CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Tafsir - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d5104a4b-1dda-4b49-af2a-68ed1e5670af","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Tafsir","wgTitle":"Tafsir","wgCurRevisionId":1283837062,"wgRevisionId":1283837062,"wgArticleId":455461,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022","Articles needing additional references from March 2019","All articles needing additional references","CS1: long volume value","Islamic terminology","Quranic exegesis","Quran"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Tafsir","wgRelevantArticleId":455461,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q335414","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.24"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Tafsir - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Tafsir rootpage-Tafsir skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tafsir" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tafsir" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tafsir" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tafsir" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_of_commentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_commentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Number of commentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formative_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formative_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Formative period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formative_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criteria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Principles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Principles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Principles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tafsir_bi'l-Ma'thur_(or_Tafsir_bi'r-Riwayah)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tafsir_bi'l-Ma'thur_(or_Tafsir_bi'r-Riwayah)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span><i>Tafsir bi'l-Ma'thur</i> (or <i>Tafsir bi'r-Riwayah</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tafsir_bi'l-Ma'thur_(or_Tafsir_bi'r-Riwayah)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tafsir_bi'r-Ra'y_(or_Tafsir_bi'd-dirayah)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tafsir_bi'r-Ra'y_(or_Tafsir_bi'd-dirayah)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span><i>Tafsir bi'r-Ra'y</i> (or <i>Tafsir bi'd-dirayah</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tafsir_bi'r-Ra'y_(or_Tafsir_bi'd-dirayah)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sunni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sunni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shi'ite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shi'ite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Shi'ite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shi'ite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mu'tazila" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mu'tazila"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Mu'tazila</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mu'tazila-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sufi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sufi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Sufi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sufi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quranist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quranist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Quranist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quranist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Methodologies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methodologies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Methodologies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Methodologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scientific_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Scientific approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Legal approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Linguistic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comprehensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comprehensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Comprehensive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comprehensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Tafsir</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="علم التفسير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم التفسير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99fsir" title="Təfsir – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təfsir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0" title="তাফসির – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাফসির" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D1%84%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Тәфсир – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тәфсир" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefsir" title="Tefsir – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tefsir" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tafsir" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Тафсир – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тафсир" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tafsir" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koranexegese" title="Koranexegese – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Koranexegese" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tafsir" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tafsir" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86" title="تفسیر قرآن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تفسیر قرآن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tafsir" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsiri" title="Tafsiri – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tafsiri" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0" title="तफ़्सीर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तफ़्सीर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefsir" title="Tefsir – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tefsir" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tafsir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tafsir" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A8" title="תפסיר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תפסיר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="თაფსირი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თაფსირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%96%D1%80" title="Тәпсір – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тәпсір" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefs%C3%AEr" title="Tefsîr – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tefsîr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tafsir" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="ഖുർആൻ വ്യാഖ്യാനങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഖുർആൻ വ്യാഖ്യാനങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tafsir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tafsir" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Тафсир – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Тафсир" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir_(korantolkning)" title="Tafsir (korantolkning) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tafsir (korantolkning)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tafsir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86" title="تفسیر قرآن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تفسیر قرآن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="تفسير – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تفسير" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tafsir" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tafsir" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Тафсир – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тафсир" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefsiri" title="Tefsiri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tefsiri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tafsir" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafs%C3%ADr_(exeg%C3%A9za)" title="Tafsír (exegéza) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tafsír (exegéza)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%81%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="زانستی تەفسیر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زانستی تەفسیر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefsir" title="Tefsir – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tefsir" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tafsir" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tafsir" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafs%C4%ABr" title="Tafsīr – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tafsīr" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3" title="ตัฟซีร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตัฟซีร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Тафсир – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тафсир" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefsir" title="Tefsir – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tefsir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefsir" title="Tefsir – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Tefsir" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Тафсир – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тафсир" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86" title="تفسیر قرآن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تفسیر قرآن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%B1" title="تەفسىر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تەفسىر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%94%AB%E7%BB%A5%E9%B2%81" title="太甫绥鲁 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="太甫绥鲁" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q335414#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Tafsir" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tafsir"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tafsir"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Tafsir" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Tafsir" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&oldid=1283837062" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Tafsir&id=1283837062&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTafsir"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTafsir"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Tafsir&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tafsir" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q335414" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Exegesis of the Quran</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For preaching event, see <a href="/wiki/Tafsir-ul-Quran_Mahfil" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafsir-ul-Quran Mahfil">Tafsir-ul-Quran Mahfil</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tafsir_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tafsir (disambiguation)">Tafsir (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:lavender;;background:none;font-size:130%;white-space:nowrap;padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Quran" title="History of the Quran">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wa%E1%B8%A5y" title="Waḥy">Waḥy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_first_revelation" title="Muhammad's first revelation">First revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbab_al-Nuzul" title="Asbab al-Nuzul">Asbab al-Nuzul</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Quran" title="Historical reliability of the Quran">Historicity</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Manuscripts</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand_Kufic_Quran" title="Samarkand Kufic Quran">Samarkand Kufic Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaa_manuscript" title="Sanaa manuscript">Sanaa manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topkapi_manuscript" title="Topkapi manuscript">Topkapi manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript" title="Birmingham Quran manuscript">Birmingham manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Mashhad" title="Codex Mashhad">Codex Mashhad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Divisions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">Surah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chapters_in_the_Quran" title="List of chapters in the Quran">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meccan_surah" title="Meccan surah">Meccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medinan_surah" title="Medinan surah">Medinan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80yah" title="Āyah">Āyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juz%27" title="Juz'">Juz'</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muqatta%CA%BFat" title="Muqattaʿat">Muqatta'at</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fatiha" title="Al-Fatiha">Al-Fatiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musabbihat" title="Al-Musabbihat">Al-Musabbihat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27awwidhatayn" title="Al-Mu'awwidhatayn">Al-Mu'awwidhatayn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Content</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_counter-discourse" title="Quranic counter-discourse">Quranic counter-discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-referential_discourse_of_the_Quran" title="Self-referential discourse of the Quran">Self-referential discourse of the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_cosmology" title="Quranic cosmology">Quranic cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punishment_narratives_in_the_Quran" title="Punishment narratives in the Quran">Punishment narratives in the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara_256" title="Al-Baqara 256">No compulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Quran" title="Women in the Quran">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam#Qur'an" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_parables" title="Quranic parables">Parables</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science#Science_and_the_Quran" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Quran_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran reading">Reading</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q%C4%81ri%CA%BE" title="Qāriʾ">Qāriʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)" title="Hafiz (Quran)">Hifz</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajwid" title="Tajwid">Tajwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarteel" title="Tarteel">Tarteel</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahruf" title="Ahruf">Ahruf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qira%27at" title="Qira'at">Qira'at</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translations</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_translations_of_the_Quran" title="List of translations of the Quran">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_translations_of_the_Quran" title="Ahmadiyya translations of the Quran">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_translations_into_Bengali" title="Quran translations into Bengali">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_translations_of_the_Quran" title="English translations of the Quran">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_translations_into_Hebrew" title="Quran translations into Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Exegesis</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tafsir_works" title="List of tafsir works">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_hermeneutics" title="Quranic hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(tafsir)" title="Naskh (tafsir)">Abrogation</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical parallels</a></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_related_to_Quranic_verses" title="List of people related to Quranic verses">Related persons</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_and_names_mentioned_in_the_Quran" title="List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran">Mentioned by name</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Characteristics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I%27jaz" title="I'jaz">I'jaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_inerrancy" title="Quranic inerrancy">Inerrancy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding-top:0.15em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.4em 0.1em 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_imitations_of_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Attempted imitations of the Quran">Attempted imitations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_Quran_and_Sunnah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the Quran and Sunnah">Quran and Sunnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_the_Quran" title="Shia view of the Quran">Shi’a view</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Quran" title="Category:Quran">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Quran" title="Template:Quran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Quran" title="Template talk:Quran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Quran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/120px-Allah3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/250px-Allah3.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="313" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement_Day_in_Islam" title="Judgement Day in Islam">Judgement Day</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Profession of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Almsgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_texts" title="List of Islamic texts">Texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Foundations</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tafsir</a></i> (exegesis)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a> </i>(creed)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-Anbiya" title="Qisas al-Anbiya">Qisas al-Anbiya</a></i> (<i>Stories of the Prophets</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a></i> (poems)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"><i>Fiqh</i></a> (jurisprudence)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia"><i>Sharia</i></a> (law)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">Jahiliyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Renaissance" title="Timurid Renaissance">Timurid Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_empires" title="Gunpowder empires">Gunpowder empires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_(circumcision)" title="Khitan (circumcision)">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_diaspora" title="Muslim diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam" title="Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Proselytizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_and_Islam" title="LGBTQ people and Islam">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinage in Islam">Concubinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Islamic_societies" title="Censorship in Islamic societies">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Islam" title="Pacifism in Islam">Pacifism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam" title="Glossary of Islam">Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/20px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam" title="Template:Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam" title="Template talk:Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tafsir</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تفسير</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">tafsīr</i></span> <span class="IPA" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[tafˈsiːr]</a></span>; English: <span lang="en"><b>explanation</b></span>) refers to an <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a>, or commentary, of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>. An author of a <i>tafsir</i> is a <i><b><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">mufassir</i></span></b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مُفسّر</span>; plural: <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مفسّرون</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mufassirūn</i></span>). A Quranic <i>tafsir</i> attempts to provide elucidation, explanation, interpretation, context or commentary for clear understanding and conviction of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>'s will in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jo_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Principally, a <i>tafsir</i> deals with the issues of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">theology</a>. In terms of perspective and approach, <i>tafsir</i> can be broadly divided into two main categories, namely <i>tafsir bi-al-ma'thur</i> (lit. received tafsir), which is transmitted from the early days of Islam through the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic prophet">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Sahaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaba">companions</a>, and <i>tafsir bi-al-ra'y</i> (lit. <i>tafsir</i> by opinion), which is arrived through personal reflection or <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">independent rational thinking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jo_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are different characteristics and traditions for each of the <i>tafsirs</i> representing respective <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">schools and doctrines</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>. There are also general distinctions between classic <i>tafsirs</i> compiled by authoritative figures of <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Muslim scholarship</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Age of Islam">formative ages of Islam</a>, and modern <i>tafsir</i> which seeks to address a wider audience, including the common people.<sup id="cite_ref-Jo_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">tafsīr</i></span></i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Triliteral" class="mw-redirect" title="Triliteral">three-letter Arabic verbal root</a> of <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ف-س-ر</span></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">F</a>-<a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">S</a>-<a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">R</a></i> (<i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">fassara</i></span></i>, 'interpreted'). In its literal meaning, the word refers to interpreting, explaining, expounding, or disclosing.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Islamic contexts, it is defined as understanding and uncovering <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">God</a>'s will which has been conveyed by the <a href="/wiki/Quranic" class="mw-redirect" title="Quranic">Quranic</a> text, by means of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a> and one's own knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Number_of_commentaries">Number of commentaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Number of commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tafsir_works" title="List of tafsir works">List of tafsir works</a></div> <p>According to American scholar Samuel Ross, there are 2,700 Qur’an commentaries extant in manuscript form, and 300 commentaries have been published. Considering that around 96% of the Arabic-language manuscripts remain unstudied, Ross argues that "by extrapolation there may be thousands of additional commentaries still waiting to be discovered."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formative_period">Formative period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Formative period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first examples of <i>tafsir</i> can be traced back to Muhammad, who the Quran was revealed to. According to Islamic belief, he recited the <a href="/wiki/Ayah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayah">verses</a> to his companions, usually explaining their meanings to teach them, as it was one of Muhammad's responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elements of Muhammad's explanations including clarifying verses whose intents are not understood, the indication of names, places, times etc. which have not been mentioned in the verse, restriction of meanings which have been given as absolute and reconciliation of expressions which seem contradictory.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars debate if Muhammad commented on the whole of the Quran or just portions of it.<sup id="cite_ref-Jo_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the death of Muhammad, his companions (<i><a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">sahabah</a></i>) undertook the task of interpretation. They used the information received from the prophet and their own understanding. The companions were adept with the language of the Quran, social context of the revelation, the prophet's way of thinking, and the norms of the Arabs. This allowed the companions to set the foundation for the Muslim community and a practice of interpreting the Quran.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this stage, <i>tafsir</i> was selective and concise regarding its coverage, and only certain words, phrases and verses were explained.<sup id="cite_ref-Jo_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the time of the next generations ensuing the sahabah, scholars in the age of the successors (<i><a href="/wiki/Tabi%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabi'in">tabi'in</a></i>) started using a wide range of sources for <i>tafsir</i>. The whole of the Quran is interpreted, and narrations are separated from <i>tafsir</i> into separate books and literature. Grammatical explanations and historical data are preserved within these books; personal opinions are recorded, whether accepted or rejected. During this time, a whole range of schools of <i>tafsir</i> came into existence in different scholastic centers, including <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. Iraqi schools of <i>tafsir</i> came to be known for an approach relied on personal judgment aside from the transmitted reports, and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish apocryphal reports</a> were also widely employed.<sup id="cite_ref-Jo_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable compilers on this age including <a href="/wiki/Sufyan_al-Thawri" title="Sufyan al-Thawri">Sufyan al-Thawri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jo_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until this age, <i>tafsir</i> had been transmitted orally and had not been collected independently in a book, rather, they had been gathered by <i><a href="/wiki/Muhaddithun" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhaddithun">muhaddithun</a></i> (lit. scholars of hadith) in their hadith books, under the topic of <i>tafsir</i>, along with other narrations of Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This indicates that <i>tafsir</i>, in its formative age, used to be a special domain within hadith. Widening of the scope of <i>tafsir</i> and emergence of <i>mufassirun</i> in the age of the successors lead to the development of an independent discipline of <i>tafsir</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jo_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Ayatollahs_Qom_%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%98%D8%8C_%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%82%D9%85_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Grand_Ayatollahs_Qom_%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%98%D8%8C_%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%82%D9%85_02.jpg/250px-Grand_Ayatollahs_Qom_%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%98%D8%8C_%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%82%D9%85_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Grand_Ayatollahs_Qom_%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%98%D8%8C_%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%82%D9%85_02.jpg/330px-Grand_Ayatollahs_Qom_%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%98%D8%8C_%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%82%D9%85_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Grand_Ayatollahs_Qom_%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%98%D8%8C_%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%82%D9%85_02.jpg/500px-Grand_Ayatollahs_Qom_%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%98%D8%8C_%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%82%D9%85_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3414" data-file-height="5120" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">Grand Ayatollahs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a>; The high class scholars in Iran who have the authority <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">to interpret the Quran</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shiism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiism">Shia Islam</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used assertive titles such as <a href="/wiki/Hujjat_al-Islam" title="Hujjat al-Islam">Hujjat al-Islam</a>, Ayatollah, Ayatollah Al-Uzma and gained <a href="/wiki/Walayah" title="Walayah">tutelage over people and the administration</a><sup id="cite_ref-Newman_in_Meri_2006_734_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman_in_Meri_2006_734-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criteria">Criteria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Criteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#d1e9d2;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Category:Principles of Islamic jurisprudence">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#d1e9d2;;padding-top:0.2em; display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Principles of Islamic jurisprudence">Principles of<br />Islamic jurisprudence<br /><small>(<i>Usul al-Fiqh</i>)</small></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.25em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:UsulALFiqh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/UsulALFiqh.svg/250px-UsulALFiqh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/UsulALFiqh.svg/330px-UsulALFiqh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#d1e9d2;;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#d1e9d2; padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">Ijazah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">Ijma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhtilaf" title="Ikhtilaf">Ikhtilaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istihlal" title="Istihlal">Istihlal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istihsan" title="Istihsan">Istihsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istishab" title="Istishab">Istishab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Madhhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslaha" title="Maslaha">Maslaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">Qiyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">Taqwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urf" title="Urf">Urf</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#d1e9d2;;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#d1e9d2; padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Ahkam" title="Ahkam">Ahkam</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fard" title="Fard">Fard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustahabb" title="Mustahabb">Mustahabb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">Halal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubah" title="Mubah">Mubah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makruh" title="Makruh">Makruh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batil" title="Batil">Batil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bid%27ah" title="Bid'ah">Bid'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahisha" title="Fahisha">Fahisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasiq" title="Fasiq">Fasiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasad" title="Fasad">Fasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghibah" title="Ghibah">Ghibah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_sin" title="Islamic views on sin">Gunah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirabah" title="Hirabah">Hirabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istighfar" title="Istighfar">Istighfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istishhad" title="Istishhad">Istishhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasd" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasd">Qasd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Taghut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiyya" title="Taqiyya">Taqiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawbah">Tawbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazkiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tazkiah">Tazkiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawab" title="Thawab">Thawab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderation_in_Islam" title="Moderation in Islam">Wasat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#d1e9d2;;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#d1e9d2; padding-bottom:0.1em;"> Legal vocations and titles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Isl%C4%81m" title="Shaykh al-Islām">Shaykh al-Islām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif" title="Sharif">Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashraf">Ashraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrat" title="Hadrat">Hadrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Ulama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqeeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Faqeeh">Faqeeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allamah" title="Allamah">Allamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohyeddin" title="Mohyeddin">Mohyeddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">Mufti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti" title="Grand Mufti">Grand Mufti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujjat_al-Islam" title="Hujjat al-Islam">Hujjat al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujtahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujtahid">Mujtahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seghatoleslam" title="Seghatoleslam">Seghatoleslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">Marja'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)" title="Hafiz (Quran)">Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujja" title="Hujja">Hujja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_(title)" title="Hakim (title)">Hakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah" title="Mullah">Mullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlawi_(Islamic_title)" title="Mawlawi (Islamic title)">Mawlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatib" title="Khatib">Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khawaja" title="Khawaja">Khawaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawl%C4%81n%C4%81" title="Mawlānā">Mawlānā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawla" title="Mawla">Mawla</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mufassir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshid" title="Murshid">Murshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_(Sufism)" title="Pir (Sufism)">Pir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhund" title="Akhund">Akhund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaddith" title="Muhaddith">Muhaddith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujaddid" title="Mujaddid">Mujaddid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">Qadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabout" title="Marabout">Marabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu%27l-amr" title="Ulu'l-amr">Ulu'l-amr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustad" title="Ustad">Ustad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27azzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'azzin">Mu'azzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid" title="Murid">Murid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)" title="Ghazi (warrior)">Ghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheed" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaheed">Shaheed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom in Islam">Martyrdom in Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajji" title="Hajji">Hajji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Ansar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">Sahabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabi%27un" title="Tabi'un">Tabi'un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabi%27_al-Tabi%27in" title="Tabi' al-Tabi'in">Tabi' al-Tabi'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%27i_al-Mutlaq" title="Da'i al-Mutlaq">Da'i al-Mutlaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dawla" title="Al-Dawla">al-Dawla</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Usul_al-Fiqh" title="Template:Usul al-Fiqh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Usul_al-Fiqh" title="Template talk:Usul al-Fiqh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Usul_al-Fiqh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Usul al-Fiqh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An author of a <i>tafsir</i> is called a <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">mufassir</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مُفسّر</span>; plural: <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مفسّرون</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mufassirūn</i></span>). Mufassirs are required to master several disciplines such as <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a> before one can authoritatively interpret the Quran.<sup id="cite_ref-Jo_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jalaludin_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jalaludin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following criteria are in place to ensure a tafsir maintains fidelity. </p> <ol><li><b>Knowledge of the Quran -</b> The primary criteria is understanding and knowing the Quran. A scholar must be able to refer to other of the Quran to provide an explanation of other parts of the Quran. Intra-textual analysis is essential as it maintains consistency.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Knowledge of the Sunnah -</b> The <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a>, or sayings, actions, and approvals of the prophet Muhammad serve as a secondary source for a tafsir. The prophet's explanations of the Quran serve as an authoritative weight and scholars agree that interpretations should not contradict the Sunnah.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Understanding of the Arabic language -</b> proficiency in the Arabic language rhetoric (Ilm-ulm-Balagha) is required to understand the syntax and grammar of the Quran. Scholars must know the nuances, expressions, and figurative language which appears in the Quran.<sup id="cite_ref-Jalaludin_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jalaludin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The science of understanding the language is called Ilm-ul-Balagha (science of rhetoric) and</li> <li><b>Knowledge of context (Asbab al-Nuzul) -</b> a scholar must understand the reasons and circumstances (<a href="/wiki/Asbab_al-Nuzul" title="Asbab al-Nuzul">asbab al-nuzul</a>) of a revelation in order to interpret the text correctly. If a verse is isolated without knowing the context, it can be misinterpreted.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Consistency with early Tafsir (Tafsir al-Mathur) -</b> the prophet's companions (<a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">sahaba</a>) and successors (<a href="/wiki/Tabi%27un" title="Tabi'un">tabi'un</a>) are considered reliable sources of tafsir. Their interpretations are considered higher authority.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Application of reason (Tasfir bi'l-Ra'y) -</b> along with transmitted sources, scholars also can use reason to interpret the Quran. The reason applied must stay within Islamic principles. Personal opinion (ra'y) must be kept within bounds. Any reason applied must be supported by other Islamic texts or have scholarly consensus.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Abrogation (Naskh) -</b> scholars must be able to identify and account for abrogated (<a href="/wiki/Naskh_(tafsir)" title="Naskh (tafsir)">naskh</a>) verses to avoid misunderstanding earlier rulings. A failure to do this will cause misinterpreting and the misapplication of Islamic law.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Knowledge of Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence) -</b> scholars must have deep understanding of <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Principles of Islamic jurisprudence">Islamic jurisprudence</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a>) and the methodology of legal derivation. Without this, a scholar may misinterpret legal rulings in the Quran and lead to a flawed conclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jalaludin_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jalaludin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Avoiding interpretations that contradict Islamic beliefs -</b> a tafsir must not contradict established Islamic theology (<a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">aqeedah</a>) as it will be considered invalid. Scholars must ensure their exegesis upholds the essentials of Islamic theology and philosophy, collectively known as <i><a href="/wiki/Aqidah_(Islamic_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqidah (Islamic theology)">Ilm al-Aqa'id</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ilm_al-Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm al-Kalam">Ilm al-Kalam</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jo_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles">Principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several frames of reference in which <i>tafsir</i> can be categorized. The main issue of framing constitutes its methodology. <i>Tafsir</i> can be broadly divided into two categories from the viewpoint of methodology employed in order to approach the interpretation. These categories are called <i>tafsīr bi'l-ma'thūr</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">التفسير بالمأثور</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'received tafsir', also known as <i>tafsīr bi'r-riwāyah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تفسير بالرواية</span>)) and <i>tafsīr bi'r-ra'y</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">التفسير بالرأي</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'tafsir by opinion', also known as <i>tafsīr bi'd-dirayah</i> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تفسير بالدراية</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Jo_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tafsir_bi'l-Ma'thur_(or_Tafsir_bi'r-Riwayah)"><span id="Tafsir_bi.27l-Ma.27thur_.28or_Tafsir_bi.27r-Riwayah.29"></span><i>Tafsir bi'l-Ma'thur</i> (or <i>Tafsir bi'r-Riwayah</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tafsir bi'l-Ma'thur (or Tafsir bi'r-Riwayah)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Tafsir bi'l-ma'thur</i>, or commonly known as <i>Tafsir bi'r-riwāyah</i>, is the method of commenting on the Quran using traditional sources. <i>Tafsir bi'r-riwāyah</i> connotes <i>tafsir</i> using another portion of the Quran, or sayings of Muhammad, or saying of his companions.<sup id="cite_ref-Yusuf-28_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yusuf-28-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This classical <i>tafsir</i> method is agreed upon by all scholars, and is the most used method throughout history, partly because other methods have been criticized. Criticism of non-riwaya method is mostly based on two grounds; for one, Muhammad has condemned those who interpret the Quran from their own point of view,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for two, most companions of Muhammad have refrained from presenting their own ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some important examples of <i>tafsir bi'r-riwāyah</i> are <i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Tabari" title="Tafsir al-Tabari">Jāmiʿ al-Bayān</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_ibn_Kathir" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafsir ibn Kathir">Tafseer al-Qurʾān al-ʿAẓeem</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">ibn Kathir</a>. The sources used for <i>tafsir bi'r-riwāyah</i> can be ordered by the rank of authority, as the Quran, hadiths, the reports by the <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet"><i>sahabah</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Tabi%27un" title="Tabi'un"><i>tabi'iun</i></a>, classical Arabic literature, and <a href="/wiki/Isra%27iliyat" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra'iliyat">Isra'iliyat</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osmar_Schindler_David_und_Goliath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Osmar_Schindler_David_und_Goliath.jpg/250px-Osmar_Schindler_David_und_Goliath.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Osmar_Schindler_David_und_Goliath.jpg/330px-Osmar_Schindler_David_und_Goliath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Osmar_Schindler_David_und_Goliath.jpg/500px-Osmar_Schindler_David_und_Goliath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption><i>David and Goliath</i> (1888) by <a href="/wiki/Osmar_Schindler" title="Osmar Schindler">Osmar Schindler</a>, commentators transferred stories from Jewish history, mixed with legends, to Islamic culture, such as the details of the story of <a href="/wiki/Jalut" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalut">Jalut</a>, briefly touched upon in verses 247-252 of <a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">Al-Baqara</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The most authoritative source of the interpretation is the Quran itself. Interpretation of the Quran employing other Quranic reference is very common because of the close interrelatedness of the verses of the Quran with one another. The Quranic verses explain and interpret one another, which leads many to believe that it has the highest level of authenticity. Many verses or words in the Quran are explained or further clarified in other verses of the Quran. One example of the hadith which extensively employs this source of method is <i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Mizan" title="Tafsir al-Mizan">Al-Mizan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Tabataba%27i" title="Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i">Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i</a>. The authoritative source of method second to the Quran is Hadith, by using <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">narratives</a> of Muhammad to interpret the Quran. In this approach the most important external aids used are the collected oral traditions upon which Muslim scholars based Islamic history and law. Authority of this method is considered established by the statement made in the Quran that Muhammad is responsible for explanation and guidance.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some narratives are of revelation origin, others can be the result of reasonings made by Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One important aspect of these narratives is their origin. Narratives used for <i>tafsir</i>, and in general, must be of authentic origin (<i><a href="/wiki/Hadith_terminology" title="Hadith terminology">sahih</a></i>). Narratives of such origin are considered requisite for <i>tafsir</i>. </p><p> Other source of the interpretation includes the accounts of <i><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%A2a%E1%B8%A5%C4%81bah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṣaḥābah">Ṣaḥābah</a></i>, companions of Muhammad, or <i><a href="/wiki/Tabi%E2%80%98un" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabi‘un">tabi‘un</a></i>, the generation after sahabah, and <i><a href="/wiki/Tabi%E2%80%98_al-Tabi%E2%80%98in" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabi‘ al-Tabi‘in">Tabi‘ al-Tabi‘in</a></i>, the generation after tabi'un. Their authority is based on an account in hadith <i><a href="/wiki/Sahih_Bukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahih Bukhari">Sahih Bukhari</a></i>, which accordingly, Muhammad said:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>The best people are those living in my generation, then those coming after them (<a href="/wiki/Tabi%E2%80%98un" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabi‘un">Tābi‘un</a>), and then those coming after (the third generation).</p></blockquote><p> If nothing is found in the Quran or the Hadīth, the commentator has recourse to what the Ṣaḥābah reported about various verses. These are generally considered above personal opinion, because these people grew up with everyday interaction with Muhammad, and had often asked about the meanings of verses or circumstances of their revelation; and they were very knowledgeable in both Arabic literature and Islamic thought. Another non-scripture based source of the interpretation is classical <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic literature</a>. Classical <a href="/wiki/Arabic_poetry" title="Arabic poetry">Arabic poetry</a> and the text of the Quran are two resources which can be used as foundational reference in ascertaining the meaning and signification of the remaining literal and figurative diction of the Quran and its style of expression.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using Arabic poetry for defining words is a long used practice, and very few scholars have not used this source.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less authoritative source of the interpretation is <i><a href="/wiki/Isra%27iliyat" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra'iliyat">Isra'iliyat</a></i>, which is the body of narratives originating from <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a> traditions, rather than from other well-accepted sources. The Isra'iliyat are mostly non-<a href="/wiki/Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">biblical</a> explanatory stories and traditions (Hebrew: <i>midrashim</i>) giving extra information or interpretation about events or individuals recorded in the Hebrew scriptures. Scholars starting with the Sahabah have studied narrative accounts of other <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic religion">Abrahamic religions</a> to further explain and clarify verses, especially parables, in the Quran. While some may be accurate, these narratives are not subject to hadith authenticity criteria, and are generally not favored for use. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tafsir_bi'r-Ra'y_(or_Tafsir_bi'd-dirayah)"><span id="Tafsir_bi.27r-Ra.27y_.28or_Tafsir_bi.27d-dirayah.29"></span><i>Tafsir bi'r-Ra'y</i> (or <i>Tafsir bi'd-dirayah</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tafsir bi'r-Ra'y (or Tafsir bi'd-dirayah)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Tafsir bi'r-ra'y</i>, or commonly known as <i>tafsir bi-al-diraya</i>, is the method of using one's independent rational reasoning and mind (<i><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a></i>) to form an opinion-oriented interpretation. The most distinctive feature of <i>tafsir bi-al-diraya</i> is the inclusion of the opinions of the commentator, thus forming the more objective view on Quranic verses. The relative paucity of traditional sources is also a practical reason why the scope of the methodology is augmented. This is considered sanctioned by the Quran itself,<sup id="cite_ref-Jo_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as written in the surah <a href="/wiki/Sad_(surah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sad (surah)">Sad</a> verse 29: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>˹This is˺ a blessed Book which We have revealed to you ˹O Prophet˺ so that they may contemplate its verses, and people of reason may be mindful.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/38?startingVerse=29">38:29</a></cite></div></blockquote><p> This method is not interpretation by mere opinion however, but rather opinions must be based on the main sources. Performing Quranic interpretation using solely one's own opinion is believed to be prohibited by some Muslims. This is based on an authenticated hadith of Muhammad which states "He who says (something) concerning the Qur'ân without knowledge, he has taken his seat of fire".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this hadith can alternatively be interpreted to refer to the importance of first properly studying and learning the Quran before attempting to teach or preach it to others. Accordingly, the method of independent reasoning (<i>ijtihad</i>) has several qualifications and conditions that need to be satisfied. Due to the nature of orientation toward opinions, this method is rejected by certain scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Jo_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and prohibited by <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahhabi">Wahhabi</a> Islamic doctrine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some important examples of such <i>tafsirs</i> include <i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Baydawi" title="Tafsir al-Baydawi">Anwar al-Tanzil</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Al-Baydawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baydawi">al-Baydawi</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Kabir_(al-Razi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafsir al-Kabir (al-Razi)">Mafatih al-Ghayb</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a>. Some parameters used by these scholars including linguistic resources, historical sources, methodological concepts such as <i>maqasid</i> or socio-cultural environment taken into consideration. </p><p>In terms of linguistic resources, literary elements of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>, eloquence, syntax are an integral part of <i>tafsir</i>, as they constitute the basis of understanding and interpretation. Arabic has a systematic way of shaping words so one can know the meaning by knowing the root and the form the word was coined from. If any word can be given a meaning that is compatible with the rules of grammar, Quranic text can be interpreted that way. In terms of historical resources, scholars may choose to interpret verses according to external factors, including their historical context and their place of revelation. Historical context (<i><a href="/wiki/Asbab_al-nuzul" class="mw-redirect" title="Asbab al-nuzul">Asbab al-nuzul</a></i>) is particularly important to interpret verses according to how the Quran was revealed, when and under which circumstances, and much commentary was dedicated to history. The early <i>tafsirs</i> are considered to be some of the best sources for <a href="/wiki/Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic history">Islamic history</a>. Classification of the place of revelation, whether it was revealed in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, is important as well. This is because in general <a href="/wiki/Meccan_surah" title="Meccan surah">Meccan verses</a> tend to have an <i><a href="/wiki/Iman_(concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iman (concept)">iman</a></i> (loosely translated as <i>faith</i>) nature that includes believing in Allah, Muhammad, and the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">day of judgment</a>, whether it be theological foundations or basic faith principles. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Medinan_surah" title="Medinan surah">Medinan verses</a> constitute legislation, social obligations, and constitution of a state. </p><p>On the more conceptual level, the idea of <i><a href="/wiki/Maqasid" title="Maqasid">maqasid</a></i> (goals or purpose) can be taken into account. Verses may be interpreted to preserve the general goals of <a href="/wiki/Shariah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shariah">shariah</a>, which may be considered simply as bringing happiness to a person in this life and the hereafter. That way, any interpretation that threatens to compromise the preservation of religion, life, lineage, intellect or property may be discarded or ruled otherwise in order to secure these goals. Further, the socio-cultural environment may also taken into consideration. This includes understanding and interpreting the Quran while taking into account the cultural and social environment to which it has been revealed; or according to the scholars' own time. Often than not, the distinction can be made between the '<i>amm</i> (general) verses that aimed at universal conditions for Muslims, and <i>khass</i> (specific) verses that applied to specific conditions, time or need.<sup id="cite_ref-Jo_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is considered an integral part of analyzing the universality of the Quran. Scholars usually do not favor to confine verses to a single time interval, but rather interpret according to the needs of their time.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sects">Sects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Islamic theology is divided into myriad of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">schools and branches</a>, and each of the schools' comments on the Quran with their own point of view. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunni">Sunni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sunni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_Sayyid_Ali_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Indian_Scholar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mir_Sayyid_Ali_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Indian_Scholar.jpg/250px-Mir_Sayyid_Ali_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Indian_Scholar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mir_Sayyid_Ali_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Indian_Scholar.jpg/330px-Mir_Sayyid_Ali_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Indian_Scholar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mir_Sayyid_Ali_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Indian_Scholar.jpg/500px-Mir_Sayyid_Ali_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Indian_Scholar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="4368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mir_Sayyid_Ali" title="Mir Sayyid Ali">Mir Sayyid Ali</a> writing a Tafsir on the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, self-portrait 1555–1556</figcaption></figure> <p>The time of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari">Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari</a> marks the classical period, which encompassed important Sunni <i>tafsirs</i>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Thalabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafsir al-Thalabi">Tafsir al-Thalabi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Zamakhshari" title="Al-Zamakhshari">Tafsir of Al-Zamakhshari</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Tabari" title="Tafsir al-Tabari">Tafsir al-Tabari</a></i>. <i>Tafsir al-Tabari</i> is one of the most important <i>tafsir</i> works in Sunni Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work provides exegetical material for the whole Quran, also contains conflicting information, which Tabari tries either to harmonize or argues in support of the one he feels more correct. Further he includes different readings, which according to him, both might be correct and gives his own opinion after each argumentation. Both linguistical and theological subjects are discussed throughout his work.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The period of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taimiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taimiyya">Ibn Taimiyya</a> is sometimes seen as a transition point between the Classical and post-Classical exegesis, due to his unique hermeneutic method.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Tafsirs</i> are geneaological, they rely on the core of previous <i>tafsirs</i>. Ibn Taimiyya challenged this core tradition by asserting that the Quran should only be interpreted by the Quran alone or the <i>sunnah</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a> was the first who tried to use the hermeneutic method of his teacher ibn Taimiyya.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By that, it is much more selective and critical compared to earlier Quranic exegesis and features only a few personal remarks.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al-Suyuti" title="Al-Suyuti">Al-Suyuti's</a> (1445–1505) <a href="/wiki/Al-Dur_al-Manthur" title="Al-Dur al-Manthur">tafsir</a> (<i>Al-Dur al-Manthur</i>) uses a similar hermeneutic. Unlike ibn Kathir, his work is one of a few completely devoid of any personal comments. Yet, following the approach of ibn Taimiyya, he is selective about the inclusion of hadiths. However, contrarily to ibn Taimiyya and ibn Kathir, his tafsir is without any personal comment. Further, despite using a similar methodology to ibn Taimiyya and ibn Kathir, he includes a wider range of <i>hadiths</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not earlier than the mid-nineteenth century, the modern period of <i>tafsir</i> started.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern approach is marked by a generally critical attitude towards much of the intellectual heritage of Islam, a declared intention to imitate the <i>salaf</i>, and an emphasis on the unity of believers and a unified understanding of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other features may include, attempts to proof the rationality of the Quranic worldview, compatibility with modern sciences, liberalism, literary criticism, and making the message of the Quran emotional relevant for the believer.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although such modern approaches became a standard only late, their ideas were much earlier present in the Islamicate world.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kadizadeli" title="Kadizadeli">Kadizadeli</a> (<i>Qādīzādali</i>), a seventeenth-century puritanical reformist religious movement in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, shared a lot of ideas with modern Islamic interpretations.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Al-Shawkānī</a> (1759–1834) has been understood retroperspective by many Muslim scholars as a <i>salafi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A rationalistic approach, as proposed by <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a> attempts to prove that the Quran and modern sciences do not contradict each other.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is close to the <i>tafsir 'ilmi</i> (scientific interpretation of the Quran), which claims that the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles#Scientific_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Quran miraculously predicted scientific discoveries</a>. Although this trend has existed prior to the modern era, its popularity is new. Nontheless, this approach still faces a lot of opposition among Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet another approach, represented by scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Khuli" title="Amin al-Khuli">Amin al-Khuli</a>, aims to decodifies the Quran to understand its impact on the first audience. Accordingly, the focus is not about historical or scientific truths, but about conveying a message through the means of the Quran.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, according to yet another trend, the Quran should not only be understood as for the first Muslims, but also executed as the first Muslims did. Famous adherences to this approach include <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a>. This approach often goes in hand with an attempt to establish a state based on an idealized Muslim society.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among Salafis, the hermeneutics of ibn Taimiyya prevail. In the English language, an abridged version of <i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Ibn_Kathir" title="Tafsir Ibn Kathir">Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿAẓīm</a></i> (<i>Tafsir Ibn Kathir</i>), under the editorship of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Saed_Abdul-Rahman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman (page does not exist)">Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman</a>, gained widespread popularity, probably due to its salafistic approach but also a lack of alternative translations of traditional <i>tafsirs</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, a translation of Tabari's exegetical work has been published only as an abridged version, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_God%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Godé (page does not exist)">Pierre Godé</a> appeared in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shi'ite"><span id="Shi.27ite"></span>Shi'ite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Shi'ite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tafsirs by Shia Muslims similarly deals with the issues concerned by Sunnis, and employs similar methodology as well, except for the adherence toward certain beliefs and creeds Shiism espouses. Distinctive features of Shia <i>tafsirs</i> include expounding of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shia)">imamate</a>, the heavier weight put on verses that considered to be the foundation of successorship to Muhammad within the Prophet's family begins with <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, and the heavier authority put on interpretations attributed to <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Imams">The Twelve Imams</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These characteristics result in distinction being made between the esoteric and the exoteric meaning of the Quran, and the esoteric meaning attributed to the imams preferred over the exoteric meaning. Certain Shia <i>tafsirs</i> are influenced by <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazila">Mu'tazili</a> thoughts as well, specifically on the theological issues. Some of the important examples of Shia <i>mufassirs</i> and their <i>tafsir</i> are <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Tibbyan_Fi_Tafsir_al-Quran" title="Al-Tibbyan Fi Tafsir al-Quran">Al-Tibbyan Fi Tafsir al-Quran</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Tusi" title="Shaykh Tusi">Shaykh Tusi</a> (460/1067) and <i><a href="/wiki/Majma%27_al-Bayan" title="Majma' al-Bayan">Majma al-Bayan lif'ulum al-Quran</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Tabarsi" title="Shaykh Tabarsi">Shaykh Tabarsi</a> (d. 548/1153).<sup id="cite_ref-Jo_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, <i>tafsir</i> by <a href="/wiki/Zaydiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaydiyyah">Zaidi</a> school of jurisprudence, which espouses the doctrine closest with Sunnis of all Shia sects, produces <i>tafsir</i> resembling Sunni <i>tafsir</i> in its quality. Some Zaidi <i>tafsirs</i> are considered popular among Sunnis as well as shia.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mu'tazila"><span id="Mu.27tazila"></span>Mu'tazila</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mu'tazila"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazila">Mu'tazila</a> tradition of tafsir has received little attention in modern scholarship, owing to several reasons<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. First, several exegetical works by Mu'tazila scholars have been studied as books on theology rather than as works of <i>tafsir</i>. Secondly, the large Mu'tazilite <i>tafsir</i> <i>at-Tahdib fi tafsir al-Qur'an</i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hakim_al-Jishumi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Hakim al-Jishumi (page does not exist)">al-Hakim al-Jishumi</a> has not been edited, and there is no complete copy of it available at any single location, which limits its accessibility to scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sufi">Sufi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sufi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is an interpretation of the Quran which includes attribution of esoteric or mystic meanings to the text by the interpreter. In this respect, its method is different from the conventional exegesis. Esoteric interpretations do not usually contradict the conventional (in this context called exoteric) interpretations; instead, they discuss the inner levels of meaning of the Quran. A <i>hadith</i> from Muhammad which states that the Quran has an inner meaning, and that this inner meaning conceals a yet deeper inner meaning, and so on (up to seven levels of meaning), has sometimes been used in support of this view. Islamic opinion imposes strict limitations on esoteric interpretations especially when interior meaning is against exterior one. Esoteric interpretations are found mainly in <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> and in the sayings (hadiths) of Shi'a Imams and the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ili">Isma'ili</a> sect. But Muhammad and the imams gave importance to its exterior as much as to its interior; they were as much concerned with its revelation as they were with its interpretation. These are generally not independently written, however, they are found in the books of Sufis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Among the most significant Sunni Sufi tafsirs are: </p> <ul><li><i>Tafsir al-Qur'an al-'Azim</i> by <a href="/wiki/Al-Tustari" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tustari">al-Tustari</a> (d. 283/896)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Haqa'iq al-Tafsir</i> by <a href="/wiki/Al-Sulami" title="Al-Sulami">al-Sulami</a> (d. 412/1021)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Lata'if al-Isharat</i> by <a href="/wiki/Al-Qushayri" title="Al-Qushayri">al-Qushayri</a> (d. 465/1072)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>Ara'is al-Bayan fi Haqa'iq al-Qur'an</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ruzbihan_al-Baqli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruzbihan al-Baqli">Ruzbihan al-Baqli</a> (d. 606/1209)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Ruh al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an</i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isma%27il_Haqqi_al-Brusewi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isma'il Haqqi al-Brusewi (page does not exist)">Isma'il Haqqi al-Brusewi</a> (d. 1137/1725)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Bahr_al-Madid_fi_Tafsir_al-Qur%27an_al-Majid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Bahr al-Madid fi Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Majid">Al-Bahr al-Madid fi Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Majid</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_%27Ajiba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba">Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba</a> (d. 1224/1809)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir_e_Naeemi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tafsir e Naeemi (page does not exist)">Tafsir Naeemi</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yaar_Khan_Naeemi" title="Ahmed Yaar Khan Naeemi">Mufti Ahmad Yar Khan Naeemi</a> (d. 1391/1921)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quranist">Quranist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Quranist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quranists merely believe in the Qur'an and reject other oral traditions. Turkish Islamic theologian <a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_Nuri_%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk" title="Yaşar Nuri Öztürk">Yaşar Nuri Öztürk</a> denounced contemporary Islamic practices as altered. He distinguished between what he defined as true Islam and what he saw as customs and traditions introduced in the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad period</a>. In 1992, he published a 760-page, <i>tafsir</i>-like exegetical work called <i>Kur'an'daki Islam</i>. Each chapter, which deals with one surah, is structured around certain verses of the surah, or words occurring in the text, which need to be explained.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edip_Y%C3%BCksel" title="Edip Yüksel">Edip Yüksel</a>, Layth Saleh al-Shaiban, and Martha Schulte-Nafeh wrote <i>Quran: A Reformist Translation,</i> an English translation and commentary of the Qur'an.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yüksel is a follower of <a href="/wiki/Rashad_Khalifa" title="Rashad Khalifa">Rashad Khalifa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ahmed_Perwez" title="Ghulam Ahmed Perwez">Ghulam Ahmed Perwez</a> wrote <i>Mafhoom-ul-Quran,</i> translated into English as <i>Exposition of the Holy Qur'an</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methodologies">Methodologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Methodologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_approach">Scientific approach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Scientific approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/M._Shamsher_Ali" title="M. Shamsher Ali">M. Shamsher Ali</a>, there are around 750 verses in the Quran dealing with natural phenomena and many verses of the Quran ask mankind to study nature, and this has been interpreted to mean an encouragement for scientific inquiry and of the truth.<sup id="cite_ref-Leaman_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leaman-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars deeply influenced by the natural and social sciences followed the materialists of Europe or the pragmatists. Under the influence of those secular theories, they declared that the religion's realities cannot go against scientific knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rima_Ariadaeus-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Rima_Ariadaeus-1.jpg/250px-Rima_Ariadaeus-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Rima_Ariadaeus-1.jpg/330px-Rima_Ariadaeus-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Rima_Ariadaeus-1.jpg/500px-Rima_Ariadaeus-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="4128" /></a><figcaption>NASA photograph from <a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a> in 1969. <a href="/wiki/Rima_Ariadaeus" title="Rima Ariadaeus">Rima Ariadaeus</a>, one of many <a href="/wiki/Rille" title="Rille">rilles</a> on the surface of the Moon, has been claimed on Internet forums to be evidence of the splitting of the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Soora_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soora-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Starting in the 1970s and 80s, the idea of presence of scientific evidence in the Quran became popularized as <i><a href="/wiki/Ijaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ijaz">ijaz</a></i> (miracle) literature, also called "<a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bucaille#Bucailleism" title="Maurice Bucaille">Bucailleism</a>", and began to be distributed through Muslim bookstores and websites.<sup id="cite_ref-SARDAR_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SARDAR-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cook-2000-30_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cook-2000-30-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement contends that the Quran abounds with "scientific facts" that appeared centuries before their discovery and promotes <a href="/wiki/Islamic_creationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic creationism">Islamic creationism</a>. According to author <a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Sardar" title="Ziauddin Sardar">Ziauddin Sardar</a>, the <i>ijaz</i> movement has created a "global craze in Muslim societies", and has developed into an industry that is "widespread and well-funded".<sup id="cite_ref-SARDAR_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SARDAR-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cook-2000-30_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cook-2000-30-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals connected with the movement include <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majeed_al-Zindani" title="Abdul Majeed al-Zindani">Abdul Majeed al-Zindani</a>, who established the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Scientific_Signs_in_the_Quran_and_Sunnah" title="Commission on Scientific Signs in the Quran and Sunnah">Commission on Scientific Signs in the Quran and Sunnah</a>; <a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a>, the Indian televangelist; and <a href="/wiki/Adnan_Oktar" title="Adnan Oktar">Adnan Oktar</a>, the Turkish creationist.<sup id="cite_ref-SARDAR_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SARDAR-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Enthusiasts of the movement argue that among the miracles found in the Quran are "everything, from <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_relativity" title="Principle of relativity">relativity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Bang theory">Big Bang theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_holes" class="mw-redirect" title="Black holes">black holes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulsars" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulsars">pulsars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">embryology</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a>, even the <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fuel_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen fuel cells">hydrogen fuel cells</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-SARDAR_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SARDAR-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zafar Ishaq Ansari terms the modern trend of claiming the identification of "scientific truths" in the Quran as the "scientific exegesis" of the holy book.<sup id="cite_ref-Exegesis-92_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exegesis-92-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Keith_L._Moore" title="Keith L. Moore">Keith L. Moore</a>, had a special edition published of his widely used textbook on Embryology (<i>The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology</i>), co-authored by <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majeed_al-Zindani" title="Abdul Majeed al-Zindani">Abdul Majeed al-Zindani</a> with Islamic Additions,<sup id="cite_ref-additions_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-additions-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> interspersed pages of "embryology-related Quranic verse and hadith" by al-Zindani into Moore's original work.<sup id="cite_ref-AARAM2016:120-1_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AARAM2016:120-1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ali_A._Rizvi" title="Ali A. Rizvi">Ali A. Rizvi</a> studying the textbook of Moore and al-Zindani found himself "confused" by "why Moore was so 'astonished by'" the Quranic references, which Rizvi found "vague", and insofar as they were specific, preceded by the observations of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Ayr-veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayr-veda">Ayr-veda</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or easily explained by "common sense".<sup id="cite_ref-AARAM2016:120-1_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AARAM2016:120-1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics argue, verses that proponents say explain modern scientific facts, about subjects such as <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, the origin and history of the Earth, and the <a href="/wiki/Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups#Islam" title="Acceptance of evolution by religious groups">evolution of human life</a>, contain fallacies and are unscientific.<sup id="cite_ref-cook-2000-30_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cook-2000-30-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ruthven_2002._p._126_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruthven_2002._p._126-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2008, both Muslims and non-Muslims have disputed whether there actually are "scientific miracles" in the Quran. Muslim critics of the movement include Indian Islamic theologian Maulana <a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Ali_Thanwi" title="Ashraf Ali Thanwi">Ashraf Ali Thanwi</a>, Muslim historian <a href="/wiki/Syed_Nomanul_Haq" title="Syed Nomanul Haq">Syed Nomanul Haq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Iqbal" title="Muzaffar Iqbal">Muzaffar Iqbal</a>, president of Center for Islam and Science in Alberta, Canada, and Egyptian Muslim scholar Khaled Montaser.<sup id="cite_ref-beyond_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beyond-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Taner_Edis" title="Taner Edis">Taner Edis</a> wrote many Muslims appreciate technology and respect the role that science plays in its creation. As a result, he says there is a great deal of Islamic <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a> attempting to reconcile this respect with religious beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-TanerEdis_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TanerEdis-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because, according to Edis, true criticism of the Quran is almost non-existent in the Muslim world. While Christianity is less prone to see its Holy Book as the direct word of God, fewer Muslims will compromise on this idea – causing them to believe that scientific truths must appear in the Quran.<sup id="cite_ref-TanerEdis_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TanerEdis-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_approach">Legal approach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Legal approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tafsir" title="Special:EditPage/Tafsir">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Legal <i>tafsir,</i> or Tafsir al-Ahkam, derives legal rulings and principles from the Quran.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its practice was common in both the classical and modern periods. There is a dispute over the number of verses that contain jurisprudential guidance, with numbers ranging from 5 to 200 being reported. Works of legal tafsir were typically written from the perspectives of the <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhhab</a> of their respective authors. For example, <i>Aḥkam al-Qur'an</i> by <a href="/wiki/Al-Jassas" title="Al-Jassas">al-Jassas</a> was written according to the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi Madhhab</a>, <i>Aḥkam al-Qur'an</i> by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_ibn_al-Arabi" title="Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi">Qaḍi Abū Bakr ibn al-'Arabī</a> and <i>al-Jaami' Li'Aḥkam al-Qur'an</i> by <a href="/wiki/Al-Qurtubi" title="Al-Qurtubi">al-Qurtubi</a> were written according to the <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki Madhhab</a>, and <i>Aḥkam al-Qur'an</i> by Ilkiya was written according to the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> Madhhab. Some also cite <i>Zad al-Maseer</i> of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Ibn al-Jawzi">ibn al-Jawzi</a> as an example of a legal tafsir according to the <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali Madhhab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic">Linguistic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Linguistic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A newer work which incorporates and quotes the work of a multitude of previous scholars and analyzes the relevant Arabic root words (based on all available classic Arabic meanings), and references all relevant passages of the Quran, was done by Abdul Mannan Omar.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comprehensive">Comprehensive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Comprehensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some works included numerous methodologies e.g. the very detailed tafsirs of <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Imam Razi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Kabir_(al-Razi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafsir al-Kabir (al-Razi)">Tafsir Kabir</a></i> in Arabic and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mufti_Ahmad_Yar_Khan_Naeemi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mufti Ahmad Yar Khan Naeemi (page does not exist)">Mufti Ahmad Yar Khan Naeemi</a>'s <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir_e_Naeemi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tafsir e Naeemi (page does not exist)">Tafsir Naeemi</a></i> in Urdu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">Esoteric interpretation of the Quran</a> (Ta'wil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_hermeneutics" title="Quranic hermeneutics">Quranic hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tafsir_works" title="List of tafsir works">List of tafsir works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Quran translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir-ul-Quran_Mahfil" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafsir-ul-Quran Mahfil">Tafsir-ul-Quran Mahfil</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jo-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jo_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jo_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jo_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jo_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jo_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jo_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jo_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jo_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jo_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jo_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jo_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jo_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jo_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jo_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jo_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mir, Mustansir. (1995). "Tafsīr". In John L. Esposito. <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Tafseer/Ulum/Denffor6.html#Principles">"Interpreting The Text"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170627235335/http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Tafseer/Ulum/Denffor6.html#Principles">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-06-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interpreting+The+Text&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamic-awareness.org%2FQuran%2FTafseer%2FUlum%2FDenffor6.html%23Principles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Zehebi, Al-Tafsir vel Mufassirun</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel J. Ross, "<a href="//doi.org/10.3366/jqs.2023.0555" class="extiw" title="doi:10.3366/jqs.2023.0555">What Were the Most Popular <i>tafsīrs</i> in Islamic History? Part 1: An Assessment of the Manuscript Record and the State of <i>tafsīr</i> Studies</a>", <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Qur%27anic_Studies" title="Journal of Qur'anic Studies">Journal of Qur'anic Studies</a>, Volume 25 Issue 3, Page 1-54, ISSN 1465-3591</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Şatibi, El-muvafakat</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbdul-Rahman2009" class="citation book cs1">Abdul-Rahman, Muhammad Saed (2009-10-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kwYWUY7aGjgC&q=Tafsir"><i>Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 7 (Part 7): Al-Ma'idah 82 to Al-An'am 110 2nd Edition</i></a>. MSA Publication Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86179-691-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86179-691-2"><bdi>978-1-86179-691-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tafsir+Ibn+Kathir+Juz%27+7+%28Part+7%29%3A+Al-Ma%27idah+82+to+Al-An%27am+110+2nd+Edition&rft.pub=MSA+Publication+Limited&rft.date=2009-10-29&rft.isbn=978-1-86179-691-2&rft.aulast=Abdul-Rahman&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Saed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkwYWUY7aGjgC%26q%3DTafsir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaeed2006" class="citation book cs1">Saeed, Abdullah (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm57211181"><i>Interpreting the Qurʼān: towards a contemporary approach</i></a>. Abingdon [England] ; New York: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">9–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36537-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36537-6"><bdi>978-0-415-36537-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57211181">57211181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+the+Qur%CA%BC%C4%81n%3A+towards+a+contemporary+approach&rft.place=Abingdon+%5BEngland%5D+%3B+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2Focm57211181&rft.isbn=978-0-415-36537-6&rft.aulast=Saeed&rft.aufirst=Abdullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2Focm57211181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcAuliffe1991" class="citation book cs1">McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/quranic-christians/792C023C210760F93C87F694AD61DF54"><i>Qur'anic Christians: An Analysis of Classical and Modern Exegesis</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511598203">10.1017/cbo9780511598203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36470-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36470-6"><bdi>978-0-521-36470-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qur%27anic+Christians%3A+An+Analysis+of+Classical+and+Modern+Exegesis&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511598203&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36470-6&rft.aulast=McAuliffe&rft.aufirst=Jane+Dammen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fquranic-christians%2F792C023C210760F93C87F694AD61DF54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muhsin Demirci, Tefsir Usulü, 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sociology of religions: perspectives of Ali Shariati (2008) Mir Mohammed Ibrahim</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newman_in_Meri_2006_734-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newman_in_Meri_2006_734_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewman2006">Newman 2006</a>, p. 734</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jalaludin-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jalaludin_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jalaludin_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jalaludin_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllama_Jalaludin2008" class="citation book cs1">Allama Jalaludin, Suyuti (2008). <i>الاتقان فی علوم القرآن</i>. Darul Ishat.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%81%DB%8C+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86&rft.pub=Darul+Ishat&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Allama+Jalaludin&rft.aufirst=Suyuti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMir1986" class="citation book cs1">Mir, Mustansir (1986). <i>Coherence in the Qurʾān: a study of Iṣlāḥī's concept of naẓm in Tadabbur-i Qurʾān</i>. Indianapolis, IN: American Trust Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89259-065-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89259-065-0"><bdi>978-0-89259-065-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coherence+in+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n%3A+a+study+of+I%E1%B9%A3l%C4%81%E1%B8%A5%C4%AB%27s+concept+of+na%E1%BA%93m+in+Tadabbur-i+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+IN&rft.pub=American+Trust+Publ&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-89259-065-0&rft.aulast=Mir&rft.aufirst=Mustansir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuyūṭīAlgarʿUṯmān_Saiyid_Aḥmad_Ismāʿīl2011" class="citation book cs1">Suyūṭī, Ǧalāl-ad-Dīn ʿAbd-ar-Raḥmān Ibn-Abī-Bakr as-; Algar, Hamid; ʿUṯmān Saiyid Aḥmad Ismāʿīl (2011). <i>Al-itqān fī ʿUlūm al-Qurʾān</i>. The perfect guide to the sciences of the Qurʹān. Centre for Muslim Contribution to Civilization (Reading$nGarnet Publ ed.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85964-242-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85964-242-9"><bdi>978-1-85964-242-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-itq%C4%81n+f%C4%AB+%CA%BFUl%C5%ABm+al-Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.series=The+perfect+guide+to+the+sciences+of+the+Qur%CA%B9%C4%81n&rft.edition=Reading%24nGarnet+Publ&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-85964-242-9&rft.aulast=Suy%C5%AB%E1%B9%AD%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=%C7%A6al%C4%81l-ad-D%C4%ABn+%CA%BFAbd-ar-Ra%E1%B8%A5m%C4%81n+Ibn-Ab%C4%AB-Bakr+as-&rft.au=Algar%2C+Hamid&rft.au=%CA%BFU%E1%B9%AFm%C4%81n+Saiyid+A%E1%B8%A5mad+Ism%C4%81%CA%BF%C4%ABl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldziher1920" class="citation book cs1">Goldziher, Ignaz (1920). <i>Die Richtungen der islamischen Koranauslegung</i>. Fachbuchverlag-Dresden. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3956926365" title="Special:BookSources/978-3956926365"><bdi>978-3956926365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Richtungen+der+islamischen+Koranauslegung&rft.pub=Fachbuchverlag-Dresden&rft.date=1920&rft.isbn=978-3956926365&rft.aulast=Goldziher&rft.aufirst=Ignaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWāḥidī2008" class="citation book cs1">Wāḥidī, Abu-'l-Ḥasan ʿAlī Ibn-Aḥmad al- (2008). <i>Al-Wāḥidī's Asbāb al-nuzūl</i>. Great commentaries on the Holy Qurʾan̄. Translated by Guezzou, Mokrane. Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought. Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-891785-18-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-891785-18-4"><bdi>978-1-891785-18-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-W%C4%81%E1%B8%A5id%C4%AB%27s+Asb%C4%81b+al-nuz%C5%ABl&rft.place=Louisville%2C+KY&rft.series=Great+commentaries+on+the+Holy+Qur%CA%BEan%CC%84&rft.pub=Fons+Vitae&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-891785-18-4&rft.aulast=W%C4%81%E1%B8%A5id%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Abu-%27l-%E1%B8%A4asan+%CA%BFAl%C4%AB+Ibn-A%E1%B8%A5mad+al-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKathir2000" class="citation book cs1">Kathir, Hafix Ibn (2000). <i>Tafsir Ibn Kathir</i>. Dar-us-Salam Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1591440208" title="Special:BookSources/978-1591440208"><bdi>978-1591440208</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tafsir+Ibn+Kathir&rft.pub=Dar-us-Salam+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1591440208&rft.aulast=Kathir&rft.aufirst=Hafix+Ibn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaymiyyah" class="citation book cs1">Taymiyyah, Ibn. <i>Muqaddimah fi Usul at-Tafsir</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muqaddimah+fi+Usul+at-Tafsir&rft.aulast=Taymiyyah&rft.aufirst=Ibn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAs-Suyuti2015" class="citation book cs1">As-Suyuti, Imam Jalaludin (2015). <i>Al-Itqan fi Ulum al-Qur'an</i>. Dar Ibn Hazm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9953816197" title="Special:BookSources/978-9953816197"><bdi>978-9953816197</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Itqan+fi+Ulum+al-Qur%27an&rft.pub=Dar+Ibn+Hazm&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9953816197&rft.aulast=As-Suyuti&rft.aufirst=Imam+Jalaludin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKamali2011" class="citation book cs1">Kamali, Mohammad Hashim (2011). <i>Principles of Islamic jurisprudence</i> (3. rev. and enlarged ed., repr ed.). Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-946621-82-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-946621-82-8"><bdi>978-0-946621-82-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Islamic+jurisprudence&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=3.+rev.+and+enlarged+ed.%2C+repr&rft.pub=The+Islamic+Texts+Society&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-946621-82-8&rft.aulast=Kamali&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Hashim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacksonĠazzālī2003" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Sherman A.; Ġazzālī, Abū-Ḥāmid Muḥammad Ibn-Muḥammad al- (2003). <i>On the boundaries of theological tolerance in Islam: Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghāzalīʾs Fayṣal al-Tafriqa bayna al-Islam wa al-Zandaqa</i>. Studies in Islamic philosophy (2. impression ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-579791-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-579791-6"><bdi>978-0-19-579791-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+boundaries+of+theological+tolerance+in+Islam%3A+Ab%C5%AB+%E1%B8%A4%C4%81mid+al-Gh%C4%81zal%C4%AB%CA%BEs+Fay%E1%B9%A3al+al-Tafriqa+bayna+al-Islam+wa+al-Zandaqa&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Studies+in+Islamic+philosophy&rft.edition=2.+impression&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-579791-6&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Sherman+A.&rft.au=%C4%A0azz%C4%81l%C4%AB%2C+Ab%C5%AB-%E1%B8%A4%C4%81mid+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+Ibn-Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+al-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yusuf-28-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yusuf-28_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYusuf2009" class="citation book cs1">Yusuf, Badmas 'Lanre (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gz0_Kw2AlfMC&q=tafsir&pg=PA28"><i>Sayyid Qutb: A Study of His Tafsir</i></a>. The Other Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789675062278" title="Special:BookSources/9789675062278"><bdi>9789675062278</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316180710/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gz0_Kw2AlfMC&pg=PA28&dq=tafsir&hl=en&sa=X&ei=pu6SVNy2AtbdsASLuILoDw&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=tafsir&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sayyid+Qutb%3A+A+Study+of+His+Tafsir&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=The+Other+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789675062278&rft.aulast=Yusuf&rft.aufirst=Badmas+%27Lanre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGz0_Kw2AlfMC%26q%3Dtafsir%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tirmizi, Tafsir, 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taberi, Camiul Beyan, I, 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/quran/016.qmt.html#016.064">"Cmje"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101022172353/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/quran/016.qmt.html#016.064">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cmje&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usc.edu%2Fschools%2Fcollege%2Fcrcc%2Fengagement%2Fresources%2Ftexts%2Fmuslim%2Fquran%2F016.qmt.html%23016.064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icsfp.com/de/Contents.aspx?AID=5596">"Sources of Prophet Muhammad's Knowledge"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713001850/http://www.icsfp.com/de/Contents.aspx?AID=5596">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Prophet+Muhammad%27s+Knowledge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icsfp.com%2Fde%2FContents.aspx%3FAID%3D5596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.searchtruth.com/book_display.php?book=48&translator=1&start=10&number=814">"The Hadith Book (48. Witnesses): nr. 819"</a>. Search Truth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150414194632/http://searchtruth.com/book_display.php?book=48&translator=1&start=10&number=814">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-04-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hadith+Book+%2848.+Witnesses%29%3A+nr.+819&rft.pub=Search+Truth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.searchtruth.com%2Fbook_display.php%3Fbook%3D48%26translator%3D1%26start%3D10%26number%3D814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-mawrid.org/pages/articles_english_detail.php?rid=17&cid=82">"Al-Mawrid"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613091103/http://al-mawrid.org/pages/articles_english_detail.php?rid=17&cid=82">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Mawrid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-mawrid.org%2Fpages%2Farticles_english_detail.php%3Frid%3D17%26cid%3D82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muhsin Demirci, Tefsir Tarihi, 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZayed" class="citation web cs1">Zayed, Tareq M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11796656">"The Role of Reading Motivation and Interest in Reading Engagement of Quranic Exegesis Readers"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190118225733/http://www.academia.edu/11796656/THE_ROLE_OF_READING_MOTIVATION_AND_INTEREST_IN_READING_ENGAGEMENT_OF_QURANIC_EXEGESIS_READERS">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-01-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Reading+Motivation+and+Interest+in+Reading+Engagement+of+Quranic+Exegesis+Readers&rft.aulast=Zayed&rft.aufirst=Tareq+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11796656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.E. Bosworth. <i>Encyclopedia of Islam 2nd ed</i> Brill. "Al-Tabari, Abu Djafar Muhammad b. Djarir b. Yazid", Vol. 10, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert Berg <i>The Development of Exegesis in Early Islam: The Authenticity of Muslim Literature from the Formative Period</i> Routledge 03.04.2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136115226" title="Special:BookSources/9781136115226">9781136115226</a> pp. 120-128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farhad Daftary <i>The Study of Shi'i Islam: History, Theology and Law</i> Bloomsbury Publishing, 08.01.2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857723383" title="Special:BookSources/9780857723383">9780857723383</a> pp. 104-105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burge, Stephan R. "Scattered Pearls: Exploring al-Suyī's Hermeneutics and Use of Sources in al-Durr al-manthūr fī’l-tafsīr bi’l-maʾthūr1." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 24.2 (2014): 251-296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karen Bauer Gender <i>Hierarchy in the Qur'an: Medieval Interpretations, Modern Responses</i> Cambridge University Press 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-24005-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-24005-2">978-1-316-24005-2</a> page 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver Leaman <i>The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia</i> Taylor & Francis 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32639-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32639-1">978-0-415-32639-1</a> page 632</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teresa Bernheimer, Andrew Rippin <i>Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</i> Routledge, 01.03.2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136646515" title="Special:BookSources/9781136646515">9781136646515</a> chapter 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johanna Pink Sunnitischer Tafsir in der modernen islamischen Welt: Akademische Traditionen, Popularisierung und nationalstaatliche Interessen Brill, 11.11.2010 ISBN 9789004185920 p. 29 (German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Görke, Andreas, and Johanna Pink. "Tafsır and Islamic Intellectual History." (2014).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sariyannis, Marinos. "The limits of going global: The case of “Ottoman Enlightenment (s)”." History Compass 18.9 (2020): e12623.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Görke, Andreas, and Johanna Pink. "Tafsır and Islamic Intellectual History." (2014). p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Görke, Andreas, and Johanna Pink. "Tafsır and Islamic Intellectual History." (2014). p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andreas Görke and Johanna Pink Tafsir and Islamic Intellectual History Exploring the Boundaries of a Genre Oxford University Press in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies London <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870206-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870206-1">978-0-19-870206-1</a> p. 478</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andreas Görke and Johanna Pink Tafsir and Islamic Intellectual History Exploring the Boundaries of a Genre Oxford University Press in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies London <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870206-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870206-1">978-0-19-870206-1</a> p.479</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://equranekareem.com/quran-tafseer/">"Quran Tafseer | Quran Tafseer in English |Tafsir ibn Kathir English"</a>. 2023-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quran+Tafseer+%7C+Quran+Tafseer+in+English+%7CTafsir+ibn+Kathir+English&rft.date=2023-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fequranekareem.com%2Fquran-tafseer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuleiman_A._Mourad2011" class="citation book cs1">Suleiman A. Mourad (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EeoxAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA367">"The revealed text and the intended subtext"</a>. In Felicitas Opwis; David Reisman (eds.). <i>Islamic Philosophy, Science, Culture, and Religion: Studies in Honor of Dimitri Gutas</i>. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">367–</span>373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004217768" title="Special:BookSources/9789004217768"><bdi>9789004217768</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+revealed+text+and+the+intended+subtext&rft.btitle=Islamic+Philosophy%2C+Science%2C+Culture%2C+and+Religion%3A+Studies+in+Honor+of+Dimitri+Gutas&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E367-%3C%2Fspan%3E373&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789004217768&rft.au=Suleiman+A.+Mourad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEeoxAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ismaili.net/heritage/node/12525">"TAFSIR"</a>. <i>ismaili.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ismaili.net&rft.atitle=TAFSIR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fismaili.net%2Fheritage%2Fnode%2F12525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andreas Görke and Johanna Pink <i>Tafsir and Islamic Intellectual History Exploring the Boundaries of a Genre</i> Oxford University Press in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies London <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870206-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870206-1">978-0-19-870206-1</a> pp. 446–449</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHashas2018" class="citation book cs1">Hashas, Mohammed (2018-07-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VlJmDwAAQBAJ&dq=edip+yuksel&pg=PT226"><i>The Idea of European Islam: Religion, Ethics, Politics and Perpetual Modernity</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-60400-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-60400-0"><bdi>978-1-351-60400-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+European+Islam%3A+Religion%2C+Ethics%2C+Politics+and+Perpetual+Modernity&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-07-24&rft.isbn=978-1-351-60400-0&rft.aulast=Hashas&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVlJmDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dedip%2Byuksel%26pg%3DPT226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMusa2008" class="citation book cs1">Musa, A. (2008-05-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vdbGAAAAQBAJ&dq=edip+yuksel&pg=PA100"><i>Hadith As Scripture: Discussions on the Authority of Prophetic Traditions in Islam</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61197-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61197-9"><bdi>978-0-230-61197-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadith+As+Scripture%3A+Discussions+on+the+Authority+of+Prophetic+Traditions+in+Islam&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008-05-12&rft.isbn=978-0-230-61197-9&rft.aulast=Musa&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvdbGAAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dedip%2Byuksel%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2020" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Bruce B. (2020-10-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lUXcDwAAQBAJ&dq=Ghulam+Ahmed+Pervez+exposition+of+the+holy+quran&pg=PA182"><i>The Koran in English: A Biography</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-20921-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-20921-0"><bdi>978-0-691-20921-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Koran+in+English%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2020-10-06&rft.isbn=978-0-691-20921-0&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Bruce+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlUXcDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DGhulam%2BAhmed%2BPervez%2Bexposition%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bholy%2Bquran%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leaman-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leaman_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAli" class="citation book cs1">Ali, Shamsher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedias.biz/dw/Encyclopedia%20of%20Quran.pdf">"Science and the Qur'an"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Oliver Leaman (ed.). <i>The Qurʼan: An Encyclopedia</i>. p. 572<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Science+and+the+Qur%27an&rft.btitle=The+Qur%CA%BCan%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=572&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Shamsher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedias.biz%2Fdw%2FEncyclopedia%2520of%2520Quran.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Scientific Exegesis in Malay Qur'anic Commentary</i>, Nor Syamimi Mohd, Haziyah Hussin & Wan Nasyrudin Wan Abdullah, Faculty of Islamic Studies, <a href="/wiki/The_National_University_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="The National University of Malaysia">The National University of Malaysia</a>, Malaysia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoax-slayer.com/moon-split-miracle.shtml">"Moon Split Miracle Chain Letter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hoax_Slayer" title="Hoax Slayer">Hoax Slayer</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moon+Split+Miracle+Chain+Letter&rft.pub=Hoax+Slayer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoax-slayer.com%2Fmoon-split-miracle.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soora-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Soora_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSoora2020" class="citation web cs1">Soora, Gayathri (14 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digiteye.in/split-moon-image-goes-viral-on-whatsapp-fact-check/">"Split Moon image goes viral on WhatsApp; Fact Check | Digit Eye"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Split+Moon+image+goes+viral+on+WhatsApp%3B+Fact+Check+%7C+Digit+Eye&rft.date=2020-04-14&rft.aulast=Soora&rft.aufirst=Gayathri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigiteye.in%2Fsplit-moon-image-goes-viral-on-whatsapp-fact-check%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SARDAR-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SARDAR_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SARDAR_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SARDAR_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SARDAR_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSARDAR2008" class="citation journal cs1">SARDAR, ZIAUDDIN (21 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/books/2008/08/quran-muslim-scientific">"Weird science"</a>. <i>New Statesman</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Weird+science&rft.date=2008-08-21&rft.aulast=SARDAR&rft.aufirst=ZIAUDDIN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fbooks%2F2008%2F08%2Fquran-muslim-scientific&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cook-2000-30-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cook-2000-30_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cook-2000-30_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cook-2000-30_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCook2000">Cook 2000</a>, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCook2000">Cook 2000</a>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exegesis-92-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Exegesis-92_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnsari2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ansari, Zafar Ishaq (2001). "Scientific Exegesis of the Qur'an / ‮التفسير العلمي للقرآن‬". <i>Journal of Qur'anic Studies</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fjqs.2001.3.1.91">10.3366/jqs.2001.3.1.91</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25728019">25728019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Qur%27anic+Studies&rft.atitle=Scientific+Exegesis+of+the+Qur%27an+%2F+%26%23x202E%3B%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A+%D9%84%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86%26%23x202C%3B&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=92&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fjqs.2001.3.1.91&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25728019%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ansari&rft.aufirst=Zafar+Ishaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-additions-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-additions_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoore1983" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Keith L. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129125717/http://www.islamicbookstore.com/b6147.html"><i>The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Emryology with Islamic Additions</i></a>. Abul Qasim Publishing House (Saudi Arabia). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamicbookstore.com/b6147.html">the original</a> on 29 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Developing+Human%3A+Clinically+Oriented+Emryology+with+Islamic+Additions&rft.pub=Abul+Qasim+Publishing+House+%28Saudi+Arabia%29&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Keith+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamicbookstore.com%2Fb6147.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AARAM2016:120-1-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AARAM2016:120-1_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AARAM2016:120-1_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rizvi,_Atheist_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Rizvi, Atheist Muslim">Rizvi, Atheist Muslim</a>, 2016: p.120-1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Needham, revised with the assistance of Arthur Hughes, <i>A History of Embryology</i> (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1959), p.82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Non-Muslim scientists have also found the case for Quranic <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prescient</a> explanation about embryology lacking. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPharyngula" class="citation web cs1">Pharyngula. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2011/11/23/islamic-embryology-overblown-b">"Islamic embryology: overblown balderdash"</a>. <i>science blogs</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=science+blogs&rft.atitle=Islamic+embryology%3A+overblown+balderdash&rft.au=Pharyngula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscienceblogs.com%2Fpharyngula%2F2011%2F11%2F23%2Fislamic-embryology-overblown-b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruthven_2002._p._126-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ruthven_2002._p._126_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see also: <a href="/wiki/Malise_Ruthven" title="Malise Ruthven">Ruthven, Malise</a>. 2002. <i>A Fury For God</i>. London: Granta. p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beyond-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-beyond_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unchangingword.com/science-scripture-faith/">"Beyond Bucailleism: Science, Scriptures and Faith"</a>. <i>Evidence for God's Unchanging World</i>. 21 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Evidence+for+God%27s+Unchanging+World&rft.atitle=Beyond+Bucailleism%3A+Science%2C+Scriptures+and+Faith&rft.date=2014-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unchangingword.com%2Fscience-scripture-faith%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TanerEdis-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TanerEdis_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TanerEdis_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523101850/http://castroller.com/podcasts/ReasonableDoubtsPodcast/1625411-rd09%20Islam,%20Science%20and%20Modernity%20Part%20One%20with%20Guest%20Taner%20Edis">"Reasonable Doubts Podcast"</a>. CastRoller. 11 July 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://castroller.com/podcasts/ReasonableDoubtsPodcast/1625411-rd09%20Islam,%20Science%20and%20Modernity%20Part%20One%20with%20Guest%20Taner%20Edis">the original</a> on 23 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reasonable+Doubts+Podcast&rft.pub=CastRoller&rft.date=2014-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcastroller.com%2Fpodcasts%2FReasonableDoubtsPodcast%2F1625411-rd09%2520Islam%2C%2520Science%2520and%2520Modernity%2520Part%2520One%2520with%2520Guest%2520Taner%2520Edis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEsack2008" class="citation book cs1">Esack, Farid (2008). <i>The Qur'an: a user's guide</i> (Repr ed.). Oxford: Oneworld. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-354-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-354-3"><bdi>978-1-85168-354-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an%3A+a+user%27s+guide&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=Repr&rft.pub=Oneworld&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-354-3&rft.aulast=Esack&rft.aufirst=Farid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFبازمول" class="citation book cs1">بازمول, محمد. <i>شرح مقدمة في أصول التفسير</i>. pp. 1/122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%AD+%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1&rft.pages=1%2F122&rft.aulast=%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84&rft.aufirst=%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNooruddinOmarOmar2015" class="citation book cs1">Nooruddin, Allamah; Omar, Abdul Mannan; Omar, Mrs Amatul Rahman (2015-11-20). <i>The Holy Quran - Exegesis of, Commentary and Reflections</i> (1st ed.). Noor Foundation International Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781942043041" title="Special:BookSources/9781942043041"><bdi>9781942043041</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Quran+-+Exegesis+of%2C+Commentary+and+Reflections&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Noor+Foundation+International+Inc.&rft.date=2015-11-20&rft.isbn=9781942043041&rft.aulast=Nooruddin&rft.aufirst=Allamah&rft.au=Omar%2C+Abdul+Mannan&rft.au=Omar%2C+Mrs+Amatul+Rahman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tafsirs.com/">"Tafsir (Commentary) of the Quran | Reflections and Interpretations of the Holy Qur'ân by Muslim Scholars"</a>. <i>tafsirs.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723233547/http://tafsirs.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tafsirs.com&rft.atitle=Tafsir+%28Commentary%29+of+the+Quran+%7C+Reflections+and+Interpretations+of+the+Holy+Qur%27%C3%A2n+by+Muslim+Scholars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftafsirs.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCook2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cook_(historian)" title="Michael Cook (historian)">Cook, Michael</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koranveryshorti00cook"><i>The Koran; A Very Short Introduction</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285344-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285344-8"><bdi>978-0-19-285344-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Koran%3B+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285344-8&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoranveryshorti00cook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeri2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Meri, Josef W., ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LaV-IGZ8VKIC"><i>Medieval Islamic Civilization</i></a>. Vol. 2 L-Z, index. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96692-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96692-4"><bdi>978-0-415-96692-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96692-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLaV-IGZ8VKIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATafsir" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><span id="CITEREFNewman2006" class="citation">Newman, Andrew J. "Shi'i Thought". In <a href="#CITEREFMeri2006">Meri (2006)</a>.</span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tafsīr_(Qur&#039;anic_exegesis)188" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tafsir" title="Template:Tafsir"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tafsir" title="Template talk:Tafsir"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tafsir" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tafsir"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tafsīr_(Qur&#039;anic_exegesis)188" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tafsīr (Qur'anic exegesis)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanwir_al-Miqbas" title="Tanwir al-Miqbas">Tanwir al-Miqbas</a></i> (647)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Mujahid" title="Tafsir Mujahid">Tafsir Mujahid</a></i> (~722)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Tabari" title="Tafsir al-Tabari">Tafsir al-Tabari</a></i> (~922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Maturidi" title="Tafsir al-Maturidi">Tafsir al-Maturidi</a></i> (~944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Tha%27labi" title="Tafsir al-Tha'labi">Tafsir al-Tha'labi</a></i> (~1035)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Basit" title="Tafsir al-Basit">Tafsir al-Basit</a></i> (~1076)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Wasit" title="Tafsir al-Wasit">Tafsir al-Wasit</a></i> (~1076)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Wajiz" title="Tafsir al-Wajiz">Tafsir al-Wajiz</a></i> (~1076)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Baghawi" title="Tafsir al-Baghawi">Tafsir al-Baghawi</a></i> (~1122)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Ibn_Atiyya" title="Tafsir Ibn Atiyya">Tafsir Ibn Atiyya</a></i> (~1147)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Razi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafsir al-Razi">Tafsir al-Razi</a></i> (~1209)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Qurtubi" title="Tafsir al-Qurtubi">Tafsir al-Qurtubi</a></i> (~1273)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Baydawi" title="Tafsir al-Baydawi">Tafsir al-Baydawi</a></i> (~1319)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Nisaburi" title="Tafsir al-Nisaburi">Tafsir al-Nisaburi</a></i> (~1328)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Bahr_al-Muhit" title="Al-Bahr al-Muhit">Al-Bahr al-Muhit</a></i> (~1344)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Ibn_Juzayy" title="Tafsir Ibn Juzayy">Tafsir Ibn Juzayy</a></i> (~1340]</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Ibn_Kathir" title="Tafsir Ibn Kathir">Tafsir Ibn Kathir</a></i> (~1373)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Jalalayn" title="Tafsir al-Jalalayn">Tafsir al-Jalalayn</a></i> (1460–1505)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Dur_al-Manthur" title="Al-Dur al-Manthur">Al-Dur al-Manthur</a></i> (~1505)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Ibn_Ajiba" title="Tafsir Ibn Ajiba">Tafsir Ibn Ajiba</a></i> (~1809)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Mazhari" title="Tafsir al-Mazhari">Tafsir al-Mazhari</a></i> (~1810)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruh_al-Ma%27ani" title="Ruh al-Ma'ani">Ruh al-Ma'ani</a></i> (~1854)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bayan_al-Quran" title="Bayan al-Quran">Bayan al-Quran</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Zia_ul_Quran" title="Tafsir Zia ul Quran">Tafsir Zia ul Quran</a></i> (1918–1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Holy_Qur%27an:_Text,_Translation_and_Commentary" title="The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary">The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary</a></i> (1934-1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafseer-e-Usmani" title="Tafseer-e-Usmani">Tafseer-e-Usmani</a></i> (~1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafseer-e-Majidi" title="Tafseer-e-Majidi">Tafseer-e-Majidi</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ariful_Qur%27an" title="Ma'ariful Qur'an">Ma'ariful Qur'an</a></i> (~1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maarif_al-Quran_(Kandhlawi)" title="Maarif al-Quran (Kandhlawi)">Maarif al-Quran</a></i> (~1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Ibn_Ashur" title="Tafsir Ibn Ashur">Tafsir Ibn Ashur</a></i> (~1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Risale-i_Nur" title="Risale-i Nur">Risale-i Nur</a></i> (1910-1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Safwat_al-Tafasir" title="Safwat al-Tafasir">Safwat al-Tafasir</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Majestic_Quran:_An_English_Rendition_of_Its_Meanings" title="The Majestic Quran: An English Rendition of Its Meanings">The Majestic Quran: An English Rendition of Its Meanings</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Mishbah" title="Tafsir al-Mishbah">Tafsir al-Mishbah</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Qur%27an_with_Annotated_Interpretation_in_Modern_English" title="The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English">The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English</a> (~2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tauzeeh_Al-Qur%27an" title="Tauzeeh Al-Qur'an">Tauzeeh Al-Qur'an</a></i> (~2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Mu'tazili</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Kashshaaf" title="Al-Kashshaaf">Al-Kashshaaf</a></i> (~1144)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir_Imam_Ja%27far_al-Sadiq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tafsir Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (page does not exist)">Tafsir Imam al-Sadiq</a></i> (662~727)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Furat_Kufi" title="Tafsir Furat Kufi">Tafsir Furat Kufi</a></i> (~900)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Ayyashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafsir Ayyashi">Tafsir Ayyashi</a></i> (~920)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Qomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafsir Qomi">Tafsir Qomi</a></i> (~920)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Burhan_Fi_Tafsir_al-Quran" title="Al-Burhan Fi Tafsir al-Quran">Al-Burhan Fi Tafsir al-Quran</a></i> (~1067)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Tibbyan_Fi_Tafsir_al-Quran" title="Al-Tibbyan Fi Tafsir al-Quran">Al-Tibbyan Fi Tafsir al-Quran</a></i> (~1067)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Burhan" title="Al-Burhan">Al-Burhan</a></i> (~1099)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Numani" title="Tafsir Numani">Tafsir Numani</a></i> (~1099)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Majma%27_al-Bayan" title="Majma' al-Bayan">Majma' al-Bayan</a></i> (~1150)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rawz_al-jinan_wa_ruh_al-jinan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawz al-jinan wa ruh al-jinan">Tafsīr Abū al- Futūḥ</a></i> (~1199)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Gazur" title="Tafsir Gazur">Tafsir Gazur</a></i> (1377~1341)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Mohit_al-azam" title="Al-Mohit al-azam">Al-Mohit al-azam</a></i> (1375~1376)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Menhaj_Al-Sadeghin" title="Menhaj Al-Sadeghin">Menhaj Al-Sadeghin</a></i> (~1499)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Safi" title="Tafsir Safi">Tafsir Safi</a></i> (~1680)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Noor_al-Thaqalayn" title="Tafsir Noor al-Thaqalayn">Tafsir Noor al-Thaqalayn</a></i> (~1680)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Shobar" title="Tafsir Shobar">Tafsir Shobar</a></i> (~1826)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bayan_al-Sa%E2%80%98ada" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayan al-Sa‘ada">Bayan al-Sa‘ada</a></i> (~1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Novin" title="Tafsir Novin">Tafsir Novin</a></i> (1907~1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Nemooneh" title="Tafsir Nemooneh">Tafsir Nemooneh</a></i> (1926~)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tasneem_Tafsir" title="Tasneem Tafsir">Tasneem Tafsir</a></i> (1933~)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Quran_(puya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Quran (puya)">The Holy Quran</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Partovi_az_Quran" title="Partovi az Quran">Partovi az Quran</a></i> (~1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Makhzan_al-Irfan_fi_Tafsir_al-Quran" title="Makhzan al-Irfan fi Tafsir al-Quran">Makhzan al-Irfan</a></i> (1877–1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Mizan" title="Tafsir al-Mizan">Tafsir al-Mizan</a></i> (1892–1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Rahnama" title="Tafsir Rahnama">Tafsir Rahnama</a></i> (1976~)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Hedayat" title="Tafsir Hedayat">Tafsir Hedayat</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Bayan_Fi_Tafsir_al-Quran" title="Al-Bayan Fi Tafsir al-Quran">Al-Bayan Fi Tafsir al-Quran</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Noor" title="Tafsir Noor">Tafsir Noor</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Roshan" title="Tafsir Roshan">Tafsir Roshan</a></i> (~1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al_Kauthar_fi_Tafsir_Al_Quran" title="Al Kauthar fi Tafsir Al Quran">Al Kauthar fi Tafsir Al Quran</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Meshkat" title="Tafsir Meshkat">Tafsir Meshkat</a></i> (?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haqaiq_al-furqan" title="Haqaiq al-furqan">Haqaiq al-furqan</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir-i_Kabir_(Ahmadiyya)" title="Tafsir-i Kabir (Ahmadiyya)">Tafsir-i Kabir</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_English_Commentary_of_the_Holy_Quran" title="The English Commentary of the Holy Quran">The 5 Volume Commentary</a></i> (1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Others</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Message_of_The_Qur%27an" title="The Message of The Qur'an">The Message of The Qur'an</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fi_Zilal_al-Quran" title="Fi Zilal al-Quran">Fi Zilal al-Quran</a></i> (1951-1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Manar" title="Tafsir al-Manar">Tafsir al-Manar</a></i> (1865-1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafhim-ul-Quran" title="Tafhim-ul-Quran">Tafhim-ul-Quran</a></i> (1942-1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tazkirul_Quran" title="Tazkirul Quran">Tazkirul Quran</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tadabbur-i-Quran" title="Tadabbur-i-Quran">Tadabbur-i-Quran</a></i> (1904-1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tafsir_works" title="List of tafsir works">List of tafsir works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_topics273" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_topics" title="Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_topics" title="Template talk:Islam topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_topics273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Islam" title="Outline of Islam">Outline of Islam</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">In Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revelation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holiest sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_leaders" title="Islamic religious leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Islam" title="Timeline of the history of Islam">Timeline of the history of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate"><i>Rashidun</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a></li> <li>Moderate Kharijites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam#Wahbi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi Islam">Wahbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Islam" title="Pacifism in Islam">Pacifism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Death penalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span>Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Relationship_with_Muslims" title="Druze">Druzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Muslim">Cultural Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Islamic view of miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Islam" title="Nursing in Islam">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">Minority Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_among_Muslims" title="Sectarian violence among Muslims">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Quran and miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam" title="Symbols of Islam">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/20px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335414#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1683" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335414#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1683" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335414#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/2016565/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tafsir"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4184345-9">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85072967">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11963447k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11963447k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="tafsiry"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph206888&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX4828566">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000180506&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007287355205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027635392">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/tefsir">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&oldid=1283837062">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&oldid=1283837062</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_terminology" title="Category:Islamic terminology">Islamic terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Quranic_exegesis" title="Category:Quranic exegesis">Quranic exegesis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Quran" title="Category:Quran">Quran</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_explicitly_cited_English-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text">Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_March_2019" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2019">Articles needing additional references from March 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 April 2025, at 23:20<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tafsir&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><i>Tafsir</i></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>50 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-658b85fd8d-kcdmp","wgBackendResponseTime":218,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.104","walltime":"1.422","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7931,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":272521,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14164,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":242923,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1161.024 1 -total"," 31.38% 364.295 1 Template:Reflist"," 10.07% 116.903 14 Template:Cite_web"," 9.96% 115.637 10 Template:Langx"," 9.68% 112.398 25 Template:Cite_book"," 8.48% 98.464 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.75% 90.027 4 Template:Transl"," 7.40% 85.866 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.80% 78.958 1 Template:Quran"," 6.39% 74.243 4 Template:Redirect_category_shell"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.648","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21116266,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbdul-Rahman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAli\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllama_Jalaludin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnsari2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAs-Suyuti2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsack2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldziher1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHashas2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacksonĠazzālī2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamali2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKathir2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrence2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcAuliffe1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeri2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMir1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMusa2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNooruddinOmarOmar2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPharyngula\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSARDAR2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaeed2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoora2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuleiman_A._Mourad2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuyūṭīAlgarʿUṯmān_Saiyid_Aḥmad_Ismāʿīl2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaymiyyah\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWāḥidī2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYusuf2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZayed\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFبازمول\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 25,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 14,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvc\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 3,\n [\"IPAc-ar\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 8,\n [\"Islam\"] = 1,\n [\"Islam topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Italic title\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 10,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Popdf\"] = 1,\n [\"Qref\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 1,\n [\"Quran\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rlo\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Tafsir\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 4,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Usul al-fiqh\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.eqiad.main-7d55b96ff7-gg2zd","timestamp":"20250410234959","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Tafsir","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tafsir","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q335414","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q335414","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-02-05T03:21:14Z","dateModified":"2025-04-03T23:20:22Z","headline":"exegesis of the Qur'an"}</script> </body> </html>