CINXE.COM
2015 August
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</div> <div data-rocket-location-hash="4d1b0565a2cfe76418efcf78086d3f61" class="columns"> <div data-rocket-location-hash="5ae7e3edf258b48cd17dc707fb7fef9c" class="content"> <div class="archive_intro post_box grt top"> <h1 class="archive_title headline">August 2015</h1> </div> <div id="post-7787" class="post_box grt top" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Article"> <div class="headline_area"> <h2 class="headline" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/08/29/a-thousand-coins-discovered-at-cishi-pagoda/" rel="bookmark">A Thousand Coins Discovered at Cishi Pagoda</a></h2> <div class="byline small"> <span class="post_author_intro">by</span> <span class="post_author" itemprop="author">Gary Ashkenazy</span> <meta itemprop="datePublished" content="2015-08-29" /> <meta itemprop="dateModified" content="2015-08-29" /> <span class="post_date_intro">on</span> <span class="post_date" title="2015-08-29">August 29, 2015</span> </div> </div> <a class="thumb_link" href="https://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/08/29/a-thousand-coins-discovered-at-cishi-pagoda/" title="read more"><img class="thumb alignleft frame" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%200%200'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="A Thousand Coins Discovered at Cishi Pagoda thumbnail" itemprop="thumbnailUrl" data-lazy-src="http://primaltrek.com/cishitacoins2a.jpg" /><noscript><img class="thumb alignleft frame" src="http://primaltrek.com/cishitacoins2a.jpg" alt="A Thousand Coins Discovered at Cishi Pagoda thumbnail" itemprop="thumbnailUrl" /></noscript></a> <div class="post_content post_excerpt" itemprop="description"> <p>More than a thousand Tang and Song dynasty coins have been discovered during the restoration of the Cishi Pagoda (cishi ta 慈氏塔) located in Yueyang (岳阳), Hunan Province (湖南省), according to an article in the Yueyang Daily (岳阳日报) dated August 21, 2015. The Cishi Pagoda is a seven-story, eight-sided (octagonal) brick pagoda 39 meters (128 [...]</p> </div> <meta itemprop="interactionCount" content="UserComments:0" /> <span class="bracket">{</span> <a class="num_comments_link" href="https://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/08/29/a-thousand-coins-discovered-at-cishi-pagoda/#commentform" rel="nofollow"><span class="num_comments">0</span> comments</a> <span class="bracket">}</span> </div> <div id="post-7827" class="post_box grt" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Article"> <div class="headline_area"> <h2 class="headline" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/08/26/four-wadokaichin-coins-discovered-under-east-pagoda-of-yakushi-ji-temple/" rel="bookmark">Four Wadokaichin Coins Discovered Under East Pagoda of Yakushi-ji Temple</a></h2> <div class="byline small"> <span class="post_author_intro">by</span> <span class="post_author" itemprop="author">Gary Ashkenazy</span> <meta itemprop="datePublished" content="2015-08-26" /> <meta itemprop="dateModified" content="2015-09-04" /> <span class="post_date_intro">on</span> <span class="post_date" title="2015-08-26">August 26, 2015</span> </div> </div> <a class="thumb_link" href="https://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/08/26/four-wadokaichin-coins-discovered-under-east-pagoda-of-yakushi-ji-temple/" title="read more"><img class="thumb alignleft frame" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%200%200'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Four Wadokaichin Coins Discovered Under East Pagoda of Yakushi-ji Temple thumbnail" itemprop="thumbnailUrl" data-lazy-src="http://primaltrek.com/yakushiji_wadokaichin1.jpg" /><noscript><img class="thumb alignleft frame" src="http://primaltrek.com/yakushiji_wadokaichin1.jpg" alt="Four Wadokaichin Coins Discovered Under East Pagoda of Yakushi-ji Temple thumbnail" itemprop="thumbnailUrl" /></noscript></a> <div class="post_content post_excerpt" itemprop="description"> <p>Four Japanese Wadokaichin (和同開珎) coins dating from the eighth century have been discovered at the base of Japan’s National Treasure “Toto”, the East Pagoda (東塔 Tō-tō) of the Yakushi-ji Temple (薬師寺) located in Nara, according to a news report by The Mainichi dated August 18, 2015. The Yakushi-ji Temple is currently being dismantled as part [...]</p> </div> <meta itemprop="interactionCount" content="UserComments:0" /> <span class="bracket">{</span> <a class="num_comments_link" href="https://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/08/26/four-wadokaichin-coins-discovered-under-east-pagoda-of-yakushi-ji-temple/#commentform" rel="nofollow"><span class="num_comments">0</span> comments</a> <span class="bracket">}</span> </div> <div id="post-7683" class="post_box grt" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Article"> <div class="headline_area"> <h2 class="headline" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/08/07/dragon-soaring-and-phoenix-dancing-charm/" rel="bookmark">“Dragon Soaring and Phoenix Dancing” Charm</a></h2> <div class="byline small"> <span class="post_author_intro">by</span> <span class="post_author" itemprop="author">Gary Ashkenazy</span> <meta itemprop="datePublished" content="2015-08-07" /> <meta itemprop="dateModified" content="2015-08-29" /> <span class="post_date_intro">on</span> <span class="post_date" title="2015-08-07">August 7, 2015</span> </div> </div> <a class="thumb_link" href="https://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/08/07/dragon-soaring-and-phoenix-dancing-charm/" title="read more"><img class="thumb alignleft frame" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%200%200'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="“Dragon Soaring and Phoenix Dancing” Charm thumbnail" itemprop="thumbnailUrl" data-lazy-src="http://primaltrek.com/dragonsoaringphoenixdancingobv1.jpg" /><noscript><img class="thumb alignleft frame" src="http://primaltrek.com/dragonsoaringphoenixdancingobv1.jpg" alt="“Dragon Soaring and Phoenix Dancing” Charm thumbnail" itemprop="thumbnailUrl" /></noscript></a> <div class="post_content post_excerpt" itemprop="description"> <p>Wang Bo (王勃) was a Tang dynasty poet and is considered one of the Four Paragons of the Early Tang (初唐四杰). His masterpiece is the Preface to the Prince of Teng’s Pavilion (tengwang ge xu 滕王阁序) which describes the scene at a grand banquet he attended at the Pavilion of Prince Teng. The Pavilion of [...]</p> </div> <meta itemprop="interactionCount" content="UserComments:0" /> <span class="bracket">{</span> <a class="num_comments_link" href="https://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/08/07/dragon-soaring-and-phoenix-dancing-charm/#commentform" rel="nofollow"><span class="num_comments">0</span> comments</a> <span class="bracket">}</span> </div> </div> <div data-rocket-location-hash="d5bf9b362f33a4a86573fa136917f78d" class="sidebar"> <div class="widget widget_categories" id="categories-3"><p class="widget_title">Categories</p> <ul> <li class="cat-item cat-item-3"><a href="https://primaltrek.com/blog/category/chinese-charms/">Chinese charms</a> (45) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-12"><a href="https://primaltrek.com/blog/category/chinese-chess-xiangqi/">Chinese chess (xiangqi)</a> (3) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-4"><a href="https://primaltrek.com/blog/category/chinese-coins/">Chinese coins</a> (90) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-11"><a 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