CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Bromine - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9f95c7cf-efb5-498b-b519-8e5bf18146b1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Bromine","wgTitle":"Bromine","wgCurRevisionId":1275207355,"wgRevisionId":1275207355,"wgArticleId":3756,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Good articles","Use dmy dates from May 2022","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Use British English from January 2018","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","WikiProject Elements pages using ENGVAR","Articles containing Latin-language text","Chembox having GHS data","Chembox container only","Bromine","Chemical elements","Diatomic nonmetals","Gases with color","Halogens","Oxidizing agents","Reactive nonmetals"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Bromine","wgRelevantArticleId":3756,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q879","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.24"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bromine_vial_in_acrylic_cube.jpg/1200px-Bromine_vial_in_acrylic_cube.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1188"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bromine_vial_in_acrylic_cube.jpg/960px-Bromine_vial_in_acrylic_cube.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="792"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="634"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Bromine - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromine"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromine"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Bromine rootpage-Bromine skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Bromine" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Bromine" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Bromine" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Bromine" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Properties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Properties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Isotopes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry_and_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry_and_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Chemistry and compounds </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemistry_and_compounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Chemistry and compounds subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Chemistry_and_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hydrogen_bromide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrogen_bromide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Hydrogen bromide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrogen_bromide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_binary_bromides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_binary_bromides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Other binary bromides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_binary_bromides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bromine_halides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bromine_halides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Bromine halides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bromine_halides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polybromine_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polybromine_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Polybromine compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polybromine_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bromine_oxides_and_oxoacids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bromine_oxides_and_oxoacids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Bromine oxides and oxoacids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bromine_oxides_and_oxoacids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organobromine_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organobromine_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Organobromine compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organobromine_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence_and_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence_and_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Occurrence and production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence_and_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flame_retardants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flame_retardants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Flame retardants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flame_retardants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Other uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_role_and_toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_role_and_toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Biological role and toxicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_role_and_toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 General and cited references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bromine</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 149 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-149" aria-hidden="true" > 149 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broom" title="Broom – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Broom" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AE%E1%88%9A%E1%8A%95" title="ብሮሚን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ብሮሚን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="بروم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bromo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromu" title="Bromu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Bromu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromu" title="Bromu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bromu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="ब्रोमिन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="ब्रोमिन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brom" title="Brom – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Brom" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brom" title="Brom – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Brom" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ব্রোমিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্রোমিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%A0u-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Chhàu-sò͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhàu-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бром – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бром" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бром – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бром" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бром – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бром" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="ब्रोमीन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ब्रोमीन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromina" title="Bromina – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bromina" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бром – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бром" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A6%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="རྦོར་མིན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྦོར་མིན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brom" title="Brom – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Brom" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brom" title="Brom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brom" title="Brom – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Brom" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бром – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бром" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bromo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brom" title="Brom – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Brom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromu" title="Bromu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Bromu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bromin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brom" title="Brom – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="بروم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بروم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brom" title="Brom – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broom" title="Broom – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Broom" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Βρώμιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βρώμιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бром – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Бром" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bromo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bromo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bromo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85" title="برم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bromine" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brom" title="Brom – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Brom" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brome" title="Brome – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Brome" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brom" title="Brom – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Brom" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B3im%C3%ADn" title="Bróimín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bróimín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromeen" title="Bromeen – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bromeen" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B2main" title="Bròmain – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bròmain" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bromo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="溴" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8" title="બ્રોમિન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બ્રોમિન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhiu" title="Chhiu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhiu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бром – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Бром" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A1%9C%EB%AF%BC" title="브로민 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브로민" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B4" title="Բրոմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրոմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="ब्रोमीन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्रोमीन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brom" title="Brom – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Brom" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bromo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bromin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bromo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бром – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бром" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmBhulufu" title="UmBhulufu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmBhulufu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B3m" title="Bróm – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bróm" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bromo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D" title="ברום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brom" title="Brom – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Brom" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purom" title="Purom – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Purom" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬ್ರೋಮಿನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ರೋಮಿನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ბრომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бром – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бром" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bromin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromi" title="Bromi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bromi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бром – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Бром" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bw%C3%B2m" title="Bwòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bwòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бром – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бром" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бром – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Бром" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99" title="ໂບຣມິນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂບຣມິນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromium" title="Bromium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bromium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broms" title="Broms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Broms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brom" title="Brom – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Brom" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromas" title="Bromas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bromas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brommo" title="Brommo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Brommo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broeam" title="Broeam – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Broeam" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brom" title="Brom – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Brom" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/xunkliru" title="xunkliru – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="xunkliru" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bbolomayini_(Bromine)" title="Bbolomayini (Bromine) – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Bbolomayini (Bromine)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brom" title="Brom – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Brom" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B3m" title="Bróm – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bróm" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бром – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бром" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B4ma" title="Brôma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Brôma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ബ്രോമിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്രോമിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%ABkane" title="Pūkane – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pūkane" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="ब्रोमीन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ब्रोमीन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="بروم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بروم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bromin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9u_(ngu%C3%B2ng-s%C3%B3)" title="Chéu (nguòng-só) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chéu (nguòng-só)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бром – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бром" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဘရိုမင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘရိုမင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broom_(element)" title="Broom (element) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Broom (element)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="ब्रोमिन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ब्रोमिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AD%E7%B4%A0" title="臭素 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="臭素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broom" title="Broom – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Broom" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brom" title="Brom – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brom" title="Brom – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Brom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brome" title="Brome – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Brome" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B2me" title="Bròme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bròme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8" title="ବ୍ରୋମିନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବ୍ରୋମିନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brom" title="Brom – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Brom" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8" title="ਬ੍ਰੋਮੀਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬ੍ਰੋਮੀਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="ब्रोमिन – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="ब्रोमिन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86" title="برومائن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برومائن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" title="برومين – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برومين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B2m" title="Bròm – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Bròm" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brom" title="Brom – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Brom" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brom" title="Brom – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brom" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bromo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brom" title="Brom – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Brom" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purumu" title="Purumu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Purumu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бром – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бром" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="ब्रोमिन – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ब्रोमिन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromu" title="Bromu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bromu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromium" title="Bromium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Bromium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromi" title="Bromi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bromi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromu" title="Bromu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bromu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="බ්‍රෝමීන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බ්‍රෝමීන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bromine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B3m" title="Bróm – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bróm" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brom" title="Brom – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Brom" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boromiin" title="Boromiin – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Boromiin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%85" title="برۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="برۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бром – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бром" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brom" title="Brom – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Brom" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bromin" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromi" title="Bromi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bromi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brom" title="Brom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromina" title="Bromina – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bromina" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="புரோமின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புரோமின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бром – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бром" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="బ్రోమిన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బ్రోమిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="โบรมีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โบรมีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бром – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бром" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brom" title="Brom – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Brom" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бром – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бром" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="برومین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برومین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="بروم – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بروم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brom" title="Brom – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Brom" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brom" title="Brom – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Brom" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="溴" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bromo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="溴" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9D" title="בראם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בראם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B3m%C3%ACn%C3%AC" title="Brómìnì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Brómìnì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="溴" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="溴" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q879#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Bromine" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bromine">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bromine&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bromine&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bromine">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bromine&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bromine&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Bromine" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Bromine" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bromine&oldid=1275207355" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bromine&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Bromine&id=1275207355&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBromine">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBromine">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Bromine&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bromine&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bromine" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Chemicals/Bromines" hreflang="en">Wikiversity</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q879" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 35 (Br)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Bromine, 35Br</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Bromine_vial_in_acrylic_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bromine_vial_in_acrylic_cube.jpg/250px-Bromine_vial_in_acrylic_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bromine_vial_in_acrylic_cube.jpg/330px-Bromine_vial_in_acrylic_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bromine_vial_in_acrylic_cube.jpg/500px-Bromine_vial_in_acrylic_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3421" data-file-height="3387" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Liquid and gas bromine inside transparent cube</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Bromine</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbroʊmiːn, -mɪn, -maɪn/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">BROH-meen, -⁠min, -⁠myne</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">reddish-brown liquid</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Br)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>[79.901, 79.907]<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW-1">[1]</a></li><li>79.904±0.003 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Bromine in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> ↑ Br ↓ <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine"> I </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> ← bromine → <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">krypton</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">35</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">group 17 (halogens)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">period 4</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#p-block" title="Block (periodic table)">p-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>] 3d10 4s2 4p5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 7</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(Br2) 265.8 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (−7.2 °C, 19 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(Br2) 332.0 K (58.8 °C, 137.8 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">Br2, liquid: 3.1028 g/cm3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">Triple point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">265.90 K, 5.8 kPa<a href="#cite_note-b92-3">[3]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical point (thermodynamics)">Critical point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">588 K, 10.34 MPa<a href="#cite_note-b92-3">[3]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(Br2) 10.571 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporisation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(Br2) 29.96 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(Br2) 75.69 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapour pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content; width:-webkit-fit-content; width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>185 </td> <td>201 </td> <td>220 </td> <td>244 </td> <td>276 </td> <td>332 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: −1, +1, +3, +5 +2,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> +4,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-5">[5]</a> +7<a href="#cite_note-GE28-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 2.96 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionisation energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 1139.9 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 2103 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 3470 kJ/mol </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 120 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">120±3 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">185 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:35_(Br_I)_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/35_%28Br_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/250px-35_%28Br_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/35_%28Br_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/500px-35_%28Br_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png 1.5x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of bromine</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic_crystal_system" title="Orthorhombic crystal system">orthorhombic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">oS8</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constants</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Orthorhombic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Orthorhombic crystal structure for bromine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Orthorhombic.svg/60px-Orthorhombic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Orthorhombic.svg/75px-Orthorhombic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Orthorhombic.svg/100px-Orthorhombic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="142" /></a></div>a = 674.30 pm b = 466.85 pm c = 870.02 pm (at triple point: 269.60 K)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.122 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7.8×1010 Ω⋅m (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diamagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamagnetic">diamagnetic</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">−56.4×10−6 cm3/mol<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a></th><td class="infobox-data">206 <a href="/wiki/Metre_per_second" title="Metre per second">m/s</a> (at 20 °C)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7726-95-6 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Naming</th><td class="infobox-data">from Ancient Greek βρῶμος, 'stench', for its sharp and pungent smell</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a> and first isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Balard" title="Antoine Jérôme Balard">Antoine Jérôme Balard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jacob_L%C3%B6wig" title="Carl Jacob Löwig">Carl Jacob Löwig</a> (1825)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_bromine" title="Isotopes of bromine">Isotopes of bromine</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_bromine_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox bromine isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_bromine_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox bromine isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">[9]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">75Br </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">96.7 min </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_plus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta plus decay">β+</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">75Se </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">76Br </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">16.2 h </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β+ </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">76Se </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">77Br </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">57.04 h </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β+ </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">77Se </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">79Br </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">50.6% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">80Br </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">17.68 min </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">80Kr </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">80mBr </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">4.4205 h </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Isomeric_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomeric transition">IT</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">80Br </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">81Br </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">49.4% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">82Br </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">35.282 h </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">82Kr </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bromine" title="Category:Bromine">Category: Bromine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_bromine" title="Template:Infobox bromine">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_bromine" title="Template talk:Infobox bromine">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_bromine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox bromine">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Bromine is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">symbol</a> Br and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 35. It is a volatile red-brown <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a> at room temperature that evaporates readily to form a similarly coloured vapour. Its properties are intermediate between those of <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a>. Isolated independently by two chemists, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jacob_L%C3%B6wig" title="Carl Jacob Löwig">Carl Jacob Löwig</a> (in 1825) and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Balard" title="Antoine Jérôme Balard">Antoine Jérôme Balard</a> (in 1826), its name was derived from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> βρῶμος (bromos) 'stench', referring to its sharp and pungent smell. Elemental bromine is very reactive and thus does not occur as a <a href="/wiki/Free_element" title="Free element">free element</a> in nature. Instead, it can be isolated from colourless soluble crystalline mineral halide <a href="/wiki/Ionic_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic salt">salts</a> analogous to <a href="/wiki/Table_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Table salt">table salt</a>, a property it shares with the other <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogens</a>. While it is rather rare in the Earth's crust, the high solubility of the <a href="/wiki/Bromide" title="Bromide">bromide</a> ion (Br−) has caused its <a href="/wiki/Bromine_cycle" title="Bromine cycle">accumulation in the oceans</a>. Commercially the element is easily extracted from brine <a href="/wiki/Evaporation_pond" title="Evaporation pond">evaporation ponds</a>, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. The mass of bromine in the oceans is about one three-hundredth that of chlorine. At <a href="/wiki/Standard_conditions_for_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard conditions for temperature and pressure">standard conditions for temperature and pressure</a> it is a liquid; the only other element that is liquid under these conditions is <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>. At high temperatures, <a href="/wiki/Organobromine_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organobromine compound">organobromine compounds</a> readily dissociate to yield free bromine atoms, a process that stops <a href="/wiki/Free_radical" class="mw-redirect" title="Free radical">free radical</a> chemical <a href="/wiki/Chain_reaction" title="Chain reaction">chain reactions</a>. This effect makes organobromine compounds useful as <a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">fire retardants</a>, and more than half the bromine produced worldwide each year is put to this purpose. The same property causes ultraviolet <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> to dissociate volatile organobromine compounds in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> to yield free bromine atoms, causing <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">ozone depletion</a>. As a result, many organobromine compounds—such as the <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticide</a> <a href="/wiki/Bromomethane" title="Bromomethane">methyl bromide</a>—are no longer used. Bromine compounds are still used in <a href="/wiki/Well_drilling_fluids" class="mw-redirect" title="Well drilling fluids">well drilling fluids</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">photographic film</a>, and as an intermediate in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic</a> chemicals. Large amounts of bromide salts are toxic from the action of soluble bromide ions, causing <a href="/wiki/Bromism" title="Bromism">bromism</a>. However, bromine is beneficial for human <a href="/wiki/Eosinophil" title="Eosinophil">eosinophils</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid2538427-10">[10]</a> and is an essential trace element for <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> development in all animals.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24906154-11">[11]</a> Hundreds of known organobromine compounds are generated by terrestrial and marine plants and animals, and some serve important biological roles.<a href="#cite_note-Gribble99-12">[12]</a> As a <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceutical</a>, the simple bromide ion (Br−) has inhibitory effects on the central nervous system, and bromide <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> were once a major medical sedative, before replacement by shorter-acting drugs. They retain niche uses as <a href="/wiki/Antiepileptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiepileptic">antiepileptics</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoine_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Balard_1870s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Antoine_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Balard_1870s.jpg/250px-Antoine_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Balard_1870s.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Antoine_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Balard_1870s.jpg/330px-Antoine_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Balard_1870s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Antoine_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Balard_1870s.jpg/500px-Antoine_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Balard_1870s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="997" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Jerome_Balard" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Jerome Balard">Antoine Balard</a>, one of the discoverers of bromine</figcaption></figure> Bromine was discovered independently by two chemists, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jacob_L%C3%B6wig" title="Carl Jacob Löwig">Carl Jacob Löwig</a><a href="#cite_note-L1-13">[13]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Balard" title="Antoine Jérôme Balard">Antoine Balard</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bal1826-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Balard-15">[15]</a> in 1825 and 1826, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Löwig isolated bromine from a mineral water spring from his hometown <a href="/wiki/Bad_Kreuznach" title="Bad Kreuznach">Bad Kreuznach</a> in 1825. Löwig used a solution of the mineral salt saturated with chlorine and extracted the bromine with <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">diethyl ether</a>. After evaporation of the ether, a brown liquid remained. With this liquid as a sample of his work he applied for a position in the laboratory of <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Gmelin" title="Leopold Gmelin">Leopold Gmelin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>. The publication of the results was delayed and Balard published his results first.<a href="#cite_note-Löwig-17">[17]</a> Balard found bromine chemicals in the ash of <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweed</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">salt marshes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a>. The seaweed was used to produce iodine, but also contained bromine. Balard distilled the bromine from a solution of seaweed ash saturated with chlorine. The properties of the resulting substance were intermediate between those of chlorine and iodine; thus he tried to prove that the substance was <a href="/wiki/Iodine_monochloride" title="Iodine monochloride">iodine monochloride</a> (ICl), but after failing to do so he was sure that he had found a new element and named it muride, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word muria ("brine").<a href="#cite_note-Balard-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-OEtymD-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> After the French chemists <a href="/wiki/Louis_Nicolas_Vauquelin" title="Louis Nicolas Vauquelin">Louis Nicolas Vauquelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jacques_Th%C3%A9nard" title="Louis Jacques Thénard">Louis Jacques Thénard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Louis_Gay-Lussac" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac">Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac</a> approved the experiments of the young pharmacist Balard, the results were presented at a lecture of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie des Sciences">Académie des Sciences</a> and published in Annales de Chimie et Physique.<a href="#cite_note-Bal1826-14">[14]</a> In his publication, Balard stated that he changed the name from muride to brôme on the proposal of M. Anglada. The name brôme (bromine) derives from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> βρῶμος (brômos, "stench").<a href="#cite_note-Bal1826-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bal1826b-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-OEtymD-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Other sources claim that the French chemist and physicist <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Louis_Gay-Lussac" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac">Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac</a> suggested the name brôme for the characteristic smell of the vapors.<a href="#cite_note-b1-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wisniak-23">[23]</a> Bromine was not produced in large quantities until 1858, when the discovery of salt deposits in <a href="/wiki/Stassfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Stassfurt">Stassfurt</a> enabled its production as a by-product of <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood790-24">[24]</a> Apart from some minor medical applications, the first commercial use was the <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a>. In 1840, bromine was discovered to have some advantages over the previously used iodine vapor to create the light sensitive <a href="/wiki/Silver_halide" title="Silver halide">silver halide</a> layer in daguerreotypy.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> By 1864, a 25% solution of liquid bromine in .75 molar aqueous potassium bromide<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> was widely used<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> to treat <a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">gangrene</a> during the American Civil War, before the publications of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pasteur" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteur">Pasteur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Potassium_bromide" title="Potassium bromide">Potassium bromide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bromide" title="Sodium bromide">sodium bromide</a> were used as <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedatives</a> in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but were gradually superseded by <a href="/wiki/Chloral_hydrate" title="Chloral hydrate">chloral hydrate</a> and then by the <a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">barbiturates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In the early years of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, bromine compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Xylyl_bromide" title="Xylyl bromide">xylyl bromide</a> were used as <a href="/wiki/Poison_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Poison gas">poison gas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Borden_chemwarfare-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2></div> Bromine is the third <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogen</a>, being a <a href="/wiki/Nonmetal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonmetal (chemistry)">nonmetal</a> in group 17 of the periodic table. Its properties are thus similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a>, and tend to be intermediate between those of chlorine and iodine, the two neighbouring halogens. Bromine has the electron configuration [Ar]4s23d104p5, with the seven electrons in the fourth and outermost shell acting as its <a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron">valence electrons</a>. Like all halogens, it is thus one electron short of a full octet, and is hence a strong oxidising agent, reacting with many elements in order to complete its outer shell.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood800-31">[31]</a> Corresponding to <a href="/wiki/Periodic_trend" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic trend">periodic trends</a>, it is intermediate in <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegativity</a> between chlorine and iodine (F: 3.98, Cl: 3.16, Br: 2.96, I: 2.66), and is less reactive than chlorine and more reactive than iodine. It is also a weaker oxidising agent than chlorine, but a stronger one than iodine. Conversely, the <a href="/wiki/Bromide" title="Bromide">bromide</a> ion is a weaker reducing agent than iodide, but a stronger one than chloride.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood800-31">[31]</a> These similarities led to chlorine, bromine, and iodine together being classified as one of the original triads of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner" title="Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner">Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner</a>, whose work foreshadowed the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic law">periodic law</a> for chemical elements.<a href="#cite_note-purdue-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> It is intermediate in <a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">atomic radius</a> between chlorine and iodine, and this leads to many of its atomic properties being similarly intermediate in value between chlorine and iodine, such as first <a href="/wiki/Ionisation_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionisation energy">ionisation energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity" title="Electron affinity">electron affinity</a>, enthalpy of dissociation of the X2 molecule (X = Cl, Br, I), ionic radius, and X–X bond length.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood800-31">[31]</a> The volatility of bromine accentuates its very penetrating, choking, and unpleasant odour.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood793-34">[34]</a> All four stable halogens experience intermolecular <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force" title="Van der Waals force">van der Waals forces</a> of attraction, and their strength increases together with the number of electrons among all homonuclear diatomic halogen molecules. Thus, the melting and boiling points of bromine are intermediate between those of chlorine and iodine. As a result of the increasing molecular weight of the halogens down the group, the density and heats of fusion and vaporisation of bromine are again intermediate between those of chlorine and iodine, although all their heats of vaporisation are fairly low (leading to high volatility) thanks to their diatomic molecular structure.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood800-31">[31]</a> The halogens darken in colour as the group is descended: fluorine is a very pale yellow gas, chlorine is greenish-yellow, and bromine is a reddish-brown volatile liquid that freezes at −7.2 °C and boils at 58.8 °C. (Iodine is a shiny black solid.) This trend occurs because the wavelengths of visible light absorbed by the halogens increase down the group.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood800-31">[31]</a> Specifically, the colour of a halogen, such as bromine, results from the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_electron_transition" title="Atomic electron transition">electron transition</a> between the <a href="/wiki/HOMO/LUMO" class="mw-redirect" title="HOMO/LUMO">highest occupied</a> antibonding πg molecular orbital and the lowest vacant antibonding σu molecular orbital.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood804-35">[35]</a> The colour fades at low temperatures so that solid bromine at −195 °C is pale yellow.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood800-31">[31]</a> Liquid bromine is infrared-transparent.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Like solid chlorine and iodine, solid bromine crystallises in the <a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic_crystal_system" title="Orthorhombic crystal system">orthorhombic crystal system</a>, in a layered arrangement of Br2 molecules. The Br–Br distance is 227 pm (close to the gaseous Br–Br distance of 228 pm) and the Br···Br distance between molecules is 331 pm within a layer and 399 pm between layers (compare the van der Waals radius of bromine, 195 pm). This structure means that bromine is a very poor conductor of electricity, with a conductivity of around 5 × 10−13 Ω−1 cm−1 just below the melting point, although this is higher than the essentially undetectable conductivity of chlorine.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood800-31">[31]</a> At a pressure of 55 <a href="/wiki/GPa" class="mw-redirect" title="GPa">GPa</a> (roughly 540,000 times atmospheric pressure) bromine undergoes an insulator-to-metal transition. At 75 GPa it changes to a face-centered orthorhombic structure. At 100 GPa it changes to a body centered orthorhombic monatomic form.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_bromine" title="Isotopes of bromine">Isotopes of bromine</a></div> Bromine has two stable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>, 79Br and 81Br. These are its only two natural isotopes, with 79Br making up 51% of natural bromine and 81Br making up the remaining 49%. Both have nuclear spin 3/2− and thus may be used for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">nuclear magnetic resonance</a>, although 81Br is more favourable. The relatively 1:1 distribution of the two isotopes in nature is helpful in identification of bromine containing compounds using mass spectroscopy. Other bromine isotopes are all radioactive, with <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-lives</a> too short to occur in nature. Of these, the most important are 80Br (t1/2 = 17.7 min), 80mBr (t1/2 = 4.421 h), and 82Br (t1/2 = 35.28 h), which may be produced from the <a href="/wiki/Neutron_activation" title="Neutron activation">neutron activation</a> of natural bromine.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood800-31">[31]</a> The most stable bromine radioisotope is 77Br (t1/2 = 57.04 h). The primary decay mode of isotopes lighter than 79Br is <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a> to isotopes of <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>; that of isotopes heavier than 81Br is <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a> to isotopes of <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">krypton</a>; and 80Br may decay by either mode to stable 80Se or 80Kr. Br isotopes from 87Br and heavier undergo beta decay with neutron emission and are of practical importance because they are fission products.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry_and_compounds">Chemistry and compounds</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bromine_compounds" title="Bromine compounds">Bromine compounds</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-top:0; margin-left:1em; text-align:center; font-size:10pt; line-height:11pt; width:25%;"> <caption style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Halogen bond energies (kJ/mol)<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood804-35">[35]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>X </th> <th>XX </th> <th>HX </th> <th>BX3 </th> <th>AlX3 </th> <th>CX4 </th></tr> <tr> <th>F </th> <td>159 </td> <td>574 </td> <td>645 </td> <td>582 </td> <td>456 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cl </th> <td>243 </td> <td>428 </td> <td>444 </td> <td>427 </td> <td>327 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Br </th> <td>193 </td> <td>363 </td> <td>368 </td> <td>360 </td> <td>272 </td></tr> <tr> <th>I </th> <td>151 </td> <td>294 </td> <td>272 </td> <td>285 </td> <td>239 </td></tr></tbody></table> Bromine is intermediate in reactivity between chlorine and iodine, and is one of the most reactive elements. Bond energies to bromine tend to be lower than those to chlorine but higher than those to iodine, and bromine is a weaker oxidising agent than chlorine but a stronger one than iodine. This can be seen from the <a href="/wiki/Standard_electrode_potential" title="Standard electrode potential">standard electrode potentials</a> of the X2/X− couples (F, +2.866 V; Cl, +1.395 V; Br, +1.087 V; I, +0.615 V; At, approximately +0.3 V). Bromination often leads to higher oxidation states than iodination but lower or equal oxidation states to chlorination. Bromine tends to react with compounds including M–M, M–H, or M–C bonds to form M–Br bonds.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood804-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrogen_bromide">Hydrogen bromide</h3></div> The simplest compound of bromine is <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bromide" title="Hydrogen bromide">hydrogen bromide</a>, HBr. It is mainly used in the production of inorganic <a href="/wiki/Bromide" title="Bromide">bromides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkyl_bromide" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl bromide">alkyl bromides</a>, and as a catalyst for many reactions in organic chemistry. Industrially, it is mainly produced by the reaction of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> gas with bromine gas at 200–400 °C with a <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> catalyst. However, reduction of bromine with <a href="/wiki/Red_phosphorus" title="Red phosphorus">red phosphorus</a> is a more practical way to produce hydrogen bromide in the laboratory:<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood809-39">[39]</a> <dl><dd>2 P + 6 H2O + 3 Br2 → 6 HBr + 2 H3PO3</dd> <dd>H3PO3 + H2O + Br2 → 2 HBr + H3PO4</dd></dl> At room temperature, hydrogen bromide is a colourless gas, like all the hydrogen halides apart from <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">hydrogen fluoride</a>, since hydrogen cannot form strong <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonds</a> to the large and only mildly electronegative bromine atom; however, weak hydrogen bonding is present in solid crystalline hydrogen bromide at low temperatures, similar to the hydrogen fluoride structure, before disorder begins to prevail as the temperature is raised.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood809-39">[39]</a> Aqueous hydrogen bromide is known as <a href="/wiki/Hydrobromic_acid" title="Hydrobromic acid">hydrobromic acid</a>, which is a strong acid (pKa = −9) because the hydrogen bonds to bromine are too weak to inhibit dissociation. The HBr/H2O system also involves many hydrates HBr·nH2O for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6, which are essentially salts of bromine <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydronium" title="Hydronium">hydronium</a> <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cations</a>. Hydrobromic acid forms an <a href="/wiki/Azeotrope" title="Azeotrope">azeotrope</a> with boiling point 124.3 °C at 47.63 g HBr per 100 g solution; thus hydrobromic acid cannot be concentrated beyond this point by distillation.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood812-40">[40]</a> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">hydrogen fluoride</a>, anhydrous liquid hydrogen bromide is difficult to work with as a solvent, because its boiling point is low, it has a small liquid range, its <a href="/wiki/Dielectric_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielectric constant">dielectric constant</a> is low and it does not dissociate appreciably into H2Br+ and HBr− 2 ions – the latter, in any case, are much less stable than the <a href="/wiki/Bifluoride" title="Bifluoride">bifluoride</a> ions (HF− 2) due to the very weak hydrogen bonding between hydrogen and bromine, though its salts with very large and weakly polarising cations such as <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs+</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_cation" title="Quaternary ammonium cation">NR+ 4</a> (R = <a href="/wiki/Methyl_group" title="Methyl group">Me</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_group" title="Ethyl group">Et</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butyl_group" title="Butyl group">Bun</a>) may still be isolated. Anhydrous hydrogen bromide is a poor solvent, only able to dissolve small molecular compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Nitrosyl_chloride" title="Nitrosyl chloride">nitrosyl chloride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenol</a>, or salts with very low <a href="/wiki/Lattice_energy" title="Lattice energy">lattice energies</a> such as tetraalkylammonium halides.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood812-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_binary_bromides">Other binary bromides</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bromid_st%C5%99%C3%ADbrn%C3%BD.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bromid_st%C5%99%C3%ADbrn%C3%BD.PNG/250px-Bromid_st%C5%99%C3%ADbrn%C3%BD.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bromid_st%C5%99%C3%ADbrn%C3%BD.PNG/330px-Bromid_st%C5%99%C3%ADbrn%C3%BD.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bromid_st%C5%99%C3%ADbrn%C3%BD.PNG/500px-Bromid_st%C5%99%C3%ADbrn%C3%BD.PNG 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="246" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silver_bromide" title="Silver bromide">Silver bromide</a> (AgBr)</figcaption></figure> Nearly all elements in the periodic table form binary bromides. The exceptions are decidedly in the minority and stem in each case from one of three causes: extreme inertness and reluctance to participate in chemical reactions (the <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gases</a>, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a> in the very unstable <a href="/wiki/Xenon_dibromide" title="Xenon dibromide">XeBr2</a>); extreme nuclear instability hampering chemical investigation before decay and transmutation (many of the heaviest elements beyond <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>); and having an electronegativity higher than bromine's (<a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>), so that the resultant binary compounds are formally not bromides but rather oxides, nitrides, fluorides, or chlorides of bromine. (Nonetheless, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_tribromide" title="Nitrogen tribromide">nitrogen tribromide</a> is named as a bromide as it is analogous to the other nitrogen trihalides.)<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood821-41">[41]</a> Bromination of metals with Br2 tends to yield lower oxidation states than chlorination with Cl2 when a variety of oxidation states is available. Bromides can be made by reaction of an element or its oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate with hydrobromic acid, and then dehydrated by mildly high temperatures combined with either low pressure or anhydrous hydrogen bromide gas. These methods work best when the bromide product is stable to hydrolysis; otherwise, the possibilities include high-temperature oxidative bromination of the element with bromine or hydrogen bromide, high-temperature bromination of a metal oxide or other halide by bromine, a volatile metal bromide, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetrabromide" title="Carbon tetrabromide">carbon tetrabromide</a>, or an organic bromide. For example, <a href="/wiki/Niobium(V)_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Niobium(V) oxide">niobium(V) oxide</a> reacts with carbon tetrabromide at 370 °C to form <a href="/wiki/Niobium(V)_bromide" title="Niobium(V) bromide">niobium(V) bromide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood821-41">[41]</a> Another method is halogen exchange in the presence of excess "halogenating reagent", for example:<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood821-41">[41]</a> <dl><dd>FeCl3 + BBr3 (excess) → FeBr3 + BCl3</dd></dl> When a lower bromide is wanted, either a higher halide may be reduced using hydrogen or a metal as a reducing agent, or thermal decomposition or <a href="/wiki/Disproportionation" title="Disproportionation">disproportionation</a> may be used, as follows:<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood821-41">[41]</a> <dl><dd>3 WBr5 + Al thermal gradient→475 °C → 240 °C 3 WBr4 + AlBr3</dd> <dd>EuBr3 + <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>⁠1/2⁠ H2 → EuBr2 + HBr</dd> <dd>2 TaBr4 500 °C→  TaBr3 + TaBr5</dd></dl> Most metal bromides with the metal in low oxidation states (+1 to +3) are ionic. Nonmetals tend to form covalent molecular bromides, as do metals in high oxidation states from +3 and above. Both ionic and covalent bromides are known for metals in oxidation state +3 (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Scandium_bromide" title="Scandium bromide">scandium bromide</a> is mostly ionic, but <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_bromide" title="Aluminium bromide">aluminium bromide</a> is not). <a href="/wiki/Silver_bromide" title="Silver bromide">Silver bromide</a> is very insoluble in water and is thus often used as a qualitative test for bromine.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood821-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bromine_halides">Bromine halides</h3></div> The halogens form many binary, <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamagnetic">diamagnetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Interhalogen" title="Interhalogen">interhalogen</a> compounds with stoichiometries XY, XY3, XY5, and XY7 (where X is heavier than Y), and bromine is no exception. Bromine forms a monofluoride and monochloride, as well as a trifluoride and pentafluoride. Some cationic and anionic derivatives are also characterised, such as BrF− 2, BrCl− 2, BrF+ 2, BrF+ 4, and BrF+ 6. Apart from these, some <a href="/wiki/Pseudohalogen" title="Pseudohalogen">pseudohalides</a> are also known, such as <a href="/wiki/Cyanogen_bromide" title="Cyanogen bromide">cyanogen bromide</a> (BrCN), bromine <a href="/wiki/Thiocyanate" title="Thiocyanate">thiocyanate</a> (BrSCN), and bromine <a href="/wiki/Azide" title="Azide">azide</a> (BrN3).<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood824-42">[42]</a> The pale-brown <a href="/wiki/Bromine_monofluoride" title="Bromine monofluoride">bromine monofluoride</a> (BrF) is unstable at room temperature, disproportionating quickly and irreversibly into bromine, bromine trifluoride, and bromine pentafluoride. It thus cannot be obtained pure. It may be synthesised by the direct reaction of the elements, or by the comproportionation of bromine and bromine trifluoride at high temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood824-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bromine_monochloride" title="Bromine monochloride">Bromine monochloride</a> (BrCl), a red-brown gas, quite readily dissociates reversibly into bromine and chlorine at room temperature and thus also cannot be obtained pure, though it can be made by the reversible direct reaction of its elements in the gas phase or in <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride" title="Carbon tetrachloride">carbon tetrachloride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood821-41">[41]</a> Bromine monofluoride in <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> readily leads to the monobromination of the <a href="/wiki/Aromaticity" title="Aromaticity">aromatic</a> compounds PhX (para-bromination occurs for X = Me, But, OMe, Br; meta-bromination occurs for the deactivating X = –CO2Et, –CHO, –NO2); this is due to heterolytic fission of the Br–F bond, leading to rapid electrophilic bromination by Br+.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood821-41">[41]</a> At room temperature, <a href="/wiki/Bromine_trifluoride" title="Bromine trifluoride">bromine trifluoride</a> (BrF3) is a straw-coloured liquid. It may be formed by directly fluorinating bromine at room temperature and is purified through distillation. It reacts violently with water and explodes on contact with flammable materials, but is a less powerful fluorinating reagent than <a href="/wiki/Chlorine_trifluoride" title="Chlorine trifluoride">chlorine trifluoride</a>. It reacts vigorously with <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>, iodine, and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> to give fluorides, and will also convert most metals and many metal compounds to fluorides; as such, it is used to oxidise <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> to <a href="/wiki/Uranium_hexafluoride" title="Uranium hexafluoride">uranium hexafluoride</a> in the nuclear power industry. Refractory oxides tend to be only partially fluorinated, but here the derivatives KBrF4 and BrF2SbF6 remain reactive. Bromine trifluoride is a useful nonaqueous ionising solvent, since it readily dissociates to form BrF+ 2 and BrF− 4 and thus conducts electricity.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood828-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bromine_pentafluoride" title="Bromine pentafluoride">Bromine pentafluoride</a> (BrF5) was first synthesised in 1930. It is produced on a large scale by direct reaction of bromine with excess fluorine at temperatures higher than 150 °C, and on a small scale by the fluorination of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_bromide" title="Potassium bromide">potassium bromide</a> at 25 °C. It also reacts violently with water and is a very strong fluorinating agent, although chlorine trifluoride is still stronger.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood832-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polybromine_compounds">Polybromine compounds</h3></div> Although dibromine is a strong oxidising agent with a high first ionisation energy, very strong oxidisers such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peroxydisulfuryl_fluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peroxydisulfuryl fluoride (page does not exist)">peroxydisulfuryl fluoride</a> (S2O6F2) can oxidise it to form the cherry-red Br+ 2 cation. A few other bromine cations are known, namely the brown Br+ 3 and dark brown Br+ 5.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood842-45">[45]</a> The tribromide anion, Br− 3, has also been characterised; it is analogous to <a href="/wiki/Triiodide" title="Triiodide">triiodide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood824-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bromine_oxides_and_oxoacids">Bromine oxides and oxoacids</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-top:0; margin-left:1em; text-align:center; font-size:10pt; line-height:11pt; width:25%;"> <caption>Standard reduction potentials for aqueous Br species<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood853-46">[46]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>E°(couple)</th> <th>a(H+) = 1 (acid)</th> <th>E°(couple)</th> <th>a(OH−) = 1 (base) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Br2/Br−</td> <td>+1.052</td> <td>Br2/Br−</td> <td>+1.065 </td></tr> <tr> <td>HOBr/Br−</td> <td>+1.341</td> <td>BrO−/Br−</td> <td>+0.760 </td></tr> <tr> <td>BrO− 3/Br−</td> <td>+1.399</td> <td>BrO− 3/Br−</td> <td>+0.584 </td></tr> <tr> <td>HOBr/Br2</td> <td>+1.604</td> <td>BrO−/Br2</td> <td>+0.455 </td></tr> <tr> <td>BrO− 3/Br2</td> <td>+1.478</td> <td>BrO− 3/Br2</td> <td>+0.485 </td></tr> <tr> <td>BrO− 3/HOBr</td> <td>+1.447</td> <td>BrO− 3/BrO−</td> <td>+0.492 </td></tr> <tr> <td>BrO− 4/BrO− 3</td> <td>+1.853</td> <td>BrO− 4/BrO− 3</td> <td>+1.025 </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Bromine_oxide" title="Bromine oxide">Bromine oxides</a> are not as well-characterised as <a href="/wiki/Chlorine_oxide" title="Chlorine oxide">chlorine oxides</a> or <a href="/wiki/Iodine_oxide" title="Iodine oxide">iodine oxides</a>, as they are all fairly unstable: it was once thought that they could not exist at all. <a href="/wiki/Dibromine_monoxide" title="Dibromine monoxide">Dibromine monoxide</a> is a dark-brown solid which, while reasonably stable at −60 °C, decomposes at its melting point of −17.5 °C; it is useful in <a href="/wiki/Bromination" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromination">bromination</a> reactions<a href="#cite_note-handin-47">[47]</a> and may be made from the low-temperature decomposition of <a href="/wiki/Bromine_dioxide" title="Bromine dioxide">bromine dioxide</a> in a vacuum. It oxidises iodine to <a href="/wiki/Iodine_pentoxide" title="Iodine pentoxide">iodine pentoxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a> to <a href="/wiki/1,4-benzoquinone" class="mw-redirect" title="1,4-benzoquinone">1,4-benzoquinone</a>; in alkaline solutions, it gives the <a href="/wiki/Hypobromite" title="Hypobromite">hypobromite</a> anion.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood850-48">[48]</a> So-called "<a href="/wiki/Bromine_dioxide" title="Bromine dioxide">bromine dioxide</a>", a pale yellow crystalline solid, may be better formulated as bromine <a href="/wiki/Perbromate" title="Perbromate">perbromate</a>, BrOBrO3. It is thermally unstable above −40 °C, violently decomposing to its elements at 0 °C. <a href="/wiki/Dibromine_trioxide" title="Dibromine trioxide">Dibromine trioxide</a>, syn-BrOBrO2, is also known; it is the anhydride of <a href="/wiki/Hypobromous_acid" title="Hypobromous acid">hypobromous acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bromic_acid" title="Bromic acid">bromic acid</a>. It is an orange crystalline solid which decomposes above −40 °C; if heated too rapidly, it explodes around 0 °C. A few other unstable radical oxides are also known, as are some poorly characterised oxides, such as <a href="/wiki/Dibromine_pentoxide" title="Dibromine pentoxide">dibromine pentoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribromine_octoxide" title="Tribromine octoxide">tribromine octoxide</a>, and bromine trioxide.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood850-48">[48]</a> The four <a href="/wiki/Oxoacid" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxoacid">oxoacids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypobromous_acid" title="Hypobromous acid">hypobromous acid</a> (HOBr), <a href="/wiki/Bromous_acid" title="Bromous acid">bromous acid</a> (HOBrO), <a href="/wiki/Bromic_acid" title="Bromic acid">bromic acid</a> (HOBrO2), and <a href="/wiki/Perbromic_acid" title="Perbromic acid">perbromic acid</a> (HOBrO3), are better studied due to their greater stability, though they are only so in aqueous solution. When bromine dissolves in aqueous solution, the following reactions occur:<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood853-46">[46]</a> <dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <td>Br2 + H2O</td> <td>⇌ HOBr + H+ + Br−</td> <td>Kac = 7.2 × 10−9 mol2 l−2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Br2 + 2 OH−</td> <td>⇌ OBr− + H2O + Br−</td> <td>Kalk = 2 × 108 mol−1 l </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> Hypobromous acid is unstable to disproportionation. The <a href="/wiki/Hypobromite" title="Hypobromite">hypobromite</a> ions thus formed disproportionate readily to give bromide and bromate:<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood853-46">[46]</a> <dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <td>3 BrO− ⇌ 2 Br− + BrO− 3</td> <td>K = 1015 </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> Bromous acids and <a href="/wiki/Bromite" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromite">bromites</a> are very unstable, although the <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a> bromites are known.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood862-49">[49]</a> More important are the <a href="/wiki/Bromate" title="Bromate">bromates</a>, which are prepared on a small scale by oxidation of bromide by aqueous <a href="/wiki/Hypochlorite" title="Hypochlorite">hypochlorite</a>, and are strong oxidising agents. Unlike chlorates, which very slowly disproportionate to chloride and perchlorate, the bromate anion is stable to disproportionation in both acidic and aqueous solutions. Bromic acid is a strong acid. Bromides and bromates may comproportionate to bromine as follows:<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood862-49">[49]</a> <dl><dd>BrO− 3 + 5 Br− + 6 H+ → 3 Br2 + 3 H2O</dd></dl> There were many failed attempts to obtain perbromates and perbromic acid, leading to some rationalisations as to why they should not exist, until 1968 when the anion was first synthesised from the radioactive <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a> of unstable 83 SeO2− 4. Today, perbromates are produced by the oxidation of alkaline bromate solutions by fluorine gas. Excess bromate and fluoride are precipitated as <a href="/wiki/Silver_bromate" title="Silver bromate">silver bromate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_fluoride" title="Calcium fluoride">calcium fluoride</a>, and the perbromic acid solution may be purified. The perbromate ion is fairly inert at room temperature but is thermodynamically extremely oxidising, with extremely strong oxidising agents needed to produce it, such as fluorine or <a href="/wiki/Xenon_difluoride" title="Xenon difluoride">xenon difluoride</a>. The Br–O bond in BrO− 4 is fairly weak, which corresponds to the general reluctance of the 4p elements <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>, and bromine to attain their group oxidation state, as they come after the <a href="/wiki/Scandide_contraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandide contraction">scandide contraction</a> characterised by the poor shielding afforded by the radial-nodeless 3d orbitals.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood871-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organobromine_compounds">Organobromine compounds</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organobromine_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organobromine compound">Organobromine compound</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N-Bromosuccinimide.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/N-Bromosuccinimide.svg/250px-N-Bromosuccinimide.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/N-Bromosuccinimide.svg/330px-N-Bromosuccinimide.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/N-Bromosuccinimide.svg/500px-N-Bromosuccinimide.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>Structure of <a href="/wiki/N-Bromosuccinimide" title="N-Bromosuccinimide">N-bromosuccinimide</a>, a common brominating reagent in organic chemistry</figcaption></figure> Like the other carbon–halogen bonds, the C–Br bond is a common functional group that forms part of core <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>. Formally, compounds with this functional group may be considered organic derivatives of the bromide anion. Due to the difference of electronegativity between bromine (2.96) and carbon (2.55), the carbon atom in a C–Br bond is electron-deficient and thus <a href="/wiki/Electrophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrophilic">electrophilic</a>. The reactivity of organobromine compounds resembles but is intermediate between the reactivity of <a href="/wiki/Organochlorine_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organochlorine compound">organochlorine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organoiodine_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organoiodine compound">organoiodine compounds</a>. For many applications, organobromides represent a compromise of reactivity and cost.<a href="#cite_note-KO-51">[51]</a> Organobromides are typically produced by additive or substitutive bromination of other organic precursors. Bromine itself can be used, but due to its toxicity and volatility, safer brominating reagents are normally used, such as <a href="/wiki/N-Bromosuccinimide" title="N-Bromosuccinimide">N-bromosuccinimide</a>. The principal reactions for organobromides include <a href="/wiki/Dehydrohalogenation" title="Dehydrohalogenation">dehydrobromination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grignard_reaction" title="Grignard reaction">Grignard reactions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wurtz_reaction" title="Wurtz reaction">reductive coupling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nucleophilic_substitution" title="Nucleophilic substitution">nucleophilic substitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KO-51">[51]</a> Organobromides are the most common organohalides in nature, even though the concentration of bromide is only 0.3% of that for chloride in sea water, because of the easy oxidation of bromide to the equivalent of Br+, a potent electrophile. The enzyme <a href="/wiki/Bromoperoxidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromoperoxidase">bromoperoxidase</a> catalyzes this reaction.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The oceans are estimated to release 1–2 million tons of <a href="/wiki/Bromoform" title="Bromoform">bromoform</a> and 56,000 tons of <a href="/wiki/Bromomethane" title="Bromomethane">bromomethane</a> annually.<a href="#cite_note-Gribble99-12">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alkene-bromine-addition-2D-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Alkene-bromine-addition-2D-skeletal.png/500px-Alkene-bromine-addition-2D-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Alkene-bromine-addition-2D-skeletal.png/960px-Alkene-bromine-addition-2D-skeletal.png 1.5x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption>Bromine addition to alkene reaction mechanism</figcaption></figure> An old qualitative test for the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">alkene</a> functional group is that alkenes turn brown aqueous bromine solutions colourless, forming a <a href="/wiki/Halohydrin" title="Halohydrin">bromohydrin</a> with some of the dibromoalkane also produced. The reaction passes through a short-lived strongly electrophilic <a href="/wiki/Halonium_ion" title="Halonium ion">bromonium</a> intermediate. This is an example of a <a href="/wiki/Halogen_addition_reaction" title="Halogen addition reaction">halogen addition reaction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clayden-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence_and_production">Occurrence and production</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS028-96-65.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/STS028-96-65.jpg/250px-STS028-96-65.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/STS028-96-65.jpg/330px-STS028-96-65.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/STS028-96-65.jpg/500px-STS028-96-65.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="1316" /></a><figcaption>View of salt evaporation pans on the Dead Sea, where <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> (right) and Israel (left) produce salt and bromine</figcaption></figure> Bromine is significantly less abundant in the crust than fluorine or chlorine, comprising only 2.5 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">parts per million</a> of the Earth's crustal rocks, and then only as bromide salts. It is the 46th most abundant element in Earth's crust. It is significantly more abundant in the oceans, resulting from long-term <a href="/wiki/Leaching_(chemical_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaching (chemical science)">leaching</a>. There, it makes up 65 parts per million, corresponding to a ratio of about one bromine atom for every 660 chlorine atoms. Salt lakes and brine wells may have higher bromine concentrations: for example, the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a> contains 0.4% bromide ions.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood795-54">[54]</a> It is from these sources that bromine extraction is mostly economically feasible.<a href="#cite_note-o1-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-o2-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-o3-57">[57]</a> Bromine is the tenth most abundant element in seawater.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The main sources of bromine production are <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The element is liberated by halogen exchange, using chlorine gas to oxidise Br− to Br2. This is then removed with a blast of steam or air, and is then condensed and purified.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Today, bromine is transported in large-capacity metal drums or lead-lined tanks that can hold hundreds of kilograms or even tonnes of bromine. The bromine industry is about one-hundredth the size of the chlorine industry. Laboratory production is unnecessary because bromine is commercially available and has a long shelf life.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood798-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div> A wide variety of organobromine compounds are used in <a href="/wiki/Industry_(manufacturing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry (manufacturing)">industry</a>. Some are prepared from bromine and others are prepared from <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bromide" title="Hydrogen bromide">hydrogen bromide</a>, which is obtained by burning <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> in bromine.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flame_retardants">Flame retardants</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetrabromobisphenol_A.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tetrabromobisphenol_A.svg/250px-Tetrabromobisphenol_A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tetrabromobisphenol_A.svg/330px-Tetrabromobisphenol_A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tetrabromobisphenol_A.svg/440px-Tetrabromobisphenol_A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>Tetrabromobisphenol A</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Brominated_flame_retardant" title="Brominated flame retardant">Brominated flame retardants</a> represent a commodity of growing importance, and make up the largest commercial use of bromine. When the brominated material burns, the flame retardant produces <a href="/wiki/Hydrobromic_acid" title="Hydrobromic acid">hydrobromic acid</a> which interferes in the radical <a href="/wiki/Chain_reaction" title="Chain reaction">chain reaction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> reaction of the fire. The mechanism is that the highly reactive hydrogen radicals, oxygen radicals, and <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">hydroxyl radicals</a> react with hydrobromic acid to form less reactive bromine radicals (i.e., free bromine atoms). Bromine atoms may also react directly with other radicals to help terminate the free radical chain-reactions that characterise combustion.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> To make brominated polymers and plastics, bromine-containing compounds can be incorporated into the polymer during <a href="/wiki/Polymerisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymerisation">polymerisation</a>. One method is to include a relatively small amount of brominated monomer during the polymerisation process. For example, <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_bromide" title="Vinyl bromide">vinyl bromide</a> can be used in the production of <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a>. Specific highly brominated molecules can also be added that participate in the polymerisation process. For example, <a href="/wiki/Tetrabromobisphenol_A" title="Tetrabromobisphenol A">tetrabromobisphenol A</a> can be added to <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyesters</a> or epoxy resins, where it becomes part of the polymer. Epoxies used in <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit boards</a> are normally made from such flame retardant <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resins</a>, indicated by the FR in the abbreviation of the products (<a href="/wiki/FR-4" title="FR-4">FR-4</a> and <a href="/wiki/FR-2" title="FR-2">FR-2</a>). In some cases, the bromine-containing compound may be added after polymerisation. For example, <a href="/wiki/Decabromodiphenyl_ether" title="Decabromodiphenyl ether">decabromodiphenyl ether</a> can be added to the final polymers.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> A number of gaseous or highly volatile brominated <a href="/wiki/Halomethane" title="Halomethane">halomethane</a> compounds are non-toxic and make superior fire suppressant agents by this same mechanism, and are particularly effective in enclosed spaces such as submarines, airplanes, and spacecraft. However, they are expensive and their production and use has been greatly curtailed due to their effect as ozone-depleting agents. They are no longer used in routine fire extinguishers, but retain niche uses in aerospace and military automatic fire suppression applications. They include <a href="/wiki/Bromochloromethane" title="Bromochloromethane">bromochloromethane</a> (Halon 1011, CH2BrCl), <a href="/wiki/Bromochlorodifluoromethane" title="Bromochlorodifluoromethane">bromochlorodifluoromethane</a> (Halon 1211, CBrClF2), and <a href="/wiki/Bromotrifluoromethane" title="Bromotrifluoromethane">bromotrifluoromethane</a> (Halon 1301, CBrF3).<a href="#cite_note-UllmannF-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bromo-Seltzer_Tower_MD2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bromo-Seltzer_Tower_MD2.jpg/170px-Bromo-Seltzer_Tower_MD2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bromo-Seltzer_Tower_MD2.jpg/255px-Bromo-Seltzer_Tower_MD2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bromo-Seltzer_Tower_MD2.jpg/340px-Bromo-Seltzer_Tower_MD2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2055" data-file-height="3270" /></a><figcaption>Baltimore's <a href="/wiki/Emerson_Bromo-Seltzer_Tower" title="Emerson Bromo-Seltzer Tower">Emerson Bromo-Seltzer Tower</a>, originally part of the headquarters of Emerson Drug Company, which made <a href="/wiki/Bromo-Seltzer" title="Bromo-Seltzer">Bromo-Seltzer</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Silver_bromide" title="Silver bromide">Silver bromide</a> is used, either alone or in combination with <a href="/wiki/Silver_chloride" title="Silver chloride">silver chloride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver_iodide" title="Silver iodide">silver iodide</a>, as the light sensitive constituent of <a href="/wiki/Photographic_emulsion" title="Photographic emulsion">photographic emulsions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood798-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/1,2-Dibromoethane" title="1,2-Dibromoethane">Ethylene bromide</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Gasoline_additive" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasoline additive">additive in gasolines</a> containing lead anti-<a href="/wiki/Engine_knocking" title="Engine knocking">engine knocking</a> agents. It scavenges lead by forming volatile lead bromide, which is exhausted from the engine. This application accounted for 77% of the bromine use in 1966 in the US. This application has declined since the 1970s due to environmental regulations (see below).<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brominated_vegetable_oil" title="Brominated vegetable oil">Brominated vegetable oil</a> (BVO), a complex mixture of plant-derived triglycerides that have been reacted to contain atoms of the element bromine bonded to the molecules, is used primarily to help emulsify citrus-flavored soft drinks, preventing them from separating during distribution. Poisonous <a href="/wiki/Bromomethane" title="Bromomethane">bromomethane</a> was widely used as <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticide</a> to <a href="/wiki/Fumigation" title="Fumigation">fumigate</a> soil and to fumigate housing, by the tenting method. Ethylene bromide was similarly used.<a href="#cite_note-USGSYB2007-68">[68]</a> These volatile organobromine compounds are all now regulated as <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">ozone depletion</a> agents. The <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Protocol" title="Montreal Protocol">Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer</a> scheduled the phase out for the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depleting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozone depleting">ozone depleting</a> chemical by 2005, and organobromide pesticides are no longer used (in housing fumigation they have been replaced by such compounds as <a href="/wiki/Sulfuryl_fluoride" title="Sulfuryl fluoride">sulfuryl fluoride</a>, which contain neither the chlorine or bromine organics which harm ozone). Before the Montreal protocol in 1991 (for example) an estimated 35,000 tonnes of the chemical were used to control <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weed" title="Weed">weeds</a> and other soil-borne diseases.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In pharmacology, inorganic <a href="/wiki/Bromide" title="Bromide">bromide</a> compounds, especially <a href="/wiki/Potassium_bromide" title="Potassium bromide">potassium bromide</a>, were frequently used as general sedatives in the 19th and early 20th century. Bromides in the form of simple salts are still used as anticonvulsants in both veterinary and human medicine, although the latter use varies from country to country. For example, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) does not approve bromide for the treatment of any disease, and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bromide" title="Sodium bromide">sodium bromide</a> was removed from over-the-counter sedative products like <a href="/wiki/Bromo-Seltzer" title="Bromo-Seltzer">Bromo-Seltzer</a>, in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Commercially available organobromine pharmaceuticals include the vasodilator <a href="/wiki/Nicergoline" title="Nicergoline">nicergoline</a>, the sedative <a href="/wiki/Brotizolam" title="Brotizolam">brotizolam</a>, the anticancer agent <a href="/wiki/Pipobroman" title="Pipobroman">pipobroman</a>, and the antiseptic <a href="/wiki/Merbromin" title="Merbromin">merbromin</a>. Otherwise, organobromine compounds are rarely pharmaceutically useful, in contrast to the situation for <a href="/wiki/Organofluorine_chemistry" title="Organofluorine chemistry">organofluorine compounds</a>. Several drugs are produced as the bromide (or equivalents, hydrobromide) salts, but in such cases bromide serves as an innocuous counterion of no biological significance.<a href="#cite_note-KO-51">[51]</a> Other uses of organobromine compounds include high-density drilling fluids, dyes (such as <a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">Tyrian purple</a> and the indicator <a href="/wiki/Bromothymol_blue" title="Bromothymol blue">bromothymol blue</a>), and pharmaceuticals. Bromine itself, as well as some of its compounds, are used in water treatment, and is the precursor of a variety of inorganic compounds with an enormous number of applications (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Silver_bromide" title="Silver bromide">silver bromide</a> for photography).<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood798-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93bromine_battery" title="Zinc–bromine battery">Zinc–bromine batteries</a> are hybrid <a href="/wiki/Flow_battery" title="Flow battery">flow batteries</a> used for stationary electrical power backup and storage; from household scale to industrial scale. Bromine is used in cooling towers (in place of chlorine) for controlling bacteria, algae, fungi, and <a href="/wiki/Zebra_mussel" title="Zebra mussel">zebra mussels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Because it has similar antiseptic qualities to chlorine, bromine can be used in the same manner as chlorine as a disinfectant or antimicrobial in applications such as swimming pools. Bromine came into this use in the United States during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> due to a predicted shortage of chlorine.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> However, bromine is usually not used outside for these applications due to it being relatively more expensive than chlorine and the absence of a stabilizer to protect it from the sun. For indoor pools, it can be a good option as it is effective at a wider pH range. It is also more stable in a heated pool or hot tub.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_role_and_toxicity">Biological role and toxicity</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vanadium_bromoperoxidase" title="Vanadium bromoperoxidase">Vanadium bromoperoxidase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eosinophil_peroxidase" title="Eosinophil peroxidase">Eosinophil peroxidase</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bromism" title="Bromism">Bromism</a></div> A 2014 study suggests that bromine (in the form of bromide ion) is a necessary cofactor in the biosynthesis of <a href="/wiki/Collagen_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Collagen IV">collagen IV</a>, making the element <a href="/wiki/Essential_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential element">essential</a> to <a href="/wiki/Basement_membrane" title="Basement membrane">basement membrane</a> architecture and tissue development in animals.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24906154-11">[11]</a> Nevertheless, no clear deprivation symptoms or syndromes have been documented in mammals.<a href="#cite_note-Nielsen2000-75">[75]</a> In other biological functions, bromine may be non-essential but still beneficial when it takes the place of chlorine. For example, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, <a href="/wiki/H2O2" class="mw-redirect" title="H2O2">H2O2</a>, formed by the <a href="/wiki/Eosinophil" title="Eosinophil">eosinophil</a>, and either chloride, iodide, thiocyanate, or bromide ions, <a href="/wiki/Eosinophil_peroxidase" title="Eosinophil peroxidase">eosinophil peroxidase</a> provides a potent mechanism by which eosinophils kill multicellular <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasites</a> (such as the nematode worms involved in <a href="/wiki/Filariasis" title="Filariasis">filariasis</a>) and some <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> bacteria). Eosinophil peroxidase is a <a href="/wiki/Haloperoxidase" title="Haloperoxidase">haloperoxidase</a> that preferentially uses bromide over chloride for this purpose, generating <a href="/wiki/Hypobromite" title="Hypobromite">hypobromite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypobromous_acid" title="Hypobromous acid">hypobromous acid</a>), although the use of chloride is possible.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2538427-10">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2-Octyl_4-bromo-3-oxobutanoate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/2-Octyl_4-bromo-3-oxobutanoate.svg/330px-2-Octyl_4-bromo-3-oxobutanoate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/2-Octyl_4-bromo-3-oxobutanoate.svg/500px-2-Octyl_4-bromo-3-oxobutanoate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/2-Octyl_4-bromo-3-oxobutanoate.svg/520px-2-Octyl_4-bromo-3-oxobutanoate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="170" /></a><figcaption>Octan-2-yl 4-bromo-3-oxobutanoate, an organobromine compound found in mammalian cerebrospinal fluid</figcaption></figure> α-Haloesters are generally thought of as highly reactive and consequently toxic intermediates in organic synthesis. Nevertheless, mammals, including humans, cats, and rats, appear to biosynthesize traces of an α-bromoester, 2-octyl 4-bromo-3-oxobutanoate, which is found in their <a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">cerebrospinal fluid</a> and appears to play a yet unclarified role in inducing REM sleep.<a href="#cite_note-Gribble99-12">[12]</a> Neutrophil myeloperoxidase can use H2O2 and Br− to brominate deoxycytidine, which could result in DNA mutations.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11096071-76">[76]</a> Marine organisms are the main source of organobromine compounds, and it is in these organisms that bromine is more firmly shown to be essential. More than 1600 such organobromine compounds were identified by 1999. The most abundant is <a href="/wiki/Methyl_bromide" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl bromide">methyl bromide</a> (CH3Br), of which an estimated 56,000 tonnes is produced by marine algae each year.<a href="#cite_note-Gribble99-12">[12]</a> The essential oil of the Hawaiian alga <a href="/wiki/Asparagopsis_taxiformis" title="Asparagopsis taxiformis">Asparagopsis taxiformis</a> consists of 80% <a href="/wiki/Bromoform" title="Bromoform">bromoform</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Most of such organobromine compounds in the sea are made by the action of a unique algal enzyme, <a href="/wiki/Vanadium_bromoperoxidase" title="Vanadium bromoperoxidase">vanadium bromoperoxidase</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The bromide anion is not very toxic: a normal daily intake is 2 to 8 milligrams.<a href="#cite_note-Nielsen2000-75">[75]</a> However, high levels of bromide chronically impair the membrane of neurons, which progressively impairs neuronal transmission, leading to toxicity, known as <a href="/wiki/Bromism" title="Bromism">bromism</a>. Bromide has an <a href="/wiki/Elimination_half-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Elimination half-life">elimination half-life</a> of 9 to 12 days, which can lead to excessive accumulation. Doses of 0.5 to 1 gram per day of bromide can lead to bromism. Historically, the therapeutic dose of bromide is about 3 to 5 grams of bromide, thus explaining why chronic toxicity (bromism) was once so common. While significant and sometimes serious disturbances occur to neurologic, psychiatric, dermatological, and gastrointestinal functions, death from bromism is rare.<a href="#cite_note-pdo2003-79">[79]</a> Bromism is caused by a neurotoxic effect on the brain which results in <a href="/wiki/Somnolence" title="Somnolence">somnolence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Seizures">seizures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">delirium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268415487">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Bromine (Br2) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">GHS labelling</a>:<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-acid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS05: Corrosive"><img alt="GHS05: Corrosive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/60px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/120px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-skull.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS06: Toxic"><img alt="GHS06: Toxic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/60px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/120px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS09: Environmental hazard"><img alt="GHS09: Environmental hazard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/60px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/120px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td>Danger </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage">H314</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H330: Fatal if inhaled">H330</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H400: Very toxic to aquatic life">H400</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P260: Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.">P260</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P273: Avoid release to the environment.">P273</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.">P280</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P303+P361+P353: IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water [or shower].">P303+P361+P353</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P304+P340+P310: IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.">P304+P340+P310</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P305+P351+P338: IF IN EYES: Rinse continuously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.">P305+P351+P338</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-74-diamond-refs"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/250px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_7b3d73138c259557" /><map name="ImageMap_7b3d73138c259557"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gas" title="Health 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gas" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704">3</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> Elemental bromine (Br2) is toxic and causes <a href="/wiki/Chemical_burns" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical burns">chemical burns</a> on human flesh. Inhaling bromine gas results in similar irritation of the respiratory tract, causing coughing, choking, shortness of breath, and death if inhaled in large enough amounts. Chronic exposure may lead to frequent bronchial infections and a general deterioration of health. As a strong oxidising agent, bromine is incompatible with most organic and inorganic compounds.<a href="#cite_note-msds-83">[83]</a> Caution is required when transporting bromine; it is commonly carried in steel tanks lined with lead, supported by strong metal frames.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood798-61">[61]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> has set a <a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">permissible exposure limit</a> (PEL) for bromine at a time-weighted average (TWA) of 0.1 ppm. The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) has set a <a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">recommended exposure limit</a> (REL) of TWA 0.1 ppm and a short-term limit of 0.3 ppm. The exposure to bromine <a href="/wiki/Immediately_dangerous_to_life_and_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Immediately dangerous to life and health">immediately dangerous to life and health</a> (IDLH) is 3 ppm.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Bromine is classified as an <a href="/wiki/List_of_extremely_hazardous_substances" class="mw-redirect" title="List of extremely hazardous substances">extremely hazardous substance</a> in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Planning_and_Community_Right-to-Know_Act" title="Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act">Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act</a> (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.<a href="#cite_note-gov-right-know-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW-1"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/bromine.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Bromine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Bromine&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fbromine.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-b92-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b92_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-b92_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaynes2011" class="citation book cs1">Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). <a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. p. 4.121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4398-5511-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-4398-5511-0"><bdi>1-4398-5511-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pages=4.121&rft.edition=92nd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=1-4398-5511-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Br(II) is known to occur in bromine monoxide <a href="/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)" title="Radical (chemistry)">radical</a>; see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100382a032">Kinetics of the bromine monoxide radical + bromine monoxide radical reaction</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE28-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLide,_D._R.2005" class="citation book cs1">Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303222309/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5"><bdi>0-8493-0486-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magnetic+susceptibility+of+the+elements+and+inorganic+compounds&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton+%28FL%29&rft.edition=86th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8493-0486-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110303222309%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww-d0.fnal.gov%2Fhardware%2Fcal%2Flvps_info%2Fengineering%2Felementmagn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeast1984" class="citation book cs1">Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4"><bdi>0-8493-0464-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC%2C+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pages=E110&rft.pub=Chemical+Rubber+Company+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8493-0464-4&rft.aulast=Weast&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE2020-9"><a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKondevWangHuangNaimi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf">"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"</a> (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae">10.1088/1674-1137/abddae</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+C&rft.atitle=The+NUBASE2020+evaluation+of+nuclear+properties&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=030001&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae&rft.aulast=Kondev&rft.aufirst=F.+G.&rft.au=Wang%2C+M.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Naimi%2C+S.&rft.au=Audi%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-nds.iaea.org%2Famdc%2Fame2020%2FNUBASE2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid2538427-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid2538427_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid2538427_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMayeno_ANCurran_AJRoberts_RLFoote_CS1989" class="citation journal cs1">Mayeno AN; Curran AJ; Roberts RL; Foote CS (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2983599-2">"Eosinophils preferentially use bromide to generate halogenating agents"</a>. J. Biol. Chem. 264 (10): 5660–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2983599-2">10.1016/S0021-9258(18)83599-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2538427">2538427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Biol.+Chem.&rft.atitle=Eosinophils+preferentially+use+bromide+to+generate+halogenating+agents&rft.volume=264&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5660-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2983599-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2538427&rft.au=Mayeno+AN&rft.au=Curran+AJ&rft.au=Roberts+RL&rft.au=Foote+CS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0021-9258%252818%252983599-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24906154-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24906154_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24906154_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCall_ASCummings_CFBhave_GVanacore_R2014" class="citation journal cs1">McCall AS; Cummings CF; Bhave G; Vanacore R; Page-McCaw A; et al. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4144415">"Bromine Is an Essential Trace Element for Assembly of Collagen IV Scaffolds in Tissue Development and Architecture"</a>. Cell. 157 (6): 1380–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2014.05.009">10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4144415">4144415</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24906154">24906154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Bromine+Is+an+Essential+Trace+Element+for+Assembly+of+Collagen+IV+Scaffolds+in+Tissue+Development+and+Architecture&rft.volume=157&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1380-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4144415%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24906154&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2014.05.009&rft.au=McCall+AS&rft.au=Cummings+CF&rft.au=Bhave+G&rft.au=Vanacore+R&rft.au=Page-McCaw+A&rft.au=Hudson+BG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4144415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gribble99-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gribble99_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gribble99_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gribble99_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gribble99_12-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGribble,_Gordon_W.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Gribble, Gordon W. (1999). "The diversity of naturally occurring organobromine compounds". Chemical Society Reviews. 28 (5): 335–346. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fa900201d">10.1039/a900201d</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Society+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+diversity+of+naturally+occurring+organobromine+compounds&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E335-%3C%2Fspan%3E346&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fa900201d&rft.au=Gribble%2C+Gordon+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-L1-13"><a href="#cite_ref-L1_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLöwig1829" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Löwig, Carl Jacob (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_UGFQAAAAcAAJ">Das Brom und seine chemischen Verhältnisse</a> [Bromine and its chemical relationships] (in German). Heidelberg: Carl Winter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Brom+und+seine+chemischen+Verh%C3%A4ltnisse&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Carl+Winter&rft.date=1829&rft.aulast=L%C3%B6wig&rft.aufirst=Carl+Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_UGFQAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bal1826-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bal1826_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bal1826_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bal1826_14-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBalard1826" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Balard, A. J. (1826). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vBIAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA337">"Mémoire sur une substance particulière contenue dans l'eau de la mer"</a> [Memoir on a peculiar substance contained in sea water]. Annales de Chimie et de Physique. 2nd series (in French). 32: 337–381. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505131749/https://books.google.com/books?id=vBIAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA337">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+Chimie+et+de+Physique&rft.atitle=M%C3%A9moire+sur+une+substance+particuli%C3%A8re+contenue+dans+l%27eau+de+la+mer&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E337-%3C%2Fspan%3E381&rft.date=1826&rft.aulast=Balard&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvBIAAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balard-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Balard_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balard_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBalard1826" class="citation journal cs1">Balard, Antoine (1826). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A-M4AAAAMAAJ">"Memoir on a peculiar Substance contained in Sea Water"</a>. Annals of Philosophy. 28: 381–387 and 411–426. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717094507/https://books.google.com/books?id=A-M4AAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Memoir+on+a+peculiar+Substance+contained+in+Sea+Water&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=381-387+and+411-426&rft.date=1826&rft.aulast=Balard&rft.aufirst=Antoine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA-M4AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeeks1932" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elvira_Weeks" title="Mary Elvira Weeks">Weeks, Mary Elvira</a> (1932). "The discovery of the elements: XVII. The halogen family". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (11): 1915. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932JChEd...9.1915W">1932JChEd...9.1915W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed009p1915">10.1021/ed009p1915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=The+discovery+of+the+elements%3A+XVII.+The+halogen+family&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1915&rft.date=1932&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed009p1915&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1932JChEd...9.1915W&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Mary+Elvira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Löwig-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Löwig_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLandolt1890" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Heinrich_Landolt" title="Hans Heinrich Landolt">Landolt, Hans Heinrich</a> (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k907222/f920.chemindefer">"Nekrolog: Carl Löwig"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Berichte_der_deutschen_chemischen_Gesellschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft">Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft</a>. 23 (3): 905–909. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcber.18900230395">10.1002/cber.18900230395</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209200258/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k907222/f920.chemindefer">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berichte+der+deutschen+chemischen+Gesellschaft&rft.atitle=Nekrolog%3A+Carl+L%C3%B6wig&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E905-%3C%2Fspan%3E909&rft.date=1890&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcber.18900230395&rft.aulast=Landolt&rft.aufirst=Hans+Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k907222%2Ff920.chemindefer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEtymD-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OEtymD_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEtymD_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=bromine">"bromine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=bromine&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dbromine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=muria">muria</a>. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. <a href="/wiki/A_Latin_Dictionary" title="A Latin Dictionary">A Latin Dictionary</a> on <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bal1826b-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Bal1826b_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVauquelinThenard,_L.J.Gay-Lussac,_J.L.1826" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vauquelin, L. N.; Thenard, L.J.; Gay-Lussac, J.L. (1826). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vBIAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA382">"Rapport sur la Mémoire de M. Balard relatif à une nouvelle Substance"</a> [Report on a memoir by Mr. Balard regarding a new substance]. Annales de Chimie et de Physique. 2nd series (in French). 32: 382–384. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160511032613/https://books.google.com/books?id=vBIAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA382">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+Chimie+et+de+Physique&rft.atitle=Rapport+sur+la+M%C3%A9moire+de+M.+Balard+relatif+%C3%A0+une+nouvelle+Substance&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E382-%3C%2Fspan%3E384&rft.date=1826&rft.aulast=Vauquelin&rft.aufirst=L.+N.&rft.au=Thenard%2C+L.J.&rft.au=Gay-Lussac%2C+J.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvBIAAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=brw=mos2">βρῶμος</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-b1-22"><a href="#cite_ref-b1_22-0">^</a> On page 341 of his article, A. J. Balard (1826) "Mémoire sur une substance particulière contenue dans l'eau de la mer" [Memoir on a peculiar substance contained in sea water], Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 2nd series, vol. 32, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vBIAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA337">pp. 337–381</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505131749/https://books.google.com/books?id=vBIAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA337">Archived</a> 5 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Balard states that Mr. Anglada persuaded him to name his new element brôme. However, on page 382 of the same journal – "Rapport sur la Mémoire de M. Balard relatif à une nouvelle Substance" [Report on a memoir by Mr. Balard regarding a new substance], Annales de Chimie et de Physique, series 2, vol. 32, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vBIAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA382">pp. 382–384.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160511032613/https://books.google.com/books?id=vBIAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA382">Archived</a> 11 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – a committee of the French Academy of Sciences claimed that they had renamed the new element brôme. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wisniak-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Wisniak_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWisniak2004" class="citation journal cs1">Wisniak, Jaime (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revista.cnic.edu.cu/revistaCQ/sites/default/files/articulos/CQ-2004-1-035-040.pdf">"Antoine-Jerôme Balard. The discoverer of bromine"</a> (PDF). Revista CENIC Ciencias Químicas. 35 (1): 35–40. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325093029/http://revista.cnic.edu.cu/revistaCQ/sites/default/files/articulos/CQ-2004-1-035-040.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+CENIC+Ciencias+Qu%C3%ADmicas&rft.atitle=Antoine-Jer%C3%B4me+Balard.+The+discoverer+of+bromine&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Wisniak&rft.aufirst=Jaime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevista.cnic.edu.cu%2FrevistaCQ%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Farticulos%2FCQ-2004-1-035-040.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood790-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood790_24-0">^</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 790 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBargerWhite,_William_Blaine2000" class="citation book cs1">Barger, M. Susan; White, William Blaine (2000). "Technological Practice of Daguerreotypy". The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-century Technology and Modern Science. JHU Press. pp. 31–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6458-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6458-2"><bdi>978-0-8018-6458-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Technological+Practice+of+Daguerreotypy&rft.btitle=The+Daguerreotype%3A+Nineteenth-century+Technology+and+Modern+Science&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6458-2&rft.aulast=Barger&rft.aufirst=M.+Susan&rft.au=White%2C+William+Blaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chestofbooks.com/health/materia-medica-drugs/Materia-Medica-Therapeutics-Inorganic-Substances/Hospital-Gangrene-Erysipelas-Bromine-Bromum-Treatment.html">"Hospital Gangrene - Erysipelas. Bromine (Bromum) Treatment"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hospital+Gangrene+-+Erysipelas.+Bromine+%28Bromum%29+Treatment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchestofbooks.com%2Fhealth%2Fmateria-medica-drugs%2FMateria-Medica-Therapeutics-Inorganic-Substances%2FHospital-Gangrene-Erysipelas-Bromine-Bromum-Treatment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> The formula commonly employed was: "bromine, 1 oz.; bromide of potassium, 160 gr.; water, 4 oz." </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.civilwarmed.org/hospital-gangrene-in-the-civil-war/">"Hospital Gangrene in the Civil War"</a>. 19 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hospital+Gangrene+in+the+Civil+War&rft.date=2023-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilwarmed.org%2Fhospital-gangrene-in-the-civil-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManring,_M._M.Hawk,_AlanCalhoun,_Jason_H.Anderson,_Romney_C.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Manring, M. M.; Hawk, Alan; Calhoun, Jason H.; Anderson, Romney C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2706344">"Treatment of War Wounds: A Historical Review"</a>. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 467 (8): 2168–2191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11999-009-0738-5">10.1007/s11999-009-0738-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2706344">2706344</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19219516">19219516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Orthopaedics+and+Related+Research&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+War+Wounds%3A+A+Historical+Review&rft.volume=467&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2168-%3C%2Fspan%3E2191&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2706344%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19219516&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11999-009-0738-5&rft.au=Manring%2C+M.+M.&rft.au=Hawk%2C+Alan&rft.au=Calhoun%2C+Jason+H.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Romney+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2706344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> In 1863, the Union medical officer Middleton Goldsmith (1818–1887), stationed in Louisville, KY, reported the results of a treatment protocol that called for débridement of all necrotic tissue and application of a mixture of bromine, bromide of potassium, and water applied to dressings. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShorter1997" class="citation book cs1">Shorter, Edward (1997). A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac. John Wiley and Sons. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-24531-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-24531-5"><bdi>978-0-471-24531-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Psychiatry%3A+From+the+Era+of+the+Asylum+to+the+Age+of+Prozac&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-471-24531-5&rft.aulast=Shorter&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borden_chemwarfare-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Borden_chemwarfare_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCorey_J_HilmasJeffery_K_SmartBenjamin_A_Hill2008" class="citation book cs1">Corey J Hilmas; Jeffery K Smart; Benjamin A Hill (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120826100423/https://www.bordeninstitute.army.mil/published_volumes/chemwarfare/CHAP2_Pg_09-76.pdf">"Chapter 2: History of Chemical Warfare (pdf)"</a> (PDF). Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare. <a href="/wiki/Borden_Institute" title="Borden Institute">Borden Institute</a>. pp. 12–14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bordeninstitute.army.mil/published_volumes/chemwarfare/CHAP2_Pg_09-76.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 August 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+History+of+Chemical+Warfare+%28pdf%29&rft.btitle=Medical+Aspects+of+Chemical+Warfare&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=Borden+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Corey+J+Hilmas&rft.au=Jeffery+K+Smart&rft.au=Benjamin+A+Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bordeninstitute.army.mil%2Fpublished_volumes%2Fchemwarfare%2FCHAP2_Pg_09-76.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood800-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood800_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood800_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood800_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood800_31-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood800_31-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood800_31-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood800_31-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood800_31-7">h</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 800–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-purdue-32"><a href="#cite_ref-purdue_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141114215946/https://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/history/dobereiner.html">"Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner"</a>. Purdue University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/history/dobereiner.html">the original</a> on 14 November 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Johann+Wolfgang+Dobereiner&rft.pub=Purdue+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchemed.chem.purdue.edu%2Fgenchem%2Fhistory%2Fdobereiner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genesismission.jpl.nasa.gov/educate/scimodule/UnderElem/UnderElem_pdf/HistOverST.pdf">"A Historic Overview: Mendeleev and the Periodic Table"</a> (PDF). NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210407165616/https://genesismission.jpl.nasa.gov/educate/scimodule/UnderElem/UnderElem_pdf/HistOverST.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Historic+Overview%3A+Mendeleev+and+the+Periodic+Table&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenesismission.jpl.nasa.gov%2Feducate%2Fscimodule%2FUnderElem%2FUnderElem_pdf%2FHistOverST.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood793-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood793_34-0">^</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 793–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood804-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood804_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood804_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood804_35-2">c</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 804–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHegedüs2017" class="citation web cs1">Hegedüs, Kristof (1 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://labphoto.tumblr.com/post/163685893555/bromination-using-elemental-bromine-did-you-know">"Bromination using elemental bromine..."</a> Pictures from an Organic Chemistry Laboratory. <a href="/wiki/Tumblr" title="Tumblr">Tumblr</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20171210055012/https://labphoto.tumblr.com/post/163685893555/bromination-using-elemental-bromine-did-you-know">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pictures+from+an+Organic+Chemistry+Laboratory&rft.atitle=Bromination+using+elemental+bromine....&rft.date=2017-08-01&rft.aulast=Heged%26uuml%3Bs&rft.aufirst=Kristof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flabphoto.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F163685893555%2Fbromination-using-elemental-bromine-did-you-know&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuan,_Defang2007" class="citation journal cs1">Duan, Defang; et al. (26 September 2007). "Ab initio studies of solid bromine under high pressure". Physical Review B. 76 (10): 104113. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhRvB..76j4113D">2007PhRvB..76j4113D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevB.76.104113">10.1103/PhysRevB.76.104113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+B&rft.atitle=Ab+initio+studies+of+solid+bromine+under+high+pressure&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=104113&rft.date=2007-09-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevB.76.104113&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PhRvB..76j4113D&rft.au=Duan%2C+Defang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE-38"><a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAudiBersillonBlachotWapstra2003" class="citation cs2">Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; <a href="/wiki/Aaldert_Wapstra" title="Aaldert Wapstra">Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik</a> (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document">"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties"</a>, Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A">2003NuPhA.729....3A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001">10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Physics+A&rft.atitle=The+N%3Csmall%3EUBASE%3C%2Fsmall%3E+evaluation+of+nuclear+and+decay+properties&rft.volume=729&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003NuPhA.729....3A&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.au=Bersillon%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Blachot%2C+Jean&rft.au=Wapstra%2C+Aaldert+Hendrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fin2p3-00020241%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood809-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood809_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood809_39-1">b</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 809–12 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood812-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood812_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood812_40-1">b</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 812–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood821-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood821_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood821_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood821_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood821_41-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood821_41-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood821_41-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood821_41-6">g</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 821–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood824-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood824_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood824_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood824_42-2">c</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 824–8 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood828-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood828_43-0">^</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 828–31 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood832-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood832_44-0">^</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 832–5 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood842-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood842_45-0">^</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 842–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood853-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood853_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood853_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood853_46-2">c</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 853–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-handin-47"><a href="#cite_ref-handin_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerryPhillips1995" class="citation cs2">Perry, Dale L.; Phillips, Sidney L. (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0fT4wfhF1AsC&q=%22Bromine+dioxide%22&pg=PA74">Handbook of Inorganic Compounds</a>, CRC Press, p. 74, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-8671-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-8671-8"><bdi>978-0-8493-8671-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725075132/https://books.google.com/books?id=0fT4wfhF1AsC&q=%22Bromine+dioxide%22&pg=PA74">archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2021, retrieved 25 August 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Inorganic+Compounds&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-8671-8&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Dale+L.&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Sidney+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0fT4wfhF1AsC%26q%3D%2522Bromine%2Bdioxide%2522%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood850-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood850_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood850_48-1">b</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 850–1 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood862-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood862_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood862_49-1">b</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 862–5 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood871-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood871_50-0">^</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 871–2 </li> <li id="cite_note-KO-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KO_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KO_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KO_51-2">c</a> Ioffe, David and Kampf, Arieh (2002) "Bromine, Organic Compounds" in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John Wiley & Sons. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0471238961.0218151325150606.a01">10.1002/0471238961.0218151325150606.a01</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarter-FranklinButler2004" class="citation journal cs1">Carter-Franklin, Jayme N.; Butler, Alison (2004). "Vanadium Bromoperoxidase-Catalyzed Biosynthesis of Halogenated Marine Natural Products". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 126 (46): 15060–6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JAChS.12615060C">2004JAChS.12615060C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja047925p">10.1021/ja047925p</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15548002">15548002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Vanadium+Bromoperoxidase-Catalyzed+Biosynthesis+of+Halogenated+Marine+Natural+Products&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=46&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15060-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15548002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja047925p&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004JAChS.12615060C&rft.aulast=Carter-Franklin&rft.aufirst=Jayme+N.&rft.au=Butler%2C+Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clayden-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Clayden_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClaydenGreevesWarren2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Clayden" title="Jonathan Clayden">Clayden, Jonathan</a>; Greeves, Nick; <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Warren" title="Stuart Warren">Warren, Stuart</a> (2012). Organic Chemistry (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 427–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927029-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927029-3"><bdi>978-0-19-927029-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E427-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927029-3&rft.aulast=Clayden&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Greeves%2C+Nick&rft.au=Warren%2C+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood795-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood795_54-0">^</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 795–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-o1-55"><a href="#cite_ref-o1_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTallmadgeButt,_John_B.Solomon_Herman_J.1964" class="citation journal cs1">Tallmadge, John A.; Butt, John B.; Solomon Herman J. (1964). "Minerals From Sea Salt". Ind. Eng. Chem. 56 (7): 44–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fie50655a008">10.1021/ie50655a008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ind.+Eng.+Chem.&rft.atitle=Minerals+From+Sea+Salt&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fie50655a008&rft.aulast=Tallmadge&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft.au=Butt%2C+John+B.&rft.au=Solomon+Herman+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-o2-56"><a href="#cite_ref-o2_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOumeish1996" class="citation journal cs1">Oumeish, Oumeish Youssef (1996). "Climatotherapy at the Dead Sea in Jordan". Clinics in Dermatology. 14 (6): 659–664. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0738-081X%2896%2900101-0">10.1016/S0738-081X(96)00101-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8960809">8960809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinics+in+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Climatotherapy+at+the+Dead+Sea+in+Jordan&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E659-%3C%2Fspan%3E664&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0738-081X%2896%2900101-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8960809&rft.aulast=Oumeish&rft.aufirst=Oumeish+Youssef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-o3-57"><a href="#cite_ref-o3_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Weshah2008" class="citation journal cs1">Al-Weshah, Radwan A. (2008). "The water balance of the Dead Sea: an integrated approach". Hydrological Processes. 14 (1): 145–154. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000HyPr...14..145A">2000HyPr...14..145A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291099-1085%28200001%2914%3A1%3C145%3A%3AAID-HYP916%3E3.0.CO%3B2-N">10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(200001)14:1<145::AID-HYP916>3.0.CO;2-N</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrological+Processes&rft.atitle=The+water+balance+of+the+Dead+Sea%3A+an+integrated+approach&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E154&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291099-1085%28200001%2914%3A1%3C145%3A%3AAID-HYP916%3E3.0.CO%3B2-N&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000HyPr...14..145A&rft.aulast=Al-Weshah&rft.aufirst=Radwan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/bromine-element-facts-606510">"Get the Facts About the Element Bromine"</a>. ThoughtCo. Retrieved 10 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=Get+the+Facts+About+the+Element+Bromine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fbromine-element-facts-606510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/264926/world-bromine-production/">"Major countries in worldwide bromine production from 2018 to 2022"</a>. Statista. Retrieved 26 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Major+countries+in+worldwide+bromine+production+from+2018+to+2022&rft.pub=Statista&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F264926%2Fworld-bromine-production%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.octelamlwch.co.uk/operations/">"Process operations at Octel Amlwch"</a>. Octel Bromine Works. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210727211804/http://www.octelamlwch.co.uk/operations/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Octel+Bromine+Works&rft.atitle=Process+operations+at+Octel+Amlwch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.octelamlwch.co.uk%2Foperations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood798-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood798_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood798_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood798_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood798_61-3">d</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 798–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMills,_Jack_F.2002" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Jack F. (2002). "Bromine". Bromine: in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a04_391">10.1002/14356007.a04_391</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732" title="Special:BookSources/978-3527306732"><bdi>978-3527306732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bromine&rft.btitle=Bromine%3A+in+Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Chemical+Technology&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH+Verlag&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a04_391&rft.isbn=978-3527306732&rft.au=Mills%2C+Jack+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreen1996" class="citation journal cs1">Green, Joseph (1996). "Mechanisms for Flame Retardancy and Smoke suppression – A Review". Journal of Fire Sciences. 14 (6): 426–442. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F073490419601400602">10.1177/073490419601400602</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:95145090">95145090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Fire+Sciences&rft.atitle=Mechanisms+for+Flame+Retardancy+and+Smoke+suppression+%E2%80%93+A+Review&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E426-%3C%2Fspan%3E442&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F073490419601400602&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A95145090%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaspersmaDoumena,_CindyMunrob_SheilaandPrinsa,_Anne-Marie2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kaspersma, Jelle; Doumena, Cindy; Munrob Sheilaand; Prinsa, Anne-Marie (2002). "Fire retardant mechanism of aliphatic bromine compounds in polystyrene and polypropylene". Polymer Degradation and Stability. 77 (2): 325–331. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0141-3910%2802%2900067-8">10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00067-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polymer+Degradation+and+Stability&rft.atitle=Fire+retardant+mechanism+of+aliphatic+bromine+compounds+in+polystyrene+and+polypropylene&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E325-%3C%2Fspan%3E331&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0141-3910%2802%2900067-8&rft.aulast=Kaspersma&rft.aufirst=Jelle&rft.au=Doumena%2C+Cindy&rft.au=Munrob+Sheilaand&rft.au=Prinsa%2C+Anne-Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeilLevchik,_Sergei2004" class="citation journal cs1">Weil, Edward D.; Levchik, Sergei (2004). "A Review of Current Flame Retardant Systems for Epoxy Resins". Journal of Fire Sciences. 22: 25–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0734904104038107">10.1177/0734904104038107</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:95746728">95746728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Fire+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+Current+Flame+Retardant+Systems+for+Epoxy+Resins&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0734904104038107&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A95746728%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=Edward+D.&rft.au=Levchik%2C+Sergei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UllmannF-66"><a href="#cite_ref-UllmannF_66-0">^</a> Siegemund, Günter; Schwertfeger, Werner; Feiring, Andrew; Smart, Bruce; Behr, Fred; Vogel, Herward; McKusick, Blaine (2002) "Fluorine Compounds, Organic" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a11_349">10.1002/14356007.a11_349</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlaeeaAriasb,_PedroSjödinc,_AndreasBergman,_Åke2003" class="citation journal cs1">Alaeea, Mehran; Ariasb, Pedro; Sjödinc, Andreas; Bergman, Åke (2003). "An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release". Environment International. 29 (6): 683–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003EnInt..29..683A">2003EnInt..29..683A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0160-4120%2803%2900121-1">10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00121-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12850087">12850087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+International&rft.atitle=An+overview+of+commercially+used+brominated+flame+retardants%2C+their+applications%2C+their+use+patterns+in+different+countries%2Fregions+and+possible+modes+of+release&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E683-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12850087&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0160-4120%2803%2900121-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003EnInt..29..683A&rft.aulast=Alaeea&rft.aufirst=Mehran&rft.au=Ariasb%2C+Pedro&rft.au=Sj%C3%B6dinc%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Bergman%2C+%C3%85ke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGSYB2007-68"><a href="#cite_ref-USGSYB2007_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLyday2010" class="citation web cs1">Lyday, Phyllis A. (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/bromine/myb1-2006-bromi.pdf">"Mineral Yearbook 2007: Bromine"</a> (PDF). United States Geological Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019221335/https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/bromine/myb1-2006-bromi.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mineral+Yearbook+2007%3A+Bromine&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2010-05&rft.aulast=Lyday&rft.aufirst=Phyllis+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fbromine%2Fmyb1-2006-bromi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMessengerBraun,_Adolf2000" class="citation web cs1">Messenger, Belinda; Braun, Adolf (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100421041145/https://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/methbrom/alt-anal/sept2000.pdf">"Alternatives to Methyl Bromide for the Control of Soil-Borne Diseases and Pests in California"</a> (PDF). Pest Management Analysis and Planning Program. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/methbrom/alt-anal/sept2000.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 April 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alternatives+to+Methyl+Bromide+for+the+Control+of+Soil-Borne+Diseases+and+Pests+in+California&rft.pub=Pest+Management+Analysis+and+Planning+Program&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Messenger&rft.aufirst=Belinda&rft.au=Braun%2C+Adolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdpr.ca.gov%2Fdocs%2Femon%2Fmethbrom%2Falt-anal%2Fsept2000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDecanioNorman,_Catherine_S.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Decanio, Stephen J.; Norman, Catherine S. (2008). "Economics of the "Critical Use" of Methyl bromide under the Montreal Protocol". Contemporary Economic Policy. 23 (3): 376–393. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcep%2Fbyi028">10.1093/cep/byi028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Economic+Policy&rft.atitle=Economics+of+the+%22Critical+Use%22+of+Methyl+bromide+under+the+Montreal+Protocol&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E376-%3C%2Fspan%3E393&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcep%2Fbyi028&rft.aulast=Decanio&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft.au=Norman%2C+Catherine+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdams,_Samuel_Hopkins1905" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Samuel Hopkins (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatamericanfr03adamgoog">The Great American fraud</a>. Press of the American Medical Association. Retrieved 25 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+American+fraud&rft.pub=Press+of+the+American+Medical+Association&rft.date=1905&rft.au=Adams%2C+Samuel+Hopkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatamericanfr03adamgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Buecker, Brad (1998-01-07) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.power-eng.com/emissions/choose-the-right-cooling-tower-chemicals/#gref">Choose the Right Cooling Tower Chemicals</a>. Power Engineering. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210810000356/https://www.power-eng.com/emissions/choose-the-right-cooling-tower-chemicals/#gref">Archived</a> 10 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Choose the Right Cooling Tower Chemicals | Power Engineering |1998 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVanderVeldeMallmannMoore1948" class="citation journal cs1">VanderVelde, T. L.; Mallmann, W. L.; Moore, A. V. (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26324332">"A Comparative Study Of Chlorine And Bromine For Swimming Pool Disinfection"</a>. The Sanitarian. 11 (2): 47–52. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0096-560X">0096-560X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26324332">26324332</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18891247">18891247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sanitarian&rft.atitle=A+Comparative+Study+Of+Chlorine+And+Bromine+For+Swimming+Pool+Disinfection&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=1948&rft.issn=0096-560X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26324332%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18891247&rft.aulast=VanderVelde&rft.aufirst=T.+L.&rft.au=Mallmann%2C+W.+L.&rft.au=Moore%2C+A.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26324332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlanchard2023" class="citation book cs1">Blanchard, Kristine (2023). Pool Care For Dummies (1st ed.). Indianapolis: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 259–260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-394-16611-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-394-16611-4"><bdi>978-1-394-16611-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pool+Care+For+Dummies&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E259-%3C%2Fspan%3E260&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-394-16611-4&rft.aulast=Blanchard&rft.aufirst=Kristine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nielsen2000-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nielsen2000_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nielsen2000_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNielsen2000" class="citation book cs1">Nielsen, Forrest H. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clinicalnutritio0000unse_l0q5/page/11">"Possibly Essential Trace Elements"</a>. Clinical Nutrition of the Essential Trace Elements and Minerals. pp. 11–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-59259-040-7_2">10.1007/978-1-59259-040-7_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61737-090-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61737-090-8"><bdi>978-1-61737-090-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Possibly+Essential+Trace+Elements&rft.btitle=Clinical+Nutrition+of+the+Essential+Trace+Elements+and+Minerals&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-59259-040-7_2&rft.isbn=978-1-61737-090-8&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=Forrest+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclinicalnutritio0000unse_l0q5%2Fpage%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11096071-76"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11096071_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenderson_JPByun_JWilliams_MVMueller_DM2001" class="citation journal cs1">Henderson JP; Byun J; Williams MV; Mueller DM (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M005379200">"Production of brominating intermediates by myeloperoxidase"</a>. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (11): 7867–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M005379200">10.1074/jbc.M005379200</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11096071">11096071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Biol.+Chem.&rft.atitle=Production+of+brominating+intermediates+by+myeloperoxidase.&rft.volume=276&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7867-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.M005379200&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11096071&rft.au=Henderson+JP&rft.au=Byun+J&rft.au=Williams+MV&rft.au=Mueller+DM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1074%252Fjbc.M005379200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurresonMoore,_Richard_E.Roller,_Peter_P.1976" class="citation journal cs1">Burreson, B. Jay; Moore, Richard E.; Roller, Peter P. (1976). "Volatile halogen compounds in the alga Asparagopsis taxiformis (Rhodophyta)". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Agricultural_and_Food_Chemistry" title="Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</a>. 24 (4): 856–861. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976JAFC...24..856B">1976JAFC...24..856B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf60206a040">10.1021/jf60206a040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Food+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Volatile+halogen+compounds+in+the+alga+Asparagopsis+taxiformis+%28Rhodophyta%29&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E856-%3C%2Fspan%3E861&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf60206a040&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1976JAFC...24..856B&rft.aulast=Burreson&rft.aufirst=B.+Jay&rft.au=Moore%2C+Richard+E.&rft.au=Roller%2C+Peter+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButlerCarter-Franklin,_Jayme_N.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Butler, Alison; Carter-Franklin, Jayme N. (2004). "The role of vanadium bromoperoxidase in the biosynthesis of halogenated marine natural products". Natural Product Reports. 21 (1): 180–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fb302337k">10.1039/b302337k</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15039842">15039842</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19115256">19115256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natural+Product+Reports&rft.atitle=The+role+of+vanadium+bromoperoxidase+in+the+biosynthesis+of+halogenated+marine+natural+products&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E180-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19115256%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15039842&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fb302337k&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft.au=Carter-Franklin%2C+Jayme+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pdo2003-79"><a href="#cite_ref-pdo2003_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlson2003" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Kent R. (1 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vuec3nTovyUC">Poisoning & drug overdose</a> (4th ed.). Appleton & Lange. pp. 140–141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8385-8172-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8385-8172-8"><bdi>978-0-8385-8172-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224042040/https://books.google.com/books?id=vuec3nTovyUC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poisoning+%26+drug+overdose&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E140-%3C%2Fspan%3E141&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Appleton+%26+Lange&rft.date=2003-11-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8385-8172-8&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Kent+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvuec3nTovyUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGalanterKleber2008" class="citation book cs1">Galanter, Marc; Kleber, Herbert D. (1 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6wdJgejlQzYC">The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment</a> (4th ed.). United States of America: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58562-276-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58562-276-4"><bdi>978-1-58562-276-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427154856/https://books.google.com/books?id=6wdJgejlQzYC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Psychiatric+Publishing+Textbook+of+Substance+Abuse+Treatment&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=217&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Publishing+Inc&rft.date=2008-07-01&rft.isbn=978-1-58562-276-4&rft.aulast=Galanter&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Kleber%2C+Herbert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6wdJgejlQzYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigald/207888?lang=en&region=US">"Bromine 207888"</a>. Sigma-Aldrich. 17 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725201816/https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigald/207888">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bromine+207888&rft.pub=Sigma-Aldrich&rft.date=2019-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Fsigald%2F207888%3Flang%3Den%26region%3DUS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MSDS/MSDS/DisplayMSDSPage.do?country=US&language=en&productNumber=207888&brand=SIGALD&PageToGoToURL=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Fsigald%2F207888%3Flang%3Den">"Msds – 207888"</a>. Sigma Aldrich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027193357/https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MSDS/MSDS/DisplayMSDSPage.do?country=US&language=en&productNumber=207888&brand=SIGALD&PageToGoToURL=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Fsigald%2F207888%3Flang%3Den">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Msds+%E2%80%93+207888&rft.pub=Sigma+Aldrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2FMSDS%2FMSDS%2FDisplayMSDSPage.do%3Fcountry%3DUS%26language%3Den%26productNumber%3D207888%26brand%3DSIGALD%26PageToGoToURL%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%252Fcatalog%252Fproduct%252Fsigald%252F207888%253Flang%253Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-msds-83"><a href="#cite_ref-msds_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScience_Lab.com" class="citation web cs1">Science Lab.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115230355/https://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927659">"Material Safety Data Sheet: Bromine MSDS"</a>. sciencelab.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927659">the original</a> on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sciencelab.com&rft.atitle=Material+Safety+Data+Sheet%3A+Bromine+MSDS&rft.au=Science+Lab.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencelab.com%2Fmsds.php%3FmsdsId%3D9927659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNIOSH_Pocket_Guide_to_Chemical_Hazards" class="citation web cs1">NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0064.html">"#0064"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%230064&rft.pub=National+Institute+for+Occupational+Safety+and+Health+%28NIOSH%29&rft.au=NIOSH+Pocket+Guide+to+Chemical+Hazards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpg%2Fnpgd0064.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gov-right-know-85"><a href="#cite_ref-gov-right-know_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225051612/https://edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2008/julqtr/pdf/40cfr355AppA.pdf">"40 C.F.R.: Appendix A to Part 355—The List of Extremely Hazardous Substances and Their Threshold Planning Quantities"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a> (1 July 2008 ed.). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Printing Office</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2008/julqtr/pdf/40cfr355AppA.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register&rft.atitle=40+C.F.R.%3A+Appendix+A+to+Part+355%E2%80%94The+List+of+Extremely+Hazardous+Substances+and+Their+Threshold+Planning+Quantities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedocket.access.gpo.gov%2Fcfr_2008%2Fjulqtr%2Fpdf%2F40cfr355AppA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABromine" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bromine_compounds82" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bromine_compounds" title="Template:Bromine compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bromine_compounds" title="Template talk:Bromine compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bromine_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bromine compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bromine_compounds82" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bromine_compounds" title="Bromine compounds">Bromine compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Br(−I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromide" title="Bromide">Br−</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromomethane" title="Bromomethane">CH3Br</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibromomethane" title="Dibromomethane">CH2Br2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromoform" title="Bromoform">CHBr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetrabromide" title="Carbon tetrabromide">CBr4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bromide" title="Hydrogen bromide">HBr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromocyclopropane" title="Bromocyclopropane">C3H5Br</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Br(−I,I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribromide" title="Tribromide">Br−3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Br(I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_monochloride" title="Bromine monochloride">BrCl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_monofluoride" title="Bromine monofluoride">BrF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_azide" title="Bromine azide">BrN3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_nitrate" title="Bromine nitrate">BrNO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibromine_monoxide" title="Dibromine monoxide">Br2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypobromite" title="Hypobromite">BrO−</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_tribromide" title="Nitrogen tribromide">NBr3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Br(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_monoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromine monoxide">BrO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Br(I,V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dibromine_trioxide" title="Dibromine trioxide">Br2O3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Br(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_trifluoride" title="Bromine trifluoride">BrF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromite" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromite">BrO−2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Br(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_dioxide" title="Bromine dioxide">BrO2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Br(V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_pentafluoride" title="Bromine pentafluoride">BrF5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibromine_pentoxide" title="Dibromine pentoxide">Br2O5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromate" title="Bromate">BrO−3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromosyl_trifluoride" title="Bromosyl trifluoride">BrOF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromyl_fluoride" title="Bromyl fluoride">BrO2F</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Br(VII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perbromate" title="Perbromate">BrO−4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perbromyl_fluoride" title="Perbromyl fluoride">BrO3F</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diatomic_chemical_elements63" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diatomic_elements" title="Template:Diatomic elements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diatomic_elements" title="Template talk:Diatomic elements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diatomic_elements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diatomic elements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diatomic_chemical_elements63" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">Diatomic</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl2</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Br2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helium_dimer" title="Helium dimer">He2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diargon" title="Diargon">Ar2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon">C2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphosphorus" title="Diphosphorus">P2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfur" title="Disulfur">S2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilithium" title="Dilithium">Li2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirubidium" title="Dirubidium">Rb2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table18" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8;color:inherit; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/19px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/29px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/38px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1120" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q879#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4146635-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85017053">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12166058m">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12166058m">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572452">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph543046&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007292426505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bromine&oldid=1275207355">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bromine&oldid=1275207355</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bromine" title="Category:Bromine">Bromine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_elements" title="Category:Chemical elements">Chemical elements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Diatomic_nonmetals" title="Category:Diatomic nonmetals">Diatomic nonmetals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gases_with_color" title="Category:Gases with color">Gases with color</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Halogens" title="Category:Halogens">Halogens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oxidizing_agents" title="Category:Oxidizing agents">Oxidizing agents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reactive_nonmetals" title="Category:Reactive nonmetals">Reactive nonmetals</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2022">Use dmy dates from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_January_2018" title="Category:Use British English from January 2018">Use British English from January 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:WikiProject_Elements_pages_using_ENGVAR" title="Category:WikiProject Elements pages using ENGVAR">WikiProject Elements pages using ENGVAR</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chembox_having_GHS_data" title="Category:Chembox having GHS data">Chembox having GHS data</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chembox_container_only" title="Category:Chembox container only">Chembox container only</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 February 2025, at 18:16 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bromine&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Bromine</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 149 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-658b85fd8d-5tkfk","wgBackendResponseTime":222,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.770","walltime":"2.194","ppvisitednodes":{"value":40817,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":755914,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":67157,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":56,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":312610,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1925.228 1 -total"," 63.72% 1226.829 3 Template:Infobox"," 43.84% 843.965 1 Template:Infobox_bromine"," 43.61% 839.657 1 Template:Infobox_element"," 16.30% 313.821 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.24% 312.724 146 Template:Trim"," 15.00% 288.874 1 Template:Infobox_bromine_isotopes"," 14.89% 286.599 1 Template:Infobox_isotopes_(meta)"," 14.49% 278.875 1 Template:Isotopes/main/table"," 13.52% 260.371 8 Template:Isotopes/main/isotope"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.874","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":31281453,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-658b85fd8d-99r9b","timestamp":"20250411031757","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Bromine","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bromine","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q879","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q879","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-17T13:12:43Z","dateModified":"2025-02-11T18:16:38Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/35\/Bromine_vial_in_acrylic_cube.jpg","headline":"chemical element with symbol Br and atomic number 35"}</script> </body> </html>