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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A3" title="Меморандум на САНУ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Меморандум на САНУ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorandum_Srpske_akademije_nauka_i_umjetnosti" title="Memorandum Srpske akademije nauka i umjetnosti – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Memorandum Srpske akademije nauka i umjetnosti" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memor%C3%A0ndum_de_l%27Acad%C3%A8mia_S%C3%A8rbia_de_les_Ci%C3%A8ncies_i_les_Arts" title="Memoràndum de l'Acadèmia Sèrbia de les Ciències i les Arts – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Memoràndum de l'Acadèmia Sèrbia de les Ciències i les Arts" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorandum_SANU" title="Memorandum SANU – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Memorandum SANU" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SANU-Memorandum" title="SANU-Memorandum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="SANU-Memorandum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorando_de_la_Academia_de_las_Artes_y_de_las_Ciencias_de_Serbia" title="Memorando de la Academia de las Artes y de las Ciencias de Serbia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Memorando de la Academia de las Artes y de las Ciencias de Serbia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorandum_SANU" title="Memorandum SANU – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Memorandum SANU" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorandum_SANU" title="Memorandum SANU – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Memorandum SANU" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SANU-memorandum" title="SANU-memorandum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="SANU-memorandum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Меморандум на Српската академија на науките и уметностите – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Меморандум на Српската академија на науките и уметностите" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanu-Memorandum" title="Sanu-Memorandum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sanu-Memorandum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E8%8A%B8%E8%A1%93%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AB%E3%83%87%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AE%E8%A6%9A%E6%9B%B8" title="セルビア科学芸術アカデミーの覚書 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セルビア科学芸術アカデミーの覚書" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorandumul_Academiei_S%C3%A2rbe_de_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be_%C8%99i_Arte" title="Memorandumul Academiei Sârbe de Științe și Arte – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Memorandumul Academiei Sârbe de Științe și Arte" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2" title="Меморандум Сербской академии наук и искусств – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Меморандум Сербской академии наук и искусств" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorandumi_SANU" title="Memorandumi SANU – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Memorandumi SANU" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A3" title="Нацрт групе академика за Меморандум САНУ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нацрт групе академика за Меморандум САНУ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorandum_SANU" title="Memorandum SANU – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Memorandum SANU" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_tiede-_ja_taideakatemian_muistio_1986" title="Serbian tiede- ja taideakatemian muistio 1986 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Serbian tiede- ja taideakatemian muistio 1986" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA_%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2" title="Меморандум Сербської академії наук і мистецтв – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Меморандум Сербської академії наук і мистецтв" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Draft document produced by a 16-member committee of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Art</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;">SANU Memorandum</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created</th><td class="infobox-data">May 1985–September 1986</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Presented</th><td class="infobox-data">1986 (leaked)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">Belgrade, Serbia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commissioned by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts</a> members</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">16-member commission</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Typewritten document</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Memorandum" title="Memorandum">memorandum</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts</b>, known simply as the <b>SANU Memorandum</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Serbian Cyrillic</a>: <span lang="sr-Cyrl">Меморандум САНУ</span>), was a draft document produced by a 16-member committee of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts</a> (SANU) from 1985 to 1986. </p><p>The memo immediately captured the public's attention in <a href="/wiki/SFRJ" class="mw-redirect" title="SFRJ">Yugoslavia</a> as it gave voice to controversial views on the state of the nation and argued for a fundamental reorganization of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokovoyIrvineLilly1997322_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokovoyIrvineLilly1997322-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main theme was that Yugoslavia's constitutional structure discriminated against the Serbs, and that decentralisation was leading to the disintegration of Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-esiweb_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esiweb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It claimed that Serbia's development was eroded in favour of other parts of Yugoslavia, or rather that other more developed regions flourished at Serbia's expense. The memorandum was officially denounced by the government of Yugoslavia in 1986, and the government of the <a href="/wiki/SR_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="SR Serbia">SR Serbia</a> for inciting nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006321_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006321-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some consider its publication to be a key moment in the <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">breakup of Yugoslavia</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilberLittle199631_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilberLittle199631-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a contributor to the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav wars">Yugoslav wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-esiweb_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esiweb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SANU_Memorandum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1980s, a major issue in Yugoslavia was the problem of massive debts accrued in the 1970s and the resulting policies of austerity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997386_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997386-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yugoslavia had debts initially valued at $6 billion US dollars, but which turned out to actually be a sum equal to $21 billion U.S. dollars, a staggering debt load.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997386-387_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997386-387-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high debt load led to repeated programmes of austerity in the 1980s imposed by the IMF, and which in turn led to the exposure of so much corruption by the Communist authorities that it had caused a crisis of faith in the Communist system by the mid-1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997386-387_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997386-387-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revelation that corruption was systematic in Yugoslavia and that the Communist elites were plundering the public coffers to support their luxurious lifestyles sparked much resentment, especially at a time of austerity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997386-387_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997386-387-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that it had been the Communist elites who had run up the debts in the 1970s that had led to the austerity policies imposed in the 1980s not only made them unpopular, but also created grave doubts about the competence of the elites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997386-387_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997386-387-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Making the economic crisis more difficult was the fact that Croatia and Slovenia were wealthier than Serbia, and objected to transferring their wealth to support Serbia in times of austerity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGödl200750_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGödl200750-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1985, after <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Stamboli%C4%87" title="Ivan Stambolić">Ivan Stambolić</a> urged the government to discuss Kosovo for the first time since 1981,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJović2009248_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJović2009248-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SANU selected a committee of sixteen distinguished academics to draft a memorandum addressing causes of the economic and political crisis and how to tackle the problems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokić2003255_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokić2003255-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was planned to be endorsed by the academy prior to being presented to the Communist Party and state organs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokić2003255_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokić2003255-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last draft, however, was leaked to a regime tabloid,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokić2003255_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokić2003255-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Serbian newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Ve%C4%8Dernje_novosti" title="Večernje novosti">Večernje novosti</a></i> in September 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokovoyIrvineLilly1997322_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokovoyIrvineLilly1997322-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newspaper attacked it, describing it as reactionary and nationalist, but did not publish it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokić2003255_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokić2003255-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An official campaign by the Serbian state and party officials began against it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokić2003255_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokić2003255-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The memo is divided into two parts: the "Crisis in the Yugoslav Economy and Society" and the "Status of Serbia and the Serb Nation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2008269_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2008269-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first section focuses on the economic and political fragmentation of Yugoslavia that followed the promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">1974 constitution</a>. The memo argued that because <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a> had been a Croat, he had designed the Yugoslav federation in such a way to unduly balance the entire economic and political system in favor of his native Croatia together with Slovenia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way, the memo claimed that the burden of austerity policies imposed by the IMF fell almost entirely on the Serbs while at the same time allowing Croatia and Slovenia to keep too much of their wealth to themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second section focuses on what the authors saw as Serbia's inferior status in Yugoslavia, while describing status of Serbs in the province of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> in such a way to make its point.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The memo argued that because the provincial authorities in both Kosovo and Vojvodina could deal directly with the federal government, this had made them de facto republics outside of the control of the Socialist Republic of Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since March 1981, there had been regular riots in Kosovo between the ethnic Albanian majority and its Serb minority, which in turn had been caused by competition in the <a href="/wiki/Labour_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour market">labour market</a> in a time of austerity as the university system produced far more graduates than there were available jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The memo claimed that the other republics, especially Croatia, were supporting the Albanian provincial government in Kosovo as part of a plot to force out the Serb minority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosta_Mihailovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosta Mihailović (page does not exist)">Kosta Mihailović</a> made contributions on the economy, <a href="/wiki/Mihailo_Markovi%C4%87" title="Mihailo Marković">Mihailo Marković</a> on self-management, and <a href="/wiki/Vasilije_Kresti%C4%87" title="Vasilije Krestić">Vasilije Krestić</a> on the status of the Serbs of <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>. </p><p>The memo claimed that at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Tito deliberately weakened <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> by dividing up the majority of Serbian territory, namely present day Serbia, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a> and Croatia, with Serb majority populations. The memo argued that Tito further weakened the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">SR Serbia</a> by dividing its territory and creating the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_province" title="Autonomous province">autonomous provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>, which was not reciprocated in the other Yugoslav republics. A major theme of the memo was that of alleged Serbian victimization at the hands of the other republics, who were portrayed as having profited at Serbia's expense. The authors of the memo wrote that it was time to "...remove this historical guilt off of the Serbian people and to refute officially the claims that they had an economically privileged position between the two wars and that there would be no denying of their liberating role throughout history and their contribution in the creation of Yugoslavia....The Serbs in their history have never conquered or exploited others. Through the two world wars, they liberated themselves, and when they could, help others to liberate themselves".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGödl200750_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGödl200750-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theme of alleged Serb victimization at the hands of others was at least in part a response to the economic crisis of the 1980s, suggesting that the burden of austerity should fall mostly on the other republics, but the most powerful consequence was that for the first time since 1945 a historical narrative had been aired which portrayed the Serbs as a uniquely and innately virtuous and honorable people who were the perpetual victims of others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGödl200750_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGödl200750-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British historian Richard Crampton has written that the real significance of the memo was that it openly stated for the first time what many ordinary Serbian people had been thinking and that because of the intellectual prestige of its authors, it conferred a sort of pseudo-scientific legitimacy on the widespread feelings that the Serbs were being unjustly singled out by the policies of economic austerity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a time of widespread economic pain and suffering, the message of the memo that the Serbs were being unjustly forced to suffer more than they should became popular.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The message of the memo, that the solution to the economic crisis of the 1980s was for Serbs to aggressively reassert their interests in Yugoslavia, abolish the autonomy of Kosovo and Vojvodina, and bring the <i>prečani</i> Serbs of Croatia and Bosnia into Serbia, led to much alarm elsewhere in Yugoslavia, where the memo was perceived as a call for Serbian domination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>We were portrayed as wanting to tear down the country. On the contrary, the Memorandum was a document which tried to stop the breakup. When the Memorandum controversy broke out, we were applauded in the West. Afterwards, it was interpreted as an anti-communist document, as a breach for some new democratic state. The country's official politics attacked us. In <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">The Hague</a>, the Memorandum was pulled out again. Of course, they now need another variant. That's the vortex of daily politics.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Dejan_Medakovi%C4%87" title="Dejan Medaković">Dejan Medaković</a>, co-author of the Memorandum and President of SANU 1999–2003</cite></p> </div> <p>The Austrian scholar Doris Gödl has claimed that the memo's portrayal of Serbs as perpetual victims strongly suggested that they could do no wrong and everything that had gone wrong in Yugoslavia was the work of others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGödl200750_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGödl200750-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gödl wrote that though the memo was true in the sense that the Serbs at times had indeed been victimized, the picture of history presented in the memo of continuous Serb victimization from the times of the Ottoman Empire to the present was extremely one-sided and distorted, ignoring the fact that the Serbs at times had victimized the other peoples of Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGödl200750-51_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGödl200750-51-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gödl concluded that this version of history, which portrayed the other peoples of Yugoslavia, especially the Croats, as perpetual aggressors and the Serbs as constant victims, did much to fuel the nationalism that <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> tapped into starting in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGödl200750_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGödl200750-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SANU_Memorandum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The memo was denounced by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a>, the future president of Serbia, who publicly called the memo "nothing else but the darkest nationalism", and <a href="/wiki/Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Radovan Karadžić">Radovan Karadžić</a>, the future leader of <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Serbs in Bosnia</a>, who stated "Bolshevism is bad, but nationalism is even worse".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELampe2000347_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELampe2000347-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these declarations, Milošević, Karadžić, and other Serb politicians secretly agreed with most of the memo and would form close political connections with the writers of the memo, such as Mihailo Marković, who became the vice-president of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Party of Serbia">Socialist Party of Serbia</a>, and Dobrica Ćosić, who was appointed president of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006321_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006321-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in 1987, Milošević, the party boss of the Serbian Communist Party, started to cynically appeal to Serbian nationalism to distract public attention from the extent of massive corruption within the Communist Party, a gambit that worked very well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387-388_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387-388-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Milošević's appeal to Serb nationalism inevitably sparked fears in the other republics that he was attempting a power play to make Yugoslavia into a Serb-dominated nation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387-388_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387-388-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milošević's decision to end the autonomy of Kosovo in 1989 and his deployment of ethnic Serbian policemen to violently crush protests by Kosovar Albanians led to secessionist feelings in the other republics of Yugoslavia before Milošević imposed Serb domination on all of Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387-388_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387-388-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the other republics, it was noted that the SANU memo called for ending Kosovo's autonomy, and when that was done in 1989, it caused fears that Milošević would carry out the other parts of the memo, though it is not clear if that was his intention at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387-388_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387-388-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The Memorandum was never the official document of the Academy. It was written by several academics, but that document does not belong to the Academy, because it was never adopted by any of our organs. What hurt me was that the attack on Serbia was led through the attack on the Academy. That text did not contatin anything rotten in it or anything which could harm Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Hajdin" title="Nikola Hajdin">Nikola Hajdin</a>, President of SANU 2003-2015</cite></p> </div> <p>Gödl wrote that by 1989, a version of history similar to the one presented in the SANU memo was being preached in Croatia, albeit with the Croats portrayed as perpetual victims and the Serbs as perpetual aggressors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGödl200751_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGödl200751-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially popular in this regard was the 1990 book <i>The Drina River Martyrs</i> written by an ultra-nationalist Bosnian Croat Roman Catholic priest, Father Anto Baković, which portrays both the Chetnik and Partisan movements in World War II as extremely anti-Croat and anti-Catholic, and the history of Yugoslavia as one of continuous violent trauma inflicted by the Serbs against the Croats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGödl200751_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGödl200751-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Father Baković used what are now known within Catholic circles as the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Martyrs_of_Drina" title="Blessed Martyrs of Drina">Blessed Martyrs of Drina</a>, a group of Bosnian Croat nuns who were victimized by the Chetniks in December 1941, as exemplary of the "martyrdom" of the Croats in World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGödl200751_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGödl200751-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gödl wrote the popularity of books like <i>The Drina River Martyrs</i> were partly a response to the SANU memorandum and other similar Serb nationalist works, which, by emphasizing crimes committed in the immediate post-World War II era by the Partisans, was meant to erase the memory of Ustashe crimes which played a central role in the Serbian collective memory of the past.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGödl200751_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGödl200751-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gödl contended that, by 1989, many Serbs and Croats were both caught up in historical narratives that portrayed their own group as innately pure and virtuous and the other as innately vicious and cruel, seeing themselves as perpetual victims and the other as perpetual victimizers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGödl200750-51_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGödl200750-51-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gödl claimed that it was the popularity among Croats and Serbs of these narratives of perpetual victimization in the 1980s that portended the violent break-up of Yugoslavia in 1991–1992.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGödl200750-52_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGödl200750-52-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87" title="Sima Ćirković">Sima Ćirković</a>, the SANU memorandum should be considered to be "a so called Memorandum" because it was never adopted by the academy, and he claims that calling the document a "memorandum" <i>per se</i> is a manipulation.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorandum_points">Memorandum points</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SANU_Memorandum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Memorandum points"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> are committing <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> against Serbs in <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Kosovo</a> (pgs. 41, 56 of memorandum)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">SR Slovenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">SR Croatia</a> are taking control of the Serbian economy. <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> is taking industry out of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">SR Serbia</a> (pg. 42)</li> <li>There is need for <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Yugoslavia" title="Constitution of Yugoslavia">constitutional changes of Yugoslavia</a> because of its unfair mistreating and weakening of Serbia (pg. 46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Anti-Serb discrimination</a> is rampant (pg. 50)</li> <li>Serbia sacrificed 2.5 million of its citizens in the name of <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>) and now is a victim of this state (pg. 52)</li> <li>Between 1690 and 1912, 500,000 Serbs left Kosovo, where Albanians are committing genocide (pg. 56)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Serbs" title="Kosovo Serbs">Serbs living in Kosovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbs in Croatia">Serbs living in Croatia</a> are subjected to discrimination (pg. 58)</li> <li>Croatian Serbs are in unprecedented danger (pg. 62)</li> <li>All ethnic Serb writers from Bosnia and Herzegovina are Serb and not <a href="/wiki/Bosnians" title="Bosnians">Bosnian</a> writers (pg. 65)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Question">Serbian Question</a> cannot be resolved without the full national and cultural unity of the Serb people of Yugoslavia (pgs. 70–3)</li> <li>During the last 50 years, Serbs have twice been the victims of destruction, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a>, forced <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">religious conversion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">cultural genocide</a>, ideological <a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">indoctrination</a> and saying that they do not have any importance (pgs. 70–3)</li> <li>If <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia collapses</a>, Serbia must abide by its own <a href="/wiki/National_interest" title="National interest">national interests</a> (pg. 73)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authors">Authors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SANU_Memorandum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Authors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The commission consisted of 16 Serb intellectuals:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2008268_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2008268-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavle_Ivi%C4%87" title="Pavle Ivić">Pavle Ivić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonije_Isakovi%C4%87" title="Antonije Isaković">Antonije Isaković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Kanazir" title="Dušan Kanazir">Dušan Kanazir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihailo_Markovi%C4%87" title="Mihailo Marković">Mihailo Marković</a></li> <li>Miloš Macura</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dejan_Medakovi%C4%87" title="Dejan Medaković">Dejan Medaković</a></li> <li>Miroslav Pantić</li> <li>Nikola Pantić</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljubisav_Raki%C4%87" title="Ljubisav Rakić">Ljubiša Rakić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radovan_Samard%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Radovan Samardžić">Radovan Samardžić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miomir_Vukobratovi%C4%87" title="Miomir Vukobratović">Miomir Vukobratović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasilije_Kresti%C4%87" title="Vasilije Krestić">Vasilije Krestić</a></li> <li>Ivan Maksimović</li> <li>Kosta Mihailović</li> <li>Stojan Ćelić</li> <li>Nikola Čobeljić</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SANU_Memorandum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dobrica_%C4%86osi%C4%87" title="Dobrica Ćosić">Dobrica Ćosić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributions_for_the_Slovenian_National_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Contributions for the Slovenian National Program">Contributions for the Slovenian National Program</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vojko_i_Savle" title="Vojko i Savle">Vojko i Savle</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SANU_Memorandum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100329021617/http://www.trepca.net/english/2006/serbian_memorandum_1986/serbia_memorandum_1986.html">"SANU Memorandum integral English translation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trepca.net/english/2006/serbian_memorandum_1986/serbia_memorandum_1986.html">the original</a> on 2010-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SANU+Memorandum+integral+English+translation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trepca.net%2Fenglish%2F2006%2Fserbian_memorandum_1986%2Fserbia_memorandum_1986.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASANU+Memorandum" class="Z3988"></span>[broken link]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokovoyIrvineLilly1997322-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokovoyIrvineLilly1997322_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokovoyIrvineLilly1997322_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBokovoyIrvineLilly1997">Bokovoy, Irvine & Lilly 1997</a>, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-esiweb-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-esiweb_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-esiweb_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esiweb.org/index.php?lang=en&id=281&story_ID=13&slide_ID=18">"Picture stories - ESI"</a>. esiweb.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Picture+stories+-+ESI&rft.pub=esiweb.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esiweb.org%2Findex.php%3Flang%3Den%26id%3D281%26story_ID%3D13%26slide_ID%3D18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASANU+Memorandum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006321-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006321_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006321_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamet2006">Ramet 2006</a>, p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilberLittle199631-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilberLittle199631_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilberLittle1996">Silber & Little 1996</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997386-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997386_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrampton1997">Crampton 1997</a>, p. 386.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997386-387-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997386-387_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997386-387_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997386-387_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997386-387_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrampton1997">Crampton 1997</a>, p. 386-387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGödl200750-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGödl200750_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGödl200750_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGödl200750_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGödl200750_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGödl200750_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGödl2007">Gödl 2007</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJović2009248-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJović2009248_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJović2009">Jović 2009</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokić2003255-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokić2003255_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokić2003255_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokić2003255_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokić2003255_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokić2003255_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDjokić2003">Djokić 2003</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2008269-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2008269_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2008">Miller 2008</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrampton1997">Crampton 1997</a>, p. 387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=334903">"Jadna nam je država - Intervju sa Dejanom Medakovićem"</a>. <i>Nedeljnik Vreme</i>. 12 March 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nedeljnik+Vreme&rft.atitle=Jadna+nam+je+dr%C5%BEava+-+Intervju+sa+Dejanom+Medakovi%C4%87em&rft.date=2003-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vreme.com%2Fcms%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D334903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASANU+Memorandum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGödl200750-51-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGödl200750-51_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGödl200750-51_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGödl2007">Gödl 2007</a>, p. 50-51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELampe2000347-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELampe2000347_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLampe2000">Lampe 2000</a>, p. 347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387-388-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387-388_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387-388_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387-388_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387-388_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrampton1997">Crampton 1997</a>, p. 387-388.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNedeljnik.rs2019" class="citation web cs1">Nedeljnik.rs (17 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nedeljnik.rs/plakao-sam-za-kraljem-aleksandrom-za-titom-nisam-a-kada-su-ubili-dindica-bio-sam-star-za-suze-tako-je-govorio-nikola-hajdin/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Plakao sam za kraljem Aleksandrom. Za Titom nisam. A kada su ubili Đinđića, bio sam star za suze": Tako je govorio Nikola Hajdin | Nedeljnik"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Plakao+sam+za+kraljem+Aleksandrom.+Za+Titom+nisam.+A+kada+su+ubili+%C4%90in%C4%91i%C4%87a%2C+bio+sam+star+za+suze%22%3A+Tako+je+govorio+Nikola+Hajdin+%7C+Nedeljnik&rft.date=2019-07-17&rft.au=Nedeljnik.rs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nedeljnik.rs%2Fplakao-sam-za-kraljem-aleksandrom-za-titom-nisam-a-kada-su-ubili-dindica-bio-sam-star-za-suze-tako-je-govorio-nikola-hajdin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASANU+Memorandum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGödl200751-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGödl200751_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGödl200751_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGödl200751_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGödl200751_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGödl2007">Gödl 2007</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGödl200750-52-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGödl200750-52_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGödl2007">Gödl 2007</a>, p. 50-52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĆirković2020" class="citation book cs1">Ćirković, Sima (2020). <i>Živeti sa istorijom</i>. Belgrade: Helsinški odbor za ljudska prava u Srbiji. p. 168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%BDiveti+sa+istorijom&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Helsin%C5%A1ki+odbor+za+ljudska+prava+u+Srbiji&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=%C4%86irkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Sima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASANU+Memorandum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2008268-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2008268_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2008">Miller 2008</a>, p. 268.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SANU_Memorandum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBokovoyIrvineLilly1997" class="citation book cs1">Bokovoy, M. K.; Irvine, J.; Lilly, C. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KfbI4e1q1yEC"><i>State-Society Relations in Yugoslavia, 1945-1992</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312126902" title="Special:BookSources/9780312126902"><bdi>9780312126902</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State-Society+Relations+in+Yugoslavia%2C+1945-1992&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780312126902&rft.aulast=Bokovoy&rft.aufirst=M.+K.&rft.au=Irvine%2C+J.&rft.au=Lilly%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKfbI4e1q1yEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASANU+Memorandum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDjokić2003" class="citation book cs1">Djokić, Dejan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMyZdvTympMC&pg=PA255"><i>Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918-1992</i></a>. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 255–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-663-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-663-0"><bdi>978-1-85065-663-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslavism%3A+Histories+of+a+Failed+Idea%2C+1918-1992&rft.pages=255-&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-663-0&rft.aulast=Djoki%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dejan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZMyZdvTympMC%26pg%3DPA255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASANU+Memorandum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrampton1997" class="citation book cs1">Crampton, Richard (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/easterneuropeint00cram"><i>Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century and After</i></a></span>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16423-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16423-0"><bdi>0-415-16423-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe+in+the+Twentieth+Century+and+After&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-415-16423-0&rft.aulast=Crampton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feasterneuropeint00cram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASANU+Memorandum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGödl2007" class="citation journal cs1">Gödl, Doris (Spring 2007). "Challenging the Past: Serbian and Croatian Aggressor—Victim Narratives". <i>International Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>37</b> (1): 43–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2753%2FIJS0020-7659370103">10.2753/IJS0020-7659370103</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143910006">143910006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Challenging+the+Past%3A+Serbian+and+Croatian+Aggressor%E2%80%94Victim+Narratives&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-57&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2753%2FIJS0020-7659370103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143910006%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6dl&rft.aufirst=Doris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASANU+Memorandum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJović2009" class="citation book cs1">Jović, Dejan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Po03enYpbqsC&pg=PA248">"The "SANU Memorandum" and the reaction of the political elite (1986)"</a>. <i>Yugoslavia: A State that Withered Away</i>. Purdue University Press. pp. 248–253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-495-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-495-8"><bdi>978-1-55753-495-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%22SANU+Memorandum%22+and+the+reaction+of+the+political+elite+%281986%29&rft.btitle=Yugoslavia%3A+A+State+that+Withered+Away&rft.pages=248-253&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-495-8&rft.aulast=Jovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dejan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPo03enYpbqsC%26pg%3DPA248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASANU+Memorandum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLampe2000" class="citation book cs1">Lampe, John R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AZ1x7gvwx_8C"><i>Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77401-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77401-7"><bdi>978-0-521-77401-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslavia+as+History%3A+Twice+There+Was+a+Country&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77401-7&rft.aulast=Lampe&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAZ1x7gvwx_8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASANU+Memorandum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMihailovićKrestić1995" class="citation journal cs1">Mihailović, Kosta; Krestić, Vasilije (1995). Pantić, Miroslav (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rastko.rs/istorija/iii/memorandum.pdf">"Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts: Answers to criticisms"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Belgrade: SANU.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Memorandum+of+the+Serbian+Academy+of+Sciences+and+Arts%3A+Answers+to+criticisms&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Mihailovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Kosta&rft.au=Kresti%C4%87%2C+Vasilije&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rastko.rs%2Fistorija%2Fiii%2Fmemorandum.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASANU+Memorandum" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMihailovićKrestić1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mihailović, Kosta; Krestić, Vasilije (1995). Pantić, Miroslav (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R5SWBgAAQBAJ"><bdi lang="sr">"МЕМОРАНДУМ САНУ" ОДГОВОРИ НА КРИТИКЕ</bdi></a> (in Serbian). Belgrade: SANU. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/86-7025-213-9" title="Special:BookSources/86-7025-213-9"><bdi>86-7025-213-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%9C%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%94%D0%A3%D0%9C+%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A3%22+%D0%9E%D0%94%D0%93%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%98+%D0%9D%D0%90+%D0%9A%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%95&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pub=SANU&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=86-7025-213-9&rft.aulast=Mihailovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Kosta&rft.au=Kresti%C4%87%2C+Vasilije&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR5SWBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASANU+Memorandum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2008" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Nick (2008). <i>The Nonconformists: Culture, Politics, and Nationalism in a Serbian Intellectual Circle, 1944-1991</i>. Central European University Press. p. 268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9776-13-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9776-13-5"><bdi>978-963-9776-13-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nonconformists%3A+Culture%2C+Politics%2C+and+Nationalism+in+a+Serbian+Intellectual+Circle%2C+1944-1991&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-963-9776-13-5&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASANU+Memorandum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilberLittle1996" class="citation book cs1">Silber, Laura; Little, Allan (1996) [1995]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxwOAQAAMAAJ"><i>Yugoslavia: Death of a Nation</i></a>. TV Books. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57500-005-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57500-005-3"><bdi>978-1-57500-005-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslavia%3A+Death+of+a+Nation&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=TV+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-57500-005-3&rft.aulast=Silber&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Little%2C+Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZxwOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASANU+Memorandum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠkorićTomashevich1987" class="citation book cs1">Škorić, Sofija; Tomashevich, George Vid (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HRgkAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Serbian Academy after a century: an institution at risk?</i></a>. Serbian Heritage Academy of Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-920069-05-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-920069-05-9"><bdi>978-0-920069-05-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serbian+Academy+after+a+century%3A+an+institution+at+risk%3F&rft.pub=Serbian+Heritage+Academy+of+Canada&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-920069-05-9&rft.aulast=%C5%A0kori%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Sofija&rft.au=Tomashevich%2C+George+Vid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHRgkAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASANU+Memorandum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet2006" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC&pg=PA321"><i>The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918-2005</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34656-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-34656-8"><bdi>0-253-34656-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Yugoslavias%3A+State-building+and+Legitimation%2C+1918-2005&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-253-34656-8&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFTw3lEqi2-oC%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASANU+Memorandum" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SANU_Memorandum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190914233203/https://chnm.gmu.edu/1989/items/show/674">"Serbian Academy of Arts and Sciences (SANU) Memorandum, 1986"</a>. Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chnm.gmu.edu/1989/items/show/674">the original</a> on 2019-09-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Serbian+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences+%28SANU%29+Memorandum%2C+1986&rft.pub=Roy+Rosenzweig+Center+for+History+and+New+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchnm.gmu.edu%2F1989%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASANU+Memorandum" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(English translation of the document)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Memorandum Srpske akademije nauka i umetnosti"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=unn2006375075&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech 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class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template talk:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> (1991–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia">Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia</a> (1980–2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> (until 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_unity" title="Brotherhood and unity">Brotherhood and unity</a> (until 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (until 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a> (1967–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Declaration" title="Islamic Declaration">Islamic Declaration</a> (1983)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SANU Memorandum</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributions_to_the_Slovene_National_Program" title="Contributions to the Slovene National Program">Contributions to the Slovene National Program</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovene Spring">Slovene Spring</a> (1987–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrokomerc_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrokomerc Affair">Agrokomerc Affair</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_session_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Serbia" title="8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia">8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBTZ_trial" title="JBTZ trial">JBTZ trial</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1980s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and actors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bureaucratic_revolution" title="Anti-bureaucratic revolution">Anti-bureaucratic revolution</a> (1988–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazimestan_speech" title="Gazimestan speech">Gazimestan speech</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Congress_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia">14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Croatia" title="Independence of Croatia">Independence of Croatia</a> (1989–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Revolution" title="Log Revolution">Log Revolution</a> (1990–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87%E2%80%93Tu%C4%91man_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evo_meeting" title="Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting">Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAM_Plan" title="RAM Plan">RAM Plan</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brioni_Agreement" title="Brioni Agreement">Brioni Agreement</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_the_media_in_the_breakup_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia">Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Commission_of_the_Peace_Conference_on_Yugoslavia" title="Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia">Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia</a> (1991–1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Template:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Template talk:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&#124;link=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia_Independence_referendums_in_Yugoslavia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> Independence referendums in Yugoslavia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republics and provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Slovenian_independence_referendum" title="1990 Slovenian independence referendum">Slovenia</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Croatian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Croatian independence referendum">Croatia</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Macedonian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Macedonian independence referendum">Macedonia</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Kosovan_independence_referendum" title="1991 Kosovan independence referendum">Kosovo</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Bosnian_independence_referendum" title="1992 Bosnian independence referendum">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Montenegrin_sovereignty_referendum" title="1992 Montenegrin sovereignty referendum">Montenegro</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_independence_referendum" title="2006 Montenegrin independence referendum">Montenegro</a> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_SAO_Krajina_autonomy_referendum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 SAO Krajina autonomy referendum (page does not exist)">SAO Krajina</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Sand%C5%BEak_autonomy_referendum" title="1991 Sandžak autonomy referendum">Sandžak</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Bosnian_Serb_referendum" title="1991 Bosnian Serb referendum">Srpska</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Macedonian_Albanian_autonomy_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Macedonian Albanian autonomy referendum">Ilirida</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Eastern_Slavonia_integrity_referendum" title="1997 Eastern Slavonia integrity referendum">Eastern Slavonia</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Macedonian_autonomy_referendum" title="2004 Macedonian autonomy referendum">Macedonia</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991-2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> (1991–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> (1992–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graz_agreement" title="Graz agreement">Graz agreement</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Criminal_Enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Criminal Enterprise">Joint Criminal Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Sub-Regional_Arms_Control" title="Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control">Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (1993–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Greater Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Greater Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Macedonia" title="United Macedonia">United Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Greater Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Slovenia" title="United Slovenia">United Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serbian_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Serbian sentiment">Anti-Serbian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_nationalism" title="Bosniak nationalism">Bosniak nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Montenegrin_unionism" title="Serbian–Montenegrin unionism">Serbian–Montenegrin unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Slovenian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a 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