week</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=King+of+all+rewinds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweek.in%2Ftheweek%2Fcover%2Fking-of-all-rewinds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLethbridge1900" class="citation book cs1">Lethbridge, Sir Roper (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zykYAAAAYAAJ&q=karauli+gun+salute"><i>The Golden Book of India. A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire. With an Appendix for Ceylon</i></a>. S. Low, Marston & Company. p. 132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Book+of+India.+A+Genealogical+and+Biographical+Dictionary+of+the+Ruling+Princes%2C+Chiefs%2C+Nobles%2C+and+Other+Personages%2C+Titled+Or+Decorated%2C+of+the+Indian+Empire.+With+an+Appendix+for+Ceylon&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=S.+Low%2C+Marston+%26+Company&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Lethbridge&rft.aufirst=Sir+Roper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzykYAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dkarauli%2Bgun%2Bsalute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice1902" class="citation book cs1">Office, Great Britain India (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HGJPAAAAMAAJ&q=karauli+gun+salute"><i>The India List and India Office List for ...</i></a> Harrison and Sons. p. 172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+India+List+and+India+Office+List+for+...&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Harrison+and+Sons&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Office&rft.aufirst=Great+Britain+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHGJPAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkarauli%2Bgun%2Bsalute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooja2006" class="citation book cs1">Hooja, Rima (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ"><i>A History of Rajasthan</i></a>. Rupa & Company. p. 856. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-291-0890-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-291-0890-6"><bdi>978-81-291-0890-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Rajasthan&rft.pages=856&rft.pub=Rupa+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-291-0890-6&rft.aulast=Hooja&rft.aufirst=Rima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtosMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patel1957-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Patel1957_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovindlal_Dalsukhbhai_Patel1957" class="citation book cs1">Govindlal Dalsukhbhai Patel (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XvQCAAAAMAAJ"><i>The land problem of reorganized Bombay state</i></a>. N. M. Tripathi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+land+problem+of+reorganized+Bombay+state&rft.pub=N.+M.+Tripathi&rft.date=1957&rft.au=Govindlal+Dalsukhbhai+Patel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXvQCAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vapal Pangunni Menon (1956) <i>The Story of the Integration of the Indian States</i>, Macmillan Co., pp. 17–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-igi-92-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-igi-92_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-igi-92_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1907">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907</a>, p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mysore", Indian States and Agencies, <i>The Statesman's Year Book 1947,</i> pg 173, Macmillan & Co.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Jammu and Kashmir", Indian States and Agencies, <i>The Statesman's Year Book 1947,</i> pg 171, Macmillan & Co.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Hyderabad", Indian States and Agencies, <i>The Statesman's Year Book 1947,</i> pg 170, Macmillan & Co.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-igi-93-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-igi-93_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-igi-93_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1907">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907</a>, p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Central India Agency", Indian States and Agencies, <i>The Statesman's Year Book 1947,</i> pg 168, Macmillan & Co.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Eastern States", Indian States and Agencies, <i>The Statesman's Year Book 1947,</i> pg 168, Macmillan & Co.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Gwalior Residency", Indian States and Agencies, <i>The Statesman's Year Book 1947,</i> pg 170, Macmillan & Co.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-igi-94-95-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-igi-94-95_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1907">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907</a>, pp. 94–95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Rajputana", Indian States and Agencies, <i>The Statesman's Year Book 1947,</i> pg 175, Macmillan & Co.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-igi-96-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-igi-96_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-igi-96_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1907">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907</a>, p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Baluchistan States", Indian States and Agencies, <i>The Statesman's Year Book 1947,</i> pg 160, Macmillan & Co.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-igi-97-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-igi-97_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1907">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V04_126.gif&volume=4">97</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-igi-102-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-igi-102_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1907">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V04_131.gif&volume=4">102</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-igi-100-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-igi-100_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1907">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V04_129.gif&volume=4">100</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Punjab States", Indian States and Agencies, <i>The Statesman's Year Book 1947,</i> pg 174, Macmillan & Co.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-igi-103-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-igi-103_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1907">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V04_132.gif&volume=4">103</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Assam States", Indian States and Agencies, <i>The Statesman's Year Book 1947,</i> pg 160, Macmillan & Co.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-igi-101-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-igi-101_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1907">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V04_130.gif&volume=4">101</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lt. Gen. Sir George MacMunn, page 198 "The Armies of India", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-947554-02-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-947554-02-5">0-947554-02-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1907">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907</a>, p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1907">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907</a>, pp. 85–86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IGI-4-87-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IGI-4-87_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IGI-4-87_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1907">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907</a>, p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phadnis-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phadnis_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhadnis1968" class="citation book cs1">Phadnis, Urmila (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mvYDAAAAMAAJ"><i>Towards the Integration of Indian States, 1919-1947</i></a>. Thesis Phil. Banaras Hindu University. Asia Publishing House. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-210-31180-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-210-31180-6"><bdi>978-0-210-31180-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+the+Integration+of+Indian+States%2C+1919-1947&rft.series=Thesis+Phil.+Banaras+Hindu+University&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Asia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-210-31180-6&rft.aulast=Phadnis&rft.aufirst=Urmila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmvYDAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh_2017-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Singh_2017_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2017" class="citation book cs1">Singh, R. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SitEDwAAQBAJ"><i>Gandhi and the Nobel Peace Prize</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-03612-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-03612-2"><bdi>978-1-351-03612-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+and+the+Nobel+Peace+Prize&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-03612-2&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSitEDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c565-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-c565_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBapu2013" class="citation book cs1">Bapu, P. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iUFalxUFFWkC&pg=PA32"><i>Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915-1930: Constructing Nation and History</i></a>. Online access with subscription: Proquest Ebook Central. Routledge. p. 32-33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67165-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67165-1"><bdi>978-0-415-67165-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Mahasabha+in+Colonial+North+India%2C+1915-1930%3A+Constructing+Nation+and+History&rft.series=Online+access+with+subscription%3A+Proquest+Ebook+Central&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-67165-1&rft.aulast=Bapu&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiUFalxUFFWkC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-w584-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-w584_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChhibberVerma2018" class="citation book cs1">Chhibber, P.K.; Verma, R. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nJRqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT248"><i>Ideology and Identity: The Changing Party Systems of India</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-062390-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-062390-6"><bdi>978-0-19-062390-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideology+and+Identity%3A+The+Changing+Party+Systems+of+India&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-062390-6&rft.aulast=Chhibber&rft.aufirst=P.K.&rft.au=Verma%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnJRqDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ravi Kumar Pillai of Kandamath in the Journal of the Royal Society for Asian Affairs, pages 316–319 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2016.1171621">https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2016.1171621</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBajwa2003" class="citation book cs1">Bajwa, Kuldip Singh (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7bREjE5yXNMC&q=dogra+1948+tribal+pakistan+invasion&pg=PA21"><i>Jammu and Kashmir War, 1947–1948: Political and Military Perspectiv</i></a>. New Delhi: Hari-Anand Publications Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788124109236" title="Special:BookSources/9788124109236"><bdi>9788124109236</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jammu+and+Kashmir+War%2C+1947%E2%80%931948%3A+Political+and+Military+Perspectiv&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Hari-Anand+Publications+Limited&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9788124109236&rft.aulast=Bajwa&rft.aufirst=Kuldip+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7bREjE5yXNMC%26q%3Ddogra%2B1948%2Btribal%2Bpakistan%2Binvasion%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pande2011-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pande2011_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAparna_Pande2011" class="citation book cs1">Aparna Pande (16 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HPWrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT31"><i>Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Escaping India</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 31–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81893-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81893-6"><bdi>978-1-136-81893-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explaining+Pakistan%27s+Foreign+Policy%3A+Escaping+India&rft.pages=31-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011-03-16&rft.isbn=978-1-136-81893-6&rft.au=Aparna+Pande&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHPWrAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalal,_Struggle_for_Pakistan2014" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ayesha_Jalal" title="Ayesha Jalal">Jalal, Ayesha</a> (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=87VnBAAAQBAJ"><i>The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics</i></a>, Harvard University Press, p. 72, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-74499-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-74499-8"><bdi>978-0-674-74499-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+for+Pakistan%3A+A+Muslim+Homeland+and+Global+Politics&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-674-74499-8&rft.aulast=Jalal&rft.aufirst=Ayesha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D87VnBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span>: "Equally notorious was his high-handed treatment of the state of Kalat, whose ruler was made to accede to Pakistan on threat of punitive military action."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamad,_Understanding_the_insurgency_in_Balochistan2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yunas_Samad" title="Yunas Samad">Samad, Yunas</a> (2014). "Understanding the insurgency in Balochistan". <i>Commonwealth & Comparative Politics</i>. <b>52</b> (2): 293–320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14662043.2014.894280">10.1080/14662043.2014.894280</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144156399">144156399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commonwealth+%26+Comparative+Politics&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+insurgency+in+Balochistan&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=293-320&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14662043.2014.894280&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144156399%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Samad&rft.aufirst=Yunas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span>: "When Mir Ahmed Yar Khan dithered over acceding the Baloch-Brauhi confederacy to Pakistan in 1947 the centre's response was to initiate processes that would coerce the state joining Pakistan. By recognising the feudatory states of Las Bela, Kharan and the district of Mekran as independent states, which promptly merged with Pakistan, the State of Kalat became land locked and reduced to a fraction of its size. Thus Ahmed Yar Khan was forced to sign the instrument of accession on 27 March 1948, which immediately led to the brother of the Khan, Prince Abdul Karim raising the banner of revolt in July 1948, starting the first of the Baloch insurgencies."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelig_Harrison,_In_Afghanistan's_Shadow1981" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Selig_S._Harrison" title="Selig S. Harrison">Harrison, Selig S.</a> (1981), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LLnCAAAAIAAJ"><i>In Afghanistan's Shadow: Baluch Nationalism and Soviet Temptations</i></a>, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, p. 24, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87003-029-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87003-029-1"><bdi>978-0-87003-029-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Afghanistan%27s+Shadow%3A+Baluch+Nationalism+and+Soviet+Temptations&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-87003-029-1&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Selig+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLLnCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span>: "Pakistani leaders summarily rejected this declaration, touching off a nine-month diplomatic tug of war that came to a climax in the forcible annexation of Kalat.... it is clear that Baluch leaders, including the Khan, were bitterly opposed to what happened."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. P. Bhargava (1992) <i>The Chamber of Princes</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BAQgNE1uSEgC&pg=PA313">p. 313</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Praval, Major K.C. (2009). Indian Army after Independence. New Delhi: Lancer. p. 214. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935501-10-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935501-10-7">978-1-935501-10-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111206041333/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend26.htm">"The Constitution (26 Amendment) Act, 1971"</a>, <i>indiacode.nic.in</i>, Government of India, 1971, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend26.htm">the original</a> on 6 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=indiacode.nic.in&rft.atitle=The+Constitution+%2826+Amendment%29+Act%2C+1971&rft.date=1971&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiacode.nic.in%2Fcoiweb%2Famend%2Famend26.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilhelm von Pochhammer, <i>India's road to nationhood: a political history of the subcontinent</i> (1982) ch 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lumby, E. W. R. 1954. <i>The Transfer of Power in India, 1945–1947</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/George_Allen_and_Unwin" class="mw-redirect" title="George Allen and Unwin">George Allen & Unwin</a>. p. 228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiwari2017" class="citation web cs1">Tiwari, Aaditya (30 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=172053">"Sardar Patel – Man who United India"</a>. <i>Press Information Bureau</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+Information+Bureau&rft.atitle=Sardar+Patel+%E2%80%93+Man+who+United+India&rft.date=2017-10-30&rft.aulast=Tiwari&rft.aufirst=Aaditya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpib.gov.in%2Fnewsite%2Fprintrelease.aspx%3Frelid%3D172053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilhelm von Pochhammer, <i>India's road to nationhood: a political history of the subcontinent</i> (1981) ch 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CheemaRiemer1990-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CheemaRiemer1990_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPervaiz_I_CheemaManuel_Riemer1990" class="citation book cs1">Pervaiz I Cheema; Manuel Riemer (22 August 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CX6xCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60"><i>Pakistan's Defence Policy 1947–58</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 60–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-20942-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-20942-2"><bdi>978-1-349-20942-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%27s+Defence+Policy+1947%E2%80%9358&rft.pages=60-&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=1990-08-22&rft.isbn=978-1-349-20942-2&rft.au=Pervaiz+I+Cheema&rft.au=Manuel+Riemer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCX6xCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siddiqi2012-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Siddiqi2012_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarhan_Hanif_Siddiqi2012" class="citation book cs1">Farhan Hanif Siddiqi (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tDb6i9x1FKgC&pg=PA71"><i>The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 71–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-68614-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-68614-3"><bdi>978-0-415-68614-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Ethnicity+in+Pakistan%3A+The+Baloch%2C+Sindhi+and+Mohajir+Ethnic+Movements&rft.pages=71-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-68614-3&rft.au=Farhan+Hanif+Siddiqi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtDb6i9x1FKgC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul2014-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paul2014_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT.V._Paul2014" class="citation book cs1">T.V. Paul (February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IYBeAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA133"><i>The Warrior State: Pakistan in the Contemporary World</i></a>. OUP USA. pp. 133–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932223-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932223-7"><bdi>978-0-19-932223-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Warrior+State%3A+Pakistan+in+the+Contemporary+World&rft.pages=133-&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2014-02&rft.isbn=978-0-19-932223-7&rft.au=T.V.+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIYBeAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LongSingh2015-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LongSingh2015_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBangash2015" class="citation cs2">Bangash, Y. K. (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA81">"Constructing the state: Constitutional integration of the princely states of Pakistan"</a>, in Roger D. Long; Gurharpal Singh; Yunas Samad; Ian Talbot (eds.), <i>State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security</i>, Routledge, pp. 82–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-44820-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-44820-4"><bdi>978-1-317-44820-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constructing+the+state%3A+Constitutional+integration+of+the+princely+states+of+Pakistan&rft.btitle=State+and+Nation-Building+in+Pakistan%3A+Beyond+Islam+and+Security&rft.pages=82-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-44820-4&rft.aulast=Bangash&rft.aufirst=Y.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnzivCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidle2010-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schmidle2010_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Schmidle2010" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas Schmidle (2 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LayUUE4KNtwC&pg=PA86"><i>To Live or to Perish Forever: Two Tumultuous Years in Pakistan</i></a>. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 86–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-8590-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-8590-1"><bdi>978-1-4299-8590-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Live+or+to+Perish+Forever%3A+Two+Tumultuous+Years+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=86-&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2010-03-02&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-8590-1&rft.au=Nicholas+Schmidle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLayUUE4KNtwC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hasnat2011-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hasnat2011_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyed_Farooq_Hasnat2011" class="citation book cs1">Syed Farooq Hasnat (26 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KiELa2EoA04C&pg=PA94"><i>Global Security Watch—Pakistan</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 94–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34698-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34698-9"><bdi>978-0-313-34698-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Security+Watch%E2%80%94Pakistan&rft.pages=94-&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011-05-26&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34698-9&rft.au=Syed+Farooq+Hasnat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKiELa2EoA04C%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princely_state&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bangash, Yaqoob Khan (2016). "A Princely Affair: The Accession and Integration of the Princely States of Pakistan, 1947–1955". Oxford University Press Pakistan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199407361" title="Special:BookSources/9780199407361">9780199407361</a></li> <li>Bhagavan, Manu. "Princely States and the Hindu Imaginary: Exploring the Cartography of Hindu Nationalism in Colonial India" <i>Journal of Asian Studies,</i> (Aug 2008) 67#3 pp 881–915 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20203428">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Bhagavan, Manu. <i>Sovereign Spheres: Princes, Education and Empire in Colonial India</i> (2003)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopland2002" class="citation cs2">Copland, Ian (2002), <i>Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire, 1917–1947</i>, (Cambridge Studies in Indian History & Society). Cambridge and London: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. Pp. 316, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89436-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89436-4"><bdi>978-0-521-89436-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Princes+of+India+in+the+Endgame+of+Empire%2C+1917%E2%80%931947&rft.pub=%28Cambridge+Studies+in+Indian+History+%26+Society%29.+Cambridge+and+London%3A+Cambridge+University+Press.+Pp.+316&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89436-4&rft.aulast=Copland&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Ernst, W. and B. Pati, eds. <i>India's Princely States: People, Princes, and Colonialism</i> (2007)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington2010" class="citation cs2">Harrington, Jack (2010), <i>Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India, Chs. 4 & 5.</i>, New York: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10885-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10885-1"><bdi>978-0-230-10885-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+John+Malcolm+and+the+Creation+of+British+India%2C+Chs.+4+%26+5.&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Palgrave+Macmillan.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-10885-1&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jeffrey, Robin. <i>People, Princes and Paramount Power: Society and Politics in the Indian Princely States</i> (1979) 396pp</li> <li>Kooiman, Dick. <i>Communalism and Indian Princely States: Travancore, Baroda & Hyderabad in the 1930s</i> (2002), 249pp</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkovits,_Claude2004" class="citation book cs1">Markovits, Claude (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C">"ch 21: "Princely India (1858–1950)"</a>. <i>A history of modern India, 1480–1950</i>. Anthem Press. pp. 386–409. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-152-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-152-2"><bdi>978-1-84331-152-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ch+21%3A+%22Princely+India+%281858%E2%80%931950%29&rft.btitle=A+history+of+modern+India%2C+1480%E2%80%931950&rft.pages=386-409&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-152-2&rft.au=Markovits%2C+Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuzOmy2y0Zh4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamusack2004" class="citation cs2">Ramusack, Barbara (2004), <i>The Indian Princes and their States</i>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Cambridge_History_of_India" title="The New Cambridge History of India">The New Cambridge History of India</a>, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 324, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03989-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03989-5"><bdi>978-0-521-03989-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Princes+and+their+States&rft.series=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+and+London%3A+Cambridge+University+Press.+Pp.+324&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-03989-5&rft.aulast=Ramusack&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pochhammer, Wilhelm von <i>India's Road to Nationhood: A Political History of the Subcontinent</i> (1973) ch 57 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mHLB4m75pisC&dq=india+princely+states&pg=PA503">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZutshi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Zutshi, Chitralekha (2009). "Re-visioning princely states in South Asian historiography: A review". <i>Indian Economic & Social History Review</i>. <b>46</b> (3): 301–313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001946460904600302">10.1177/001946460904600302</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145521826">145521826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Economic+%26+Social+History+Review&rft.atitle=Re-visioning+princely+states+in+South+Asian+historiography%3A+A+review&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=301-313&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F001946460904600302&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145521826%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zutshi&rft.aufirst=Chitralekha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gazetteers">Gazetteers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princely_state&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gazetteers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._II1908" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Gazetteer of India">Imperial Gazetteer of India</a> vol. II (1908), <i>The Indian Empire, Historical</i>, Published under the authority of His Majesty's <a href="/wiki/India_Office" title="India Office">Secretary of State for India in Council</a>, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxxv, 1 map, 573.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Empire%2C+Historical&rft.pub=Published+under+the+authority+of+His+Majesty%27s+Secretary+of+State+for+India+in+Council%2C+Oxford+at+the+Clarendon+Press.+Pp.+xxxv%2C+1+map%2C+573.&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Imperial+Gazetteer+of+India+vol.+II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._III1907" class="citation cs2">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1907), <i>The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502</i>, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxxvi, 1 map, 520.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Empire%2C+Economic+%28Chapter+X%3A+Famine%2C+pp.+475%E2%80%93502&rft.pub=Published+under+the+authority+of+His+Majesty%27s+Secretary+of+State+for+India+in+Council%2C+Oxford+at+the+Clarendon+Press.+Pp.+xxxvi%2C+1+map%2C+520.&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Imperial+Gazetteer+of+India+vol.+III&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India_vol._IV1907" class="citation cs2">Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV (1907), <i>The Indian Empire, Administrative</i>, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxx, 1 map, 552.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Empire%2C+Administrative&rft.pub=Published+under+the+authority+of+His+Majesty%27s+Secretary+of+State+for+India+in+Council%2C+Oxford+at+the+Clarendon+Press.+Pp.+xxx%2C+1+map%2C+552.&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Imperial+Gazetteer+of+India+vol.+IV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princely_state&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Princely_states_of_India" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Princely states of India">Princely states of India</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_Roper_Lethbridge1893" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roper_Lethbridge" title="Roper Lethbridge">Sir Roper Lethbridge</a> (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/goldenbookofindi00lethuoft/goldenbookofindi00lethuoft_djvu.txt"><i>The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled or Decorated, of the Indian Empire (Full text)</i></a>. Macmillan And Co., New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Book+of+India%3A+A+Genealogical+and+Biographical+Dictionary+of+the+Ruling+Princes%2C+Chiefs%2C+Nobles%2C+and+Other+Personages%2C+Titled+or+Decorated%2C+of+the+Indian+Empire+%28Full+text%29&rft.pub=Macmillan+And+Co.%2C+New+York&rft.date=1893&rft.au=Sir+Roper+Lethbridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fgoldenbookofindi00lethuoft%2Fgoldenbookofindi00lethuoft_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincely+state" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rulers.org/ruli.html#india">Exhaustive lists of rulers</a> and heads of government, and some biographies.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/1034058/response/2447588/attach/4/India.pdf">India, Order Book</a>, released as part of a response from Passport Office, UK to a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/1034058">request</a> made using <a href="/wiki/WhatDoTheyKnow" title="WhatDoTheyKnow">WhatDoTheyKnow</a>, accessed 17 October 2023.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Salute_states" title="Template:Salute states"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Salute_states" title="Template talk:Salute states"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Salute_states" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Salute states"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gun_salute_princely_states_(salute_states)_during_the_British_Raj" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gun_salute" title="Gun salute">Gun salute</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">princely states</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salute_state" title="Salute state">salute states</a>) during the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21-gun salute</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroda_State" title="Baroda State">Baroda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_State" title="Gwalior State">Gwalior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19-gun salute</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhopal_State" title="Bhopal State">Bhopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indore_State" title="Indore State">Indore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kalat" title="Khanate of Kalat">Kalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolhapur_State" title="Kolhapur State">Kolhapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udaipur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Udaipur State">Udaipur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17-gun salute</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Bahawalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatpur_State" title="Bharatpur State">Bharatpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikaner_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikaner State">Bikaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundi_State" title="Bundi State">Bundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutch_State" title="Cutch State">Cutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Amber" title="Kingdom of Amber">Jaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodhpur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Jodhpur State">Jodhpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karauli_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Karauli State">Karauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Kota State">Kota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patiala_State" title="Patiala State">Patiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudukkottai_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudukkottai State">Pudukkottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewa_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewa State">Rewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonk_State" title="Tonk State">Tonk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15-gun salute</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alwar_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Alwar State">Alwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banswara_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Banswara State">Banswara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datia_State" title="Datia State">Datia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewas_Senior" title="Dewas Senior">Dewas Sr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewas_Junior" title="Dewas Junior">Dewas Jr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhar_State" title="Dhar State">Dhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dholpur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Dholpur State">Dholpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungarpur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungarpur State">Dungarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idar_State" title="Idar State">Idar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaisalmer_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaisalmer State">Jaisalmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khairpur_(princely_state)" title="Khairpur (princely state)">Khairpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishangarh_State" title="Kishangarh State">Kishangarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchha_State" title="Orchha State">Orchha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratapgarh_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratapgarh State">Pratapgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampur_State" title="Rampur State">Rampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirohi_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirohi State">Sirohi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13-gun salute</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benares_State" title="Benares State">Benares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavnagar_State" title="Bhavnagar State">Bhavnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_State" title="Cooch Behar State">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhrangadhra_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhrangadhra State">Dhrangadhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaora_State" title="Jaora State">Jaora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhalawar_State" title="Jhalawar State">Jhalawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jind_State" title="Jind State">Jind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junagadh_State" title="Junagadh State">Junagadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabha_State" title="Nabha State">Nabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawanagar_State" title="Nawanagar State">Nawanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palanpur_State" title="Palanpur State">Palanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porbandar_State" title="Porbandar State">Porbandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajpipla_State" title="Rajpipla State">Rajpipla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratlam_State" title="Ratlam State">Ratlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_(princely_state)" title="Tripura (princely state)">Tripura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11-gun salute</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajaigarh_State" title="Ajaigarh State">Ajaigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alirajpur_State" title="Alirajpur State">Alirajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoni_State" title="Baoni State">Baoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barwani_State" title="Barwani State">Barwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijawar_State" title="Bijawar State">Bijawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahlur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahlur">Bilaspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambay_State" title="Cambay State">Cambay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamba_State" title="Chamba State">Chamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charkhari_State" title="Charkhari State">Charkhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhatarpur_State" title="Chhatarpur State">Chhatarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitral_(princely_state)" title="Chitral (princely state)">Chitral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faridkot_State" title="Faridkot State">Faridkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom" title="Garhwal Kingdom">Tehri Garhwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondal_State" title="Gondal State">Gondal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janjira_State" title="Janjira State">Janjira</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jafarabad_State" title="Jafarabad State">Jafrabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhabua_State" title="Jhabua State">Jhabua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malerkotla_State" title="Malerkotla State">Malerkotla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandi_State" title="Mandi State">Mandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur_(princely_state)" title="Manipur (princely state)">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morvi_State" title="Morvi State">Morvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narsinghgarh_State" title="Narsinghgarh State">Narsinghgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panna_State" title="Panna State">Panna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhanpur_State" title="Radhanpur State">Radhanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajgarh_State" title="Rajgarh State">Rajgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailana_State" title="Sailana State">Sailana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samthar_State" title="Samthar State">Samthar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmur_State" title="Sirmur State">Sirmur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitamau_State" title="Sitamau State">Sitamau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suket_State" title="Suket State">Suket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankaner_State" title="Wankaner State">Wankaner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9-gun salute</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balasinor_State" title="Balasinor State">Balasinor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banganapalle_State" title="Banganapalle State">Banganapalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bansda_State" title="Bansda State">Bansda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraundha" title="Baraundha">Baraundha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baria_State" title="Baria State">Baria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhor_State" title="Bhor State">Bhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhota_Udaipur_State" title="Chhota Udaipur State">Chhota Udaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danta_State" title="Danta State">Danta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharampur_State" title="Dharampur State">Dharampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhrol_State" title="Dhrol State">Dhrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawhar_State" title="Jawhar State">Jawhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahandi_State" title="Kalahandi State">Kalahandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilchipur_State" title="Khilchipur State">Khilchipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbdi_State" title="Limbdi State">Limbdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loharu_State" title="Loharu State">Loharu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunavada_State" title="Lunavada State">Lunavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maihar_State" title="Maihar State">Maihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayurbhanj_State" title="Mayurbhanj State">Mayurbhanj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudhol_State" title="Mudhol State">Mudhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagod_State" title="Nagod State">Nagod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palitana_State" title="Palitana State">Palitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patna_State" title="Patna State">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajkot_State" title="Rajkot State">Rajkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachin_State" title="Sachin State">Sachin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangli_State" title="Sangli State">Sangli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_State" title="Sant State">Sant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawantwadi_State" title="Sawantwadi State">Sawantwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahpura_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahpura State">Shahpura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonepur_State" title="Sonepur State">Sonepur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadhwan_State" title="Wadhwan State">Wadhwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawnghwe" title="Yawnghwe">Yawnghwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a 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