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calming measures</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: traffic calming measures"> <meta name="keywords" content="traffic calming measures"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="traffic calming measures"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 4721</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: traffic calming measures</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4721</span> Traffic Calming Measures at Rural Roads in Dhofar</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Bakhit%20Kashoob">Mohammed Bakhit Kashoob</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Salim%20Al-Maashani"> Mohammed Salim Al-Maashani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Abdullah%20Al-Marhoon"> Ahmed Abdullah Al-Marhoon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Traffic calming measures are different design features or strategies used to reduce the speed of a traveling vehicle on a particular road. These calming measures are common on rural roads of Oman. Some of these measures are road speed limits, vertical deflections, horizontal deflections, and road signs. In general, vertical deflections such as rumble strips, road studs (cat’s eye), speed tables, and speed humps are widely used. In this paper, as vehicle speeding is a major cause of road traffic crashes and high fatalities in Oman, the effectiveness of existing traffic calming measures at current locations on rural roads is assessed. The study was conducted on the rural roads of Dhofar Governorate, which is located in the south of Oman. A special focus is given to the calming measures implemented on the mountain roads of Dhofar. It is shown that vertical deflection calming measures are effective in reducing vehicle speed to 20 to 40 kph, depending on the vertical deflection type and spacing. Calming measures are also proposed at locations with a high probability of traffic crashes based on the number of traffic crashes at these locations, road type, and road geometry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20safety" title="road safety">road safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20roads" title=" rural roads"> rural roads</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speed" title=" speed"> speed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20calming%20measures" title=" traffic calming measures"> traffic calming measures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20crash" title=" traffic crash"> traffic crash</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153200/traffic-calming-measures-at-rural-roads-in-dhofar" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153200.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">119</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4720</span> Assessing Traffic Calming Measures for Safe and Accessible Emergency Routes in Norrkoping City in Sweden</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghazwan%20Al-Haji">Ghazwan Al-Haji</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Most accidents occur in urban areas, and the most related casualties are vulnerable road users (pedestrians and cyclists). The traffic calming measures (TCMs) are widely used and considered to be successful in reducing speed and traffic volume. However, TCMs create unwanted effects include: noise, emissions, energy consumption, vehicle delays and emergency response time (ERT). Different vertical and horizontal TCMs have been already applied nationally (Sweden) and internationally with different impacts. It is a big challenge among traffic engineers, planners, and policy-makers to choose and priorities the best TCMs to be implemented. This study will assess the existing guidelines for TCMs in relation to safety and ERT with focus on data from Norrkoping city in Sweden. The expected results will save lives, time, and money on particularly Swedish Roads. The study will also review newly technologies and how they can improve safety and reduce ERT. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20calming%20measures" title="traffic calming measures">traffic calming measures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20safety" title=" traffic safety"> traffic safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=delay%20time" title=" delay time"> delay time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vulnerable%20road%20users" title=" vulnerable road users"> vulnerable road users</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86361/assessing-traffic-calming-measures-for-safe-and-accessible-emergency-routes-in-norrkoping-city-in-sweden" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86361.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">140</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4719</span> Geographic Information System-Based Identification of Road Traffic Crash Hotspots on Rural Roads in Oman</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Bakhit%20Kashoob">Mohammed Bakhit Kashoob</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Salim%20Al-Maashani"> Mohammed Salim Al-Maashani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Abdullah%20Al-Marhoon"> Ahmed Abdullah Al-Marhoon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The use of Geographic Information System (GIS) tools in the analysis of traffic crash data can help to identify locations or hotspots with high instances or risk of traffic crashes. The identification of traffic crash hotspots can effectively improve road safety measures. Mapping of road traffic crash hotspots can help the concerned authorities to give priority and take targeted measures and improvements to the road structure at these locations to reduce traffic crashes and fatalities. In Oman, there are countless rural roads that have more risks for traveling vehicles compared to urban roads. The likelihood of traffic crashes as well as fatality rate may increase with the presence of risks that are associated with the rural type of community. In this paper, the traffic crash hotspots on rural roads in Oman are specified using spatial analysis methods in GIS and traffic crash data. These hotspots are ranked based on the frequency of traffic crash occurrence (i.e., number of traffic crashes) and the rate of fatalities. The result of this study presents a map visualization of locations on rural roads with high traffic crashes and high fatalities rates. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20safety" title="road safety">road safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20roads" title=" rural roads"> rural roads</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20crash" title=" traffic crash"> traffic crash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GIS%20tools" title=" GIS tools"> GIS tools</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153334/geographic-information-system-based-identification-of-road-traffic-crash-hotspots-on-rural-roads-in-oman" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153334.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">149</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4718</span> Development Process and Design Methods for Shared Spaces in Europe</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kazuyasu%20Yoshino">Kazuyasu Yoshino</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keita%20Yamaguchi"> Keita Yamaguchi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toshihiko%20Nishimura"> Toshihiko Nishimura</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masashi%20Kawasaki"> Masashi Kawasaki</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Shared Space, the planning and design concept that allows pedestrians and vehicles to coexist in a street space, has been advocated and developed according to the traffic conditions in each country in Europe. Especially in German/French-speaking countries, the "Meeting Zone," which is a traffic rule combining speed regulation (20km/h) and pedestrian priority, is often applied when designing shared spaces at intersections, squares, and streets in the city center. In this study, the process of establishment and development of the Meeting Zone in Switzerland, France, and Austria was chronologically organized based on the descriptions in the major discourse and guidelines in each country. Then, the characteristics of the spatial design were extracted by analyzing representative examples of Meeting Zone applications. Finally, the relationships between the different approaches to designing of Meeting Zone and traffic regulations in different countries were discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shared%20space" title="shared space">shared space</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20calming" title=" traffic calming"> traffic calming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meeting%20zone" title=" meeting zone"> meeting zone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=street%20design" title=" street design"> street design</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164181/development-process-and-design-methods-for-shared-spaces-in-europe" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164181.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">93</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4717</span> Social Implementation of Information Sharing Road Safety Measure in South-East Asia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hiroki%20Kikuchi">Hiroki Kikuchi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Atsushi%20Fukuda"> Atsushi Fukuda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hirokazu%20Akahane"> Hirokazu Akahane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Satoru%20Kobayakawa"> Satoru Kobayakawa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tuenjai%20Fukuda"> Tuenjai Fukuda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Takeru%20Miyokawa"> Takeru Miyokawa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> According to WHO reports, fatalities by road traffic accidents in many countries of South-East Asia region especially Thailand and Malaysia are increasing year by year. In order to overcome these serious problems, both governments are focusing on road safety measures. In response, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) of Japan and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) have begun active support based on the experiences to reduce the number of fatalities in road accidents in Japan in the past. However, even if the successful road safety measures in Japan is adopted in South-East Asian countries, it is not sure whether it will work well or not. So, it is necessary to clarify the issues and systematize the process for the implementation of road safety measures in South-East Asia. On the basis of the above, this study examined the applicability of "information sharing traffic safety measure" which is one of the successful road safety measures in Japan to the social implementation of road safety measures in South-East Asian countries. The "Information sharing traffic safety measure" is carried out traffic safety measures by stakeholders such as residents, administration, and experts jointly. In this study, we extracted the issues of implementation of road safety measures under local context firstly. This is clarifying the particular issues with its implementation in South-East Asian cities. Secondly, we considered how to implement road safety measures for solving particular issues based on the method of "information sharing traffic safety measure". In the implementation method, the location of the occurrence of a dangerous event was extracted based on the “HIYARI-HATTO” data which were obtained from the residents. This is because it is considered that the implementation of the information sharing traffic safety measure focusing on the location where the dangerous event occurs leads to the reduction of traffic accidents. Also, the target locations for the implementation of measures differ for each city. In Penang, we targeted the intersections　in the downtown, while in Suphan Buri, we targeted mainly traffic control on the intercity highway. Finally, we proposed a method for implementing traffic safety measures. For Penang, we proposed a measure to improve the signal phase and showed the effect of the measure on the micro traffic simulation. For Suphan Buri, we proposed the suitable measures for the danger points extracted by collecting the “HIYARI-HATTO” data of residents to the administration. In conclusion, in order to successfully implement the road safety measure based on the "information sharing traffic safety measure", the process for social implementation of the road safety measures should be consistent and carried out repeatedly. In particular, by clarifying specific issues based on local context in South-East Asian countries, the stakeholders, not only such as government sectors but also local citizens can share information regarding road safety and select appropriate countermeasures. Finally, we could propose this approach to the administration that had the authority. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20sharing%20road%20safety%20measure" title="information sharing road safety measure">information sharing road safety measure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20implementation" title=" social implementation"> social implementation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=South-East%20Asia" title=" South-East Asia"> South-East Asia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HIYARI-HATTO" title=" HIYARI-HATTO "> HIYARI-HATTO </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126306/social-implementation-of-information-sharing-road-safety-measure-in-south-east-asia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126306.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">149</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4716</span> Use of Virtual Reality to Manage Anxiety in Patients on Neuro-Rehabilitation Unit</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anthony%20Cogrove">Anthony Cogrove</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shagun%20Saikia"> Shagun Saikia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pradeep%20Deshpande"> Pradeep Deshpande</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Management of anxiety in rehabilitation setting often is a challenge and is usually done by using medication. The role of psychology and the creation of a quite environment in order to reduce stimulation helps in the process. We have a hypothesis that feedback from a calm visual imagery with soothing music help in reducing anxiety in these setting Aim-To explore the possibility of using virtual reality in the management of anxiety in a setting of neuro-rehabilitation unit. Method: Six patients in an inpatient rehabilitation unit with acquired brain injury subjected to a low stimulation calming visual motion picture with calm music. Six sessions were conducted over 6 weeks. All sessions were performed in a separate purpose built room in the unit. . A cohort of 6 people with various neurological conditions were involved in 6 sessions of 30 minutes during their inpatient rehabilitation. They reported benefit from using the virtual reality environment in reducing their anxiety. Results: All reported improvement in their anxiety levels. They felt there was a calming effect of the session. There was a sense of feeling of self empowerment on direct questioning. Conclusion: Virtual reality environment can aid the traditional rehabilitation techniques used to manage the levels of anxiety experienced by people with acquired brain injury undergoing inpatient rehabilitation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neurological%20rehabilitation" title="neurological rehabilitation">neurological rehabilitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virtual%20reality" title=" virtual reality"> virtual reality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anxiety" title=" anxiety"> anxiety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calming%20environment" title=" calming environment"> calming environment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163448/use-of-virtual-reality-to-manage-anxiety-in-patients-on-neuro-rehabilitation-unit" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163448.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">112</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4715</span> Perception of Risk toward Traffic Violence among Road Users in Makassar, Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sulasmi%20Sudirman">Sulasmi Sudirman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rachmadanty%20Mujah%20Hartika"> Rachmadanty Mujah Hartika</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Traffic violence is currently a big issue in Indonesia. However, the road users perceived risk that is caused by traffic violence is low. The lack of safety driving awareness is one of the factors that road users committed to traffic violence. There are several lists of common traffic violence in Indonesia such as lack of physical fitness, not wearing helmet, unfasten seatbelt, breaking through the traffic light, not holding a driving license, and some more violence. This research sought to explore the perception of road users toward traffic violence. The participants were road users in Makassar, Indonesia who were using cars and motorbikes. The method of the research was a qualitative approach by using a personal interview to collect data. The research showed that there three main ideas of perceiving traffic violence which are motives, environment that supported traffic violence, and reinforcement. The road users committed traffic violence had particular motive, for example, rushing. The road users committed to traffic violence when other road users and significant other did the same. The road users committed traffic violence when the police were not there to give a ticket. It can be concluded that the perception of road users toward traffic violence determined by internal aspect, the social aspect, and regulation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perception" title="perception">perception</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20users" title=" road users"> road users</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic" title=" traffic"> traffic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=violence" title=" violence"> violence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105587/perception-of-risk-toward-traffic-violence-among-road-users-in-makassar-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105587.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">222</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4714</span> Implementation of Traffic Engineering Using MPLS Technology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vishal%20H.%20Shukla">Vishal H. Shukla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20B.%20Deshmukh"> Sanjay B. Deshmukh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Traffic engineering, at its center, is the ability of moving traffic approximately so that traffic from a congested link is moved onto the unused capacity on another link. Traffic Engineering ensures the best possible use of the resources. Now to support traffic engineering in the today’s network, Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is being used which is very helpful for reliable packets delivery in an ongoing internet services. Here a topology is been implemented on GNS3 to focus on the analysis of the communication take place from one site to other through the ISP. The comparison is made between the IP network & MPLS network based on Bandwidth & Jitter which are one of the performance parameters using JPERF simulator. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GNS3" title="GNS3">GNS3</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=JPERF" title=" JPERF"> JPERF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MPLS" title=" MPLS"> MPLS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20engineering" title=" traffic engineering"> traffic engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VMware" title=" VMware"> VMware</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23898/implementation-of-traffic-engineering-using-mpls-technology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23898.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">487</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4713</span> Proposed Alternative System for Existing Traffic Signal System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alluri%20Swaroopa">Alluri Swaroopa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20V.%20N.%20Prasad"> L. V. N. Prasad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Alone with fast urbanization in world, traffic control problem became a big issue in urban construction. Having an efficient and reliable traffic control system is crucial to macro-traffic control. Traffic signal is used to manage conflicting requirement by allocating different sets of mutually compatible traffic movement during distinct time interval. Many approaches have been made proposed to solve this discrete stochastic problem. Recognizing the need to minimize right-of-way impacts while efficiently handling the anticipated high traffic volumes, the proposed alternative system gives effective design. This model allows for increased traffic capacity and reduces delays by eliminating a step in maneuvering through the freeway interchange. The concept proposed in this paper involves construction of bridges and ramps at intersection of four roads to control the vehicular congestion and to prevent traffic breakdown. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bridges" title="bridges">bridges</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=junctions" title=" junctions"> junctions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ramps" title=" ramps"> ramps</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20traffic%20control" title=" urban traffic control"> urban traffic control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27580/proposed-alternative-system-for-existing-traffic-signal-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27580.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">553</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4712</span> Traffic Congestion Analysis and Modeling for Urban Roads of Srinagar City</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adinarayana%20Badveeti">Adinarayana Badveeti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Shafi%20Mir"> Mohammad Shafi Mir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Srinagar City, in India, traffic congestion is a condition on transport networks that occurs as use increases and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queuing. Traffic congestion is conventionally measured using indicators such as roadway level-of-service, the Travel Time Index and their variants. Several measures have been taken in order to counteract congestion like road pricing, car pooling, improved traffic management, etc. While new road construction can temporarily relieve congestion in the longer term, it simply encourages further growth in car traffic through increased travel and a switch away from public transport. The full paper report, on which this abstract is based, aims to provide policymakers and technical staff with the real-time data, conceptual framework and guidance on some of the engineering tools necessary to manage congestion in such a way as to reduce its overall impact on individuals, families, communities, and societies dynamic, affordable, liveable and attractive urban regions will never be free of congestion. Road transport policies, however, should seek to manage congestion on a cost-effective basis with the aim of reducing the burden that excessive congestion imposes upon travellers and urban dwellers throughout the urban road network. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20congestion" title="traffic congestion">traffic congestion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modeling" title=" modeling"> modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20management" title=" traffic management"> traffic management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=travel%20time%20index" title=" travel time index"> travel time index</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82508/traffic-congestion-analysis-and-modeling-for-urban-roads-of-srinagar-city" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82508.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">319</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4711</span> Dynamic Network Approach to Air Traffic Management</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Catia%20S.%20A.%20Sima">Catia S. A. Sima</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Bousson"> K. Bousson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Congestion in the Terminal Maneuvering Areas (TMAs) of larger airports impacts all aspects of air traffic flow, not only at national level but may also induce arrival delays at international level. Hence, there is a need to monitor appropriately the air traffic flow in TMAs so that efficient decisions may be taken to manage their occupancy rates. It would be desirable to physically increase the existing airspace to accommodate all existing demands, but this question is entirely utopian and, given this possibility, several studies and analyses have been developed over the past decades to meet the challenges that have arisen due to the dizzying expansion of the aeronautical industry. The main objective of the present paper is to propose concepts to manage and reduce the degree of uncertainty in the air traffic operations, maximizing the interest of all involved, ensuring a balance between demand and supply, and developing and/or adapting resources that enable a rapid and effective adaptation of measures to the current context and the consequent changes perceived in the aeronautical industry. A central task is to emphasize the increase in air traffic flow management capacity to the present day, taking into account not only a wide range of methodologies but also equipment and/or tools already available in the aeronautical industry. The efficient use of these resources is crucial as the human capacity for work is limited and the actors involved in all processes related to air traffic flow management are increasingly overloaded and, as a result, operational safety could be compromised. The methodology used to answer and/or develop the issues listed above is based on the advantages promoted by the application of Markov Chain principles that enable the construction of a simplified model of a dynamic network that describes the air traffic flow behavior anticipating their changes and eventual measures that could better address the impact of increased demand. Through this model, the proposed concepts are shown to have potentials to optimize the air traffic flow management combined with the operation of the existing resources at each moment and the circumstances found in each TMA, using historical data from the air traffic operations and specificities found in the aeronautical industry, namely in the Portuguese context. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air%20traffic%20flow" title="air traffic flow">air traffic flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=terminal%20maneuvering%20area" title=" terminal maneuvering area"> terminal maneuvering area</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TMA" title=" TMA"> TMA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air%20traffic%20management" title=" air traffic management"> air traffic management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ATM" title=" ATM"> ATM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Markov%20chains" title=" Markov chains"> Markov chains</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113066/dynamic-network-approach-to-air-traffic-management" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113066.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">133</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4710</span> Urban Traffic: Understanding the Traffic Flow Factor Through Fluid Dynamics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sathish%20Kumar%20Jayaraj">Sathish Kumar Jayaraj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study of urban traffic dynamics, underpinned by the principles of fluid dynamics, offers a distinct perspective to comprehend and enhance the efficiency of traffic flow within bustling cityscapes. Leveraging the concept of the Traffic Flow Factor (TFF) as an analog to the Reynolds number, this research delves into the intricate interplay between traffic density, velocity, and road category, drawing compelling parallels to fluid dynamics phenomena. By introducing the notion of Vehicle Shearing Resistance (VSR) as an analogy to dynamic viscosity, the study sheds light on the multifaceted influence of traffic regulations, lane management, and road infrastructure on the smoothness and resilience of traffic flow. The TFF equation serves as a comprehensive metric for quantifying traffic dynamics, enabling the identification of congestion hotspots, the optimization of traffic signal timings, and the formulation of data-driven traffic management strategies. The study underscores the critical significance of integrating fluid dynamics principles into the domain of urban traffic management, fostering sustainable transportation practices, and paving the way for a more seamless and resilient urban mobility ecosystem. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20flow%20factor%20%28TFF%29" title="traffic flow factor (TFF)">traffic flow factor (TFF)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20traffic%20dynamics" title=" urban traffic dynamics"> urban traffic dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fluid%20dynamics%20principles" title=" fluid dynamics principles"> fluid dynamics principles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vehicle%20shearing%20resistance%20%28VSR%29" title=" vehicle shearing resistance (VSR)"> vehicle shearing resistance (VSR)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20congestion%20management" title=" traffic congestion management"> traffic congestion management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20urban%20mobility" title=" sustainable urban mobility"> sustainable urban mobility</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182540/urban-traffic-understanding-the-traffic-flow-factor-through-fluid-dynamics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182540.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">62</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4709</span> The Effect of User Comments on Traffic Application Usage</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Gokasar">I. Gokasar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Bakioglu"> G. Bakioglu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the unprecedented rates of technological improvements, people start to solve their problems with the help of technological tools. According to application stores and websites in which people evaluate and comment on the traffic apps, there are more than 100 traffic applications which have different features with respect to their purpose of usage ranging from the features of traffic apps for public transit modes to the features of traffic apps for private cars. This study focuses on the top 30 traffic applications which were chosen with respect to their download counts. All data about the traffic applications were obtained from related websites. The purpose of this study is to analyze traffic applications in terms of their categorical attributes with the help of developing a regression model. The analysis results suggest that negative interpretations (e.g., being deficient) does not lead to lower star ratings of the applications. However, those negative interpretations result in a smaller increase in star rate. In addition, women use higher star rates than men for the evaluation of traffic applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20app" title="traffic app">traffic app</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=real%E2%80%93time%20information" title=" real–time information"> real–time information</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20congestion" title=" traffic congestion"> traffic congestion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regression%20analysis" title=" regression analysis"> regression analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dummy%20variables" title=" dummy variables"> dummy variables</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52331/the-effect-of-user-comments-on-traffic-application-usage" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52331.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">429</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4708</span> Assessment of the Impact of Traffic Safety Policy in Barcelona, 2010-2019</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Llu%C3%ADs%20Berm%C3%BAdez">Lluís Bermúdez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isabel%20%20Morillo"> Isabel Morillo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Road safety involves carrying out a determined and explicit policy to reduce accidents. In the city of Barcelona, through the Local Road Safety Plan 2013-2018, in line with the framework that has been established at the European and state level, a series of preventive, corrective and technical measures are specified, with the priority objective of reducing the number of serious injuries and fatalities. In this work, based on the data from the accidents managed by the local police during the period 2010-2019, an analysis is carried out to verify whether the measures established in the Plan to reduce the accident rate have had an effect or not and to what extent. The analysis focuses on the type of accident and the type of vehicles involved. Different count regression models have been fitted, from which it can be deduced that the number of serious and fatal victims of the accidents that have occurred in the city of Barcelona has been reduced as the measures approved by the authorities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accident%20reduction" title="accident reduction">accident reduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=count%20regression%20models" title=" count regression models"> count regression models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20safety" title=" road safety"> road safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20traffic" title=" urban traffic"> urban traffic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148201/assessment-of-the-impact-of-traffic-safety-policy-in-barcelona-2010-2019" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148201.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">133</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4707</span> Spatial Analysis of Park and Ride Users’ Dynamic Accessibility to Train Station: A Case Study in Perth</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ting%20%28Grace%29%20Lin">Ting (Grace) Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jianhong%20%28Cecilia%29%20Xia"> Jianhong (Cecilia) Xia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Todd%20Robinson"> Todd Robinson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Accessibility analysis, examining people’s ability to access facilities and destinations, is a fundamental assessment for transport planning, policy making, and social exclusion research. Dynamic accessibility which measures accessibility in real-time traffic environment has been an advanced accessibility indicator in transport research. It is also a useful indicator to help travelers to understand travel time daily variability, assists traffic engineers to monitor traffic congestions, and finally develop effective strategies in order to mitigate traffic congestions. This research involved real-time traffic information by collecting travel time data with 15-minute interval via the TomTom<sup>®</sup> API. A framework for measuring dynamic accessibility was then developed based on the gravity theory and accessibility dichotomy theory through space and time interpolation. Finally, the dynamic accessibility can be derived at any given time and location under dynamic accessibility spatial analysis framework. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20accessibility" title="dynamic accessibility">dynamic accessibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hot%20spot" title=" hot spot"> hot spot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transport%20research" title=" transport research"> transport research</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TomTom%C2%AE%20API" title=" TomTom® API"> TomTom® API</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66401/spatial-analysis-of-park-and-ride-users-dynamic-accessibility-to-train-station-a-case-study-in-perth" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66401.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">388</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4706</span> Robust and Real-Time Traffic Counting System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossam%20M.%20Moftah">Hossam M. Moftah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aboul%20Ella%20Hassanien"> Aboul Ella Hassanien</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the recent years the importance of automatic traffic control has increased due to the traffic jams problem especially in big cities for signal control and efficient traffic management. Traffic counting as a kind of traffic control is important to know the road traffic density in real time. This paper presents a fast and robust traffic counting system using different image processing techniques. The proposed system is composed of the following four fundamental building phases: image acquisition, pre-processing, object detection, and finally counting the connected objects. The object detection phase is comprised of the following five steps: subtracting the background, converting the image to binary, closing gaps and connecting nearby blobs, image smoothing to remove noises and very small objects, and detecting the connected objects. Experimental results show the great success of the proposed approach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20counting" title="traffic counting">traffic counting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20management" title=" traffic management"> traffic management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20processing" title=" image processing"> image processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=object%20detection" title=" object detection"> object detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computer%20vision" title=" computer vision"> computer vision</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43835/robust-and-real-time-traffic-counting-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43835.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">294</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4705</span> The Kidney-Spine Traffic System: Future Cities, Ensuring World Class Civic Amenities in Urban India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abhishek%20Srivastava">Abhishek Srivastava</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jeevesh%20Nandan"> Jeevesh Nandan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manish%20Kumar"> Manish Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study was taken to analyse the alternative source of traffic system for effective and more convenient traffic flow by reducing points of conflicts as well as angle of conflict and keeping in view to minimize the problem of unnecessarily long waiting time, delays, congestion, traffic jam and geometric delays due to intersection between circular and straight lanes. It is a twin kidney-spine type structure system with special allowance for Highway users for quicker passes. Thus reduction in number and intensity of accidents, significance reduction in traffic jam, conservation of valuable time. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20system" title="traffic system">traffic system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collision%20reduction%20of%20vehicles" title=" collision reduction of vehicles"> collision reduction of vehicles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smooth%20flow%20of%20vehicles" title=" smooth flow of vehicles"> smooth flow of vehicles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20jam" title=" traffic jam"> traffic jam</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15808/the-kidney-spine-traffic-system-future-cities-ensuring-world-class-civic-amenities-in-urban-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15808.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">426</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4704</span> Closed Loop Traffic Control System Using PLC</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chinmay%20Shah">Chinmay Shah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The project is all about development of a close loop traffic light control system using PLC (Programmable Logic Controller). This project is divided into two parts which are hardware and software. The hardware part for this project is a model of four way junction of a traffic light. Three indicator lamps (Red, Yellow and Green) are installed at each lane for represents as traffic light signal. This traffic control model is a replica of actuated traffic control. Actuated traffic control system is a close loop traffic control system which controls the timing of the indicator lamps depending on the fluidity of traffic for a particular lane. To make it autonomous, in each lane three IR sensors are placed which helps to sense the percentage of traffic present on any particular lane. The IR Sensors and Indicator lamps are connected to LG PLC XGB series. The PLC controls every signal which is coming from the inputs (IR Sensors) to software and display to the outputs (Indicator lamps). Default timing for the indicator lamps is 30 seconds for each lane. But depending on the percentage of traffic present, if the traffic is nearly 30-35%, green lamp will be on for 10 seconds, for 65-70% traffic it will be 20 seconds, for full 100% traffic it will be on for full 30 seconds. The software part that operates with LG PLC is “XG 5000” Programmer. Using this software, the ladder logic diagram is programmed to control the traffic light base on the flow chart. At the end of this project, the traffic light system is actuated successfully by PLC. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=close%20loop" title="close loop">close loop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IR%20sensor" title=" IR sensor"> IR sensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PLC" title=" PLC"> PLC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=light%20control%20system" title=" light control system "> light control system </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13631/closed-loop-traffic-control-system-using-plc" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13631.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">571</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4703</span> Distributed Actor System for Traffic Simulation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Han%20Wang">Han Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhuoxian%20Dai"> Zhuoxian Dai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhe%20Zhu"> Zhe Zhu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hui%20Zhang"> Hui Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhenyu%20Zeng"> Zhenyu Zeng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In traditional microscopic traffic simulation, various approaches have been suggested to implement the single-agent behaviors about lane changing and intelligent driver model. However, when it comes to very large metropolitan areas, microscopic traffic simulation requires more resources and become time-consuming, then macroscopic traffic simulation aggregate trends of interests rather than individual vehicle traces. In this paper, we describe the architecture and implementation of the actor system of microscopic traffic simulation, which exploits the distributed architecture of modern-day cloud computing. The results demonstrate that our architecture achieves high-performance and outperforms all the other traditional microscopic software in all tasks. To the best of our knowledge, this the first system that enables single-agent behavior in macroscopic traffic simulation. We thus believe it contributes to a new type of system for traffic simulation, which could provide individual vehicle behaviors in microscopic traffic simulation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=actor%20system" title="actor system">actor system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cloud%20computing" title=" cloud computing"> cloud computing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distributed%20system" title=" distributed system"> distributed system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20simulation" title=" traffic simulation"> traffic simulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128664/distributed-actor-system-for-traffic-simulation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128664.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">192</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4702</span> Artificial Neural Network and Statistical Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomas%20Berhanu%20Bekele">Tomas Berhanu Bekele</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Traffic congestion is one of the main problems related to transportation in developed as well as developing countries. Traffic control systems are based on the idea of avoiding traffic instabilities and homogenizing traffic flow in such a way that the risk of accidents is minimized and traffic flow is maximized. Lately, Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) has become an important area of research to solve such road traffic-related issues for making smart decisions. It links people, roads and vehicles together using communication technologies to increase safety and mobility. Moreover, accurate prediction of road traffic is important to manage traffic congestion. The aim of this study is to develop an ANN model for the prediction of traffic flow and to compare the ANN model with the linear regression model of traffic flow predictions. Data extraction was carried out in intervals of 15 minutes from the video player. Video of mixed traffic flow was taken and then counted during office work in order to determine the traffic volume. Vehicles were classified into six categories, namely Car, Motorcycle, Minibus, mid-bus, Bus, and Truck vehicles. The average time taken by each vehicle type to travel the trap length was measured by time displayed on a video screen. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intelligent%20transport%20system%20%28ITS%29" title="intelligent transport system (ITS)">intelligent transport system (ITS)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20flow%20prediction" title=" traffic flow prediction"> traffic flow prediction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20neural%20network%20%28ANN%29" title=" artificial neural network (ANN)"> artificial neural network (ANN)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20regression" title=" linear regression"> linear regression</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183194/artificial-neural-network-and-statistical-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183194.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">67</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4701</span> Traffic Light Detection Using Image Segmentation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vaishnavi%20Shivde">Vaishnavi Shivde</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shrishti%20Sinha"> Shrishti Sinha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Trapti%20Mishra"> Trapti Mishra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Traffic light detection from a moving vehicle is an important technology both for driver safety assistance functions as well as for autonomous driving in the city. This paper proposed a deep-learning-based trafﬁc light recognition method that consists of a pixel-wise image segmentation technique and a fully convolutional network i.e., UNET architecture. This paper has used a method for detecting the position and recognizing the state of the traffic lights in video sequences is presented and evaluated using Traffic Light Dataset which contains masked traffic light image data. The first stage is the detection, which is accomplished through image processing (image segmentation) techniques such as image cropping, color transformation, segmentation of possible traffic lights. The second stage is the recognition, which means identifying the color of the traffic light or knowing the state of traffic light which is achieved by using a Convolutional Neural Network (UNET architecture). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20light%20detection" title="traffic light detection">traffic light detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20segmentation" title=" image segmentation"> image segmentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classification" title=" classification"> classification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convolutional%20neural%20networks" title=" convolutional neural networks"> convolutional neural networks</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137254/traffic-light-detection-using-image-segmentation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137254.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">173</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4700</span> Model for Calculating Traffic Mass and Deceleration Delays Based on Traffic Field Theory</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liu%20Canqi">Liu Canqi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zeng%20Junsheng"> Zeng Junsheng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study identifies two typical bottlenecks that occur when a vehicle cannot change lanes: car following and car stopping. The ideas of traffic field and traffic mass are presented in this work. When there are other vehicles in front of the target vehicle within a particular distance, a force is created that affects the target vehicle's driving speed. The characteristics of the driver and the vehicle collectively determine the traffic mass; the driving speed of the vehicle and external variables have no bearing on this. From a physical level, this study examines the vehicle's bottleneck when following a car, identifies the outside factors that have an impact on how it drives, takes into account that the vehicle will transform kinetic energy into potential energy during deceleration, and builds a calculation model for traffic mass. The energy-time conversion coefficient is created from an economic standpoint utilizing the social average wage level and the average cost of motor fuel. Vissim simulation program measures the vehicle's deceleration distance and delays under the Wiedemann car-following model. The difference between the measured value of deceleration delay acquired by simulation and the theoretical value calculated by the model is compared using the conversion calculation model of traffic mass and deceleration delay. The experimental data demonstrate that the model is reliable since the error rate between the theoretical calculation value of the deceleration delay obtained by the model and the measured value of simulation results is less than 10%. The article's conclusion is that the traffic field has an impact on moving cars on the road and that physical and socioeconomic factors should be taken into account while studying vehicle-following behavior. The deceleration delay value of a vehicle's driving and traffic mass have a socioeconomic relationship that can be utilized to calculate the energy-time conversion coefficient when dealing with the bottleneck of cars stopping and starting. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20field" title="traffic field">traffic field</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20economics" title=" social economics"> social economics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20mass" title=" traffic mass"> traffic mass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bottleneck" title=" bottleneck"> bottleneck</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deceleration%20delay" title=" deceleration delay"> deceleration delay</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174256/model-for-calculating-traffic-mass-and-deceleration-delays-based-on-traffic-field-theory" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174256.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">67</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4699</span> Density Based Traffic System Using Pic Microcontroller</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tatipamula%20Samiksha%20Goud">Tatipamula Samiksha Goud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=.A.Naveena">.A.Naveena</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.sresta"> M.sresta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Traffic congestion is a major issue in many cities throughout the world, particularly in urban areas, and it is past time to switch from a fixed timer mode to an automated system. The current traffic signalling system is a fixed-time system that is inefficient if one lane is more functional than the others. A structure for an intelligent traffic control system is being designed to address this issue. When traffic density is higher on one side of a junction, the signal's green time is extended in comparison to the regular time. This study suggests a technique in which the signal's time duration is assigned based on the amount of traffic present at the time. Infrared sensors can be used to do this. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrared%20sensors" title="infrared sensors">infrared sensors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro-controllers" title=" micro-controllers"> micro-controllers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LEDs" title=" LEDs"> LEDs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oscillators" title=" oscillators"> oscillators</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152588/density-based-traffic-system-using-pic-microcontroller" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152588.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4698</span> Relationship between Driving under the Influence and Traffic Safety</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eun%20Hak%20Lee">Eun Hak Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Young-Hyun%20Seo"> Young-Hyun Seo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hosuk%20Shin"> Hosuk Shin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seung-Young%20Kho"> Seung-Young Kho</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Among traffic crashes, driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol is the most dangerous behavior in Seoul, South Korea. In 2016 alone 40 deaths occurred on of 2,857 cases of DUI. Since DUI is one of the major factors in increasing the severity of crashes, the intensive management of DUI required to reduce traffic crash deaths and the crash damages. This study aims to investigate the relationship between DUI and traffic safety in order to establish countermeasures for traffic safety improvement. The analysis was conducted on the habitual drivers who drove under the influence. Information of habitual drivers is matched to crash data and fine data. The descriptive statistics on data used in this study, which consists of driver license acquisition, traffic fine, and crash data provided by the Korean National Police Agency, are described. The drivers under the influence are classified by statistically significant criteria, such as driver’s age, license type, driving experience, and crash reasons. With the results of the analysis, we propose some countermeasures to enhance traffic safety. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=driving%20under%20influence" title="driving under influence">driving under influence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20safety" title=" traffic safety"> traffic safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20crash" title=" traffic crash"> traffic crash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20fine" title=" traffic fine"> traffic fine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85925/relationship-between-driving-under-the-influence-and-traffic-safety" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85925.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">222</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4697</span> Enhanced Traffic Light Detection Method Using Geometry Information</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Changhwan%20Choi">Changhwan Choi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yongwan%20Park"> Yongwan Park</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we propose a method that allows faster and more accurate detection of traffic lights by a vision sensor during driving, DGPS is used to obtain physical location of a traffic light, extract from the image information of the vision sensor only the traffic light area at this location and ascertain if the sign is in operation and determine its form. This method can solve the problem in existing research where low visibility at night or reflection under bright light makes it difficult to recognize the form of traffic light, thus making driving unstable. We compared our success rate of traffic light recognition in day and night road environments. Compared to previous researches, it showed similar performance during the day but 50% improvement at night. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20light" title="traffic light">traffic light</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intelligent%20vehicle" title=" intelligent vehicle"> intelligent vehicle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=night" title=" night"> night</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=detection" title=" detection"> detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DGPS" title=" DGPS"> DGPS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11840/enhanced-traffic-light-detection-method-using-geometry-information" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11840.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">325</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4696</span> Evaluation of Traffic Noise Around Different Facilities Located in Silent Zones</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khaled%20Shaaban">Khaled Shaaban</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Schools and hospitals are supposed to be located in silent zones. In these areas, it is expected to maintain low noise levels in order to promote a peaceful environment for studying or recovering. However, many of these facilities are located in urban areas and are subject to high levels of noise. In this study, an evaluation of traffic noise around schools and hospitals was conducted during different periods of the day. The results indicated that the noise is positively correlated with the traffic volume around these facilities. Locations with higher traffic volumes tend to have higher noise levels. The results also showed that the noise levels exceed the recommended values by the World Health Organization. Several solutions were suggested as potential courses of action to decrease the excessive level of noise around these facilities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20noise" title="traffic noise">traffic noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20traffic" title=" road traffic"> road traffic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=noise%20levels" title=" noise levels"> noise levels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20volume" title=" traffic volume"> traffic volume</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163737/evaluation-of-traffic-noise-around-different-facilities-located-in-silent-zones" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163737.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">100</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4695</span> Effectiveness of ATMS (Advanced Transport Management Systems) in Asuncion, Paraguay</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sung%20Ho%20Oh">Sung Ho Oh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The advanced traffic lights, the system of traffic information collection and provision, the CCTVs for traffic control, and the traffic information center were installed in Asuncion, capital of Paraguay. After pre-post comparison of the installation, significant changes were found. Even though the traffic volumes were increased, travel speed was higher, so that travel time from origin to destination was decreased. the saving values for travel time, gas cost, and environmental cost are about 47 million US dollars per year. Satisfaction survey results for the installation were presented with statistical significance analysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=advanced%20transport%20management%20systems" title="advanced transport management systems">advanced transport management systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effectiveness" title=" effectiveness"> effectiveness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paraguay" title=" Paraguay"> Paraguay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20lights" title=" traffic lights"> traffic lights</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44715/effectiveness-of-atms-advanced-transport-management-systems-in-asuncion-paraguay" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44715.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">352</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4694</span> Intelligent Ambulance with Advance Features of Traffic Management and Telecommunication</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mamatha%20M.%20N.">Mamatha M. N.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Traffic problems, congested traffic, and flow management were recognized as major problems mostly in all the areas, which have caused a problem for the ambulance which carries the emergency patient. The proposed paper aims in the development of ambulance which reaches the nearby hospital faster even in heavy traffic scenario. This process is activated by implementing hardware in an ambulance as well as in traffic post thus allowing a smooth flow to the ambulance to reach the hospital in time. 1) The design of the vehicle to have a communication between ambulance and traffic post. 2)Electronic Health Record with Data-acquisition system 3)Telemetry of acquired biological parameters to the nearest hospital. Thus interfacing all these three different modules and integrating them on the ambulance could reach the hospital earlier than the present ambulance. The system is accurate and efficient of 99.8%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio-telemetry" title="bio-telemetry">bio-telemetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20acquisition" title=" data acquisition"> data acquisition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patient%20database" title=" patient database"> patient database</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automatic%20traffic%20control" title=" automatic traffic control"> automatic traffic control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51414/intelligent-ambulance-with-advance-features-of-traffic-management-and-telecommunication" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51414.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">315</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4693</span> Changes in Air Quality inside Vehicles and in Working Conditions of Professional Drivers during COVID-19 Pandemic in Paris Area</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Melissa%20Hachem">Melissa Hachem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lynda%20Bensefa-Colas"> Lynda Bensefa-Colas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isabelle%20Momas"> Isabelle Momas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We evaluated the impact of the first lockdown restriction measures (March-May 2020) in the Paris area on (1) the variation of in-vehicle ultrafine particle (UFP) and black carbon (BC) concentrations between pre-and post-lockdown period and (2) the professional drivers working conditions and practices. The study was conducted on 33 Parisian taxi drivers. UFP and BC were measured inside their vehicles with DiSCmini® and microAeth®, respectively, on two typical working days before and after the first lockdown. The job-related characteristics were self-reported. Our results showed that after the first lockdown, the number of clients significantly decreased as well as the taxi driver's journey duration. Taxi drivers significantly opened their windows more and reduced the use of air recirculation. UFP decreased significantly by 32% and BC by 31% after the first lockdown, with a weaker positive correlation compared to before the lockdown. The reduction of in-vehicle UFP was explained mainly by the reduction of traffic flow and ventilation settings, though the latter probably varied according to the traffic condition. No predictor explained the variation of in-vehicle BC concentration between pre-and post-lockdown periods, suggesting different sources of UFP and BC. The road traffic was not anymore the dominant source of BC post-lockdown. We emphasize the role of traffic emissions on in-vehicle air pollution and that preventive measures such as ventilation settings will help to better manage air quality inside a vehicle in order to minimize exposure of professional drivers, as well as passengers, to air pollutants. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=black%20carbon" title="black carbon">black carbon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COVID-19" title=" COVID-19"> COVID-19</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=France" title=" France"> France</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lockdown" title=" lockdown"> lockdown</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=taxis" title=" taxis"> taxis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrafine%20particles" title=" ultrafine particles"> ultrafine particles</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139489/changes-in-air-quality-inside-vehicles-and-in-working-conditions-of-professional-drivers-during-covid-19-pandemic-in-paris-area" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139489.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">192</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4692</span> Evaluation of External Costs of Traffic Accident in Slovak Republic</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anna%20Dolinayova">Anna Dolinayova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jozef%20Danis"> Jozef Danis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juraj%20Camaj"> Juraj Camaj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The report deals with comparison of traffic accidents in Slovak republic in road and rail transport since year 2009 until 2014, with evaluation of external costs and consequently with the possibilities of their internalization. The results of road traffic accidents analysis are realized in line with after-effects they have caused; in line with main cause, place of origin (within or out of town) and in accordance to age of people they were killed or hard, eventually easy injured in traffic accidents. Evaluation of individual after-effects is carried in terms of probability of traffic accidents occurrence. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=external%20costs" title="external costs">external costs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20accident" title=" traffic accident"> traffic accident</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rail%20transport" title=" rail transport"> rail transport</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20transport" title=" road transport"> road transport</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40259/evaluation-of-external-costs-of-traffic-accident-in-slovak-republic" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40259.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> 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