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<span>Symposiums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symposiums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journaux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journaux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Journaux</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journaux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prix_et_récompenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prix_et_récompenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Prix et récompenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prix_et_récompenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Présidents_de_l'OSA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Présidents_de_l'OSA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Présidents de l'OSA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Présidents_de_l'OSA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Annexes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Annexes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Annexes</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Annexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Optical Society</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Disponible en 12 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جمعية البصريات الأمريكية – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمعية البصريات الأمريكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Optical_Society" title="The Optical Society – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="The Optical Society" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optica_(society)" title="Optica (society) – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Optica (society)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedad_%C3%93ptica_Estadounidense" title="Sociedad Óptica Estadounidense – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sociedad Óptica Estadounidense" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_(%D7%90%D7%92%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94)" title="אופטיקה (אגודה) – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אופטיקה (אגודה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Society_of_America" title="Optical Society of America – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Optical Society of America" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" title="アメリカ光学会 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ光学会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Optical_Society" title="The Optical Society – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="The Optical Society" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Society" title="Optical Society – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Optical Society" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Оптическое общество – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оптическое общество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Оптичне товариство – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оптичне товариство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Optica_(society)" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2027280" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" 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class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates" class="noprint"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Map/13/38.912808/-77.043371/fr" data-zoom="13" data-lat="38.912808" data-lon="-77.043371" data-overlays="["_898475df9469727216f679ca5d434174d648645c"]">38° 54′ 46″ N, 77° 02′ 36″ O</a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox_v2 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="entete defaut" style="background-color:#323996;color:#FFFFFF;">Optica </td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Optica_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Logo de l'organisation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Optica_logo.png/280px-Optica_logo.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Optica_logo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="79" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#323996; color:#FFFFFF">Situation</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Région </th> <td>Internationale </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Création </th> <td>1916 </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Ancien nom </th> <td>Optical Society of America </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Type </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_savante" title="Société savante">Société savante</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Siège </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington_(district_de_Columbia)" title="Washington (district de Columbia)">Washington (district de Columbia)</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Coordonnées </th><td><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Map/13/38.912808/-77.043371/fr" data-zoom="13" data-lat="38.912808" data-lon="-77.043371" data-overlays="["_898475df9469727216f679ca5d434174d648645c"]">38° 54′ 46″ N, 77° 02′ 36″ O</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Langue" title="Langue">Langue</a> </th> <td>anglais </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#323996; color:#FFFFFF">Organisation</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Membres </th> <td>18 500 </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Président </th> <td>Michal Lipson (2023) </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><hr style="height:2px; background-color:#323996;" /></td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Site_web" title="Site web">Site web</a> </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.optica.org">optica.org</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <p><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 280px; height: 280px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="280" data-height="280" data-zoom="12" data-overlays="["_4b071e8e8f083c089982455fca9e3691c5a8a1d1"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,12,a,a,280x280.png?lang=fr&domain=fr.wikipedia.org&title=Optical_Society&revid=209664548&groups=_4b071e8e8f083c089982455fca9e3691c5a8a1d1" width="280" height="280" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,12,a,a,280x280@2x.png?lang=fr&domain=fr.wikipedia.org&title=Optical_Society&revid=209664548&groups=_4b071e8e8f083c089982455fca9e3691c5a8a1d1 2x" alt="Carte" /></a> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #323996 solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_Society&action=edit&section=0"><span class="infodoc">modifier</span></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Organisation" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Optica</b>, anciennement l’<i><b><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Optical Society</span></b></i> ou l'<i><b><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Optical Society of America</span></b></i> (OSA), est une <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_savante" title="Société savante">société savante</a> fondée en 1916, dont le but est de promouvoir la connaissance de l'<a href="/wiki/Optique" title="Optique">optique</a> et de la <a href="/wiki/Photonique" title="Photonique">photonique</a> par des conférences, des publications, des bourses et des prix. </p><p>Elle est considérée, avec la <a href="/wiki/SPIE_(optique)" class="mw-redirect" title="SPIE (optique)">SPIE</a>, comme la plus grande société savante internationale de professionnels sur les sujets de l'optique et de la photonique. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historique">Historique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_Society&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Historique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_Society&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Historique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les champs couverts par Optica sont larges, et l'ont été dès ses débuts : <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopie" title="Spectroscopie">spectroscopie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photographie" title="Photographie">photographie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conception_optique" title="Conception optique">conception optique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorim%C3%A9trie" title="Colorimétrie">colorimétrie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optique_physiologique" title="Optique physiologique">optique physiologique</a>, instrumentation, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-laser_p104-5_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laser_p104-5-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Créée en 1916, l'OSA est <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(entreprise)" title="Incorporation (entreprise)">incorporée</a> en 1932<sup id="cite_ref-tech_societies_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tech_societies-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> après avoir participé avec l’<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a></span></i>, l’<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Acoustical_Society_of_America" title="Acoustical Society of America">Acoustical Society of America</a></span></i> et la <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Rheology" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Rheology">Society of Rheology</a></span></i>, à la fondation le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1931-05-03" data-sort-value="1931-05-03">3 mai 1931</time> de l’<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics" title="American Institute of Physics">American Institute of Physics</a></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'OSA est impliquée à ses débuts dans la détermination de la terminologie naissante en colorimétrie<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, elle se prononce aussi sur les unités à utiliser dans la mesure de l'intensité lumineuse, rédige un rapport sur la <a href="/wiki/Spectrophotom%C3%A9trie" title="Spectrophotométrie">spectrophotométrie</a>, etc. se plaçant de ce fait en référente de la plupart de ces sciences<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> grâce à son comité « Nomenclature et Standards » subdivisé en sous-comités étudiant et approfondissant le sujet. En date de 1922, les sous-comités suivants sont en service<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> : </p> <div style="column-count:2;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul><li>Spectrophotométrie</li> <li>Spectroradiométrie</li> <li>Pyrométrie</li> <li>Photométrie et illumination</li> <li>Réflectométrie</li> <li>Réfractométrie</li> <li>Colorimétrie</li> <li>Lentilles et instruments optiques</li> <li>Projection</li> <li>Longueurs d'onde</li></ul> </div> <p>Le premier bond de l'OSA s'est opéré dans les années 1950, avec les besoins de l'armée américaine en matière d'équipement intégrant de l'optique. L'intérêt et les emplois générés dans ce domaine attirent alors les inscriptions<sup id="cite_ref-laser_p104-5_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laser_p104-5-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Les années 1960 représentent un grand changement pour l'OSA en termes de membres et de position parmi les sociétés savantes américaines. En 1959, un bureau permanent est ouvert à <a href="/wiki/Washington_(district_de_Columbia)" title="Washington (district de Columbia)">Washington</a> et <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Elizabeth_Warga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Elizabeth Warga (page inexistante)">Mary Elizabeth Warga</a> est nommée secrétaire exécutive, la première depuis la fondation<sup id="cite_ref-laser_p104-5_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laser_p104-5-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En 1960, l'OSA possède environ 3 000 membres<sup id="cite_ref-laser_p111_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laser_p111-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ce qui représente environ quatre fois le nombre d'adhérents en 1940<sup id="cite_ref-laser_p104-5_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laser_p104-5-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> : en 1942, les membres étaient au nombre de 987 en tout<sup id="cite_ref-tech_societies_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tech_societies-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Alors que l'étude des lasers n'en est qu'à ses balbutiements — le premier <a href="/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">maser</a> à <a href="/wiki/Rubis" title="Rubis">rubis</a> n'est conçu qu'en 1960 — l’<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Optical Society</span></i> organise dès <time class="nowrap" datetime="1960-10" data-sort-value="1960-10">octobre 1960</time> une conférence de <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Maiman" title="Theodore Maiman">Theodore Maiman</a> lors de sa réunion bi-annuelle. La réunion suivante, du 2 au <time class="nowrap" datetime="1961-03-04" data-sort-value="1961-03-04">4 mars 1961</time> à <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, comprend quatre symposiums sur les masers, quatre présentations et quatorze papiers plus courts<sup id="cite_ref-laser_p110_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laser_p110-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>À compter de cette date, Mary Warga, qui a fait partie pendant quatre ans du conseil d'administration et a été secrétaire exécutif de l'OSA<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, a été la première à approcher les chercheurs du domaine des lasers, enjoignant notamment <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Arthur Schawlow</a> et Robert E. Hopkins qui devinrent par la suite présidents de l'OSA<sup id="cite_ref-laser_p111_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laser_p111-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>En 2008, la société savante change de nom et devient <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">The Optical Society (OSA)</span></i>. En septembre 2021, le nom change à nouveau et devient « Optica ». </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisation">Organisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_Society&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Organisation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_Society&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Organisation"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>À ses origines, l'OSA est une association assez restreinte. En 1929, les <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">patrons</span></i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>n 1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> s'engageaient à payer 1 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="dollar">$</abbr> ou plus, il y avait des membres honoraires, les membres corporatifs<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>n 2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> payant 50 $ par an, les membres (7,5 $ annuels) et les membres associés (5 $ annuels)<sup id="cite_ref-BNRC_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNRC-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ces tarifs se poursuivent et en 1942, les prix sont les mêmes<sup id="cite_ref-tech_societies_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tech_societies-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activités"><span id="Activit.C3.A9s"></span>Activités</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_Society&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Activités" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_Society&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Activités"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symposiums">Symposiums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_Society&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Symposiums" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_Society&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Symposiums"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La société se réunit deux fois par an, le meeting annuel a lieu en octobre, la deuxième réunion a lieu en février ou mars<sup id="cite_ref-tech_societies_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tech_societies-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journaux">Journaux</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_Society&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Journaux" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_Society&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Journaux"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L’<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Optical Society</span></i> a dès sa création, produit des journaux à comité de lecture touchant à l'ensemble des domaines de l'optique. </p> <ul><li><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Optical_Society_of_America" title="Journal of the Optical Society of America">Journal of the Optical Society of America</a></span></i> : souvent abrégé JOSA, c'est une des premières publications de l'OSA. En 1962, après le lancement réussit de <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Applied Optics</span></i>, ce journal est réservé uniquement à la recherche, laissant le domaine de l'ingénierie à la nouvelle publication<sup id="cite_ref-laser_p104-5_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laser_p104-5-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. À l'origine bimensuel sous le nom <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_the_Optical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of the Optical Society (page inexistante)">Journal of the Optical Society</a></span></i>, il en paraît 5 volumes de 1917 à 1921 avant de devenir un mensuel sous le nom de <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_the_Optical_Society_of_America_and_Review_of_Scientific_Instruments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of the Optical Society of America and Review of Scientific Instruments (page inexistante)">Journal of the Optical Society of America and Review of Scientific Instruments</a></span></i> à partir de <time class="nowrap" datetime="1922-05" data-sort-value="1922-05">mai 1922</time><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> sur quatorze autres volumes (6 à 19) jusqu'en 1929. Le journal est alors scindé en deux publications séparées mensuelles<sup id="cite_ref-tech_societies_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tech_societies-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-BNRC_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNRC-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> : <ul><li>Le JOSA ;</li> <li>Le <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Review_of_Scientific_Instruments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Review of Scientific Instruments (page inexistante)">The Review of Scientific Instruments</a></span></i> dont la publication se fait en coopération avec l’<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Association of Scientific Apparatus Makers of the United States of America</span></i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul></li> <li><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_Optics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Applied Optics (page inexistante)">Applied Optics</a></span></i> : bimensuel paru pour la première fois en <time class="nowrap" datetime="1962-01" data-sort-value="1962-01">janvier 1962</time>, il a, lors de ses débuts, été très utilisé pour les parutions concernant les études de masers et lasers, à tel point qu'un supplément <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Optical Masers</span></i> a été publié fin 1962. Les souscriptions ont été très fortes dès le début de la parution de ce journal, notamment grâce à l'engouement pour les lasers : environ 3 300 inscriptions en <time class="nowrap" datetime="1962-03" data-sort-value="1962-03">mars 1962</time> à une époque où l'OSA avait à peu près autant de membres. Le journal devient rapidement mensuel au cours de 1962, et le hors-série sur les masers s'est vendu à 4 000 exemplaires<sup id="cite_ref-laser_p111_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laser_p111-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prix_et_récompenses"><span id="Prix_et_r.C3.A9compenses"></span>Prix et récompenses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_Society&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Prix et récompenses" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_Society&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Prix et récompenses"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Outre le <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">fellowship</span></i>, l'OSA décerne régulièrement diverses médailles, prix et récompenses à des scientifiques et ingénieurs opticiens dans le monde pour leur travail dans les différents domaines de l'optique. </p> <ul><li>William F. Meggers Award<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>R. W. Wood Prize<sup id="cite_ref-prize2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prize2-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>Charles Hard Townes Award/Medal<sup id="cite_ref-prize2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prize2-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>John Tyndall Award : créé en 1987, il récompense les avancées dans le domaine de la communication optique et des fibres optiques, il est sponsorisé par l'OSA et l'<a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lasers_and_Electro-Optic_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lasers and Electro-Optic Society (page inexistante)">Lasers and Electro-Optic Society</a> (LEOS), désormais IEEE Photonics Society, et est doté par <a href="/wiki/Corning_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Corning Inc.">Corning Inc.</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolph_Lomb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolph Lomb (page inexistante)">Adolph Lomb</a> Medal<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>Ellis R. Lippincott Award<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>Frederick Ives Medal : créée en 1928 par l'ancien président de l'OSA <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Eugene_Ives" title="Herbert Eugene Ives">Herbert Eugene Ives</a> en hommage à son père, elle devait récompenser tous les deux ans les travaux notoires en optique<sup id="cite_ref-BNRC_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNRC-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>prix Max Born : décerné depuis 1982, en hommage à <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a>, pour des contributions pionnières en optique théorique ou expérimentale<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Présidents_de_l'OSA"><span id="Pr.C3.A9sidents_de_l.27OSA"></span>Présidents de l'OSA</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_Society&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Présidents de l'OSA" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_Society&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Présidents de l'OSA"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'OSA a depuis sa création, été dirigée par 82 présidents, dont 4 femmes. </p> <table class="wikitable centre" width="100%"> <caption>Présidents de 1916 à 1936 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row">Année </th> <td>1916</td> <td>1917</td> <td>1918</td> <td>1919</td> <td>1920</td> <td>1921</td> <td>1922</td> <td>1923</td> <td>1924</td> <td>1925</td> <td>1926</td> <td>1927</td> <td>1928</td> <td>1929</td> <td>1930</td> <td>1931</td> <td>1932</td> <td>1933</td> <td>1934</td> <td>1935</td> <td>1936 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Président </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Perley_Gilman_Nutting" title="Perley Gilman Nutting">Perley Gilman Nutting</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Eugene_Wright" title="Frederick Eugene Wright">Frederick Eugene Wright</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Floyd_K._Richtmyer" title="Floyd K. Richtmyer">Floyd K. Richtmyer</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_P._C._Southall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James P. C. Southall (page inexistante)">James P. C. Southall</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Thompson_Troland" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Thompson Troland">Leonard Thompson Troland</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Eugene_Yves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Eugene Yves (page inexistante)">Herbert Eugene Yves</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_E._Forsythe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William E. Forsythe (page inexistante)">William E. Forsythe</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irwin_G._Priest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irwin G. Priest (page inexistante)">Irwin G. Priest</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loyd_A._Jones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loyd A. Jones (page inexistante)">Loyd A. Jones</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_C._Crittenden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugene C. Crittenden (page inexistante)">Eugene C. Crittenden</a></td> <td colspan="2">Wilbur B. Rayton</td> <td colspan="2">Arthur C. Hardy </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable centre" width="100%"> <caption>Présidents de 1937 à 1957 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row">Année </th> <td>1937</td> <td>1938</td> <td>1939</td> <td>1940</td> <td>1941</td> <td>1942</td> <td>1943</td> <td>1944</td> <td>1945</td> <td>1946</td> <td>1947</td> <td>1948</td> <td>1949</td> <td>1950</td> <td>1951</td> <td>1952</td> <td>1953</td> <td>1954</td> <td>1955</td> <td>1956</td> <td>1957 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Président </th> <td colspan="2">Roswell Clifton Gibbs</td> <td colspan="2">Kasson S. Gibson</td> <td colspan="2">Archie G. Worthing</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/August_Herman_Pfund" title="August Herman Pfund">August H. Pfund</a></td> <td colspan="2">George R. Harrison</td> <td colspan="2">Rudolf Kingslake</td> <td colspan="2">William F. Meggers</td> <td colspan="2">Brian O'Brien</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Deane_B._Judd" title="Deane B. Judd">Deane B. Judd</a></td> <td colspan="3">Ralph A. Sawyer </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable centre" width="100%"> <caption>Présidents de 1958 à 1978 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row">Année </th> <td>1958</td> <td>1959</td> <td>1960</td> <td>1961</td> <td>1962</td> <td>1963</td> <td>1964</td> <td>1965</td> <td>1966</td> <td>1967</td> <td>1968</td> <td>1969</td> <td>1970</td> <td>1971</td> <td>1972</td> <td>1973</td> <td>1974</td> <td>1975</td> <td>1976</td> <td>1977</td> <td>1978 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Président </th> <td>Irving C. Gardner</td> <td>John D. Strong</td> <td>James G. Baker</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wallace_R._Brode" title="Wallace R. Brode">Wallace R. Brode</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_MacAdam" title="David MacAdam">David MacAdam</a></td> <td>Stanley S. Ballard</td> <td>Richard C. Lord</td> <td>Seibert Q. Duntley</td> <td>Van Zandt Williams</td> <td>John A. Sanderson</td> <td>Arthur F. Turner</td> <td>Karl G. Kessler</td> <td>W. Lewis Hyde</td> <td>Bruce H. Billings</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aden_Meinel" title="Aden Meinel">Aden Meinel</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hopkins" title="Robert E. Hopkins">Robert E. Hopkins</a></td> <td>F. Dow Smith</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Arthur Leonard Schawlow</a></td> <td>Boris P. Stoicheff</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Franken" title="Peter Franken">Peter Franken</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emil_Wolf" title="Emil Wolf">Emil Wolf</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable centre" width="100%"> <caption>Présidents de 1979 à 1999 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row">Année </th> <td>1979</td> <td>1980</td> <td>1981</td> <td>1982</td> <td>1983</td> <td>1984</td> <td>1985</td> <td>1986</td> <td>1987</td> <td>1988</td> <td>1989</td> <td>1990</td> <td>1991</td> <td>1992</td> <td>1993</td> <td>1994</td> <td>1995</td> <td>1996</td> <td>1997</td> <td>1998</td> <td>1999 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Président </th> <td>Dudley Williams</td> <td>Warren J. Smith</td> <td>Anthony J. DeMaria</td> <td>Robert P. Madden</td> <td>Kenneth M. Baird</td> <td>Donald R. Herriott</td> <td>Robert R. Shannon</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean_M._Bennett" title="Jean M. Bennett">Jean M. Bennett</a></td> <td>Robert G. Greenler</td> <td>William B. Bridges</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Herwig_Kogelnik" title="Herwig Kogelnik">Herwig Kogelnik</a></td> <td>Richard L. Abrams</td> <td>John N. Howard</td> <td>Joseph W. Goodman</td> <td>Elsa M. Garmire</td> <td>Robert L. Byer</td> <td>Tingye Li</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duncan_T._Moore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duncan T. Moore (page inexistante)">Duncan T. Moore</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Janet_Sue_Fender" title="Janet Sue Fender">Janet Sue Fender</a></td> <td>Gary C. Bjorklund</td> <td>Anthony E. Siegman </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable centre" width="100%"> <caption>Présidents de 2000 à 2020 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row">Année </th> <td>2000</td> <td>2001</td> <td>2002</td> <td>2003</td> <td>2004</td> <td>2005</td> <td>2006</td> <td>2007</td> <td>2008</td> <td>2009</td> <td>2010</td> <td>2011</td> <td>2012</td> <td>2013</td> <td>2014</td> <td>2015</td> <td>2016</td> <td>2017</td> <td>2018</td> <td>2019</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Président </th> <td>Erich P. Ippen</td> <td>Richard C. Powell</td> <td>Anthony M. Johnson</td> <td>G. Michael Morris</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Knight" title="Peter L. Knight">Peter L. Knight</a></td> <td>Susan Houde-Walter</td> <td>Eric Van Stryland</td> <td>Joseph H. Eberly</td> <td>Rod C. Alferness</td> <td>Thomas M. Baer</td> <td>James C. Wyant</td> <td>Christopher Dainty</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tony_F._Heinz" title="Tony F. Heinz">Tony F. Heinz</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Donna Strickland</a></td> <td>Philip H. Bucksbaum</td> <td>Philip St. John Russell</td> <td>Alan E. Willner</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eric_Mazur" title="Eric Mazur">Eric Mazur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ian_Walmsley" title="Ian Walmsley">Ian Walmsley</a></td> <td>Ursula Gibson</td> <td>Stephen D. Fantone </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable centre" width="100%"> <caption>Présidents de 2021 à 2041 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row">Année </th> <td>2021</td> <td>2022</td> <td>2023 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Président </th> <td>Constance J. Chang-Hasnain</td> <td>Satoshi Kawata</td> <td>Michal Lipson </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annexes">Annexes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_Society&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Annexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_Society&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Annexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_Society&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_Society&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_Society&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_Society&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:36em; column-count:2;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-laser_p104-5-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-laser_p104-5_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-laser_p104-5_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-laser_p104-5_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-laser_p104-5_1-3">d</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-laser_p104-5_1-4">e</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bromberg1991">Bromberg 1991</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 104-105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tech_societies-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tech_societies_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tech_societies_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tech_societies_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tech_societies_2-3">d</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-tech_societies_2-4">e</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#tech1942">Scientific and Technical societies 1942</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#tech1942">Scientific and Technical societies 1942</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#BNRCv5">Bulletin of the NRC vol. 5</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">//books.google.com/books?id=13bM5n2VHgoC </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#BNRCv5">Troland 1922</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-laser_p111-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-laser_p111_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-laser_p111_7-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-laser_p111_7-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bromberg1991">Bromberg 1991</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-laser_p110-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-laser_p110_8-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bromberg1991">Bromberg 1991</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wayne2011">Wayne 2011</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 947</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BNRC-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BNRC_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNRC_12-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-BNRC_12-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#tech1930">Scientific and Technical societies 1930</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-1645565">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#tech1930">Scientific and Technical societies 1930</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">//books.google.com/books?id=ELgdzgdFQL8C&pg=PA76 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">//books.google.com/books?id=uBqr3eOZSZYC&pg=PR27 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prize2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-prize2_17-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-prize2_17-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">//books.google.com/books?id=rz8N4li-pdkC&pg=PR5 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">//books.google.com/books?id=R1aduFDhkBMC&pg=PA78 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">//books.google.com/books?id=F5CxjbxIJ8AC&pg=PA13 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">//books.google.com/books?id=PstuspPsw3oC&q=Adolph%20Lomb%20Medal </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">//books.google.com/books?id=4JdRVQDXFl8C&pg=PA122 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osa.org/en-us/awards_and_grants/awards/award_description/maxborn/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Max Born Award</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">osa.org</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-03-15" data-sort-value="2020-03-15">15 mars 2020</time>)</small></span></span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notes">Notes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_Society&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifier la section : Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_Society&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Littéralement « dirigeants » ou « patrons » ou « protecteurs », voir <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wikt:patrons" class="extiw" title="en:wikt:patrons">patrons</a></span></i> sur le <a href="/wiki/Wiktionnaire" title="Wiktionnaire">wiktionnaire</a> anglophone.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">corporate members</span>.</i></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_Society&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_Society&action=edit&section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="Bromberg1991"><span class="ouvrage" id="Joan_Lisa_Bromberg1991"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Joan Lisa <span class="nom_auteur">Bromberg</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The laser in America, 1950-1970</cite>, <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>, <time>1991</time>, 391 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=P6Ta1MPiOM8C">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+laser+in+America%2C+1950-1970&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.aulast=Bromberg&rft.aufirst=Joan+Lisa&rft.date=1991&rft.tpages=391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AOptical+Society"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Wayne2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Tiffany_K._Wayne2011"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Tiffany K. <span class="nom_auteur">Wayne</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">American Women of Science Since 1900 : Essays A-H</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 1, <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>, <time>2011</time>, 1025 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=gPGZJ_YuMwgC&pg=PA947">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Women+of+Science+Since+1900&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.stitle=Essays+A-H&rft.aulast=Wayne&rft.aufirst=Tiffany+K.&rft.date=2011&rft.volume=1&rft.tpages=1025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AOptical+Society"></span></span></span></li></ul> <p>Bulletins de la NRC : </p> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="BNRCv5"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Leonard Thompson <span class="nom_auteur">Troland</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The present status of visual science</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Bulletin of the National Research Council</span></i>, Washington D.C., National Academy of Sciences, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 5, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 27,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1922-12" data-sort-value="1922-12">décembre 1922</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=yC4rAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA110">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+present+status+of+visual+science&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+National+Research+Council&rft.issue=27&rft.aulast=Troland&rft.aufirst=Leonard+Thompson&rft.date=1922-12&rft.volume=5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AOptical+Society"></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="tech1930"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Scientific and Technical Societies of the United States and Canada</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Bulletin of the National Research Council</span></i>, National Academies, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 76,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1930-05" data-sort-value="1930-05">mai 1930</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 237 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=pCMrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA237">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Scientific+and+Technical+Societies+of+the+United+States+and+Canada&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+National+Research+Council&rft.issue=76&rft.date=1930-05&rft.pages=237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AOptical+Society"></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="tech1942"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Scientific and Technical Societies of the United States and Canada</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Bulletin of the National Research Council</span></i>, National Academies, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 4,‎ <time>1942</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 245 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=REUrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA245">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Scientific+and+Technical+Societies+of+the+United+States+and+Canada&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+National+Research+Council&rft.date=1942&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AOptical+Society"></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_Society&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifier la section : 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