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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Work</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Work-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Work subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Themes_and_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes_and_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Themes and forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Themes_and_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poetry_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Poetry collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Essay_and_interview_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essay_and_interview_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Essay and interview collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Essay_and_interview_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Plays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collections_in_Russian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collections_in_Russian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Collections in Russian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collections_in_Russian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Joseph Brodsky</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 97 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-97" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">97 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80-%D0%B8%D4%A5%D0%B0" title="Бродски, Иосиф Александр-иԥа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Бродски, Иосиф Александр-иԥа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A" title="يوسف برودسكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوسف برودسكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0osif_Brodski" title="İosif Brodski – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İosif Brodski" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="جوزف برودسکی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جوزف برودسکی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AB_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF" title="জোসেফ ব্রডস্কি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জোসেফ ব্রডস্কি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иосиф Бродский – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Иосиф Бродский" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%84_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Іосіф Аляксандравіч Бродскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іосіф Аляксандравіч Бродскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%84_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Ёсіф Бродзкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ёсіф Бродзкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Йосиф Бродски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йосиф Бродски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josif_Brodski" title="Josif Brodski – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Josif Brodski" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosif_Brodskiy" title="Iosif Brodskiy – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Iosif Brodskiy" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Бродский Иосиф Александрович – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бродский Иосиф Александрович" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josif_Brodskij" title="Josif Brodskij – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Josif Brodskij" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jossif_Brodski" title="Jossif Brodski – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jossif Brodski" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%B6%CE%B5%CF%86_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B9" title="Γιόζεφ Μπρόντσκι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιόζεφ Μπρόντσκι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosif_Brodskij" title="Iosif Brodskij – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Iosif Brodskij" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="جوزف برودسکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جوزف برودسکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Brodsky" title="Josef Brodsky – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Josef Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80%ED%94%84_%EB%B8%8C%EB%A1%9C%EB%93%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%A4" title="조지프 브로드스키 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지프 브로드스키" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB%D6%86_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%AB" title="Իոսիֆ Բրոդսկի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իոսիֆ Բրոդսկի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="जोसेफ ब्रोड्स्की – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जोसेफ ब्रोड्स्की" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josif_Brodski" title="Josif Brodski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Josif Brodski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosif_Alexandrovich_Brodski" title="Iosif Alexandrovich Brodski – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Iosif Alexandrovich Brodski" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosif_Aleksandrovi%C4%8D_Brodskij" title="Iosif Aleksandrovič Brodskij – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iosif Aleksandrovič Brodskij" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A3_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99" title="יוסף ברודסקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוסף ברודסקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="იოსიფ ბროდსკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იოსიფ ბროდსკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иосиф Александрович Бродский – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Иосиф Александрович Бродский" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosif_Brodski" title="Iosif Brodski – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Iosif Brodski" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иосиф Бродский – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Иосиф Бродский" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Бродский, Иосиф Александрович – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Бродский, Иосиф Александрович" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosephus_Brodskij" title="Iosephus Brodskij – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iosephus Brodskij" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josifs_Brodskis" title="Josifs Brodskis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Josifs Brodskis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josifas_Brodskis" title="Josifas Brodskis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Josifas Brodskis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joszif_Alekszandrovics_Brodszkij" title="Joszif Alekszandrovics Brodszkij – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Joszif Alekszandrovics Brodszkij" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Јосиф Бродски – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јосиф Бродски" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF" title="ജോസഫ് ബ്രോഡ്സ്കി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോസഫ് ബ്രോഡ്സ്കി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="जोसेफ ब्रॉडस्की – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जोसेफ ब्रॉडस्की" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="იოსიფ ბროდსკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იოსიფ ბროდსკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%89" title="يوسف برودسكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يوسف برودسكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="جوزف برودسکی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جوزف برودسکی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иосиф Бродский – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Иосиф Бродский" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%82%B7%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%AD%E3%83%84%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC" title="ヨシフ・ブロツキー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨシフ・ブロツキー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josif_Brodskij" title="Josif Brodskij – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Josif Brodskij" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosif_Brodskiy" title="Iosif Brodskiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Iosif Brodskiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80" title="ਯੋਸਿਫ਼ ਬਰੋਡਸਕੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੋਸਿਫ਼ ਬਰੋਡਸਕੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="جوزف برودسکی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جوزف برودسکی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosif_Brodski" title="Iosif Brodski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Iosif Brodski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosif_Brodski" title="Iosif Brodski – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iosif Brodski" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Бродский, Иосиф Александрович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бродский, Иосиф Александрович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Brodski" title="Josef Brodski – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Josef Brodski" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josif_Aleksandrovi%C4%8D_Brodski" title="Josif Aleksandrovič Brodski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Josif Aleksandrovič Brodski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Јосиф Бродски – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јосиф Бродски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="ஜோசப் பிராட்ஸ்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜோசப் பிராட்ஸ்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иосиф Бродский – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Иосиф Бродский" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иосиф Александрович Бродский – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Иосиф Александрович Бродский" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Бродский, Иосиф Александрович – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Бродский, Иосиф Александрович" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Бродський Йосип Олександрович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бродський Йосип Олександрович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosif_Aleksandrovich_Brodsky" title="Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" title="约瑟夫·亚历山德罗维奇·布罗茨基 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="约瑟夫·亚历山德罗维奇·布罗茨基" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Joseph Brodsky" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E7%BE%85%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" title="布羅茨基 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="布羅茨基" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" title="约瑟夫·亚历山德罗维奇·布罗茨基 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约瑟夫·亚历山德罗维奇·布罗茨基" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q862#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Russian poet (1940–1996)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Aleksandrovich</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> Brodsky</i>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the American civil rights lawyer, see <a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Brodsky" title="Joseph R. Brodsky">Joseph R. Brodsky</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Joseph Brodsky</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Brodsky_1988.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brodsky in 1988"><img alt="Brodsky in 1988" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Joseph_Brodsky_1988.jpg/220px-Joseph_Brodsky_1988.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Joseph_Brodsky_1988.jpg/330px-Joseph_Brodsky_1988.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Joseph_Brodsky_1988.jpg/440px-Joseph_Brodsky_1988.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2445" data-file-height="3427" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Brodsky in 1988</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><div class="nickname">Иосиф Александрович Бродский</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1940-05-24</span>)</span>24 May 1940<br /><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a><br />(now Saint Petersburg, Russia)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">28 January 1996<span style="display:none">(1996-01-28)</span> (aged 55)<br /><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Isola_di_San_Michele" title="Isola di San Michele">Isola di San Michele</a>, Venice, Veneto, Italy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Poet, essayist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="nowrap">Russian (poetry),<sup id="cite_ref-brodsky_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brodsky-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English (prose)<sup id="cite_ref-brodsky_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brodsky-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Soviet Union (1940–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Stateless</a> (1972–77)</li> <li>United States (1977–96)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gorbunov_and_Gorchakov" title="Gorbunov and Gorchakov">Gorbunov and Gorchakov</a></i> (1970)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Less_Than_One:_Selected_Essays" class="mw-redirect" title="Less Than One: Selected Essays">Less Than One: Selected Essays</a></i> (1986)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable awards</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> (1987)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Struga_Poetry_Evenings_Golden_Wreath_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Struga Poetry Evenings Golden Wreath Award">Struga Poetry Evenings Golden Wreath Award</a> (1991)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Maria Sozzani</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1990)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Partner</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marina_Basmanova" title="Marina Basmanova">Marina Basmanova</a> (1962–1967)</li><li>Maria Kuznetsova</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">3</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>; Russian: <span lang="ru">Иосиф Александрович Бродский</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ɪˈosʲɪf<span class="wrap"> </span>ɐlʲɪˈksandrəvʲɪtɕ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbrotskʲɪj]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/39\/Iosif_Alyeksandrovich_Brodskiy.ru.vorb.oga\/Iosif_Alyeksandrovich_Brodskiy.ru.vorb.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Iosif Alyeksandrovich Brodskiy.ru.vorb.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/Iosif_Alyeksandrovich_Brodskiy.ru.vorb.oga/Iosif_Alyeksandrovich_Brodskiy.ru.vorb.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Iosif_Alyeksandrovich_Brodskiy.ru.vorb.oga" title="File:Iosif Alyeksandrovich Brodskiy.ru.vorb.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; 24 May 1940 – 28 January 1996) was a Russian and American poet and essayist. Born in Leningrad (now <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, Brodsky ran afoul of Soviet authorities and was expelled ("strongly advised" to emigrate) from the Soviet Union in 1972, settling in the United States with the help of <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a> and other supporters. He taught thereafter at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College" title="Mount Holyoke College">Mount Holyoke College</a>, and at universities including <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">Michigan</a>. Brodsky was awarded the <a href="/wiki/1987_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1987 Nobel Prize in Literature">1987 Nobel Prize in Literature</a> "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was appointed <a href="/wiki/Poet_Laureate_Consultant_in_Poetry_to_the_Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress">United States Poet Laureate</a> in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Professor Andrey Ranchin of <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a>, "Brodsky is the only modern Russian poet whose body of work has already been awarded the honorary title of a canonized classic... Brodsky's literary canonization is an exceptional phenomenon. No other contemporary Russian writer has been honored as the hero of such a number of memoir texts; no other has had so many conferences devoted to them."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daniel Murphy, in his seminal text <i>Christianity and Modern European Literature</i>, includes Brodsky among the most influential <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> poets of the 20th century, along with <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osip_Mandelstam" title="Osip Mandelstam">Osip Mandelstam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Anna Akhmatova</a> (Brodsky's mentor for a time), and W. H. Auden (who sponsored Brodsky's cause in the United States). Irene Steckler was the first to categorically state that Brodsky was "unquestionably a Christian poet".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before that, in July 1972, following his exile, Brodsky himself, in an interview, said: "While I am related to the Old Testament perhaps by ancestry, and certainly the spirit of justice, I consider myself a Christian. Not a good one but I try to be."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contemporary Russian poet and fellow-<a href="/wiki/Acmeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Acmeist">Acmeist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Krivulin" title="Viktor Krivulin">Viktor Krivulin</a>, said that "Brodsky always felt his <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewishness</a> as a religious thing, despite the fact that, when all is said and done, he's a Christian poet."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Brodsky&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9,_24,_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F,_27_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%2C_24%2C_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%2C_27_02.JPG/220px-%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%2C_24%2C_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%2C_27_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%2C_24%2C_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%2C_27_02.JPG/330px-%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%2C_24%2C_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%2C_27_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%2C_24%2C_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%2C_27_02.JPG/440px-%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%2C_24%2C_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%2C_27_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="2260" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muruzi_House" title="Muruzi House">Muruzi House</a>, Saint Petersburg, where its Brodsky memorial plaque is visible in the middle of the ground floor of the brown building</figcaption></figure> <p>Brodsky was born into a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Jewish">Russian Jewish</a> family in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg). A descendant of a prominent and ancient rabbinic family, Schorr (Shor)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERottenberg1986184_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERottenberg1986184-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his direct male-line ancestor was <a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Isaac_Bekhor_Shor" title="Joseph ben Isaac Bekhor Shor">Joseph ben Isaac Bekhor Shor</a>. His father, Aleksandr Brodsky, was a professional photographer in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a>, and his mother, Maria Volpert Brodskaya, a professional interpreter whose work often helped to support the family. They lived in communal apartments, in poverty, marginalized by their Jewish status.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early childhood, Brodsky survived the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a> where he and his parents nearly died of starvation; one aunt did die of hunger.<sup id="cite_ref-New_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later developed various health problems caused by the siege. Brodsky commented that many of his teachers were <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish">anti-Jewish</a> and that he felt like a dissident from an early age. He noted "I began to despise <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a>, even when I was in the first grade, not so much because of <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">his political philosophy</a> or practice ... but because of his omnipresent images."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a young student, Brodsky was "an unruly child" known for his misbehavior during classes.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At fifteen, Brodsky left school and tried to enter the School of Submariners without success. He went on to work as a milling machine operator.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, having decided to become a physician, he worked at the <a href="/wiki/Morgue" title="Morgue">morgue</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Kresty_Prison" title="Kresty Prison">Kresty Prison</a>, cutting and sewing bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He subsequently held a variety of jobs in hospitals, in a ship's <a href="/wiki/Fire_room" title="Fire room">boiler room</a>, and on geological expeditions. At the same time, Brodsky engaged in a program of self-education. He learned Polish so he could translate the works of Polish poets such as <a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz" title="Czesław Miłosz">Czesław Miłosz</a>, and English so that he could translate <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a>. On the way, he acquired a deep interest in <a href="/wiki/Classical_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical philosophy">classical philosophy</a>, religion, <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>, and English and American poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_and_family">Career and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Brodsky&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career">Early career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Brodsky&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:350px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> <p>So long had life together been, that once<br /> the snow began to fall, it seemed unending;<br /> that, lest the flakes should make her eyelids wince,<br /> I'd shield them with my hand, and they, pretending<br /> not to believe that cherishing of eyes,<br /> would beat against my palm like butterflies.<br /> </p> </div> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">—from "Six Years Later"," Trans. Richard Wilbur</cite></p> </div> <p>In 1955, Brodsky began writing his own poetry and producing literary translations. He circulated them in secret, and some were published by the underground journal, <i><a href="/wiki/Sintaksis_(Moscow)" title="Sintaksis (Moscow)">Sintaksis</a></i> (Syntax, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Си́нтаксис</span>). His writings were apolitical.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1958 he was already well known in literary circles for his poems "The Jewish cemetery near Leningrad" and "Pilgrims".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShtern200463_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShtern200463-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asked when he first felt called to poetry, he recollected, "In 1959, in <a href="/wiki/Yakutsk" title="Yakutsk">Yakutsk</a>, when walking in that terrible city, I went into a bookstore. I snagged a copy of poems by Baratynsky. I had nothing to read. So I read that book and finally understood what I had to do in life. Or got very excited, at least. So in a way, <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Evgeny Abramovich Baratynsky</a> is sort of responsible." His friend, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludmila_Shtern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludmila Shtern (page does not exist)">Ludmila Shtern</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Людмила Яковлевна Штерн (page does not exist)">Людмила Яковлевна Штерн</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD" class="extiw" title="ru:Людмила Яковлевна Штерн">ru</a>]</span>, <i>Ljudmíla Jákovlevna Štern</i>), recalled working with Brodsky on an irrigation project in his "geological period" (working as a geologist's assistant): "We bounced around the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad Province</a> examining kilometers of canals, checking their embankments, which looked terrible. They were falling down, coming apart, had all sorts of strange things growing in them... It was during these trips, however, that I was privileged to hear the poems "The Hills" and "You Will Gallop in the Dark". Brodsky read them aloud to me between two train cars as we were going towards <a href="/wiki/Tikhvin" title="Tikhvin">Tikhvin</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShtern200463_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShtern200463-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1960, the young Brodsky met <a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Anna Akhmatova</a>, one of the leading poets of the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Silver Age of Russian Poetry">silver age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She encouraged his work, and became his mentor.<sup id="cite_ref-timeliness_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeliness-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1962, in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a>, Anna Akhmatova introduced him to the artist <a href="/wiki/Marina_Basmanova" title="Marina Basmanova">Marina Basmanova</a>, a young painter from an established artistic family who was drawing Akhmatova's portrait. The two started a relationship; however, Brodsky's then close friend and fellow poet, <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Bobyshev" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitri Bobyshev">Dmitri Bobyshev</a>, was in love with Basmanova. As Bobyshev began to pursue the woman, immediately, the authorities began to pursue Brodsky; Bobyshev was widely held responsible for denouncing him.<sup id="cite_ref-New_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brodsky dedicated much love poetry to Marina Basmanova: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>I was only that which<br /> you touched with your palm<br /> over which, in the deaf, raven-black<br /> night, you bent your head ... <br /> I was practically blind.<br /> You, appearing, then hiding,<br /> taught me to see.<sup id="cite_ref-New_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denunciation">Denunciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Brodsky&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Denunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1963, Brodsky's poetry was denounced by a Leningrad newspaper as "pornographic and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">anti-Soviet</a>". His papers were confiscated, he was interrogated, twice put in a mental institution<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then arrested. He was charged with <a href="/wiki/Parasitism_(social_offense)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasitism (social offense)">social parasitism</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> authorities in a trial in 1964, finding that his series of odd jobs and role as a poet were not a sufficient contribution to society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They called him "a pseudo-poet in <a href="/wiki/Velveteen" title="Velveteen">velveteen</a> trousers" who failed to fulfill his "constitutional duty to work honestly for the good of the motherland".<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trial judge asked, "Who has recognized you as a poet? Who has enrolled you in the ranks of poets?" – "No one", Brodsky replied, "Who enrolled me in the ranks of the human race?"<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brodskij_Wilno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Brodskij_Wilno.jpg/220px-Brodskij_Wilno.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Brodskij_Wilno.jpg/330px-Brodskij_Wilno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Brodskij_Wilno.jpg/440px-Brodskij_Wilno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Plaque marking where Brodsky stayed in <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For his "parasitism" Brodsky was sentenced to five years hard labor and served 18 months on a farm in the village of <a href="/wiki/Norinskaya" title="Norinskaya">Norenskaya</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Archangelsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangelsk">Archangelsk</a> region, 350 miles from Leningrad. He rented his own small cottage, and although it was without plumbing or central heating, having one's own, private space was taken to be a great luxury at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-New_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basmanova, Bobyshev, and Brodsky's mother, among others, visited. He wrote on his typewriter, chopped wood, hauled manure, and at night read his anthologies of English and American poetry, including a lot of <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost" title="Robert Frost">Robert Frost</a>. Brodsky's close friend and biographer <a href="/wiki/Lev_Loseff" title="Lev Loseff">Lev Loseff</a> writes that while his confinement in the mental hospital and the trial were miserable experiences, the 18 months in the Arctic were among the best times of Brodsky's life. Brodsky's mentor, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Anna Akhmatova</a>, laughed at the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>'s shortsightedness. "What a biography they're fashioning for our red-haired friend!", she said. "It's as if he'd hired them to do it on purpose."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brodsky's sentence was commuted in 1965 after protests by prominent Soviet and foreign cultural figures,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Evtushenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Evgeny Evtushenko">Evgeny Evtushenko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> as well as Akhmatova.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timeliness_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeliness-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brodsky became a <a href="/wiki/Cause_c%C3%A9l%C3%A8bre" title="Cause célèbre">cause célèbre</a> in the West also, when a secret transcription of trial minutes was smuggled out of the country, making him a symbol of artistic resistance in a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> society, much like his mentor, Akhmatova. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chemodan_Brodskogo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Chemodan_Brodskogo.jpg/220px-Chemodan_Brodskogo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Chemodan_Brodskogo.jpg/330px-Chemodan_Brodskogo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Chemodan_Brodskogo.jpg/440px-Chemodan_Brodskogo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="1261" /></a><figcaption>The suitcase with which Brodsky left his homeland, on 4 June 1972, carrying a typewriter, two bottles of vodka, and a collection of poems by John Donne - today displayed in the Anna Akhmatova Museum, Saint Petersburg</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:380px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> <p>Since the stern art of poetry calls for words, I, morose,<br /> deaf, and balding ambassador of a more or less<br /> insignificant nation that's stuck in this super<br /> power, wishing to spare my old brain,<br /> put on clothes – all by myself – and head for the main<br /> street: for the evening paper. </p> </div> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">—from "The End of a Beautiful Era" (Leningrad 1969)</cite></p> </div> <p>His son, Andrei, was born on 8 October 1967, and Basmanova broke off the relationship. Andrei was registered under Basmanova's surname because Brodsky did not want his son to suffer from the political attacks that he endured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalinaLipovet͡skiĭ200428_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalinaLipovet͡skiĭ200428-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marina Basmanova was threatened by the Soviet authorities, which prevented her from marrying Brodsky or joining him when he was exiled from the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After the birth of their son, Brodsky continued to dedicate love poetry to Basmanova.<sup id="cite_ref-New_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989, Brodsky wrote his last poem to "M.B.", describing himself remembering their life in Leningrad: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Your voice, your body, your name<br /> mean nothing to me now. No one destroyed them.<br /> It's just that, in order to forget one life, a person needs to live<br /> at least one other life. And I have served that portion.<sup id="cite_ref-New_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Brodsky returned to Leningrad in December 1965 and continued to write over the next seven years, many of his works being translated into German, French, and English and published abroad. <i>Verses and Poems</i> was published by Inter-Language Literary Associates in Washington in 1965, <i>Elegy to <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a> and Other Poems</i> was published in London in 1967 by Longmans Green, and <i>A Stop in the Desert</i> was issued in 1970 by Chekhov Publishing in New York. Only four of his poems were published in Leningrad anthologies in 1966 and 1967, most of his work appearing outside the Soviet Union or circulated in secret (<a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">samizdat</a>) until 1987. Persecuted for his poetry and his Jewish heritage, he was denied permission to travel. In 1972, while Brodsky was being considered for exile, the authorities consulted mental health expert <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Snezhnevsky" title="Andrei Snezhnevsky">Andrei Snezhnevsky</a>, a key proponent of the notorious pseudo-medical diagnosis of "paranoid reformist delusion".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrintlingerVinitsky200792_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrintlingerVinitsky200792-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This political tool allowed the state to lock up dissenters in psychiatric institutions indefinitely. Without examining him personally, Snezhnevsky diagnosed Brodsky as having "<a href="/wiki/Sluggishly_progressing_schizophrenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sluggishly progressing schizophrenia">sluggishly progressing schizophrenia</a>", concluding that he was "not a valuable person at all and may be let go".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrintlingerVinitsky200792_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrintlingerVinitsky200792-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971, Brodsky was invited twice to emigrate to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. When called to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Interior (Israel)">Ministry of the Interior</a> in 1972 and asked why he had not accepted, he stated that he wished to stay in the country. Within ten days officials broke into his apartment, took his papers, and on 4 June 1972, put him on a plane for <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He never returned to Russia and never saw Basmanova again.<sup id="cite_ref-New_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brodsky later wrote "The Last Judgement is the Last Judgement, but a human being who spent his life in Russia, has to be, without any hesitation, placed into Paradise."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Austria, he met <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ray_Proffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Ray Proffer">Carl Ray Proffer</a> and Auden, who facilitated Brodsky's transit to the United States and proved influential to Brodsky's career. Proffer, of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> and one of the co-founders of <a href="/wiki/Ardis_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardis Publishers">Ardis Publishers</a>, became Brodsky's Russian publisher from this point on. Recalling his landing in Vienna, Brodsky commented: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I knew I was leaving my country for good, but for where, I had no idea whatsoever. One thing which was quite clear was that I didn't want to go to Israel... I never even believed that they'd allow me to go. I never believed they would put me on a plane, and when they did I didn't know whether the plane would go east or west... I didn't want to be hounded by what was left of the Soviet Security Service in England. So I came to the States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiłosz200684_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiłosz200684-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Although the poet was invited back after the fall of the Soviet Union, Brodsky never returned to his country.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Brodsky&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josef_Brodsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Josef_Brodsky.jpg/320px-Josef_Brodsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Josef_Brodsky.jpg/480px-Josef_Brodsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Josef_Brodsky.jpg/640px-Josef_Brodsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>Brodsky teaching at University of Michigan, c. 1972</figcaption></figure> <p>After a short stay in Vienna, Brodsky settled in <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor</a>, with the help of poets Auden and Proffer, and became poet-in-residence at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> for a year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiłosz200684_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiłosz200684-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brodsky went on to become a visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/Queens_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Queens College">Queens College</a> (1973–74), <a href="/wiki/Smith_College" title="Smith College">Smith College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge University</a>, later returning to the University of Michigan (1974–80). He was the <a href="/wiki/Andrew_W._Mellon_Foundation" title="Andrew W. Mellon Foundation">Andrew Mellon Professor of Literature</a> and Five College Professor of Literature at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College" title="Mount Holyoke College">Mount Holyoke College</a>, brought there by poet and historian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Peter Viereck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978, Brodsky was awarded an honorary degree of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Letters" title="Doctor of Letters">Doctor of Letters</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, and on 23 May 1979, he was inducted as a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_and_Institute_of_Arts_and_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters">American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters</a>. He moved to New York's <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a> in 1980 and in 1981 received the <a href="/wiki/John_D._and_Catherine_T._MacArthur_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation">John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation</a> "genius" award.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also a recipient of The International Center in New York Award of Excellence. In 1986, his collection of essays, <i>Less Than One</i>, won the <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Critics_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="National Book Critics Award">National Book Critics Award</a> for Criticism and he was given an honorary doctorate of literature from Oxford University.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1987, he won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> for Literature, the fifth Russian-born writer to do so. In an interview he was asked: "You are an American citizen who is receiving the Prize for Russian-language poetry. Who are you, an American or a Russian?" "I'm Jewish; a Russian poet, an English essayist – and, of course, an American citizen", he responded.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The academy stated that they had awarded the prize for his "all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity". It also called his writing "rich and intensely vital", characterized by "great breadth in time and space". It was "a big step for me, a small step for mankind", he joked.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prize coincided with the first legal publication in Russia of Brodsky's poetry as an exilé. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%98._%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%98._%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%98._%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%98._%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%98._%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%98._%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/440px-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%98._%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1989" data-file-height="1492" /></a><figcaption>Plaque in honour of Brodsky in Venice</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1991, Brodsky became <a href="/wiki/United_States_Poet_Laureate" title="United States Poet Laureate">Poet Laureate of the United States</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Librarian_of_Congress" title="Librarian of Congress">Librarian of Congress</a> said that Brodsky had "the open-ended interest of American life that immigrants have. This is a reminder that so much of American creativity is from people not born in America."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His inauguration address was printed in <i><a href="/wiki/Poetry_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Poetry Review">Poetry Review</a></i>. Brodsky held an honorary degree from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Silesia" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Silesia">University of Silesia</a> in Poland and was an honorary member of the International Academy of Science. In 1995, Gleb Uspensky, a senior editor at the Russian publishing house, Vagrius, asked Brodsky to return to Russia for a tour, but he could not agree.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_13-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the last ten years of his life, Brodsky was under considerable pressure from those that regarded him as a "fortune maker". He was a greatly honored professor, was on first name terms with the heads of many large publishing houses and connected to the significant figures of American literary life. His friend Ludmila Shtern wrote that many Russian intellectuals in both Russia and America assumed his influence was unlimited, that a nod from him could secure them a book contract, a teaching post or a grant, that it was in his gift to assure a glittering career. A helping hand or a rejection of a petition for help could create a storm in Russian literary circles, which Shtern suggests became very personal at times. His position as a lauded émigré and Nobel Prize winner won him enemies and stoked resentment, the politics of which, she writes, made him feel "deathly tired" of it all toward the end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShtern2004305_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShtern2004305-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brodskygrave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Brodskygrave.jpg/220px-Brodskygrave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Brodskygrave.jpg/330px-Brodskygrave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Brodskygrave.jpg/440px-Brodskygrave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>Grave of Brodsky in the Protestant section of the <a href="/wiki/Isola_di_San_Michele#history" title="Isola di San Michele">Cimitero di San Michele</a>, Venice, Veneto, Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1990, while teaching literature in France, Brodsky married a young student, Maria Sozzani, who has a Russian-Italian background; they had one daughter, Anna Brodsky, born in 1993. </p><p>Marina Basmanova lived in fear of the Soviet authorities until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991; only after this was their son Andrei Basmanov allowed to join his father in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the 1990s, Brodsky invited Andrei to visit him in New York for three months and they maintained a father-son relationship until Brodsky's death.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Andrei married in the 1990s and had three children, all of whom were recognized and supported by Brodsky as his grandchildren; Marina Basmanova, Andrei, and Brodsky's grandchildren all live in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Andrei gave readings of his father's poetry in a documentary about Brodsky. The film contains Brodsky's poems dedicated to Marina Basmanova and written between 1961 and 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brodsky died of a heart attack aged 55, at his apartment in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Heights" title="Brooklyn Heights">Brooklyn Heights</a>, a neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, a borough of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, on 28 January 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_13-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had open-heart surgery in 1979 and later two bypass operations, remaining in frail health following that time. He was buried in a non-Catholic section of the <a href="/wiki/San_Michele_Cemetery,_Venice" title="San Michele Cemetery, Venice">San Michele cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, also the resting place of <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a> and <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_13-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997, a plaque was placed on his former house in St. Petersburg, with his portrait in relief and the words "In this house from 1940 to 1972 lived the great Russian poet, Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShtern2004330_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShtern2004330-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brodsky's close friend, the Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Derek_Walcott" title="Derek Walcott">Derek Walcott</a>, memorialized him in his collection <i>The Prodigal</i>, in 2004. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Brodsky&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:320px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> <p>I was born and grew up in the Baltic marshland<br /> by zinc-gray breakers that always marched on<br /> in twos. </p> </div> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">—From the title poem in <i>A Part of Speech</i> (1977)</cite></p> </div> <p>Brodsky is perhaps most known for his poetry collections, <i>A Part of Speech</i> (1977) and <i>To Urania</i> (1988), and the essay collection, <i>Less Than One</i> (1986), which won the <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Critics_Circle_Award" title="National Book Critics Circle Award">National Book Critics Circle Award</a>. Other notable works include the play, <i>Marbles</i> (1989), and <i>Watermark</i> (1992), a prose meditation on Venice.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_13-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout his career he wrote in Russian and English, self-translating and working with eminent poet-translators. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Themes_and_forms">Themes and forms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Brodsky&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Themes and forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his introduction to Brodsky's <i>Selected Poems</i> (New York and Harmondsworth, 1973), W. H. Auden described Brodsky as a traditionalist <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric poet</a> fascinated by "encounters with nature, ... reflections upon the human condition, death, and the meaning of existence".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He drew on wide-ranging themes, from Mexican and Caribbean literature to Roman poetry, mixing "the physical and the metaphysical, place and ideas about place, now and the past and the future".<sup id="cite_ref-LOC_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critic Dinah Birch suggests that Brodsky's " first volume of poetry in English, <i>Joseph Brodsky: Selected Poems (1973)</i>, shows that although his strength was a distinctive kind of dry, meditative <a href="/wiki/Soliloquy" title="Soliloquy">soliloquy</a>, he was immensely versatile and technically accomplished in a number of forms."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirch2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirch2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>To Urania: Selected Poems 1965–1985</i> collected translations of older work with new work written during his American exile and reflect on themes of memory, home, and loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirch2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirch2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His two essay collections consist of critical studies of such poets as <a href="/wiki/Osip_Mandelshtam" class="mw-redirect" title="Osip Mandelshtam">Osip Mandelshtam</a>, W.H. Auden, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy">Thomas Hardy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rainer Maria Rilke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost" title="Robert Frost">Robert Frost</a>, sketches of his own life, and those of contemporaries such as Akhmatova, <a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_Mandelshtam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadezhda Mandelshtam">Nadezhda Mandelshtam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Spender" title="Stephen Spender">Stephen Spender</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirch2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirch2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A recurring theme in Brodsky's writing is the relationship between the poet and society. In particular, Brodsky emphasized the power of literature to affect its audience positively and to develop the language and culture in which it is situated. He suggested that the Western literary tradition was in part responsible for the world having overcome the catastrophes of the twentieth century, such as <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a>, and two <a href="/wiki/World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wars">World Wars</a>. During his term as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Poet_Laureate" title="United States Poet Laureate">Poet Laureate</a>, Brodsky promoted the idea of bringing the Anglo-American poetic heritage to a wider American audience by distributing free poetry anthologies to the public through a government-sponsored program. Librarian of Congress <a href="/wiki/James_H._Billington" title="James H. Billington">James Billington</a> wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Joseph had difficulty understanding why poetry did not draw the large audiences in the United States that it did in Russia. He was proud of becoming an American citizen in 1977 (the Soviets having made him stateless upon his expulsion in 1972) and valued the freedoms that life in the United States provided. But he regarded poetry as "language's highest degree of maturity", and wanted everyone to be susceptible to it. As Poet Laureate, he suggested that inexpensive anthologies of the best American poets be made available in hotels and airports, hospitals and supermarkets. He thought that people who are restless or fearful or lonely or weary might pick up poetry and discover unexpectedly that others had experienced these emotions before and had used them to celebrate life rather than escape from it. Joseph's idea was picked up, and thousands of such books have in fact been placed where people may come across them out of need or curiosity.<sup id="cite_ref-LOC_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This passion for promoting the seriousness and importance of poetry comes through in Brodsky's opening remarks as the U.S. Poet Laureate in October 1991. He said, "By failing to read or listen to poets, society dooms itself to inferior modes of articulation, those of the politician, the salesman or the charlatan. ... In other words, it forfeits its own evolutionary potential. For what distinguishes us from the rest of the animal kingdom is precisely the gift of speech. ... Poetry is not a form of entertainment and in a certain sense not even a form of art, but it is our anthropological, genetic goal, our evolutionary, linguistic beacon."<sup id="cite_ref-LOC_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sentiment is echoed throughout his work. In interview with <a href="/wiki/Sven_Birkerts" title="Sven Birkerts">Sven Birkerts</a> in 1979, Brodsky reflected: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the works of the better poets you get the sensation that they're not talking to people any more, or to some seraphical creature. What they're doing is simply talking back to the language itself, as beauty, sensuality, wisdom, irony, those aspects of language of which the poet is a clear mirror. Poetry is not an art or a branch of art, it's something more. If what distinguishes us from other species is speech, then poetry, which is the supreme linguistic operation, is our anthropological, indeed genetic, goal. Anyone who regards poetry as an entertainment, as "a read", commits an anthropological crime, in the first place, against himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDingle200322_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDingle200322-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences">Influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Brodsky&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Librarian of Congress Dr James Billington, wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He was the favored protégé of the great lady of Petersburg, Anna Akhmatova, and to hear him read her poems in Russian in the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> was an experience to make one's hair stand on end even if one did not understand the Russian language. Joseph Brodsky was the embodiment of the hopes not only of Anna Akhmatova, the last of the great Petersburg poets from the beginning of the century, but also <a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_Mandelstam" title="Nadezhda Mandelstam">Nadezhda Mandelstam</a>, the widow of another great martyred poet <a href="/wiki/Osip_Mandelstam" title="Osip Mandelstam">Osip Mandelstam</a>. Both of them saw Joseph as part of the guiding light that might some day lead Russia back to her own deep roots.<sup id="cite_ref-LOC_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Brodsky also was deeply influenced by the English <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> poets from <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a> to Auden. Many works were dedicated to other writers such as <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Venclova" title="Tomas Venclova">Tomas Venclova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowell" title="Robert Lowell">Robert Lowell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derek_Walcott" title="Derek Walcott">Derek Walcott</a>, and Benedetta Craveri.<sup id="cite_ref-LOC_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brodsky's work is seen to have been vitally enhanced by the work of renowned translators. <i>A Part of Speech</i> (New York and Oxford, 1980), his second major collection in English, includes translations by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hecht" title="Anthony Hecht">Anthony Hecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Moss" title="Howard Moss">Howard Moss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derek_Walcott" title="Derek Walcott">Derek Walcott</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wilbur" title="Richard Wilbur">Richard Wilbur</a>. Critic and poet <a href="/wiki/Henri_Cole" title="Henri Cole">Henri Cole</a> notes that Brodsky's "own translations have been criticized for turgidness, lacking a native sense of musicality."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Russian annexation of Crimea</a> in 2014, Brodsky's controversial poem <a href="/wiki/On_the_Independence_of_Ukraine" title="On the Independence of Ukraine">On the Independence of Ukraine</a> (Russian: На независимость Украины) from the early 1990s (which he did not publish but publicly recited) was repeatedly picked up by state-affiliated Russian media and declared Poem of the Year.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Estate of Joseph Brodsky was subsequently prosecuting some websites publishing the poem, demanding its removal.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Brodsky&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1978 – Honorary degree of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Letters" title="Doctor of Letters">Doctor of Letters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a></li> <li>1979 – Fellowship of <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_and_Institute_of_Arts_and_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters">American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters</a></li> <li>1981 – <a href="/wiki/John_D._and_Catherine_T._MacArthur_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation">John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation</a> award</li> <li>1986 – Honorary doctorate of literature from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford University</a></li> <li>The International Center in New York's Award of Excellence</li> <li>1986 – <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Critics_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="National Book Critics Award">National Book Critics Award</a> for Criticism, for <i>Less Than One</i> (essay collection)</li> <li>1987 – <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a></li> <li>1989 – Honorary doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Essex" title="University of Essex">University of Essex</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1989 – Honorary degree from <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1991 – <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary doctorate</a> from the Faculty of Humanities at <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1991 – <a href="/wiki/United_States_Poet_Laureate" title="United States Poet Laureate">United States Poet Laureate</a></li> <li>1991 – <a href="/wiki/Struga_Poetry_Evenings_Golden_Wreath_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Struga Poetry Evenings Golden Wreath Award">Struga Poetry Evenings Golden Wreath Award</a></li> <li>1993 – Honorary degree from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Silesia" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Silesia">University of Silesia</a> in Poland</li> <li>Honorary member of the International Academy of Science, Munich</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Brodsky&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry_collections">Poetry collections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Brodsky&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Poetry collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1967: <i>Elegy for <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a> and Other Poems</i>, selected, translated, and introduced by Nicholas William Bethell, London: Longman<sup id="cite_ref-n_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1968: <i>Velka elegie</i>, Paris: Edice Svedectvi</li> <li>1972: <i>Poems</i>, Ann Arbor, Michigan: Ardis</li> <li>1973: <i>Selected Poems</i>, translated from the Russian by George L. Kline. New York: Harper & Row</li> <li>1977: <i>A Part of Speech</i><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_13-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1977: <i>Poems and Translations</i>, Keele: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Keele" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Keele">University of Keele</a></li> <li>1980: <i>A Part of Speech</i>, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux</li> <li>1981: <i>Verses on the Winter Campaign 1980</i>, translation by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Myers_(translator)" title="Alan Myers (translator)">Alan Myers</a>.–London: Anvil Press</li> <li>1988: <i>To Urania: Selected Poems, 1965–1985</i>, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux</li> <li>1996: <i>So Forth: Poems</i>, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux</li> <li>1999: <i>Discovery</i>, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux</li> <li>2000: <i>Collected Poems in English, 1972–1999</i>, edited by Ann Kjellberg, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux</li> <li>2001: <i>Nativity Poems</i>, translated by Melissa Green–New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux</li> <li>2020: <i>Selected Poems, 1968-1996</i>, edited by Ann Kjellberg, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Essay_and_interview_collections">Essay and interview collections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Brodsky&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Essay and interview collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1986: <i><a href="/wiki/Less_Than_One:_Selected_Essays" class="mw-redirect" title="Less Than One: Selected Essays">Less Than One: Selected Essays</a></i>, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. (Winner of the <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Critics_Circle_Award" title="National Book Critics Circle Award">National Book Critics Circle Award</a>)</li> <li>1992: <i>Watermark</i>, Noonday Press; New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, reflecting the writer's love affair with Venice, where he stayed at least 20 times.</li> <li>1995: <i>On Grief and Reason: Essays</i>, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux</li> <li>2003: <i>Joseph Brodsky: Conversations</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Haven" title="Cynthia Haven">Cynthia L. Haven</a>. Jackson, Miss.: University Press of Mississippi Literary Conversations Series.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plays">Plays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Brodsky&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Plays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1989: <i>Marbles: a Play in Three Acts</i>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Myers_(translator)" title="Alan Myers (translator)">Alan Myers</a> with Joseph Brodsky. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux</li> <li>1991: <i>Democracy!</i> in <a href="/wiki/Granta" title="Granta">Granta</a> 30: New Europe, translated by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Myers_(translator)" title="Alan Myers (translator)">Alan Myers</a> and Joseph Brodsky.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_film">In film</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Brodsky&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_film" title="2008 in film">2008</a> – <i>A Room And A Half</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Полторы комнаты или сентиментальное путешествие на родину</span></span>, Poltory komnaty ili sentimental'noe puteshestvie na rodinu), feature film directed by <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Khrzhanovsky" title="Andrei Khrzhanovsky">Andrei Khrzhanovsky</a>; a fictionalized account of Brodsky's life.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_film" title="2015 in film">2015</a> – <i>Brodsky is not a Poet</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Бродский не поэт</span></span>, Brodskiy ne poet), documentary film by Ilia Belov on Brodsky's stay in the States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_film" title="2018 in film">2018</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Dovlatov_(film)" title="Dovlatov (film)">Dovlatov</a></i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Довлатов</span></span>), biographical film about writer <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Dovlatov" title="Sergei Dovlatov">Sergei Dovlatov</a> (who was Joseph Brodsky's friend) directed by <a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Alekseivich_German" title="Aleksei Alekseivich German">Aleksei German-junior</a>; film is set in 1971 in Leningrad<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shortly before Brodsky's emigration and Brodsky plays an important role.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_music">In music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Brodsky&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2011 contemporary classical album <i><a href="/wiki/Troika_(Julia_Kogan_album)" title="Troika (Julia Kogan album)">Troika</a></i> includes Eskender Bekmambetov's critically acclaimed,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> song cycle "there ...", set to five of Joseph's Brodsky's Russian-language poems and his own translations of the poems into English.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Poleva" title="Victoria Poleva">Victoria Poleva</a> wrote <i>Summer music</i> (2008), a chamber cantata based on the verses by Brodsky for violin solo, children choir and Strings and <i>Ars moriendi</i> (1983–2012), 22 monologues about death for soprano and piano (two monologues based on the verses by Brodsky ("Song" and "Empty circle"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collections_in_Russian">Collections in Russian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Brodsky&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Collections in Russian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1965: <i>Stikhotvoreniia i poemy</i>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> : Inter-Language Literary Associates</li> <li>1970: <i>Ostanovka v pustyne</i>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: Izdatel'stvo imeni Chekhova (Rev. ed. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ardis, 1989)</li> <li>1977: <i>Chast' rechi: Stikhotvoreniia 1972–76</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor</a>, Mich.: Ardis</li> <li>1977: <i>Konets prekrasnoi epokhi : stikhotvoreniia 1964–71</i>, Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ardis</li> <li>1977: <i>V Anglii</i>, Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ardis</li> <li>1982: <i>Rimskie elegii</i>, New York: Russica</li> <li>1983: <i>Novye stansy k Avguste : stikhi k M.B., 1962–1982</i>, Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ardis</li> <li>1984: <i>Mramor</i>, Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ardis</li> <li>1984: <i>Uraniia : Novaia kniga stikhov</i>, Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ardis</li> <li>1989: <i>Ostanovka v pustyne</i>, revised edition, Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ardis, 1989 (original edition: New York: Izdatel'stvo imeni Chekhova, 1970)</li> <li>1990: <i>Nazidanie : stikhi 1962–1989</i>, Leningrad : Smart</li> <li>1990: <i>Chast' rechi : Izbrannye stikhi 1962–1989</i>, Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura</li> <li>1990: <i>Osennii krik iastreba : Stikhotvoreniia 1962–1989</i>, Leningrad: KTP LO IMA Press</li> <li>1990: <i>Primechaniia paporotnika</i>, Bromma, Sweden : Hylaea</li> <li>1991: <i>Ballada o malen'kom buksire</i>, Leningrad: Detskaia literatura</li> <li>1991: <i>Kholmy : Bol'shie stikhotvoreniia i poemy</i>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>: LP VTPO "Kinotsentr"</li> <li>1991: <i>Stikhotvoreniia</i>, Tallinn: Eesti Raamat</li> <li>1992: <i>Naberezhnaia neistselimykh: Trinadtsat' essei</i>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>: Slovo</li> <li>1992: <i>Rozhdestvenskie stikhi</i>, Moscow: Nezavisimaia gazeta (revised edition in 1996)</li> <li>1992–1995: <i>Sochineniia</i>, Saint Petersburg: Pushkinskii fond, 1992–1995, four volumes</li> <li>1992: <i>Vspominaia Akhmatovu / Joseph Brodsky, Solomon Volkov</i>, Moscow: Nezavisimaia gazeta</li> <li>1992: <i>Forma vremeni : stikhotvoreniia, esse, p'esy</i>, Minsk: Eridan, two volumes</li> <li>1993: <i>Kappadokiia</i>.–Saint Petersburg</li> <li>1994: <i>Persian Arrow/Persidskaia strela</i>, with etchings by Edik Steinberg.–Verona: * Edizione d'Arte Gibralfaro & ECM</li> <li>1995: <i>Peresechennaia mestnost ': Puteshestviia s kommentariiami</i>, Moscow: Nezavisimaia gazeta</li> <li>1995: <i>V okrestnostiakh Atlantidy : Novye stikhotvoreniia</i>, Saint Petersburg: Pushkinskii fond</li> <li>1996: <i>Peizazh s navodneniem</i>, compiled by Aleksandr Sumerkin.–<a href="/wiki/Dana_Point,_California" title="Dana Point, California">Dana Point</a>, Cal.: Ardis</li> <li>1996: <i>Rozhdestvenskie stikhi</i>, Moscow: Nezavisimaia gazeta, revised edition of a work originally published in 1992</li> <li>1997: <i>Brodskii o Tsvetaevoi</i>, Moscow: Nezavisimaia gazeta</li> <li>1998: <i>Pis'mo Goratsiiu</i>, Moscow: Nash dom</li> <li>1996 and after: <i>Sochineniia</i>, Saint Petersburg: Pushkinskii fond, eight volumes</li> <li>1999: <i>Gorbunov i Gorchakov</i>, Saint Petersburg: Pushkinskii fond</li> <li>1999: <i>Predstavlenie : novoe literaturnoe obozrenie</i>, Moscow</li> <li>2000: <i>Ostanovka v pustyne</i>, Saint Petersburg: Pushkinskii fond</li> <li>2000: <i>Chast' rechi</i>, Saint Petersburg: Pushkinskii fond</li> <li>2000: <i>Konets prekrasnoi epokhi</i>, Saint Petersburg: Pushkinskii fond</li> <li>2000: <i>Novye stansy k Avguste</i>, Saint Petersburg: Pushkinskii fond</li> <li>2000: <i>Uraniia</i>, Saint Petersburg: Pushkinskii fond</li> <li>2000: <i>Peizazh s navodneniem</i>, Saint Petersburg: Pushkinskii fond</li> <li>2000: <i>Bol'shaia kniga interv'iu</i>, Moscow: Zakharov</li> <li>2001: <i>Novaia Odisseia : Pamiati Iosifa Brodskogo</i>, Moscow: Staroe literaturnoe obozrenie</li> <li>2001: <i>Peremena imperii : Stikhotvoreniia 1960–1996</i>, Moscow: Nezavisimaia gazeta</li> <li>2001: <i>Vtoroi vek posle nashei ery : dramaturgija Iosifa Brodskogo</i>, Saint Petersburg: Zvezda</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Brodsky&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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.sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/19px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/29px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/38px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="152" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poetry" title="Portal:Poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Jewish Nobel laureates">List of Jewish Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Russian Nobel laureates">List of Russian Nobel laureates</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Brodsky&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also known as Josip, Josef or Joseph.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Brodsky&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-brodsky-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brodsky_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brodsky_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130503202246/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1987/brodsky.html">"Joseph Brodsky - Biography"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1987/brodsky.html">the original</a> on 3 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joseph+Brodsky+-+Biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fliterature%2Flaureates%2F1987%2Fbrodsky.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Brodsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1987/">"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1987"</a>. Nobelprize. 7 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature+1987&rft.pub=Nobelprize&rft.date=2010-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fliterature%2Flaureates%2F1987%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Brodsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/poetry/laureate-1991-2000.html">"Poet Laureate Timeline: 1981–1990"</a>. Library of Congress. 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poet+Laureate+Timeline%3A+1981%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fpoetry%2Flaureate-1991-2000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Brodsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanchin2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ranchin, Andrey (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://magazines.gorky.media/km/2006/2/valentina-poluhina-iosif-brodskij-glazami-sovremennikov-kniga-vtoraya.html">"Valentina Polukhina. Joseph Brodsky through the eyes of his contemporaries. book two"</a>. <i>Critical Mass</i> (in Russian) (2)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Mass&rft.atitle=Valentina+Polukhina.+Joseph+Brodsky+through+the+eyes+of+his+contemporaries.+book+two&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Ranchin&rft.aufirst=Andrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmagazines.gorky.media%2Fkm%2F2006%2F2%2Fvalentina-poluhina-iosif-brodskij-glazami-sovremennikov-kniga-vtoraya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Brodsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steckler, Irene, 1982, <i>The Poetic and the Sacred Word: Biblical Motifs in the Poetry of Joseph Brodsky</i> (unpublished PhD thesis, Bryn Mawr College, 1982, p.362)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knox, Jane, 1978, Iosif Brodsky's Affinity with Osip Mandelstam, Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Texas at Austen, p.314</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polukhina V, ed, 1992, <i>Brodsky Through the Eyes of his Contemporaries</i>, St Martin's Press: London, p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201011637/http://www.jewishgen.org/rabbinic/infofiles/surnames.htm">"Surnames of Rabbinical Families. JewishGen"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishgen.org/rabbinic/infofiles/surnames.htm">the original</a> on 1 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surnames+of+Rabbinical+Families.+JewishGen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishgen.org%2Frabbinic%2Finfofiles%2Fsurnames.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Brodsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERottenberg1986184-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERottenberg1986184_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRottenberg1986">Rottenberg 1986</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole1996">Cole 1996</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Gessen" title="Keith Gessen">Keith Gessen</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/atlarge/2011/05/23/110523crat_atlarge_gessen?currentPage=all">"Joseph Brodsky and the fortunes of misfortune"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140531090540/http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/atlarge/2011/05/23/110523crat_atlarge_gessen?currentPage=all">Archived</a> 31 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>, 23 May 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_13-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_13-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_13-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_13-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_13-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_13-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_13-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFadden1996" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._McFadden" title="Robert D. McFadden">McFadden, Robert Dennis</a> (29 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/29/arts/joseph-brodsky-exiled-poet-who-won-nobel-dies-at-55.html">"Joseph Brodsky, Exiled Poet Who Won Nobel, Dies at 55"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Pride+and+Poetry+%28on+Joseph+Brodsky%3A+A+Literary+Life+by+Lev+Loseff%29&rft.date=2012-05-18&rft.aulast=Scammell&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnr.com%2Farticle%2Fbooks-and-arts%2Fmagazine%2F103341%2Fjoseph-brodsky-russian-literature-lev-loseff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Brodsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShtern200463-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShtern200463_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShtern200463_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShtern2004">Shtern 2004</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timeliness-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-timeliness_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeliness_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Natalia Zhdanova, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nevanews.com/index.php?id_article=666&section=13">"Timelessness: Water Frees Time from Time Itself"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081003134655/http://www.nevanews.com/index.php?id_article=666&section=13">Archived</a> 3 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Neva News</i>, 1 August 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemnick2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Remnick, David (20 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/talk/comment/2010/12/20/101220taco_talk_remnick?printable=true">"Gulag Lite"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%D0%90+%D0%B2%D1%8B+%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%3F%22+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC&rft.pub=TV+Rain&rft.date=2014-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftvrain.ru%2Farticles%2Fa_vy_uchilis_etomu_stenogramma_suda_nad_iosifom_brodskim-378906%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Brodsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemnick2010" class="citation news cs1">Remnick, David (20 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/talk/comment/2010/12/20/101220taco_talk_remnick">"Gulag Lite"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Gulag+Lite&rft.date=2010-12-20&rft.aulast=Remnick&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Ftalk%2Fcomment%2F2010%2F12%2F20%2F101220taco_talk_remnick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Brodsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaskina2014" class="citation journal cs1">Raskina, Alexandra (1 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/jmrh/7/1/article-p144_7.xml">"Frida Vigdorova's Transcript of Joseph Brodsky's Trial: Myths and Reality"</a>. <i>Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 144–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22102388-00700006">10.1163/22102388-00700006</a> – via brill.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+Russian+History+and+Historiography&rft.atitle=Frida+Vigdorova%27s+Transcript+of+Joseph+Brodsky%27s+Trial%3A+Myths+and+Reality&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=144-180&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22102388-00700006&rft.aulast=Raskina&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fjmrh%2F7%2F1%2Farticle-p144_7.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Brodsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalinaLipovet͡skiĭ200428-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalinaLipovet͡skiĭ200428_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBalinaLipovet͡skiĭ2004">Balina & Lipovet͡skiĭ 2004</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrintlingerVinitsky200792-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrintlingerVinitsky200792_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrintlingerVinitsky200792_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrintlingerVinitsky2007">Brintlinger & Vinitsky 2007</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. 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"A Jewish Boy with a Head Full of Russian Rhymes". Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies 45th Annual Convention, Boston Marriott Copley Place, Boston, MA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p653541_index.html">Abstract</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20141107224310/http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p653541_index.html">Archived</a> 7 November 2014 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShtern2004305-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShtern2004305_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShtern2004">Shtern 2004</a>, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brodsky, Joseph. "New Stances" Ardis, 1983, USA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShtern2004330-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShtern2004330_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShtern2004">Shtern 2004</a>, p. 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LOC-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9603/brodsky.html">19 February 1996 "Death of a Poet Laureate: Joseph Brodsky Turned Exile into Inspiration"</a> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, obituary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirch2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirch2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirch2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirch2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirch2009">Birch 2009</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDingle200322-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDingle200322_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDingle2003">Dingle 2003</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2007" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Eden (April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caxtonclub.org/reading/2007/apr07.pdf">"Collecting Anna Akhmatova"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Caxtonian</i>. <b>4</b>: 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Caxtonian&rft.atitle=Collecting+Anna+Akhmatova&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2007-04&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Eden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caxtonclub.org%2Freading%2F2007%2Fapr07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Brodsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuch2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Buch, Hans Christoph (31 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzz.ch/feuilleton/joseph-brodsky-und-das-haesslichste-gedicht-ueber-die-ukraine-ld.1682628">"Ein hässlicher Fleck auf der sonst weissen politischen Weste – wie Joseph Brodsky dazu kam, in einem Gedicht die Ukraine zu schmähen"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Neue_Z%C3%BCrcher_Zeitung" title="Neue Zürcher Zeitung">Neue Zürcher Zeitung</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ein+h%C3%A4sslicher+Fleck+auf+der+sonst+weissen+politischen+Weste+%E2%80%93+wie+Joseph+Brodsky+dazu+kam%2C+in+einem+Gedicht+die+Ukraine+zu+schm%C3%A4hen&rft.date=2015-05-31&rft.aulast=Buch&rft.aufirst=Hans+Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzz.ch%2Ffeuilleton%2Fjoseph-brodsky-und-das-haesslichste-gedicht-ueber-die-ukraine-ld.1682628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Brodsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polit.ru/article/2005/02/11/humanitar/">"Александр Даниэль: Тщета гуманитарного знания"</a>. <i>polit.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=polit.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80+%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%3A+%D0%A2%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolit.ru%2Farticle%2F2005%2F02%2F11%2Fhumanitar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Brodsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190716174637/https://www1.essex.ac.uk/honorary_graduates/">"Honorary Graduates"</a>. <i>University of Essex</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Gazette&rft.atitle=Alexei+German+Jr.+started+work+on+the+film+%22Dovlatov%22&rft.date=2015-04-21&rft.aulast=Alperina&rft.aufirst=Susanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frg.ru%2F2015%2F04%2F21%2Fdovlatov-site.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Brodsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ria.ru/interview/20160129/1367164063.html">Алексей Герман: Довлатов — это наш миф</a> // <a href="/wiki/RIA_Novosti" title="RIA Novosti">RIA Novosti</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweitzer2008" class="citation news cs1">Schweitzer, Vivien (14 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/14/arts/music/14krem.html">"Poetry and Song to Plumb the Russian Soul's Depths"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Poetry+and+Song+to+Plumb+the+Russian+Soul%27s+Depths&rft.date=2008-02-14&rft.aulast=Schweitzer&rft.aufirst=Vivien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F02%2F14%2Farts%2Fmusic%2F14krem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Brodsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Performing Arts: Chamber Orchestra Kremlin" by Joe Banno, <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i> (p. C9, 18 February 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.fr/dp/B005USB24A">"Troika: Russia's westerly poetry in three orchestral song cycles"</a>, Rideau Rouge Records, ASIN: B005USB24A, 2011.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Brodsky&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalinaLipovet͡skiĭ2004" class="citation book cs1">Balina, Marina; Lipovet͡skiĭ, Mark Naumovich (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52518877"><i>Dictionary of Literary Biography: Russian Writers Since 1980</i></a>. Gale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-6822-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-6822-8"><bdi>978-0-7876-6822-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52518877">52518877</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Literary+Biography%3A+Russian+Writers+Since+1980&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52518877&rft.isbn=978-0-7876-6822-8&rft.aulast=Balina&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft.au=Lipovet%CD%A1ski%C4%AD%2C+Mark+Naumovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F52518877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Brodsky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirch2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Birch, Dinah, ed. (24 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qJoyAwAAQBAJ">"Brodsky, Joseph"</a>. <i>The Oxford Companion to English Literature</i>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-103084-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-103084-0"><bdi>978-0-19-103084-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brodsky%2C+Joseph&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+English+Literature&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2009-09-24&rft.isbn=978-0-19-103084-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqJoyAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Brodsky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrintlingerVinitsky2007" class="citation book cs1">Brintlinger, Angela; Vinitsky, Ilya (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ED3U_XVLwHwC"><i>Madness and the mad in Russian culture</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9140-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9140-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-9140-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madness+and+the+mad+in+Russian+culture&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-9140-6&rft.aulast=Brintlinger&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft.au=Vinitsky%2C+Ilya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DED3U_XVLwHwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Brodsky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cole, Henri (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780192122711">"Brodsky, Joseph"</a>. In Stringer, Jenny; Sutherland, John (eds.). <i>The Oxford companion to twentieth-century literature in English</i>. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-212271-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-212271-1"><bdi>978-0-19-212271-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brodsky%2C+Joseph&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+companion+to+twentieth-century+literature+in+English&rft.pub=Oxford+%3B+New+York+%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-212271-1&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780192122711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Brodsky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDingle2003" class="citation book cs1">Dingle, Carol (2003). <i>Memorable Quotations: Jewish Writers of the Past</i>. New York: iUniverse, Inc. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-27245-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-27245-7"><bdi>978-0-595-27245-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorable+Quotations%3A+Jewish+Writers+of+the+Past&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=iUniverse%2C+Inc&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-595-27245-7&rft.aulast=Dingle&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Brodsky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiłosz2006" class="citation book cs1">Miłosz, Czesław (2006). Cynthia, Haven (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r-fXgmb5EmEC"><i>Czesław Miłosz: Conversations</i></a>. Univ. Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-828-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-828-9"><bdi>978-1-57806-828-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Czes%C5%82aw+Mi%C5%82osz%3A+Conversations&rft.pub=Univ.+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57806-828-9&rft.aulast=Mi%C5%82osz&rft.aufirst=Czes%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr-fXgmb5EmEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Brodsky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRottenberg1986" class="citation book cs1">Rottenberg, Dan (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IlL6kbumlKoC"><i>Finding Our Fathers: A Guidebook to Jewish Genealogy</i></a>. Genealogical Publishing Com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8063-1151-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8063-1151-7"><bdi>978-0-8063-1151-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+Our+Fathers%3A+A+Guidebook+to+Jewish+Genealogy&rft.pub=Genealogical+Publishing+Com&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8063-1151-7&rft.aulast=Rottenberg&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIlL6kbumlKoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Brodsky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShtern2004" class="citation book cs1">Shtern, Li︠u︡dmila (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brodskypersonalm0000shte"><i>Brodsky : a personal memoir</i></a>. Fort Worth, Tex. : Baskerville Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-880909-70-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-880909-70-6"><bdi>978-1-880909-70-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brodsky+%3A+a+personal+memoir&rft.pub=Fort+Worth%2C+Tex.+%3A+Baskerville+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-880909-70-6&rft.aulast=Shtern&rft.aufirst=Li%EF%B8%A0u%EF%B8%A1dmila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrodskypersonalm0000shte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Brodsky" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_sources">General sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Brodsky&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: General sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethea1994" class="citation book cs1">Bethea, David M. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xQTFQgAACAAJ"><i>Joseph Brodsky and the Creation of Exile</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-06773-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-06773-5"><bdi>978-0-691-06773-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Brodsky+and+the+Creation+of+Exile&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-691-06773-5&rft.aulast=Bethea&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxQTFQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Brodsky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Loseff, Lev (2010) <i>Joseph Brodsky: a Literary Life</i>, Yale University Press (New Haven, CT)</li> <li>Speh, Alice J (1996) <i>The Poet as Traveler: Joseph Brodsky in Mexico and Rome</i>, Peter Lang (New York, NY)</li> <li>Volkov, Solomon (1998) <i>Conversations with Joseph Brodsky: A Poet's Journey Through the 20th Century</i>, translated by Marian Schwartz, The Free Press, (New York, NY)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Brodsky&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele,_Peter1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Steele_(poet)" title="Peter Steele (poet)">Steele, Peter</a> (March 1996). "Joseph Brodsky 1940–1996". Tribute. <i>Quadrant</i>. <b>40</b> (3): 16–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quadrant&rft.atitle=Joseph+Brodsky+1940%E2%80%931996&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=16-17&rft.date=1996-03&rft.au=Steele%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Brodsky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mackie, Alastair (1981), a review of <i>A Part of Speech</i>, in Murray, Glen (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/Cencrastus" title="Cencrastus">Cencrastus</a></i> No. 5, Summer 1981, pp. 50 & 51</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Brodsky&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" class="extiw" title="q:Joseph Brodsky">Joseph Brodsky</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Joseph_Brodsky" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Joseph Brodsky">Joseph Brodsky</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stihipoeta.ru/iosif-brodskiy/">Joseph Brodsky poetry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cordite.org.au/scholarly/poetics-of-exile/">'The birds of paradise sing without a needing a supple branch': Joseph Brodsky and the Poetics of Exile</a> <i>Cordite Poetry Review</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9603/brodsky.html">19 February 1996 "Death of a Poet Laureate: Joseph Brodsky Turned Exile into Inspiration"</a> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, obituary.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSven_Birkerts1982" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Sven Birkerts (Spring 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/3184/the-art-of-poetry-no-28-joseph-brodsky">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Joseph Brodsky", interview. The Art of Poetry No. 28"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Paris_Review" title="The Paris Review">The Paris Review</a></i>. Spring 1982 (83).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Paris+Review&rft.atitle=%22Joseph+Brodsky%22%2C+interview.+The+Art+of+Poetry+No.+28&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=Spring+1982&rft.issue=83&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Sven+Birkerts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Finterviews%2F3184%2Fthe-art-of-poetry-no-28-joseph-brodsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Brodsky" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/remember/brodsky_1-29.html">Interview 29 January 1996</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130324152121/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/remember/brodsky_1-29.html">Archived</a> 24 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a> (US)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/4">Profile, poems and audio files</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_American_Poets" title="Academy of American Poets">Academy of American Poets</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/joseph-brodsky">Brodsky Biography and bibliography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poetry_Foundation" title="Poetry Foundation">Poetry Foundation</a> (US)</li> <li>Petri Liukkonen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://authorscalendar.info/brodsky.htm">"Joseph Brodsky"</a>. <i>Books and Writers</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/664">Joseph Brodsky</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q862#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theliterarycemetery.blogspot.com/">Written in Stone</a> – Burial locations of literary figures.</li> <li><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.brodsky" class="extiw" title="hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.brodsky">Joseph Brodsky Papers.</a> Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sounds.bl.uk/Arts-literature-and-performance/ICA-talks/024M-C0095X0001XX-0100V0">Brodsky speaks about his life, with translated readings by Frances Horowitz</a> - a British Library sound recording</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/mountholyoke/mshm374_main.html">Joseph Brodsky Collection at Mount Holyoke College</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150602082715/http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/mountholyoke/mshm374_main.html">Archived</a> 2 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Brodsky%2C%20Joseph%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Joseph%20Brodsky%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Brodsky%2C%20Joseph%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Joseph%20Brodsky%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Brodsky%2C%20J%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Joseph%20Brodsky%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Brodsky%2C%20Joseph%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Joseph%20Brodsky%22%29%20OR%20%28%221940-1996%22%20AND%20Brodsky%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Joseph Brodsky</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/8z1vr">Joseph Brodsky Collection</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rose.library.emory.edu/">Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, & Rare Book Library, Emory University</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books of poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poetry_and_Poems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poetry and Poems (page does not exist)">Poetry and Poems</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Stop_in_a_Desert" title="A Stop in a Desert">A Stop in a Desert</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_End_of_the_Belle_%C3%89poque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The End of the Belle Époque (page does not exist)">The End of the Belle Époque</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Part_of_Speech_(book)" title="Part of Speech (book)">Part of Speech</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Stanzas_to_Augusta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Stanzas to Augusta (page does not exist)">New Stanzas to Augusta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urania_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urania (book) (page does not exist)">Urania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notes_of_the_Fern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notes of the Fern (page does not exist)">Notes of the Fern</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landscape_with_Flood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landscape with Flood (page does not exist)">Landscape with Flood</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collected_Poems_in_English" title="Collected Poems in English">Collected Poems in English</a></i></li> <li><i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=To_Urania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="To Urania (page does not exist)">To Urania</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gorbunov_and_Gorchakov" title="Gorbunov and Gorchakov">Gorbunov and Gorchakov</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Independence_of_Ukraine" title="On the Independence of Ukraine">On the Independence of Ukraine</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cycles of poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Part of speech (book)">Part of speech</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Sonnets_to_Mary_Stewart" title="Twenty Sonnets to Mary Stewart">Twenty Sonnets to Mary Stewart</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays and speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_a_Room_and_a_Half&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="In a Room and a Half (page does not exist)">In a Room and a Half</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" class="extiw" title="ru:Полторы комнаты">ru</a>]</span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watermark_(Brodsky)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watermark (Brodsky) (page does not exist)">Watermark</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85_(%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9)" class="extiw" title="ru:Набережная неисцелимых (Бродский)">ru</a>]</span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Less_Than_One:_Selected_Essays" class="mw-redirect" title="Less Than One: Selected Essays">Less Than One: Selected Essays</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Translations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_Are_Dead" title="Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead">Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartment_Museum_of_Joseph_Brodsky" title="Apartment Museum of Joseph Brodsky">Apartment Museum of Joseph Brodsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House-Museum_of_Joseph_Brodsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House-Museum of Joseph Brodsky (page does not exist)">House-Museum of Joseph Brodsky</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC-%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" class="extiw" title="ru:Дом-музей Иосифа Бродского">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Office_of_Joseph_Brodsky" class="mw-redirect" title="American Office of Joseph Brodsky">American Office of Joseph Brodsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1920</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1901_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1901 Nobel Prize in Literature">1901</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sully_Prudhomme" title="Sully Prudhomme">Sully Prudhomme</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1902_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1902 Nobel Prize in Literature">1902</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1903_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1903 Nobel Prize in Literature">1903</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1904_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1904 Nobel Prize in Literature">1904</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Mistral" title="Frédéric Mistral">Frédéric Mistral</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Echegaray" title="José Echegaray">José Echegaray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1905_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1905 Nobel Prize in Literature">1905</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1906_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1906 Nobel Prize in Literature">1906</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1907_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1907 Nobel Prize in Literature">1907</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1908_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1908 Nobel Prize in Literature">1908</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken">Rudolf Eucken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1909_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1909 Nobel Prize in Literature">1909</a>: <a href="/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f" title="Selma Lagerlöf">Selma Lagerlöf</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1910_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1910 Nobel Prize in Literature">1910</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1911_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1911 Nobel Prize in Literature">1911</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maurice Maeterlinck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1912_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1912 Nobel Prize in Literature">1912</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1913_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1913 Nobel Prize in Literature">1913</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><a href="/wiki/1914_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1914 Nobel Prize in Literature">1914</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1915_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1915 Nobel Prize in Literature">1915</a>: <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1916_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1916 Nobel Prize in Literature">1916</a>: <a href="/wiki/Verner_von_Heidenstam" title="Verner von Heidenstam">Verner von Heidenstam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1917_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1917 Nobel Prize in Literature">1917</a>: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Adolph_Gjellerup" title="Karl Adolph Gjellerup">Karl Gjellerup</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Pontoppidan" title="Henrik Pontoppidan">Henrik Pontoppidan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><a href="/wiki/1918_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1918 Nobel Prize in Literature">1918</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1919_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1919 Nobel Prize in Literature">1919</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spitteler" title="Carl Spitteler">Carl Spitteler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1920_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1920 Nobel Prize in Literature">1920</a>: <a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Knut Hamsun</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1921–1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1921_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1921 Nobel Prize in Literature">1921</a>: <a href="/wiki/Anatole_France" title="Anatole France">Anatole France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1922_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1922 Nobel Prize in Literature">1922</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Benavente" title="Jacinto Benavente">Jacinto Benavente</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1923_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1923 Nobel Prize in Literature">1923</a>: <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1923_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1923 Nobel Prize in Literature">1924</a>: <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Reymont" title="Władysław Reymont">Władysław Reymont</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1925_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1925 Nobel Prize in Literature">1925</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1926_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1926 Nobel Prize in Literature">1926</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grazia_Deledda" title="Grazia Deledda">Grazia Deledda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1927_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1927 Nobel Prize in Literature">1927</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1928_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1928 Nobel Prize in Literature">1928</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Undset" title="Sigrid Undset">Sigrid Undset</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1929_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1929 Nobel Prize in Literature">1929</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1930_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1930 Nobel Prize in Literature">1930</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1931_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1931 Nobel Prize in Literature">1931</a>: <a href="/wiki/Erik_Axel_Karlfeldt" title="Erik Axel Karlfeldt">Erik Axel Karlfeldt</a> (<i>posthumously</i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1932_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1932 Nobel Prize in Literature">1932</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1933_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1933 Nobel Prize in Literature">1933</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bunin" title="Ivan Bunin">Ivan Bunin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1934_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1934 Nobel Prize in Literature">1934</a>: <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Luigi Pirandello</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><a href="/wiki/1935_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1935 Nobel Prize in Literature">1935</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1936_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1936 Nobel Prize in Literature">1936</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1937_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1937 Nobel Prize in Literature">1937</a>: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Martin_du_Gard" title="Roger Martin du Gard">Roger Martin du Gard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1938_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1938 Nobel Prize in Literature">1938</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1939 Nobel Prize in Literature">1939</a>: <a href="/wiki/Frans_Eemil_Sillanp%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Frans Eemil Sillanpää">Frans Eemil Sillanpää</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><a href="/wiki/1940_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1940 Nobel Prize in Literature">1940</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1941–1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><a href="/wiki/1941_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1941 Nobel Prize in Literature">1941</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><a href="/wiki/1942_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1942 Nobel Prize in Literature">1942</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><a href="/wiki/1943_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1943 Nobel Prize in Literature">1943</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1944_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1944 Nobel Prize in Literature">1944</a>: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_V._Jensen" title="Johannes V. Jensen">Johannes V. Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1945_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1945 Nobel Prize in Literature">1945</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Mistral" title="Gabriela Mistral">Gabriela Mistral</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1946_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1946 Nobel Prize in Literature">1946</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1947_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1947 Nobel Prize in Literature">1947</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1948_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1948 Nobel Prize in Literature">1948</a>: <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1949_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1949 Nobel Prize in Literature">1949</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1950_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1950 Nobel Prize in Literature">1950</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1951_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1951 Nobel Prize in Literature">1951</a>: <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4r_Lagerkvist" title="Pär Lagerkvist">Pär Lagerkvist</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1952_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1952 Nobel Prize in Literature">1952</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mauriac" title="François Mauriac">François Mauriac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1953_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1953 Nobel Prize in Literature">1953</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1954_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1954 Nobel Prize in Literature">1954</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1955_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1955 Nobel Prize in Literature">1955</a>: <a href="/wiki/Halld%C3%B3r_Laxness" title="Halldór Laxness">Halldór Laxness</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1956_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1956 Nobel Prize in Literature">1956</a>: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Juan Ramón Jiménez">Juan Ramón Jiménez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1957_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1957 Nobel Prize in Literature">1957</a>: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1958_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1958 Nobel Prize in Literature">1958</a>: <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1959_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1959 Nobel Prize in Literature">1959</a>: <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Quasimodo" title="Salvatore Quasimodo">Salvatore Quasimodo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1960_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1960 Nobel Prize in Literature">1960</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saint-John_Perse" title="Saint-John Perse">Saint-John Perse</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1961–1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1961_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1961 Nobel Prize in Literature">1961</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87" title="Ivo Andrić">Ivo Andrić</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1962_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1962 Nobel Prize in Literature">1962</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1963_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1963 Nobel Prize in Literature">1963</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Giorgos Seferis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1964 Nobel Prize in Literature">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> (declined award)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1965_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1965 Nobel Prize in Literature">1965</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Sholokhov" title="Mikhail Sholokhov">Mikhail Sholokhov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1966_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1966 Nobel Prize in Literature">1966</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Yosef_Agnon" title="Shmuel Yosef Agnon">Shmuel Yosef Agnon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1967_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1967 Nobel Prize in Literature">1967</a>: <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias" title="Miguel Ángel Asturias">Miguel Ángel Asturias</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1968_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1968 Nobel Prize in Literature">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yasunari_Kawabata" title="Yasunari Kawabata">Yasunari Kawabata</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1969_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1969 Nobel Prize in Literature">1969</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1970_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1970 Nobel Prize in Literature">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1971 Nobel Prize in Literature">1971</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1972_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1972 Nobel Prize in Literature">1972</a>: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1973 Nobel Prize in Literature">1973</a>: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_White" title="Patrick White">Patrick White</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1974_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1974 Nobel Prize in Literature">1974</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eyvind_Johnson" title="Eyvind Johnson">Eyvind Johnson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Martinson" title="Harry Martinson">Harry Martinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1975_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1975 Nobel Prize in Literature">1975</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Montale" title="Eugenio Montale">Eugenio Montale</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1976_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1976 Nobel Prize in Literature">1976</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1977_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1977 Nobel Prize in Literature">1977</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Aleixandre" title="Vicente Aleixandre">Vicente Aleixandre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1978_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1978 Nobel Prize in Literature">1978</a>: <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer" title="Isaac Bashevis Singer">Isaac Bashevis Singer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1979_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1979 Nobel Prize in Literature">1979</a>: <a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Odysseas Elytis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1980_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1980 Nobel Prize in Literature">1980</a>: <a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz" title="Czesław Miłosz">Czesław Miłosz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1981_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1981 Nobel Prize in Literature">1981</a>: <a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1982_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1982 Nobel Prize in Literature">1982</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1983_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1983 Nobel Prize in Literature">1983</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Golding" title="William Golding">William Golding</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1984_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1984 Nobel Prize in Literature">1984</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Seifert" title="Jaroslav Seifert">Jaroslav Seifert</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1985_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1985 Nobel Prize in Literature">1985</a>: <a href="/wiki/Claude_Simon" title="Claude Simon">Claude Simon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1986_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1986 Nobel Prize in Literature">1986</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka">Wole Soyinka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1987_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1987 Nobel Prize in Literature">1987</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joseph Brodsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1988_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1988 Nobel Prize in Literature">1988</a>: <a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Naguib Mahfouz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1989_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1989 Nobel Prize in Literature">1989</a>: <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela" title="Camilo José Cela">Camilo José Cela</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1990_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1990 Nobel Prize in Literature">1990</a>: <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1991_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1991 Nobel Prize in Literature">1991</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nadine_Gordimer" title="Nadine Gordimer">Nadine Gordimer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1992_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1992 Nobel Prize in Literature">1992</a>: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Walcott" title="Derek Walcott">Derek Walcott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1993_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1993 Nobel Prize in Literature">1993</a>: <a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1994 Nobel Prize in Literature">1994</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce" title="Kenzaburō Ōe">Kenzaburō Ōe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1995_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1995 Nobel Prize in Literature">1995</a>: <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1996_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1996 Nobel Prize in Literature">1996</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska" title="Wisława Szymborska">Wisława Szymborska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1997_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1997 Nobel Prize in Literature">1997</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1998_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1998 Nobel Prize in Literature">1998</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saramago" title="José Saramago">José Saramago</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1999_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1999 Nobel Prize in Literature">1999</a>: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2000 Nobel Prize in Literature">2000</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian">Gao Xingjian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2001 Nobel Prize in Literature">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul">V. S. Naipaul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2002 Nobel Prize in Literature">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Imre_Kert%C3%A9sz" title="Imre Kertész">Imre Kertész</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2003 Nobel Prize in Literature">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2004 Nobel Prize in Literature">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2005 Nobel Prize in Literature">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2006 Nobel Prize in Literature">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2007 Nobel Prize in Literature">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2008 Nobel Prize in Literature">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/J._M._G._Le_Cl%C3%A9zio" title="J. M. G. Le Clézio">J. M. G. Le Clézio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2009 Nobel Prize in Literature">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2010 Nobel Prize in Literature">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2011 Nobel Prize in Literature">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Transtr%C3%B6mer" title="Tomas Tranströmer">Tomas Tranströmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2012 Nobel Prize in Literature">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mo_Yan" title="Mo Yan">Mo Yan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2013 Nobel Prize in Literature">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alice_Munro" title="Alice Munro">Alice Munro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2014 Nobel Prize in Literature">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Modiano" title="Patrick Modiano">Patrick Modiano</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2015 Nobel Prize in Literature">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alexievich" title="Svetlana Alexievich">Svetlana Alexievich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2016 Nobel Prize in Literature">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2017 Nobel Prize in Literature">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Ishiguro" title="Kazuo Ishiguro">Kazuo Ishiguro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2018 Nobel Prize in Literature">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Olga_Tokarczuk" title="Olga Tokarczuk">Olga Tokarczuk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2019 Nobel Prize in Literature">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2020 Nobel Prize in Literature">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Louise_Gl%C3%BCck" title="Louise Glück">Louise Glück</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2021 Nobel Prize in Literature">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abdulrazak_Gurnah" title="Abdulrazak Gurnah">Abdulrazak Gurnah</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2022 Nobel Prize in Literature">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Annie_Ernaux" title="Annie Ernaux">Annie Ernaux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Literature">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jon_Fosse" title="Jon Fosse">Jon Fosse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2024 Nobel Prize in Literature">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Han_Kang" title="Han Kang">Han Kang</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1987_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1987_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1987 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1987_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1987 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1987_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1987 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1987_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1987 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram">Donald J. Cram</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Lehn" title="Jean-Marie Lehn">Jean-Marie Lehn</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Pedersen" title="Charles J. Pedersen">Charles J. Pedersen</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1987_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1987 Nobel Prize in Literature">1987</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joseph Brodsky</a> (Russia/United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias">Óscar Arias</a> (Costa Rica)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Johannes Georg Bednorz</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Karl Alexander Müller</a> (Switzerland)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Susumu Tonegawa</a> (Japan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert Solow</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1982_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1982 Nobel Prize winners">1982</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1983_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1983 Nobel Prize winners">1983</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1984_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1984 Nobel Prize winners">1984</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1985_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1985 Nobel Prize winners">1985</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1986_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1986 Nobel Prize winners">1986</a></dd> <dd><b>1987 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1988_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1988 Nobel Prize winners">1988</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1989_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1989 Nobel Prize winners">1989</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1990_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1990 Nobel Prize winners">1990</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1991_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1991 Nobel Prize winners">1991</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1992_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1992 Nobel Prize winners">1992</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Struga_Poetry_Evenings_Golden_Wreath" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Struga_Poetry_Evenings_Golden_Wreath_Laureates" title="Template:Struga Poetry Evenings Golden Wreath Laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Struga_Poetry_Evenings_Golden_Wreath_Laureates" title="Template talk:Struga Poetry Evenings Golden Wreath Laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Struga_Poetry_Evenings_Golden_Wreath_Laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Struga Poetry Evenings Golden Wreath Laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Struga_Poetry_Evenings_Golden_Wreath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Struga_Poetry_Evenings" title="Struga Poetry Evenings">Struga Poetry Evenings</a> Golden Wreath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rozhdestvensky" title="Robert Rozhdestvensky">Robert Rozhdestvensky</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulat_Okudzhava" title="Bulat Okudzhava">Bulat Okudzhava</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Nagy_(poet)" title="László Nagy (poet)">László Nagy</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_Dizdar" title="Mak Dizdar">Mak Dizdar</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miodrag_Pavlovi%C4%87" title="Miodrag Pavlović">Miodrag Pavlović</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Montale" title="Eugenio Montale">Eugenio Montale</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faz%C4%B1l_H%C3%BCsn%C3%BC_Da%C4%9Flarca" title="Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca">Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Guillevic" title="Eugène Guillevic">Eugène Guillevic</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Lundkvist" title="Artur Lundkvist">Artur Lundkvist</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Alberti" title="Rafael Alberti">Rafael Alberti</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Krle%C5%BEa" title="Miroslav Krleža">Miroslav Krleža</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Magnus_Enzensberger" title="Hans Magnus Enzensberger">Hans Magnus Enzensberger</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bla%C5%BEe_Koneski" title="Blaže Koneski">Blaže Koneski</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichita_St%C4%83nescu" title="Nichita Stănescu">Nichita Stănescu</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachchidananda_Vatsyayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sachchidananda Vatsyayan">Sachchidananda Vatsyayan 'Ajneya'</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Voznesensky" title="Andrei Voznesensky">Andrei Voznesensky</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiannis_Ritsos" title="Yiannis Ritsos">Yiannis Ritsos</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_R%C3%B3%C5%BCewicz" title="Tadeusz Różewicz">Tadeusz Różewicz </a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desanka_Maksimovi%C4%87" title="Desanka Maksimović">Desanka Maksimović </a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Shapcott" title="Thomas Shapcott">Thomas Shapcott</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justo_Jorge_Padr%C3%B3n" title="Justo Jorge Padrón">Justo Jorge Padrón</a> (1990)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joseph Brodsky</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Juh%C3%A1sz_(poet)" title="Ferenc Juhász (poet)">Ferenc Juhász</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennadiy_Aygi" title="Gennadiy Aygi">Gennadiy Aygi</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Hughes" title="Ted Hughes">Ted Hughes</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Amichai" title="Yehuda Amichai">Yehuda Amichai</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makoto_Ooka" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Ooka">Makoto Ooka</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Adunis">Adunis</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Banjiu" title="Liu Banjiu">Liu Banjiu</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Bonnefoy" title="Yves Bonnefoy">Yves Bonnefoy</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edoardo_Sanguineti" title="Edoardo Sanguineti">Edoardo Sanguineti</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavko_Mihali%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavko Mihalić (page does not exist)">Slavko Mihalić</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomas_Transtr%C3%B6mer" title="Tomas Tranströmer">Tomas Tranströmer</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_Gra%C3%A7a_Moura" title="Vasco Graça Moura">Vasco Graça Moura</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._S._Merwin" title="W. S. Merwin">William S. Merwin</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Morej%C3%B3n" title="Nancy Morejón">Nancy Morejón</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Darwish" title="Mahmoud Darwish">Mahmoud Darwish</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatos_Arapi" title="Fatos Arapi">Fatos Arapi</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toma%C5%BE_%C5%A0alamun" title="Tomaž Šalamun">Tomaž Šalamun</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyubomir_Levchev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyubomir Levchev (page does not exist)">Lyubomir Levchev</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mateja_Matevski" title="Mateja Matevski">Mateja Matevski</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongane_Wally_Serote" title="Mongane Wally Serote">Mongane Wally Serote</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Emilio_Pacheco" title="José Emilio Pacheco">José Emilio Pacheco</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko_Un" title="Ko Un">Ko Un</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bei_Dao" title="Bei Dao">Bei Dao</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Simic" title="Charles Simic">Charles Simic</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Zagajewski" title="Adam Zagajewski">Adam Zagajewski</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Blandiana" title="Ana Blandiana">Ana Blandiana</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Or" title="Amir Or">Amir Or</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Ann_Duffy" title="Carol Ann Duffy">Carol Ann Duffy</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuntar%C5%8D_Tanikawa" title="Shuntarō Tanikawa">Shuntarō Tanikawa</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlada_Uro%C5%A1evi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vlada Urošević (page does not exist)">Vlada Urošević</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Sim%C3%A9on&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Pierre Siméon (page does not exist)">Jean-Pierre Siméon</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Poets_Laureate_/_Consultants_in_Poetry_to_the_Library_of_Congress" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LOC_Poets_Laureate" title="Template:LOC Poets Laureate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LOC_Poets_Laureate" title="Template talk:LOC Poets Laureate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LOC_Poets_Laureate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LOC Poets Laureate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Poets_Laureate_/_Consultants_in_Poetry_to_the_Library_of_Congress" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Poet_Laureate" title="United States Poet Laureate">Poets Laureate / Consultants in Poetry</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Auslander" title="Joseph Auslander">Joseph Auslander</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allen_Tate" title="Allen Tate">Allen Tate</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Penn_Warren" title="Robert Penn Warren">Robert Penn Warren</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bogan" title="Louise Bogan">Louise Bogan</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Shapiro" title="Karl Shapiro">Karl Shapiro</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowell" title="Robert Lowell">Robert Lowell</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onie_Adams" title="Léonie Adams">Léonie Adams</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bishop" title="Elizabeth Bishop">Elizabeth Bishop</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Aiken" title="Conrad Aiken">Conrad Aiken</a> (1950)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">William Carlos Williams</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Randall_Jarrell" title="Randall Jarrell">Randall Jarrell</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost" title="Robert Frost">Robert Frost</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Eberhart" title="Richard Eberhart">Richard Eberhart</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Untermeyer" title="Louis Untermeyer">Louis Untermeyer</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Nemerov" title="Howard Nemerov">Howard Nemerov</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reed_Whittemore" title="Reed Whittemore">Reed Whittemore</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Spender" title="Stephen Spender">Stephen Spender</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Dickey" title="James Dickey">James Dickey</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Jay_Smith" title="William Jay Smith">William Jay Smith</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Stafford_(poet)" title="William Stafford (poet)">William Stafford</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Jacobsen" title="Josephine Jacobsen">Josephine Jacobsen</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hoffman" title="Daniel Hoffman">Daniel Hoffman</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kunitz" title="Stanley Kunitz">Stanley Kunitz</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hayden" title="Robert Hayden">Robert Hayden</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Morris_Meredith_Jr." title="William Morris Meredith Jr.">William Meredith</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Kumin" title="Maxine Kumin">Maxine Kumin</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hecht" title="Anthony Hecht">Anthony Hecht</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reed_Whittemore" title="Reed Whittemore">Reed Whittemore</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fitzgerald" title="Robert Fitzgerald">Robert Fitzgerald</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Brooks" title="Gwendolyn Brooks">Gwendolyn Brooks</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Penn_Warren" title="Robert Penn Warren">Robert Penn Warren</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wilbur" title="Richard Wilbur">Richard Wilbur</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Nemerov" title="Howard Nemerov">Howard Nemerov</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Strand" title="Mark Strand">Mark Strand</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joseph Brodsky</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mona_Van_Duyn" title="Mona Van Duyn">Mona Van Duyn</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rita_Dove" title="Rita Dove">Rita Dove</a> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hass" title="Robert Hass">Robert Hass</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pinsky" title="Robert Pinsky">Robert Pinsky</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rita_Dove" title="Rita Dove">Rita Dove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louise_Gl%C3%BCck" title="Louise Glück">Louise Glück</a> & <a href="/wiki/W._S._Merwin" title="W. S. Merwin">W. S. Merwin</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kunitz" title="Stanley Kunitz">Stanley Kunitz</a> (2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Billy_Collins" title="Billy Collins">Billy Collins</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louise_Gl%C3%BCck" title="Louise Glück">Louise Glück</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kooser" title="Ted Kooser">Ted Kooser</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Hall" title="Donald Hall">Donald Hall</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Simic" title="Charles Simic">Charles Simic</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kay_Ryan" title="Kay Ryan">Kay Ryan</a> (2008–2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._S._Merwin" title="W. S. Merwin">W. S. Merwin</a> (2010–2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Levine_(poet)" title="Philip Levine (poet)">Philip Levine</a> (2011–2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natasha_Trethewey" title="Natasha Trethewey">Natasha Trethewey</a> (2012–2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wright_(poet)" title="Charles Wright (poet)">Charles Wright</a> (2014–2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Felipe_Herrera" title="Juan Felipe Herrera">Juan Felipe Herrera</a> (2015–2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tracy_K._Smith" title="Tracy K. Smith">Tracy K. Smith</a> (2017–2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joy_Harjo" title="Joy Harjo">Joy Harjo</a> (2019–2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ada_Lim%C3%B3n" title="Ada Limón">Ada Limón</a> (2022-present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_dissidents" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_dissidents" title="Template:Soviet dissidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_dissidents" title="Template talk:Soviet dissidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_dissidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet dissidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_dissidents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissidents</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_movement_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights movement in the Soviet Union">Human rights movement in the Soviet Union</a>: <a href="/wiki/Initiative_Group_for_the_Defense_of_Human_Rights_in_the_USSR" title="Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR">Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Human_Rights_in_the_USSR" title="Committee on Human Rights in the USSR">Committee on Human Rights in the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solzhenitsyn_Aid_Fund" title="Solzhenitsyn Aid Fund">Solzhenitsyn Aid Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Helsinki_Group" title="Moscow Helsinki Group">Moscow Helsinki Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Helsinki_Group" title="Ukrainian Helsinki Group">Ukrainian Helsinki Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Helsinki_Group" title="Lithuanian Helsinki Group">Lithuanian Helsinki Group</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Commission_to_Investigate_the_Use_of_Psychiatry_for_Political_Purposes" title="Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes">Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki-86" title="Helsinki-86">Helsinki-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Agursky" title="Mikhail Agursky">Mikhail Agursky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Aksyonov" title="Vasily Aksyonov">Vasily Aksyonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyudmila_Alexeyeva" title="Lyudmila Alexeyeva">Lyudmila Alexeyeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Amalrik" title="Andrei Amalrik">Andrei Amalrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabua_Amirejibi" title="Chabua Amirejibi">Chabua Amirejibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Antonov-Ovseyenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Anton Antonov-Ovseyenko">Anton Antonov-Ovseyenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun%C4%81rs_Astra" title="Gunārs Astra">Gunārs Astra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Bakay" title="Mykola Bakay">Mykola Bakay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Barkova" title="Anna Barkova">Anna Barkova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_B%C4%83tr%C3%A2nac" title="Vasile Bătrânac">Vasile Bătrânac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkadiy_Belinkov" title="Arkadiy Belinkov">Arkadiy Belinkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Berdyaev" title="Nikolai Berdyaev">Nikolai Berdyaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Yuri Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larisa_Bogoraz" title="Larisa Bogoraz">Larisa Bogoraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bolonkin" title="Alexander Bolonkin">Alexander Bolonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelena_Bonner" title="Yelena Bonner">Yelena Bonner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Borodin" title="Leonid Borodin">Leonid Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bougrine" title="Vladimir Bougrine">Vladimir Bougrine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joseph Brodsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bukovsky" title="Vladimir Bukovsky">Vladimir Bukovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Chalidze" title="Valery Chalidze">Valery Chalidze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Chernyi" title="Lev Chernyi">Lev Chernyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Chichibabin" title="Boris Chichibabin">Boris Chichibabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viacheslav_Chornovil" title="Viacheslav Chornovil">Viacheslav Chornovil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Chukovskaya" title="Lydia Chukovskaya">Lydia Chukovskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuli_Daniel" title="Yuli Daniel">Yuli Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadim_Delaunay" title="Vadim Delaunay">Vadim Delaunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Derevyankin" title="Andrey Derevyankin">Andrey Derevyankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Devdariani" title="David Devdariani">David Devdariani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Drach" title="Ivan Drach">Ivan Drach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Druzhnikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri Druzhnikov">Yuri Druzhnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Dzhemilev" title="Mustafa Dzhemilev">Mustafa Dzhemilev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Dziuba" title="Ivan Dziuba">Ivan Dziuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abulfaz_Elchibey" title="Abulfaz Elchibey">Abulfaz Elchibey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Esenin-Volpin" title="Alexander Esenin-Volpin">Alexander Esenin-Volpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Essas" title="Eliyahu Essas">Eliyahu Essas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Etkind" title="Efim Etkind">Efim Etkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Fain" title="Benjamin Fain">Benjamin Fain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Fainberg" title="Viktor Fainberg">Viktor Fainberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moysey_Fishbein" title="Moysey Fishbein">Moysey Fishbein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Gabay" title="Ilya Gabay">Ilya Gabay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balys_Gajauskas" title="Balys Gajauskas">Balys Gajauskas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Galanskov" title="Yuri Galanskov">Yuri Galanskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Galich_(writer)" title="Alexander Galich (writer)">Alexander Galich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirsaid_Sultan-Galiev" title="Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev">Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zviad_Gamsakhurdia" title="Zviad Gamsakhurdia">Zviad Gamsakhurdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Gershuni" title="Vladimir Gershuni">Vladimir Gershuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ginzburg" title="Alexander Ginzburg">Alexander Ginzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgenia_Ginzburg" title="Yevgenia Ginzburg">Yevgenia Ginzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Gladilin" title="Anatoly Gladilin">Anatoly Gladilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Gluzman" class="mw-redirect" title="Semyon Gluzman">Semyon Gluzman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalya_Gorbanevskaya" title="Natalya Gorbanevskaya">Natalya Gorbanevskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Grigorenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Grigorenko">Pyotr Grigorenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Grigoryants" title="Sergei Grigoryants">Sergei Grigoryants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Grossman" title="Vasily Grossman">Vasily Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Guberman" title="Igor Guberman">Igor Guberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengiz_Gudava" title="Tengiz Gudava">Tengiz Gudava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paruyr_Hayrikyan" title="Paruyr Hayrikyan">Paruyr Hayrikyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Hel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Hel">Ivan Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksa_Hirnyk" title="Oleksa Hirnyk">Oleksa Hirnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Horbal" title="Mykola Horbal">Mykola Horbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Horyn" title="Bohdan Horyn">Bohdan Horyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Horyn" title="Mykhailo Horyn">Mykhailo Horyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Isayev" title="Grigory Isayev">Grigory Isayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Kagarlitsky" title="Boris Kagarlitsky">Boris Kagarlitsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romas_Kalanta" title="Romas Kalanta">Romas Kalanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofiya_Kalistratova" title="Sofiya Kalistratova">Sofiya Kalistratova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihor_Kalynets" title="Ihor Kalynets">Ihor Kalynets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iryna_Kalynets" title="Iryna Kalynets">Iryna Kalynets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaliy_Kalynychenko" title="Vitaliy Kalynychenko">Vitaliy Kalynychenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dina_Kaminskaya" title="Dina Kaminskaya">Dina Kaminskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kandyba" title="Ivan Kandyba">Ivan Kandyba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Kholmyansky" title="Ephraim Kholmyansky">Ephraim Kholmyansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuliy_Kim" title="Yuliy Kim">Yuliy Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Klyuev" title="Nikolai Klyuev">Nikolai Klyuev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kopelev" title="Lev Kopelev">Lev Kopelev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Korczak" title="Boris Korczak">Boris Korczak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Koryagin" title="Anatoly Koryagin">Anatoly Koryagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum_Korzhavin" title="Nahum Korzhavin">Nahum Korzhavin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merab_Kostava" title="Merab Kostava">Merab Kostava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lina_Kostenko" title="Lina Kostenko">Lina Kostenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kovalev" title="Sergei Kovalev">Sergei Kovalev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoya_Krakhmalnikova" title="Zoya Krakhmalnikova">Zoya Krakhmalnikova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Krasin" title="Victor Krasin">Victor Krasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Kublanovsky" title="Yuri Kublanovsky">Yuri Kublanovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCri_Kukk" title="Jüri Kukk">Jüri Kukk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Kuznetsov" title="Anatoly Kuznetsov">Anatoly Kuznetsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Kuznetsov_(dissident)" title="Eduard Kuznetsov (dissident)">Eduard Kuznetsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malva_Landa" title="Malva Landa">Malva Landa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lavut" title="Alexander Lavut">Alexander Lavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Leontovich" title="Mikhail Leontovich">Mikhail Leontovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lerner" title="Alexander Lerner">Alexander Lerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_Lesiv" title="Yaroslav Lesiv">Yaroslav Lesiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Levich" title="Eugene Levich">Eugene Levich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veniamin_Levich" title="Veniamin Levich">Veniamin Levich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Limonov" title="Eduard Limonov">Eduard Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCri_Lina" title="Jüri Lina">Jüri Lina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Litvinov" title="Pavel Litvinov">Pavel Litvinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levko_Lukyanenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Levko Lukyanenko">Levko Lukyanenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Lossky" title="Nikolay Lossky">Nikolay Lossky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronid_Lyubarsky" title="Kronid Lyubarsky">Kronid Lyubarsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michail_J._Makarenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Michail J. Makarenko">Michail J. Makarenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Makukh" title="Vasyl Makukh">Vasyl Makukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guram_Mamulia" title="Guram Mamulia">Guram Mamulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_Mandelstam" title="Nadezhda Mandelstam">Nadezhda Mandelstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Marchenko" title="Anatoly Marchenko">Anatoly Marchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeriy_Marchenko" title="Valeriy Marchenko">Valeriy Marchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myroslav_Marynovych" title="Myroslav Marynovych">Myroslav Marynovych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Grigorii Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Medvedev" title="Roy Medvedev">Roy Medvedev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhores_Medvedev" title="Zhores Medvedev">Zhores Medvedev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naum_Meiman" title="Naum Meiman">Naum Meiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Melnyk" title="Mykhailo Melnyk">Mykhailo Melnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Men" title="Alexander Men">Alexander Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Mendelevitch" title="Yosef Mendelevitch">Yosef Mendelevitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazif_Meylanov" title="Vazif Meylanov">Vazif Meylanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Nikolaevich_Mironov" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrei Nikolaevich Mironov">Andrei Mironov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Moraru" title="Ion Moraru">Ion Moraru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Nekipelov" title="Viktor Nekipelov">Viktor Nekipelov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Nekrasov" title="Viktor Nekrasov">Viktor Nekrasov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nekrich" title="Alexander Nekrich">Alexander Nekrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeriya_Novodvorskaya" title="Valeriya Novodvorskaya">Valeriya Novodvorskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_Odobescu" title="Vasile Odobescu">Vasile Odobescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ogorodnikov" title="Alexander Ogorodnikov">Alexander Ogorodnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Orlov" title="Yuri Orlov">Yuri Orlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raisa_Orlova" title="Raisa Orlova">Raisa Orlova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulian_Panich" title="Yulian Panich">Yulian Panich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagle_Parek" title="Lagle Parek">Lagle Parek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Paustovsky" title="Konstantin Paustovsky">Konstantin Paustovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleb_Pavlovsky" title="Gleb Pavlovsky">Gleb Pavlovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zianon_Pazniak" title="Zianon Pazniak">Zianon Pazniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekaterina_Peshkova" title="Yekaterina Peshkova">Yekaterina Peshkova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktoras_Petkus" title="Viktoras Petkus">Viktoras Petkus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Piatigorsky" title="Alexander Piatigorsky">Alexander Piatigorsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Plyushch" title="Leonid Plyushch">Leonid Plyushch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandr_Podrabinek" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandr Podrabinek">Alexandr Podrabinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Pomerants" title="Grigory Pomerants">Grigory Pomerants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Pribylovsky" title="Vladimir Pribylovsky">Vladimir Pribylovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Prigov" title="Dmitri Prigov">Dmitri Prigov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Pristavkin" title="Anatoly Pristavkin">Anatoly Pristavkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Pustyntsev" title="Boris Pustyntsev">Boris Pustyntsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irina_Ratushinskaya" title="Irina Ratushinskaya">Irina Ratushinskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Rips" title="Eliyahu Rips">Eliyahu Rips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arseny_Roginsky" title="Arseny Roginsky">Arseny Roginsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Rozanova" title="Maria Rozanova">Maria Rozanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Rudenko" title="Mykola Rudenko">Mykola 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mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q862#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q862#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJccdbt3BQQdKxhHHXdxXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118660136">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80022834">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11894121r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11894121r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00463809">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Brodskij, Iosif"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV071179">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35508786">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990001110&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX843889">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/107309">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068558414">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span 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href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259025305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511700306706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01857280?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/27cafe48-831c-4cfe-8823-7473f733eb58">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/978711">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118660136.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118660136">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026754215">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tt580r">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=36274">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Brodsky&oldid=1257312832">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Brodsky&oldid=1257312832</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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