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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Wellington: Molesworth Street protest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wellington:_Molesworth_Street_protest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christchurch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christchurch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Christchurch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christchurch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auckland:_plane_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auckland:_plane_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Auckland: plane invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auckland:_plane_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_protest_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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<span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1981-springbok-tour-auckland-kingsland-station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/1981-springbok-tour-auckland-kingsland-station.jpg/220px-1981-springbok-tour-auckland-kingsland-station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/1981-springbok-tour-auckland-kingsland-station.jpg/330px-1981-springbok-tour-auckland-kingsland-station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/1981-springbok-tour-auckland-kingsland-station.jpg/440px-1981-springbok-tour-auckland-kingsland-station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Police officers guarding a barbed wire perimeter around <a href="/wiki/Eden_Park" title="Eden Park">Eden Park</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kingsland_railway_station,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingsland railway station, New Zealand">Kingsland railway station</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>1981 South African rugby tour</b> (known in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> as the <b>1981 Springbok Tour</b>, and in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of South Africa">South Africa</a> as the <b>Rebel Tour</b>) polarised opinions and inspired widespread protests across New Zealand. The controversy also extended to the United States, where the <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team" title="South Africa national rugby union team">South African rugby team</a> continued their tour after departing New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-rm-1995_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rm-1995-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tu-2013_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tu-2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_under_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa under apartheid">Apartheid</a> had made South Africa an international <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">pariah</a>, and other countries were strongly discouraged from having sporting contacts with it. <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> was (and is) an extremely popular sport in New Zealand, and the South African national team, known as the Springboks, were considered to be New Zealand's most formidable opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-hist-p2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist-p2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, there was a major split in opinion in New Zealand as to whether politics should influence sport in this way and whether the Springboks should be allowed to tour. </p><p>Despite the controversy, the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Rugby" title="New Zealand Rugby">New Zealand Rugby Football Union</a> (NZRFU) decided to proceed with the tour. The government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Muldoon" title="Robert Muldoon">Robert Muldoon</a> was called on to ban it, but decided that commitments under the <a href="/wiki/Gleneagles_Agreement" title="Gleneagles Agreement">Gleneagles Agreement</a> did not require the government to prevent the tour, and decided not to interfere due to their public position of "no politics in sport". Major protests ensued, aiming to make clear many New Zealanders' opposition to apartheid and, if possible, to stop the matches taking place. This was successful at two games, but also had the effect of creating a law and order issue: whether a group of protesters could be allowed to prevent a lawful game taking place. </p><p>The dispute was similar to that involving <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hain" title="Peter Hain">Peter Hain</a> in the United Kingdom in the early 1970s, when Hain's Stop the Tour campaign clashed with the more conservative 'Freedom Under Law' movement championed by barrister <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bennion" title="Francis Bennion">Francis Bennion</a>. The allegedly excessive police response to the protests also became a focus of controversy. Although the protests were among the most intense in New Zealand's recent history, no deaths or serious injuries resulted. </p><p>After the tour, no official sporting contact took place between New Zealand and South Africa until the early 1990s, after apartheid had been abolished. The tour has been said to have led to a decline in the popularity of rugby union in New Zealand, until the <a href="/wiki/1987_Rugby_World_Cup" title="1987 Rugby World Cup">1987 Rugby World Cup</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NoMaorisNoTour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/NoMaorisNoTour.jpg/250px-NoMaorisNoTour.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/NoMaorisNoTour.jpg/375px-NoMaorisNoTour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2c/NoMaorisNoTour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption>A 1959 poster advertising a meeting of the Citizens' All Black Tour Association to protest against racially selected All Blacks teams touring South Africa</figcaption></figure> <p>The Springboks and New Zealand's national rugby team, the <a href="/wiki/All_Blacks" class="mw-redirect" title="All Blacks">All Blacks</a>, have a long tradition of intense and friendly sporting rivalry.<sup id="cite_ref-trad-rival_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trad-rival-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1948 to 1969, the South African <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> regime affected team selection for the All Blacks, with selectors passing over <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> players for some All Black tours to South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-poli-sport_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poli-sport-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opposition to sending <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">race</a>-based teams to South Africa grew throughout the 1950s and 1960s, and prior to the All Blacks' tour of South Africa in 1960, 150,000 New Zealanders – 6.25% of the country's population at that time – signed a petition supporting a policy of "No Maoris, No Tour".<sup id="cite_ref-poli-sport_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poli-sport-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, the tour went ahead, and in 1969, <a href="/wiki/Halt_All_Racist_Tours" title="Halt All Racist Tours">Halt All Racist Tours</a> (HART) was formed.<sup id="cite_ref-tour-1973_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tour-1973-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1970s, public protests and political pressure forced on the NZRFU the choice of either fielding a team not selected by race, or not touring South Africa:<sup id="cite_ref-poli-sport_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poli-sport-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after South African rugby authorities continued to select Springbok players by race,<sup id="cite_ref-trad-rival_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trad-rival-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk">Norman Kirk</a> Labour Government barred the Springboks from touring New Zealand in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-tour-1973_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tour-1973-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the NZRFU protested about the involvement of "politics in sport". </p><p>On 28 March 1976, the final game of ex-All Black Fergie McCormick was played at <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Park" title="Lancaster Park">Lancaster Park</a> in Christchurch, to which two Springbok players had been invited. Ten days before the game, protesters had written "WELCOME TO RACIST GAME" in 20-foot high letters on the pitch using weed-killer.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The All Blacks <a href="/wiki/1976_New_Zealand_rugby_union_tour_of_South_Africa" title="1976 New Zealand rugby union tour of South Africa">toured South Africa in 1976</a> with the blessing of the newly elected New Zealand prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Muldoon" title="Robert Muldoon">Robert Muldoon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-close-chpt_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-close-chpt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, twenty-five African nations boycotted the <a href="/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics" title="1976 Summer Olympics">1976 Summer Olympics</a> in Montreal,<sup id="cite_ref-olym-1976_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olym-1976-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stating that in their view the All Blacks tour gave tacit support to the apartheid regime in South Africa: the IOC declined to ban New Zealand from the Olympics on the grounds that rugby union was no longer an Olympic sport. The tour attracted several anti-apartheid protests in New Zealand, including one on 28 May 1976 in Cathedral Square, Christchurch which attracted 1000–1500 people and included guerrilla theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protesters also attempted to disrupt television coverage of the first test by vandalising the Makara Hill microwave station in Wellington, which was responsible for relaying programming in and out of <a href="/wiki/TVNZ_1" title="TVNZ 1">TV One</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Avalon,_New_Zealand" title="Avalon, New Zealand">Avalon</a> studios.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1976 tour contributed to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Gleneagles_Agreement" title="Gleneagles Agreement">Gleneagles Agreement</a> that was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting" title="Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting">Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting</a> in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-gleneagles_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gleneagles-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tour_of_New_Zealand">Tour of New Zealand</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tour of New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1981-springbok-tour-auckland-entry-to-ground.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/1981-springbok-tour-auckland-entry-to-ground.jpg/220px-1981-springbok-tour-auckland-entry-to-ground.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/1981-springbok-tour-auckland-entry-to-ground.jpg/330px-1981-springbok-tour-auckland-entry-to-ground.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/1981-springbok-tour-auckland-entry-to-ground.jpg/440px-1981-springbok-tour-auckland-entry-to-ground.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Entry to <a href="/wiki/Eden_Park" title="Eden Park">Eden Park</a> before the Auckland test match</figcaption></figure> <p>By the early 1980s, the pressure from other countries and from protest groups in New Zealand such as HART reached a head when the NZRFU proposed a Springbok tour for 1981. This became a topic of political contention due to the international sports <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycott</a>. After the Australian Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Malcolm Fraser</a>, refused permission for the Springboks' aircraft to refuel in Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-SMH_cricket_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH_cricket-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Springboks' flights to and from New Zealand went via Los Angeles and Hawaii.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapple198460_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapple198460-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1981_stop_the_tour_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/1981_stop_the_tour_poster.jpg/220px-1981_stop_the_tour_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/1981_stop_the_tour_poster.jpg/330px-1981_stop_the_tour_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/1981_stop_the_tour_poster.jpg/440px-1981_stop_the_tour_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1478" /></a><figcaption>Anti-tour poster from Wellington</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite pressure for the Muldoon government to cancel the tour, permission was granted for it, and the Springboks arrived in New Zealand on 19 July 1981. Since 1977 Muldoon's government had been a party to the Gleneagles Agreement, in which the countries of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> accepted that it was: </p> <blockquote><p>the urgent duty of each of their Governments vigorously to combat the evil of apartheid by withholding any form of support for, and by taking every practical step to discourage contact or competition by their nationals with sporting organisations, teams or sportsmen from South Africa or from any other country where sports are organised on the basis of race, colour or ethnic origin.</p></blockquote> <p>Despite this, Muldoon also argued that New Zealand was a free and democratic country, and that "politics should stay out of sport." In the years following the Gleneagles Agreement, it seemed that New Zealand government members did not feel bound to the Gleneagles agreement, and disregarded it. However, some historians claim that, "the [Gleneagles] agreement remained vague enough to avoid the New Zealand government from having to use coercive powers such as withdrawing visas and passports."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means Muldoon's government technically was not bound to the agreement to the extent it outwardly appeared to the public. In addition to this, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Couch" title="Ben Couch">Ben Couch</a>, who was the minister for Māori development at the time, stated, "I believe that the Gleneagles agreement has been forced upon us by people who do not have the same kind of democracy that we have."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muldoon made some effort to discourage the tour and stated that he could see "nothing but trouble coming from this."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "A Springbok tour would dash to the ground all that has been achieved as a result of international acceptance", wrote deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Brian_Talboys" title="Brian Talboys">Brian Talboys</a> to the chairman of the NZRFU in a further attempt to discourage the tour, "[the tour] may affect the harmonious development of the Commonwealth and international sport".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some rugby supporters echoed the separation of politics and sport,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nzhistory1981_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzhistory1981-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while other rugby supporters argued that if the tour were cancelled, there would be no reporting of the widespread criticism of apartheid in New Zealand in the controlled South African media. </p><p>Muldoon's critics felt that he allowed the tour in order for his <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">National Party</a> to secure the votes of rural and provincial conservatives in the <a href="/wiki/1981_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1981 New Zealand general election">general election later in the year</a>, which National won.<sup id="cite_ref-nzhistory2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzhistory2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with Muldoon's policy of "leaving sporting contacts to sporting bodies", Muldoon also held the opinion that the disruption and division of New Zealand was not caused by the NZRFU, nor the Springboks, but the anti-tour protesters themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This argument was vehemently refuted by anti-tour voices, political activist Tom Newnham claimed that the government enabled "the greatest breakdown in law and order [New Zealand] has ever witnessed."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewnham198139_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewnham198139-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ensuing public protests polarised New Zealand:<sup id="cite_ref-nzhistory2_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzhistory2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while rugby fans filled the football grounds, protest crowds filled the surrounding streets, and on one occasion succeeded in invading the pitch and stopping the game.<sup id="cite_ref-wt-2006_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wt-2006-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially the anti-tour movement was committed to non-violent <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a>, demonstrations and <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="How do we know this? And 'by and large' suggests that some were keen to be violent – more detail on those people and their plans would be appreciated (October 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As protection for the Springboks, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Police" title="New Zealand Police">the police</a> created two special riot squads, the Red and Blue Squads.<sup id="cite_ref-police_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-police-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tvnz-2006_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tvnz-2006-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These police were, controversially, the first in New Zealand to be issued with visored riot helmets and long batons (more commonly the <a href="/wiki/Side-handle_baton" class="mw-redirect" title="Side-handle baton">side-handle baton</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="How do we know they were the first in New Zealand to be issued with them, and more detail and explanation or a citation is needed as to why it was controversial. (October 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some protesters were intimidated and interpreted this initial police response as overkill and heavy-handed tactics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="How do we know this, are there interviews with the protesters? How many is 'some'? (October 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After early disruptions, police began to require that all spectators assemble in sports grounds at least an hour before kick-off.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While the protests were meant to be largely peaceful resistance to the Springbok tour, quite often there were "violent confrontations with rugby supporters and specially trained riot police."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Gisborne on the day before the match anti-tour activists, including Mereana Pitman, gained access to the pitch with a vehicle and tipped broken glass on the pitch.<sup id="cite_ref-Gisborne_protests_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gisborne_protests-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 July,<sup id="cite_ref-nzhistory3_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzhistory3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> protesters managed to break through a fence, but quick action by spectators and ground security prevented the game being disrupted. Some protesters were beaten by police. From the very first match of the tour in Gisborne, protester tension levels ran high, and one protester, cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Murray_Ball" title="Murray Ball">Murray Ball</a>, who was the son of an All Black, recalled that it "was strange for New Zealanders to feel so aggressive towards other New Zealanders" and that he was "scared as hell" when he came up against pro-tour defenders.<sup id="cite_ref-Gisborne_protests_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gisborne_protests-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hamilton:_Game_cancelled">Hamilton: Game cancelled</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hamilton: Game cancelled"><span>edit</span></a><span 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157919884">.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person{border:4px double #d69d36}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-title{font-size:110%;padding:0;line-height:150%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title-image{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:5px}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title>div{font-size:88%;line-height:normal}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-content{padding:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-navbar{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#00529F;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muldoon_1978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Muldoon_1978.jpg/75px-Muldoon_1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Muldoon_1978.jpg/113px-Muldoon_1978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Muldoon_1978.jpg/150px-Muldoon_1978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="824" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#00529F;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Muldoon" title="Robert Muldoon"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">Robert Muldoon</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Muldoon#Early_life_and_family" title="Robert Muldoon">Early life</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81maki_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Tāmaki (New Zealand electorate)">MP for Tamaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Robert_Muldoon" title="Electoral history of Robert Muldoon">Electoral history</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_New_Zealand_National_Party" title="Leader of the New Zealand National Party">Leader of the National Party</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1974_New_Zealand_National_Party_leadership_election" title="1974 New Zealand National Party leadership election">1974 leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_New_Zealand_National_Party_leadership_election" title="1984 New Zealand National Party leadership election">1984 leadership election</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(New_Zealand)" title="Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)">Leader of the Opposition</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Shadow_Cabinet_of_Robert_Muldoon" title="First Shadow Cabinet of Robert Muldoon">Shadow Cabinet I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Shadow_Cabinet_of_Robert_Muldoon" title="Second Shadow Cabinet of Robert Muldoon">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancing_Cossacks_advertisement" title="Dancing Cossacks advertisement">Dancing Cossacks advertisement</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister of New Zealand</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_National_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Third National Government of New Zealand">Third National Government</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_raids_(New_Zealand)" title="Dawn raids (New Zealand)">Dawn raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitzgerald_v_Muldoon" title="Fitzgerald v Muldoon">Fitzgerald v Muldoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyle_Affair" title="Moyle Affair">Moyle Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastion_Point#Occupation" title="Bastion Point">Bastion Point Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carless_days_in_New_Zealand" title="Carless days in New Zealand">Carless days</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1981 Springbok Tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Think_Big" title="Think Big">Think Big</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closer_Economic_Relations" title="Closer Economic Relations">Closer Economic Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_New_Zealand_constitutional_crisis" title="1984 New Zealand constitutional crisis">1984 New Zealand constitutional crisis</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>General elections</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1975_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1975 New Zealand general election">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1978 New Zealand general election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1981 New Zealand general election">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1984 New Zealand general election">1984</a></li></ul> <hr /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="699" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Robert_Muldoon_sidebar" title="Template:Robert Muldoon sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Robert_Muldoon_sidebar" title="Template talk:Robert Muldoon sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Robert_Muldoon_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Robert Muldoon sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>At Rugby Park, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand" title="Hamilton, New Zealand">Hamilton</a> (the site of today's <a href="/wiki/Waikato_Stadium" title="Waikato Stadium">Waikato Stadium</a>), on 25 July,<sup id="cite_ref-nzhistory3_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzhistory3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about 350 protesters <a href="/wiki/Pitch_invasion" title="Pitch invasion">invaded the pitch</a> after pulling down a fence. The police arrested about 50 of them over a period of an hour, but were concerned that they could not control the rugby crowd, who were throwing bottles and other objects at the protesters.<sup id="cite_ref-NZhistory_Hamilton_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZhistory_Hamilton-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following reports that a stolen light plane (piloted by Pat McQuarrie)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapple198477–78,_91,_99–102_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapple198477–78,_91,_99–102-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was approaching the stadium, police cancelled the match.<sup id="cite_ref-NZhistory_Hamilton_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZhistory_Hamilton-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The protesters were ushered from the ground and were advised by protest marshals to remove any anti-tour insignia from their attire, with enraged rugby spectators lashing out at them.<sup id="cite_ref-NZhistory_Hamilton_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZhistory_Hamilton-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gangs of rugby supporters waited outside Hamilton police station for arrested protesters to be processed and released, and assaulted some protesters making their way into Victoria Street. There are many reports from protesters feeling unsafe during this protest. "It was terrifying, I don’t know how big the crowd was, but they were clearly furious …. The police looked vulnerable as they spread out around the whole ground", recollects one protester.<sup id="cite_ref-NZhistory_Hamilton_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZhistory_Hamilton-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wellington:_Molesworth_Street_protest">Wellington: Molesworth Street protest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wellington: Molesworth Street protest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aftermath of the Hamilton game, followed by the bloody batoning of marchers in <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Molesworth_Street,_Wellington" title="Molesworth Street, Wellington">Molesworth Street</a> in the following week, in which police batoned bare-headed protesters, led to the radicalisation of the protest movement. There are many instances where the protesters had to fear for their safety, especially considering the violence that began on Molesworth Street, where police are said to have "behaved rather too similarly to South African police", according to <a href="/wiki/Tom_Newnham" title="Tom Newnham">Tom Newnham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former police officer, <a href="/wiki/Ross_Meurant" title="Ross Meurant">Ross Muerant</a>, who was pro-tour, speaks of the Molesworth St protest: "The protestors, who so obviously lacked self-control, were that evening privy to a classic display of discipline."<sup id="cite_ref-Meurant_123–124_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meurant_123–124-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This perspective of the police tactics has severe opposition from anti-tour activists, with claims that protesters were "savagely attacked by police", and that "police provoked violence."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Newnham's claims that the violence towards protesters from police was unjustified was likely true in his experience, Muerant maintains that there were protesters who intended to inflict "serious injury or disfigurement" on the police.<sup id="cite_ref-Meurant_123–124_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meurant_123–124-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of this, many protesters began to wear <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_helmet" title="Motorcycle helmet">motorcycle</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_helmet" title="Bicycle helmet">bicycle helmets</a> to protect themselves from batons and <a href="/wiki/Head_injury" title="Head injury">head injury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The authorities strengthened security at public facilities after protesters disrupted <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> by damaging a <a href="/wiki/Waveguide" title="Waveguide">waveguide</a> on a microwave <a href="/wiki/Repeater" title="Repeater">repeater</a>, disrupting telephone and data services, though TV transmissions continued as they were carried by a separate waveguide on the tower.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Army engineers were deployed,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the remaining grounds were surrounded with razor wire and <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_container" title="Intermodal container">shipping container</a> barricades to decrease the chances of another pitch invasion. At Eden Park, an emergency escape route was constructed from the visitors' changing rooms for use if the stadium was overrun by protesters. Crowds of anti-tour protesters stood outside as the police were overwhelmed but the hundreds of police still managed to prevent the protesters from entering the stadium.<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_Herald,_National_News_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_Herald,_National_News-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christchurch">Christchurch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Christchurch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Park" title="Lancaster Park">Lancaster Park</a>, Christchurch, on 15 August,<sup id="cite_ref-nzhistory3_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzhistory3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some protesters managed to break through a security cordon and a number invaded the pitch.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="How many protesters broke through, and how many invaded the pitch? (October 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They were quickly removed and forcibly ejected from the stadium by security staff and spectators.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="How quickly is 'quickly'? (October 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A large demonstration managed to occupy the street adjacent to the ground and confront the riot police.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spectators were kept in the ground until the protesters dispersed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Auckland:_plane_invasion">Auckland: plane invasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Auckland: plane invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1981-springbok-tour-auckland-smoke-bomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/1981-springbok-tour-auckland-smoke-bomb.jpg/220px-1981-springbok-tour-auckland-smoke-bomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/1981-springbok-tour-auckland-smoke-bomb.jpg/330px-1981-springbok-tour-auckland-smoke-bomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/1981-springbok-tour-auckland-smoke-bomb.jpg/440px-1981-springbok-tour-auckland-smoke-bomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Smoke_bomb" title="Smoke bomb">smoke bomb</a> at <a href="/wiki/Eden_Park" title="Eden Park">Eden Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A low-flying <a href="/wiki/Cessna_172" title="Cessna 172">Cessna 172</a> piloted by Marx Jones and Grant Cole disrupted the final <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union#Major_international_competitions" title="Rugby union">test</a> at <a href="/wiki/Eden_Park" title="Eden Park">Eden Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, on 12 September<sup id="cite_ref-nzhistory3_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzhistory3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by dropping flour-bombs on the pitch, despite which the game continued.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Patches" of criminal gangs, such as traditional rivals <a href="/wiki/Black_Power_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power (New Zealand)">Black Power</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mongrel_Mob" title="Mongrel Mob">Mongrel Mob</a>, were also evident.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (Black Power were Muldoon supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) A group of peaceful protestors dressed as clowns were beaten with batons by police.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same day in Warkworth, Dunedin and Timaru protesters stormed the local TV transmitters and shut off coverage of the game.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapple1984288–291_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapple1984288–291-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_protest_movement">The protest movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The protest movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the protests had the dual purpose of linking <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">racial discrimination</a> against <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> in New Zealand to apartheid in South Africa. Some of the protesters, particularly young Māori, felt frustrated by the image of New Zealand as a paradise for racial unity.<sup id="cite_ref-nzhistory1981_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzhistory1981-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many opponents of racism in New Zealand in the early 1980s saw it as useful to use the protests against South Africa as a vehicle for wider social action.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, some Māori supported the tour and attended games.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Minto" title="John Minto">John Minto</a>, the national organizer for <a href="/wiki/Halt_All_Racist_Tours" title="Halt All Racist Tours">HART</a>, thought that the tour "stimulate[d] the whole debate about racism and the place of Māori in our community."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political activist <a href="/wiki/Tom_Newnham" title="Tom Newnham">Tom Newnham's</a> opinion echoes that of Minto's, albeit considerably more radical, stating that "we are basically the same as white South Africans, just as racist."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of those protesting racism in South Africa felt inclined to reflect on the racial divide in their own country, before condemning another – part-Māori rugby spectator Kevin Taylor did not join the protests because he "wanted New Zealand to fix its own issues before New Zealanders started telling other countries how to fix their problems."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tour_of_the_United_States">Tour of the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tour of the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the American leg of the tour following directly after the events of New Zealand, further protests and clashes with police were expected.<sup id="cite_ref-tu-2013_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tu-2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Threats of riots caused city officials in Los Angeles, Chicago, New York City and Rochester to withdraw their previous authorisation for the Springboks to play in their cities.<sup id="cite_ref-tu-2013_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tu-2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Midwest">Midwest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Midwest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Springboks' match against the <a href="/wiki/Midwest_Rugby_Football_Union" title="Midwest Rugby Football Union">Midwest All Stars</a> team had originally been intended to be played in Chicago. Following the anti-apartheid protests, it was secretly rescheduled to the mid morning of Saturday 19 September at Roosevelt Park in <a href="/wiki/Racine,_Wisconsin" title="Racine, Wisconsin">Racine, Wisconsin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tjt-2013_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tjt-2013-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clandestine strategy seemingly worked as around 500 spectators gathered to watch the match. Late in the game, however, a small number of protesters arrived to disrupt proceedings and two were arrested after a brief altercation broke out on the field.<sup id="cite_ref-tjt-2013_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tjt-2013-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albany:_pipe_bomb">Albany: pipe bomb</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Albany: pipe bomb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cancelled New York City match against the Eastern All Stars was moved upstate to <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1981_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1981-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The long serving Mayor of Albany, Erastus Corning, maintained that there was a right of peaceful assembly to "publicly espouse an unpopular cause," despite his own stated view that "I abhor everything about apartheid".<sup id="cite_ref-tjt-2013_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tjt-2013-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governor <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Carey" title="Hugh Carey">Hugh Carey</a> argued that the event should be barred as the anti-apartheid demonstrators presented an "imminent danger of riot", but a Federal court ruling allowing the game to be played was upheld in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Court of Appeals">United States Court of Appeals</a>. A further appeal to Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a> was also overruled on the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">free speech</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1981_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1981-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The match went ahead with around a thousand demonstrators (including <a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a>) corralled 100 yards away from the field of play, which was surrounded by the police. No violence occurred at the game but a <a href="/wiki/Pipe_bomb" title="Pipe bomb">pipe bomb</a> was set off in the early morning outside the headquarters of the Eastern Rugby Union resulting in damage to the building estimated at $50,000.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1981_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1981-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No one was injured. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glenville">Glenville</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Glenville"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The final match of the tour, against the <a href="/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_union_team" class="mw-redirect" title="United States national rugby union team">United States national team</a>, took place in secret at <a href="/wiki/Glenville,_Schenectady_County,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenville, Schenectady County, New York">Glenville</a> in upstate New York.<sup id="cite_ref-hp-2001_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hp-2001-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thirty spectators recorded at the match is the lowest ever attendance for an international rugby match.<sup id="cite_ref-rm-1995_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rm-1995-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_matches">The matches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The matches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Series of rugby union matches</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="min-width:17em; max-width:25%;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #C0C0C0; color: black">1981 Springbok tour</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manager</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Johan_Claassen" title="Johan Claassen">Johan Claassen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tour captain(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wynand_Claassen" title="Wynand Claassen">Wynand Claassen</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #dedee2; color: black"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: #dedee2; color: black">Summary</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background: #dedee2; color: black"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox infobox-3cols-child infobox-table"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">P</th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a"> <b>W</b></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b"> <b>D</b></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c"> <b>L</b></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox infobox-3cols-child infobox-table"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">17</th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a"> 14</td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b"> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>1</td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c"> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>2</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Test match</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox infobox-3cols-child infobox-table"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>4</th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a"> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>2</td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b"> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>0</td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c"> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>2</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #dedee2; color: black"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: #dedee2; color: black">Opponent</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background: #dedee2; color: black"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox infobox-3cols-child infobox-table"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">P</th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a"> <b>W</b></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b"> <b>D</b></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c"> <b>L</b></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team" title="New Zealand national rugby union team">New Zealand</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox infobox-3cols-child infobox-table"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">3</th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a"> 1</td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b"> 0</td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c"> 2</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_union_team" class="mw-redirect" title="United States national rugby union team">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox infobox-3cols-child infobox-table"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1</th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a"> 1</td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b"> 0</td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c"> 0</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_New_Zealand">In New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; max-width:75%;"> <caption>Schedule of matches<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:135px;">Date </th> <th style="width:120px;">Venue </th> <th style="width:170px;">Team </th> <th style="width:90px;">Winner and score </th></tr> <tr> <td>Wed 22 July</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gisborne,_New_Zealand" title="Gisborne, New Zealand">Gisborne</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Bay_Rugby_Football_Union" title="Poverty Bay Rugby Football Union">Poverty Bay</a></td> <td>SA 6–24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sat 25 July</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand" title="Hamilton, New Zealand">Hamilton</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Waikato_Rugby_Union" title="Waikato Rugby Union">Waikato</a></td> <td>cancelled </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wed 29 July</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Plymouth" title="New Plymouth">New Plymouth</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taranaki_Rugby_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Taranaki Rugby Union">Taranaki</a></td> <td>SA 9–34 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sat 1 August</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palmerston_North" title="Palmerston North">Palmerston North</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manawatu_Rugby_Union" title="Manawatu Rugby Union">Manawatu</a></td> <td>SA 19–31 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wed 5 August</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Whanganui" title="Whanganui">Whanganui</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wanganui_Rugby_Football_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanganui Rugby Football Union">Wanganui</a></td> <td>SA 9–45 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sat 8 August</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Invercargill" title="Invercargill">Invercargill</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southland_Rugby" class="mw-redirect" title="Southland Rugby">Southland</a></td> <td>SA 6–22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tue 11 August</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Otago_Rugby_Football_Union" title="Otago Rugby Football Union">Otago</a></td> <td>SA 13–17 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sat 15 August</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/All_Blacks" class="mw-redirect" title="All Blacks">New Zealand</a></b> (1st Test)</td> <td>NZ 14–9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tue 19 August</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timaru" title="Timaru">Timaru</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Canterbury_Rugby_Football_Union" title="South Canterbury Rugby Football Union">South Canterbury</a></td> <td>cancelled </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sat 22 August</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tasman_Rugby_Union" title="Tasman Rugby Union">Nelson Bays</a></td> <td>SA 0–83 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tue 25 August</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Napier,_New_Zealand" title="Napier, New Zealand">Napier</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_All_Blacks" title="Māori All Blacks">NZ Māori</a></td> <td>12–12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sat 29 August</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/All_Blacks" class="mw-redirect" title="All Blacks">New Zealand</a></b> (2nd Test)</td> <td>SA 12–24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tue 2 September</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rotorua" title="Rotorua">Rotorua</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty_Steamers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Plenty Steamers">Bay of Plenty</a></td> <td>SA 24–29 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sat 5 September</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Auckland_rugby_union_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Auckland rugby union team">Auckland</a></td> <td>SA 12–39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tue 8 September</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Whang%C4%81rei" title="Whangārei">Whangārei</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northland_Rugby_Union" title="Northland Rugby Union">North Auckland</a></td> <td>SA 10–19 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sat 12 September</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/All_Blacks" class="mw-redirect" title="All Blacks">New Zealand</a></b> (3rd Test)</td> <td>NZ 25–22 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_United_States">In United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Schedule of matches<sup id="cite_ref-tjt-2013_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tjt-2013-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-1981_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1981-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hp-2001_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hp-2001-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:135px;">Date </th> <th style="width:120px;">Venue </th> <th style="width:170px;">Team </th> <th style="width:90px;">Winner and score </th></tr> <tr> <td>Sat 19 September</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Racine,_Wisconsin" title="Racine, Wisconsin">Racine, Wisconsin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Midwest_Rugby_Football_Union" title="Midwest Rugby Football Union">Midwest All Stars</a></td> <td>SA 46–12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tue 22 September</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a></td> <td>Eastern All Stars</td> <td>SA 41–0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fri 25 September</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glenville,_Schenectady_County,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenville, Schenectady County, New York">Glenville, New York</a></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_union_team" class="mw-redirect" title="United States national rugby union team">United States</a></b> (Test match)</span></td> <td>SA 38–7 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Touring_party">Touring party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Touring party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Manager: <a href="/wiki/Johan_Claassen" title="Johan Claassen">Johan Claassen</a></li> <li>Assistant Manager: Abe Williams</li> <li>Coach: <a href="/wiki/Nelie_Smith" title="Nelie Smith">Nelie Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_State_Cheetahs" title="Free State Cheetahs">Free State</a>)</li> <li>Captain: <a href="/wiki/Wynand_Claassen" title="Wynand Claassen">Wynand Claassen</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Position</th> <th>Provincial Team</th> <th>Age<br />(in 1981)</th> <th>Height<br />(m)</th> <th>Weight<br />(kg)</th> <th>Occupation</th> <th>Caps </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gysie_Pienaar" title="Gysie Pienaar">Gysie Pienaar</a></td> <td>Fullback</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_State_Cheetahs" title="Free State Cheetahs">Free State</a></td> <td>26</td> <td>1.75</td> <td>85</td> <td>Development Officer</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Johan_Heunis" title="Johan Heunis">Johan Heunis</a></td> <td>Fullback</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blue_Bulls" title="Blue Bulls">Northern Transvaal</a></td> <td>23</td> <td>1.85</td> <td>85</td> <td>Serviceman</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edrich_Krantz" title="Edrich Krantz">Edrich Krantz</a></td> <td>Wing</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_State_Cheetahs" title="Free State Cheetahs">Free State</a></td> <td>26</td> <td>1.83</td> <td>82</td> <td>Doctor</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ray_Mordt" title="Ray Mordt">Ray Mordt</a></td> <td>Wing</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golden_Lions" title="Golden Lions">Transvaal</a></td> <td>24</td> <td>1.81</td> <td>89</td> <td>Representative</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Darius_Botha" title="Darius Botha">Darius Botha</a></td> <td>Wing</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blue_Bulls" title="Blue Bulls">Northern Transvaal</a></td> <td>26</td> <td>1.83</td> <td>93</td> <td>Pastor</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gerrie_Germishuys" title="Gerrie Germishuys">Gerrie Germishuys</a></td> <td>Wing</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golden_Lions" title="Golden Lions">Transvaal</a></td> <td>31</td> <td>1.83</td> <td>90</td> <td>Sports officer</td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carel_du_Plessis" title="Carel du Plessis">Carel du Plessis</a></td> <td>Centre</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Province_(rugby_team)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Province (rugby team)">Western Province</a></td> <td>21</td> <td>1.84</td> <td>85</td> <td>Student</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Willie_du_Plessis_(rugby_player,_born_1955)" class="mw-redirect" title="Willie du Plessis (rugby player, born 1955)">Willie du Plessis</a></td> <td>Centre</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Province_(rugby_team)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Province (rugby team)">Western Province</a></td> <td>25</td> <td>1.80</td> <td>83</td> <td>Serviceman</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Errol_Tobias" title="Errol Tobias">Errol Tobias</a></td> <td>Centre</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boland_Cavaliers" title="Boland Cavaliers">Boland</a></td> <td>31</td> <td>1.74</td> <td>77</td> <td>Artisan</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Danie_Gerber" title="Danie Gerber">Danie Gerber</a></td> <td>Centre</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province_Elephants" title="Eastern Province Elephants">Eastern Province</a></td> <td>26</td> <td>1.85</td> <td>90</td> <td>Clerk</td> <td>35 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colin_Beck_(rugby_player)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colin Beck (rugby player)">Colin Beck</a></td> <td>Flyhalf</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Province_(rugby_team)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Province (rugby team)">Western Province</a></td> <td>22</td> <td>1.80</td> <td>82</td> <td>Student</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Naas_Botha" title="Naas Botha">Naas Botha</a></td> <td>Flyhalf</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blue_Bulls" title="Blue Bulls">Northern Transvaal</a></td> <td>23</td> <td>1.79</td> <td>73</td> <td>Sports officer</td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Divan_Serfontein" title="Divan Serfontein">Divan Serfontein</a></td> <td>Scrumhalf</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Province_(rugby_team)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Province (rugby team)">Western Province</a></td> <td>26</td> <td>1.67</td> <td>64</td> <td>Doctor</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Barry_Wolmarans" title="Barry Wolmarans">Barry Wolmarans</a></td> <td>Scrumhalf</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_State_Cheetahs" title="Free State Cheetahs">Free State</a></td> <td>32</td> <td>1.65</td> <td>68</td> <td>Development Officer</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wynand_Claassen" title="Wynand Claassen">Wynand Claassen</a></td> <td>No. 8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sharks_(Currie_Cup)" title="Sharks (Currie Cup)">Natal</a></td> <td>30</td> <td>1.85</td> <td>90</td> <td>Architect</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Johan_Marais" title="Johan Marais">Johan Marais</a></td> <td>No. 8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blue_Bulls" title="Blue Bulls">Northern Transvaal</a></td> <td>22</td> <td>1.94</td> <td>92</td> <td>Student</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thys_Burger" title="Thys Burger">Thys Burger</a></td> <td>Flanker</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blue_Bulls" title="Blue Bulls">Northern Transvaal</a></td> <td>26</td> <td>1.95</td> <td>92</td> <td>Sports Officer</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Burger_Geldenhuys" title="Burger Geldenhuys">Burger Geldenhuys</a></td> <td>Flanker</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blue_Bulls" title="Blue Bulls">Northern Transvaal</a></td> <td>25</td> <td>1.88</td> <td>91</td> <td>Student</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eben_Jansen" title="Eben Jansen">Eben Jansen</a></td> <td>Flanker</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_State_Cheetahs" title="Free State Cheetahs">Free State</a></td> <td>27</td> <td>1.90</td> <td>98</td> <td>Development Officer</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rob_Louw" title="Rob Louw">Rob Louw</a></td> <td>Flanker</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Province_(rugby_team)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Province (rugby team)">Western Province</a></td> <td>26</td> <td>1.89</td> <td>91</td> <td>Sports Officer</td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Theuns_Stofberg" title="Theuns Stofberg">Theuns Stofberg</a></td> <td>Lock</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blue_Bulls" title="Blue Bulls">Northern Transvaal</a></td> <td>26</td> <td>1.95</td> <td>105</td> <td>Physiotherapist</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Div_Visser" title="Div Visser">Div Visser</a></td> <td>Lock</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Province_(rugby_team)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Province (rugby team)">Western Province</a></td> <td>23</td> <td>1.95</td> <td>109</td> <td>Air Force Technician</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hennie_Bekker_(rugby_player)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hennie Bekker (rugby player)">Hennie Bekker</a></td> <td>Lock</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Province_(rugby_team)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Province (rugby team)">Western Province</a></td> <td>28</td> <td>2.00</td> <td>113</td> <td>Sports officer</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_Moolman" title="Louis Moolman">Louis Moolman</a></td> <td>Lock</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blue_Bulls" title="Blue Bulls">Northern Transvaal</a></td> <td>30</td> <td>1.95</td> <td>111</td> <td>Farmer</td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flippie_van_der_Merwe" title="Flippie van der Merwe">Flippie van der Merwe</a></td> <td>Prop</td> <td><a href="/wiki/SWD_Eagles" title="SWD Eagles">South Western Districts</a></td> <td>23</td> <td>1.96</td> <td>130</td> <td>Serviceman</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ockie_Oosthuizen" title="Ockie Oosthuizen">Ockie Oosthuizen</a></td> <td>Prop</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blue_Bulls" title="Blue Bulls">Northern Transvaal</a></td> <td>26</td> <td>1.88</td> <td>102</td> <td>Serviceman</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hempies_du_Toit" title="Hempies du Toit">Hempies du Toit</a></td> <td>Prop</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Province_(rugby_team)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Province (rugby team)">Western Province</a></td> <td>28</td> <td>1.85</td> <td>100</td> <td>Farmer</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henning_van_Aswegen" title="Henning van Aswegen">Henning van Aswegen</a></td> <td>Prop</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Province_(rugby_team)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Province (rugby team)">Western Province</a></td> <td>26</td> <td>1.86</td> <td>95</td> <td>Businessman</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Willie_Kahts" title="Willie Kahts">Willie Kahts</a></td> <td>Hooker</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blue_Bulls" title="Blue Bulls">Northern Transvaal</a></td> <td>34</td> <td>1.80</td> <td>91</td> <td>Teacher</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cockrell" title="Robert Cockrell">Robert Cockrell</a></td> <td>Hooker</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Province_(rugby_team)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Province (rugby team)">Western Province</a></td> <td>31</td> <td>1.83</td> <td>90</td> <td>Representative</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaun_Povey" title="Shaun Povey">Shaun Povey</a></td> <td>Hooker (tour replacement)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Province_(rugby_team)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Province (rugby team)">Western Province</a></td> <td>26</td> <td>1.84</td> <td>92</td> <td>Student</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gawie_Visagie" title="Gawie Visagie">Gawie Visagie</a></td> <td>Scrumhalf (tour replacement)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sharks_(Currie_Cup)" title="Sharks (Currie Cup)">Natal</a></td> <td>26</td> <td>1.81</td> <td>82</td> <td>Representative</td> <td>– </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Muldoon government was re-elected in the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_general_election,_1981" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand general election, 1981">1981 election</a> losing three seats to leave it with a majority of one. </p><p>The NZRFU constitution contained much high-minded wording about promoting the image of rugby and New Zealand, and generally being a benefit to society. In 1985, the NZRFU proposed an All Black tour of South Africa: two lawyers successfully sued it, claiming such a tour would breach its constitution. A <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="High Court of New Zealand">High Court</a> injunction by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Casey_(judge)" title="Maurice Casey (judge)">Justice Casey</a> saw the tour cancelled.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Afterwards, the All Blacks would not tour South Africa until after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> regime, with the next official tour in 1992. After the 1985 tour was cancelled, an unofficial tour took place a year later by a team that included 28 out of the 30 All Blacks selected for the 1985 tour, known as the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Cavaliers" title="New Zealand Cavaliers">New Zealand Cavaliers</a>, a team that was often advertised in South Africa as the All Blacks and/or depicted with the Silver Fern. </p><p>After the All Blacks won the <a href="/wiki/1987_Rugby_World_Cup" title="1987 Rugby World Cup">1987 Rugby World Cup</a>, rugby union was once again the dominant sport – in both spectator and participant numbers – in New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-87CupHealed_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87CupHealed-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_New_Zealand_culture">In New Zealand culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In New Zealand culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Prominent artist <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Hotere" title="Ralph Hotere">Ralph Hotere</a> painted a <i>Black Union Jack</i> series of paintings in protest against the tour.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merata_Mita" title="Merata Mita">Merata Mita</a>'s documentary film <i><a href="/wiki/Patu!" title="Patu!">Patu!</a></i> tells the tale of the tour from a Māori perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Music popularly associated with the tour included the punk band <a href="/wiki/RIOT_111" title="RIOT 111">RIOT 111</a>, and the songs "Riot Squad" by the Newmatics and "There Is No Depression in New Zealand" by <a href="/wiki/Blam_Blam_Blam" title="Blam Blam Blam">Blam Blam Blam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Meurant" title="Ross Meurant">Ross Meurant</a>, commander of the police "<a href="/wiki/Red_Squad" title="Red Squad">Red Squad</a>", published <i>Red Squad Story</i> in 1982, giving a conservative view. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-908630-06-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-908630-06-6">978-0-908630-06-6</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/TVNZ" title="TVNZ">TVNZ</a> 1980s police drama <i><a href="/wiki/Mortimer%27s_Patch" title="Mortimer's Patch">Mortimer's Patch</a></i> included a <a href="/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)" title="Flashback (narrative)">flashback</a> episode of the (younger) main character's tour police duties</li> <li>In 1984 <a href="/wiki/Geoff_Chapple_(writer)" title="Geoff Chapple (writer)">Geoff Chapple</a> wrote the book <i>1981: The Tour</i>, chronicling the events from the protesters' perspective. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-589-01534-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-589-01534-3">978-0-589-01534-3</a></li> <li>In 1999 Glenn Wood's biography <i>Cop Out</i> covered the tour from the perspective of a frontline policeman. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-908704-89-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-908704-89-7">978-0-908704-89-7</a></li> <li>David Hill's book <i>The Name of the Game</i> is the story of a schoolboy's personal struggles during the tour. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-908783-63-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-908783-63-2">978-0-908783-63-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Newnham" title="Tom Newnham">Tom Newnham</a>'s book <i>By Batons And Barbed Wire</i> is one of the largest collections of photos and general information of the protest movement during the tour. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-473-00253-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-473-00253-4">978-0-473-00253-4</a> (hardback). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-473-00112-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-473-00112-4">978-0-473-00112-4</a> (paperback)</li> <li>The documentary <i>1981: A Country at War</i> chronicled the tour from various perspectives.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa">Te Papa</a> has objects related to the tour including images, helmets<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an entrance ticket.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exhibition <i>Slice of Heaven: 20th Century Aotearoa</i> has a section about the tour.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Rage</i>, a dramatisation of the tour by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Scott_(cartoonist)" title="Tom Scott (cartoonist)">Tom Scott</a>, was filmed in mid-2011<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stuff.co.nz_5023086_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuff.co.nz_5023086-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was broadcast on TV One on 4 September 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Engine Room</i>, a play by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_McCubbin_Howell" title="Ralph McCubbin Howell">Ralph McCubbin Howell</a>, opened at <a href="/wiki/BATS_Theatre" title="BATS Theatre">BATS Theatre</a> in Wellington on 27 September 2011. It contrasts the stories and viewpoints of <a href="/wiki/John_Key" title="John Key">John Key</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Helen Clark</a> during the tour and the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_general_election,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand general election, 2008">2008 general election</a>.</li> <li>The second series of the television show <a href="/wiki/Westside_(New_Zealand_TV_series)" title="Westside (New Zealand TV series)"><i>Westside</i></a> takes place during the events of the tour and portrays the main characters' involvement in several of the major incidents.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:The_Springbok_Tour" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:The Springbok Tour">The Springbok Tour</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/25px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/38px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/51px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:1980s" title="Portal:1980s">1980s portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1971_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Australia" title="1971 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia">1971 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_in_the_apartheid_era" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Africa in the apartheid era">History of South Africa in the apartheid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ces_Blazey" title="Ces Blazey">Ces Blazey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_and_sports" title="Politics and sports">Politics and sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporting_boycott_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporting boycott of South Africa">Sporting boycott of South Africa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-rm-1995-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rm-1995_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rm-1995_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1995" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Chuck (10 April 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chuckthewriter.com/springboks.html">"Rugby in the national spotlight: The 1981 USA tour of the Springboks"</a>. <i>Rugby Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071022234657/http://www.chuckthewriter.com/springboks.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rugby+Magazine&rft.atitle=Rugby+in+the+national+spotlight%3A+The+1981+USA+tour+of+the+Springboks&rft.date=1995-04-10&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chuckthewriter.com%2Fspringboks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1981+South+Africa+rugby+union+tour+of+New+Zealand+and+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tu-2013-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tu-2013_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tu-2013_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tu-2013_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrondahl2013" class="citation web cs1">Grondahl, Paul (6 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.timesunion.com/history/all-eyes-were-on-albany-and-apartheid-in-1981/920/">"All eyes were on Albany and Apartheid in 1981"</a>. <i>Times Union</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150513150554/http://blog.timesunion.com/history/all-eyes-were-on-albany-and-apartheid-in-1981/920/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+Union&rft.atitle=All+eyes+were+on+Albany+and+Apartheid+in+1981&rft.date=2013-12-06&rft.aulast=Grondahl&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.timesunion.com%2Fhistory%2Fall-eyes-were-on-albany-and-apartheid-in-1981%2F920%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1981+South+Africa+rugby+union+tour+of+New+Zealand+and+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hist-p2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hist-p2_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/1981-springbok-tour/all-blacks-vs-springboks">"All Blacks versus Springboks"</a>. nzhistory.net.nz. 12 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+Blacks+versus+Springboks&rft.pub=nzhistory.net.nz&rft.date=2014-06-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzhistory.net.nz%2Fculture%2F1981-springbok-tour%2Fall-blacks-vs-springboks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1981+South+Africa+rugby+union+tour+of+New+Zealand+and+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trad-rival-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trad-rival_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trad-rival_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatters" class="citation web cs1">Watters, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/node/2291">"A long tradition of rugby rivalry"</a>. nzhistory.net.nz<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+long+tradition+of+rugby+rivalry&rft.pub=nzhistory.net.nz&rft.aulast=Watters&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzhistory.net.nz%2Fnode%2F2291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1981+South+Africa+rugby+union+tour+of+New+Zealand+and+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-poli-sport-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-poli-sport_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poli-sport_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poli-sport_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatters" class="citation web cs1">Watters, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/node/2293">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Politics and sport don't mix'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. nzhistory.net.nz<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+History&rft.atitle=The+first+test%3A+Lancaster+Park%2C+Christchurch%2C+15+August+1981&rft.date=2015-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzhistory.net.nz%2Fmedia%2Fvideo%2Fpolice-and-the-first-springbok-test&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1981+South+Africa+rugby+union+tour+of+New+Zealand+and+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/video/the-third-test-auckland">"Film: the third test – 1981 Springbok tour"</a>. <i>NZHistory</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage" title="Ministry for Culture and Heritage">Ministry for Culture and Heritage</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Transaction. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412824323" title="Special:BookSources/9781412824323"><bdi>9781412824323</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gangs+and+youth+subcultures&rft.pub=Transaction&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781412824323&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJhObWrzxcWIC%26q%3D%2522black%2Bpower%2522%2Bmuldoon%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1981+South+Africa+rugby+union+tour+of+New+Zealand+and+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2011">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBingham2001" class="citation web cs1">Bingham, Eugene (11 August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=206678">"The code of silence over a tour's infamous bashing"</a>. <i>The New Zealand Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1981%3A+Hitting+the+Road&rft.pub=New+Zealand+Film+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmarchive.org.nz%2Farchive_presents%2F1981%2F1981.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1981+South+Africa+rugby+union+tour+of+New+Zealand+and+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/objectdetails.aspx?oid=840297">"Helmet"</a>. <i>Collections Online</i>. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collections+Online&rft.atitle=Helmet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.tepapa.govt.nz%2Fobjectdetails.aspx%3Foid%3D840297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1981+South+Africa+rugby+union+tour+of+New+Zealand+and+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/objectdetails.aspx?oid=765677">"Helmet"</a>. <i>Collections Online</i>. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collections+Online&rft.atitle=Helmet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.tepapa.govt.nz%2Fobjectdetails.aspx%3Foid%3D765677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1981+South+Africa+rugby+union+tour+of+New+Zealand+and+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/objectdetails.aspx?oid=914479">"Ticket to Springboks versus Waikato rugby game at Rugby Park in Hamilton on 25 July 1981"</a>. <i>Collections Online</i>. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collections+Online&rft.atitle=Ticket+to+Springboks+versus+Waikato+rugby+game+at+Rugby+Park+in+Hamilton+on+25+July+1981&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.tepapa.govt.nz%2Fobjectdetails.aspx%3Foid%3D914479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1981+South+Africa+rugby+union+tour+of+New+Zealand+and+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tepapa.govt.nz/WhatsOn/exhibitions/SliceofHeaven/Exhibition/Diversity/Pages/1981Springboktour.aspx">"1981 Springbok tour"</a>. <i>Slice of Heaven – Diversity & civil rights</i>. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slice+of+Heaven+%E2%80%93+Diversity+%26+civil+rights&rft.atitle=1981+Springbok+tour&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tepapa.govt.nz%2FWhatsOn%2Fexhibitions%2FSliceofHeaven%2FExhibition%2FDiversity%2FPages%2F1981Springboktour.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1981+South+Africa+rugby+union+tour+of+New+Zealand+and+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140219171519/http://www.nzonair.govt.nz/news/newspressreleases/pressrelease_2010_12_21.aspx">"NZ On Air | News | Press Releases"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzonair.govt.nz/news/newspressreleases/pressrelease_2010_12_21.aspx">the original</a> on 19 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NZ+On+Air+%26%23124%3B+News+%26%23124%3B+Press+Releases&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzonair.govt.nz%2Fnews%2Fnewspressreleases%2Fpressrelease_2010_12_21.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1981+South+Africa+rugby+union+tour+of+New+Zealand+and+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stuff.co.nz_5023086-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stuff.co.nz_5023086_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothwell2011" class="citation web cs1">Rothwell, Kimberley (19 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/film/5023086/Springbok-tour-upheaval-re-enacted-with-Rage">"Springbok tour upheaval re-enacted with Rage"</a>. <i>Stuff: Entertainment</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stuff%3A+Entertainment&rft.atitle=Springbok+tour+upheaval+re-enacted+with+Rage&rft.date=2011-05-19&rft.aulast=Rothwell&rft.aufirst=Kimberley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fentertainment%2Ffilm%2F5023086%2FSpringbok-tour-upheaval-re-enacted-with-Rage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1981+South+Africa+rugby+union+tour+of+New+Zealand+and+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141125041855/https://www.tvnz.co.nz/sunday-theatre/rage-4342619">"Sunday Theatre | Television New Zealand | Entertainment | TV One, TV2"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvnz.co.nz/sunday-theatre/rage-4342619">the original</a> on 25 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sunday+Theatre+%26%23124%3B+Television+New+Zealand+%26%23124%3B+Entertainment+%26%23124%3B+TV+One%2C+TV2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvnz.co.nz%2Fsunday-theatre%2Frage-4342619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1981+South+Africa+rugby+union+tour+of+New+Zealand+and+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron1981" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Don (1981). <i>Barbed Wire Boks</i>. Auckland, New Zealand: Rugby Press Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-908630-05-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-908630-05-9"><bdi>978-0-908630-05-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbed+Wire+Boks&rft.place=Auckland%2C+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Rugby+Press+Ltd&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-908630-05-9&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1981+South+Africa+rugby+union+tour+of+New+Zealand+and+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapple1984" class="citation book cs1">Chapple, Geoff (1984). <i>1981: The Tour</i>. Wellington: A H & A W Reed. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-589-01534-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-589-01534-3"><bdi>978-0-589-01534-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1981%3A+The+Tour&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pub=A+H+%26+A+W+Reed&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-589-01534-3&rft.aulast=Chapple&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1981+South+Africa+rugby+union+tour+of+New+Zealand+and+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewnham1981" class="citation book cs1">Newnham, Tom (1981). <i>By Batons and Barbed Wire</i>. New Zealand: Real Pictures Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-473-00112-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-473-00112-4"><bdi>978-0-473-00112-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By+Batons+and+Barbed+Wire&rft.place=New+Zealand&rft.pub=Real+Pictures+Ltd&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-473-00112-4&rft.aulast=Newnham&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1981+South+Africa+rugby+union+tour+of+New+Zealand+and+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1999" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Trevor (1999). <i>Dancing on Our Bones: New Zealand, South Africa, Rugby and Racism</i>. Wellington, New Zealand: Bridget Williams Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-877-242-004" title="Special:BookSources/1-877-242-004"><bdi>1-877-242-004</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dancing+on+Our+Bones%3A+New+Zealand%2C+South+Africa%2C+Rugby+and+Racism&rft.place=Wellington%2C+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Bridget+Williams+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-877-242-004&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1981+South+Africa+rugby+union+tour+of+New+Zealand+and+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.christchurch.org.nz/Heritage/Posters/1981SpringbokTour/Thumbnails/">Posters at Christchurch City Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/search/springbok+tour/results">Images of the events surrounding the Springbok Tour in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060217223452/http://wairarapa.co.nz/times-age/weekly/2001/springboks_tour.html">Online account</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051028014850/http://www.pukeariki.com/en/resources/pathfinders/springbokpath.asp">A time line and references</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070321230437/http://www.aucklandcitylibraries.com/findyoursubject/generalhistory/newzealandhistory/the1981springboktourofnewzealand.htm">The 1981 Springbok Tour</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/node/2291">The 1981 Springbok Tour, including history, images and video (NZHistory)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital-library.canterbury.ac.nz/awweb/uc_redirect_spbok.jsp">Letters solicited from the New Zealand public after the 1981 Springbok Tour</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rugby_union_tours_of_New_Zealand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rugby_union_tours_of_New_Zealand" title="Template:Rugby union tours of New Zealand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rugby_union_tours_of_New_Zealand" title="Template talk:Rugby union tours of New Zealand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rugby_union_tours_of_New_Zealand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rugby union tours of New Zealand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rugby_union_tours_of_New_Zealand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rugby union tours of New Zealand</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_%26_Irish_Lions" title="British & Irish Lions">British & Irish Lions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1888_British_Lions_tour_to_New_Zealand_and_Australia" title="1888 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia">1888</a><small> (no test)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_British_Lions_tour_to_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="1904 British Lions tour to Australia and New Zealand">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_British_Lions_tour_to_New_Zealand_and_Australia" title="1908 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_British_Lions_tour_to_New_Zealand_and_Australia" title="1930 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_British_Lions_tour_to_New_Zealand_and_Australia" title="1950 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_British_Lions_tour_to_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="1959 British Lions tour to Australia and New Zealand">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_British_Lions_tour_to_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="1966 British Lions tour to Australia and New Zealand">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_British_Lions_tour_to_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 British Lions tour to New Zealand">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_British_Lions_tour_to_New_Zealand" title="1977 British Lions tour to New Zealand">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_British_Lions_tour_to_New_Zealand" title="1983 British Lions tour to New Zealand">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_British_Lions_tour_to_New_Zealand" title="1993 British Lions tour to New Zealand">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_British_%26_Irish_Lions_tour_to_New_Zealand" title="2005 British & Irish Lions tour to New Zealand">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_British_%26_Irish_Lions_tour_to_New_Zealand" title="2017 British & Irish Lions tour to New Zealand">2017</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team" title="Australia national rugby union team">Australia</a><span class="flagicon"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1905_Australia_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1905 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Australia_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1913 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Australia_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1931 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Australia_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1936 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Australia_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1946 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Australia_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1949 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Australia_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1952 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Australia_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1955 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Australia_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1958 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Australia_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1962 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Australia_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1964 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Australia_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_Fiji" title="1972 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand and Fiji">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Australia_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1978 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Australia_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1982 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Australia_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1986 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Australia_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1990 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Australia_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1991 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand">1991</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Waratahs" title="New South Wales Waratahs">New South Wales</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1882_New_South_Wales_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1882 New South Wales rugby union tour of New Zealand">1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_New_South_Wales_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1894 New South Wales rugby union tour of New Zealand">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_New_South_Wales_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1921 New South Wales rugby union tour of New Zealand">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_New_South_Wales_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1923 New South Wales rugby union tour of New Zealand">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_New_South_Wales_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1925 New South Wales rugby union tour of New Zealand">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_New_South_Wales_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1928 New South Wales rugby union tour of New Zealand">1928</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team" title="South Africa national rugby union team">South Africa</a><span class="flagicon"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1921_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_to_Australasia" class="mw-redirect" title="1937 South Africa rugby union tour to Australasia">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Australasia" class="mw-redirect" title="1965 South Africa rugby union tour of Australasia">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour" class="mw-redirect" title="1981 South Africa rugby union tour">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand">1994</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_union_team" title="Argentina national rugby union team">Argentina</a><span class="flagicon"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Argentina_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1979 Argentina rugby union tour of New Zealand">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Argentina_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1989 Argentina rugby union tour of New Zealand">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Argentina_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1997 Argentina rugby union tour of New Zealand">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Argentina_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_Great_Britain" title="2001 Argentina rugby union tour of New Zealand and Great Britain">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Argentina_rugby_union_tour" title="2004 Argentina rugby union tour">2004</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team" title="England national rugby union team">England</a><span class="flagicon"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1963_England_rugby_union_tour_of_Australasia" title="1963 England rugby union tour of Australasia">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_England_rugby_union_tour_of_Fiji_and_New_Zealand" title="1973 England rugby union tour of Fiji and New Zealand">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_England_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1985 England rugby union tour of New Zealand">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_England_rugby_union_tour_of_Australasia_and_South_Africa" title="1998 England rugby union tour of Australasia and South Africa">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_England_rugby_union_tour_of_the_Southern_Hemisphere" title="2003 England rugby union tour of the Southern Hemisphere">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_England_rugby_union_tour_of_Australasia" title="2004 England rugby union tour of Australasia">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_England_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="2008 England rugby union tour of New Zealand">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_England_rugby_union_tour_of_Australasia" title="2010 England rugby union tour of Australasia">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_England_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="2014 England rugby union tour of New Zealand">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_England_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="2024 England rugby union tour of New Zealand">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team" title="France national rugby union team">France</a><span class="flagicon"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1961_France_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_Australia" title="1961 France rugby union tour of New Zealand and Australia">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_France_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_Australia" title="1968 France rugby union tour of New Zealand and Australia">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_France_rugby_union_tour_of_Fiji_and_New_Zealand" title="1979 France rugby union tour of Fiji and New Zealand">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_France_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1984 France rugby union tour of New Zealand">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_France_rugby_union_tour_of_Argentina,_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="1986 France rugby union tour of Argentina, Australia and New Zealand">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_France_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1989 France rugby union tour of New Zealand">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_France_rugby_union_tour_of_Canada_and_New_Zealand" title="1994 France rugby union tour of Canada and New Zealand">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_France_rugby_union_tour_of_Samoa,_Tonga_and_New_Zealand" title="1999 France rugby union tour of Samoa, Tonga and New Zealand">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_France_rugby_union_tour_of_South_Africa_and_New_Zealand" title="2001 France rugby union tour of South Africa and New Zealand">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_France_rugby_union_tour_of_Argentina_and_New_Zealand" title="2003 France rugby union tour of Argentina and New Zealand">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_France_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="2007 France rugby union tour of New Zealand">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_France_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="2013 France rugby union tour of New Zealand">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_France_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="2018 France rugby union tour of New Zealand">2018</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team" title="Ireland national rugby union team">Ireland</a><span class="flagicon"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/IRFU_flag.svg/23px-IRFU_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/IRFU_flag.svg/35px-IRFU_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/IRFU_flag.svg/45px-IRFU_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Ireland_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_Fiji" title="1976 Ireland rugby union tour of New Zealand and Fiji">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Ireland_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1992 Ireland rugby union tour of New Zealand">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Ireland_rugby_union_tour" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 Ireland rugby union tour">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Ireland_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="2002 Ireland rugby union tour of New Zealand">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Ireland_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_Australia" title="2006 Ireland rugby union tour of New Zealand and Australia">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Ireland_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_Australia" title="2008 Ireland rugby union tour of New Zealand and Australia">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Ireland_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_Australia" title="2010 Ireland rugby union tour of New Zealand and Australia">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Ireland_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="2012 Ireland rugby union tour of New Zealand">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ireland_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="2022 Ireland rugby union tour of New Zealand">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy_national_rugby_union_team" title="Italy national rugby union team">Italy</a><span class="flagicon"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Italy_rugby_union_tour_of_USA,_New_Zealand_and_South_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="1980 Italy rugby union tour of USA, New Zealand and South Pacific">1980</a><small> (no test)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Italy_rugby_union_tour" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Italy rugby union tour">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Italy_rugby_union_tour" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Italy rugby union tour">2003</a><small> (no test)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team" title="Scotland national rugby union team">Scotland</a><span class="flagicon"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1975_Scotland_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1975 Scotland rugby union tour of New Zealand">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Scotland_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1981 Scotland rugby union tour of New Zealand">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Scotland_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1990 Scotland rugby union tour of New Zealand">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Scotland_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1996 Scotland rugby union tour of New Zealand">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Scotland_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="2000 Scotland rugby union tour of New Zealand">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Scotland_rugby_union_tour_of_Oceania" title="2004 Scotland rugby union tour of Oceania">2004</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team" title="Wales national rugby union team">Wales</a><span class="flagicon"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1969_Wales_rugby_union_tour" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Wales rugby union tour">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Wales_rugby_union_tour" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 Wales rugby union tour">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Wales_rugby_union_tour_of_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="2003 Wales rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Wales_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="2010 Wales rugby union tour of New Zealand">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Wales_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="2016 Wales rugby union tour of New Zealand">2016</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romania_national_rugby_union_team" title="Romania national rugby union team">Romania</a><span class="flagicon"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Romania_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1991 Romania rugby union tour of New Zealand">1991</a><small> (no test)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_union_team" title="Japan national rugby union team">Japan</a><span class="flagicon"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1974_Japan_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1974 Japan rugby union tour of New Zealand">1974</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_union_team" title="Fiji national rugby union team">Fiji</a><span class="flagicon"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1974_Fiji_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1974 Fiji rugby union tour of New Zealand">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Fiji_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1980 Fiji rugby union tour of New Zealand">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Fiji_rugby_union_tour" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Fiji rugby union tour">1989</a><small> (no test)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Fiji_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_South_Africa" title="1996 Fiji rugby union tour of New Zealand and South Africa">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Fiji_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1997 Fiji rugby union tour of New Zealand">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Fiji_rugby_union_tours" title="2003 Fiji rugby union tours">2003</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_union_team" title="Samoa national rugby union team">Western Samoa</a><span class="flagicon"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/46px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Western_Samoa_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1996 Western Samoa rugby union tour of New Zealand">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Samoa_rugby_union_tour_of_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="2005 Samoa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand">2005</a><small> (no test)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islanders_rugby_union_team" title="Pacific Islanders rugby union team">Pacific Islanders</a> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islanders_rugby_union_team" title="Pacific Islanders rugby union team"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_rugby_Pacific_Islanders.svg/24px-Flag_of_rugby_Pacific_Islanders.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_rugby_Pacific_Islanders.svg/36px-Flag_of_rugby_Pacific_Islanders.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_rugby_Pacific_Islanders.svg/48px-Flag_of_rugby_Pacific_Islanders.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Pacific_Islanders_rugby_union_tour" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Pacific Islanders rugby union tour">2004</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canada_national_rugby_union_team" title="Canada national rugby union team">Canada</a><span class="flagicon"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1995_Canada_rugby_union_tour_of_Fiji_and_New_Zealand" title="1995 Canada rugby union tour of Fiji and New Zealand">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Canada_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="2007 Canada rugby union tour of New Zealand">2007</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#00623c; color:#FFC425; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFC425, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFC425;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team" title="Template:South Africa national rugby union team"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFC425">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team" title="Template talk:South Africa national rugby union team"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFC425">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Africa national rugby union team"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFC425">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team" title="South Africa national rugby union team"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFC425; text-decoration: inherit;">South Africa national rugby union team</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#00623c; color:#FFC425; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFC425, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFC425;;"><div><a href="/wiki/South_African_Rugby_Union" title="South African Rugby Union"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFC425; text-decoration: inherit;">South African Rugby Union</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00623c; color:#FFC425; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFC425, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFC425;;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team" title="History of the South Africa national rugby union team">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Rugby_Board" title="South African Rugby Board">South African Rugby Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_and_apartheid" title="Rugby union and apartheid">Rugby union and apartheid</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Invictus_(film)" title="Invictus (film)">Invictus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team_records" title="List of South Africa national rugby union team records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamp_Staaldraad" title="Kamp Staaldraad">Kamp Staaldraad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00623c; color:#FFC425; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFC425, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFC425;;;width:1%">Players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_Africa_national_rugby_union_players" title="List of South Africa national rugby union players">All Players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team_captains" title="List of South Africa national rugby union team captains">Captains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_Africa_national_under-20_rugby_union_team_players" title="List of South Africa national under-20 rugby union team players">Under-20 players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_Africa_national_rugby_sevens_players" title="List of South Africa national rugby sevens players">Sevens players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rugby_union_tries_by_Bryan_Habana" title="List of international rugby union tries by Bryan Habana">Tries by Bryan Habana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00623c; color:#FFC425; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFC425, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFC425;;;width:1%">Competitions and trophies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_at_the_Rugby_World_Cup" title="South Africa at the Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rugby_Championship" title="The Rugby Championship">The Rugby Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Cup" title="Freedom Cup">Freedom Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandela_Challenge_Plate" title="Mandela Challenge Plate">Mandela Challenge Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Cup" title="Prince William Cup">Prince William Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa Cup">Africa Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00623c; color:#FFC425; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFC425, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFC425;;;width:1%">Related teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_sevens_team" title="South Africa national rugby sevens team">Sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_A_national_rugby_union_team" title="South Africa A national rugby union team">South Africa A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Universities_rugby_union_team" title="South Africa Universities rugby union team">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_amateur_national_rugby_union_team" title="South Africa amateur national rugby union team">Amateur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_President%27s_XV" title="South Africa President's XV">President's XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_national_under-20_rugby_union_team" title="South Africa national under-20 rugby union team">U20s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_national_under-18_rugby_union_team" title="South Africa national under-18 rugby union team">U18s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00623c; color:#FFC425; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFC425, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFC425;;;width:1%">Matches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#00623c; color:#FFC425; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFC425, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFC425;;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rugby_World_Cup_finals" title="List of Rugby World Cup finals"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFC425; text-decoration: inherit;">World Cup finals</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1995_Rugby_World_Cup_final" title="1995 Rugby World Cup final">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Rugby_World_Cup_final" title="2007 Rugby World Cup final">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Rugby_World_Cup_final" title="2019 Rugby World Cup final">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Rugby_World_Cup_final" title="2023 Rugby World Cup final">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#00623c; color:#FFC425; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFC425, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFC425;;">By opponent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_union_matches_between_Argentina_and_South_Africa" title="History of rugby union matches between Argentina and South Africa">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_union_matches_between_Australia_and_South_Africa" title="History of rugby union matches between Australia and South Africa">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_union_matches_between_South_Africa_and_the_Barbarians" title="History of rugby union matches between South Africa and the Barbarians">Barbarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_union_matches_between_South_Africa_and_the_British_%26_Irish_Lions" title="History of rugby union matches between South Africa and the British & Irish Lions">British & Irish Lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_union_matches_between_England_and_South_Africa" title="History of rugby union matches between England and South Africa">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_union_matches_between_France_and_South_Africa" title="History of rugby union matches between France and South Africa">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_union_matches_between_Ireland_and_South_Africa" title="History of rugby union matches between Ireland and South Africa">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_union_matches_between_Italy_and_South_Africa" title="History of rugby union matches between Italy and South Africa">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_union_matches_between_New_Zealand_and_South_Africa" title="History of rugby union matches between New Zealand and South Africa">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_union_matches_between_Scotland_and_South_Africa" title="History of rugby union matches between Scotland and South Africa">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_union_matches_between_South_Africa_and_Wales" title="History of rugby union matches between South Africa and Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#00623c; color:#FFC425; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFC425, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFC425;;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_South_Africa_vs_New_Zealand_rugby_union_match" title="1992 South Africa vs New Zealand rugby union match">New Zealand (1992)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#00623c; color:#FFC425; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFC425, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFC425;;;width:1%">Tours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#00623c; color:#FFC425; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFC425, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFC425;;">Argentina and <br />South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Junior_Springboks_tour_in_Argentina" title="1932 Junior Springboks tour in Argentina">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Junior_Springboks_tour_of_South_America" title="1959 Junior Springboks tour of South America">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_South_African_Gazelles_rugby_union_tour_in_Argentina" title="1966 South African Gazelles rugby union tour in Argentina">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_South_African_Gazelles_rugby_union_tour_in_Argentina" title="1972 South African Gazelles rugby union tour in Argentina">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_South_America" title="1980 South Africa rugby union tour of South America">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Argentina" title="1993 South Africa rugby union tour of Argentina">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Argentina_and_Europe" title="1996 South Africa rugby union tour of Argentina and Europe">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Argentina,_Britain_and_Ireland" title="2000 South Africa rugby union tour of Argentina, Britain and Ireland">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Argentina_and_Europe" title="2005 South Africa rugby union tour of Argentina and Europe">2005</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#00623c; color:#FFC425; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFC425, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFC425;;">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1921_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_to_New_Zealand_and_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="1937 South Africa rugby union tour to New Zealand and Australia">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Australasia" class="mw-redirect" title="1965 South Africa rugby union tour of Australasia">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Australia" title="1971 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Australia" title="1993 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia">1993</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#00623c; color:#FFC425; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFC425, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFC425;;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1906%E2%80%9307_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Europe" title="1906–07 South Africa rugby union tour of Europe">1906–07</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912%E2%80%9313_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Europe" title="1912–13 South Africa rugby union tour of Europe">1912–13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931%E2%80%9332_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Britain_and_Ireland" title="1931–32 South Africa rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland">1931–32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Europe" title="1951–52 South Africa rugby union tour of Europe">1951–52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Europe" title="1960–61 South Africa rugby union tour of Europe">1960–61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Scotland_and_Ireland" title="1965 South Africa rugby union tour of Scotland and Ireland">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969%E2%80%9370_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Britain_and_Ireland" title="1969–70 South Africa rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland">1969–70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_France_and_England" title="1992 South Africa rugby union tour of France and England">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Britain_and_Ireland" title="1994 South Africa rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Argentina_and_Europe" title="1996 South Africa rugby union tour of Argentina and Europe">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Europe" title="1997 South Africa rugby union tour of Europe">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Britain_and_Ireland" title="1998 South Africa rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Argentina,_Britain_and_Ireland" title="2000 South Africa rugby union tour of Argentina, Britain and Ireland">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Europe_and_the_United_States" title="2001 South Africa rugby union tour of Europe and the United States">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Europe" title="2002 South Africa rugby union tour of Europe">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Argentina_and_Europe" title="2004 South Africa rugby union tour of Argentina and Europe">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Argentina_and_Europe" title="2005 South Africa rugby union tour of Argentina and Europe">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Ireland_and_England" title="2006 South Africa rugby union tour of Ireland and England">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Europe" title="2007 South Africa rugby union tour of Europe">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Europe" title="2008 South Africa rugby union tour of Europe">2008</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#00623c; color:#FFC425; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFC425, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFC425;;">New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1921_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_to_New_Zealand_and_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="1937 South Africa rugby union tour to New Zealand and Australia">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Australasia" class="mw-redirect" title="1965 South Africa rugby union tour of Australasia">1965</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand" title="1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand">1994</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#00623c; color:#FFC425; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFC425, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFC425;;">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Europe_and_the_United_States" title="2001 South Africa rugby union tour of Europe and the United States">2001</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sporting_fiascos" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sporting_fiascos" title="Template:Sporting fiascos"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heysel_Stadium_disaster" title="Heysel Stadium disaster">Heysel Stadium disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_disaster" title="Hillsborough disaster">Hillsborough disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_L%27Amicale_riots" title="1999 L'Amicale riots">1999 L'Amicale riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_UEFA_Cup_final_riots" title="2000 UEFA Cup final riots">2000 UEFA Cup final riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania_football_riot" title="Catania football riot">Catania football riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_NK_%C5%A0iroki_Brijeg%E2%80%93FK_Sarajevo_football_riots" title="2009 NK Široki Brijeg–FK Sarajevo football riots">2009 NK Široki Brijeg–FK Sarajevo football riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_UEFA_Champions_League_final_chaos" title="2022 UEFA Champions League final chaos">2022 UEFA Champions League final chaos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ice hockey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Riot" title="Richard Riot">Richard Riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Hockey_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak Hockey Riots">Czechoslovak Hockey Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Vancouver_Stanley_Cup_riot" title="1994 Vancouver Stanley Cup riot">1994 Vancouver Stanley Cup riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Vancouver_Stanley_Cup_riot" title="2011 Vancouver Stanley Cup riot">2011 Vancouver Stanley Cup riot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rugby union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1971_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Australia" title="1971 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia">1971 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1981 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand and the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tennis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A5stad_riots" title="Båstad riots">Båstad riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Malm%C3%B6_anti-Israel_riots" title="2009 Malmö anti-Israel riots">2009 Malmö anti-Israel riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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