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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84" title="محمد حسين هيكل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محمد حسين هيكل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2" title="মুহাম্মাদ হুসায়ন হায়কল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুহাম্মাদ হুসায়ন হায়কল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Hussein_Haykal" title="Muhammad Hussein Haykal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Muhammad Hussein Haykal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Husajn_Hajkal" title="Muhammad Husajn Hajkal – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Muhammad Husajn Hajkal" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Haykal" title="Muhammad Husayn Haykal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Muhammad Husayn Haykal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%A4_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Մուհամեդ Հայկալ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մուհամեդ Հայկալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Haykal" title="Muhammad Husayn Haykal – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Muhammad Husayn Haykal" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Hussein_Heikal" title="Mohammed Hussein Heikal – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mohammed Hussein Heikal" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Husain_Haekal" title="Muhammad Husain Haekal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Muhammad Husain Haekal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Haykal" title="Muhammad Husayn Haykal – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Muhammad Husayn Haykal" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%93_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%9C" title="מוחמד חוסיין הייכל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוחמד חוסיין הייכל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მუჰამად ჰუსეინ ჰაიქალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მუჰამად ჰუსეინ ჰაიქალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84" title="محمد حسين هيكل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="محمد حسين هيكل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Husain_Haikal" title="Muhammad Husain Haikal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muhammad Husain Haikal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Husein_Haykal" title="Mohammad Husein Haykal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mohammad Husein Haykal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Haykal" title="Muhammad Husayn Haykal – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Muhammad Husayn Haykal" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86_%DB%81%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84" title="محمد حسین ہیکل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="محمد حسین ہیکل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Haykal" title="Muhammad Husayn Haykal – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Muhammad Husayn Haykal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Хайкаль, Мухаммед Хусейн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хайкаль, Мухаммед Хусейн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Haykal" title="Muhammad Husayn Haykal – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Muhammad Husayn Haykal" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_H%C3%BCseyin_Heykel" title="Muhammed Hüseyin Heykel – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Muhammed Hüseyin Heykel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86_%DB%81%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84" title="محمد حسین ہیکل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="محمد حسین ہیکل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2362588#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Egyptian journalist and news analyst, see <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Hassanein_Heikal" title="Mohamed Hassanein Heikal">Mohamed Hassanein Heikal</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Egyptian writer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mohammed+Hussein+Heikal%22">"Mohammed Hussein Heikal"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mohammed+Hussein+Heikal%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mohammed+Hussein+Heikal%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mohammed+Hussein+Heikal%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mohammed+Hussein+Heikal%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mohammed+Hussein+Heikal%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Mohammed Hussein Heikal<br /><small>محمد حسين هيكل</small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84.jpg/220px-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="379" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Photograph of Heikal</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1888-08-20</span>)</span>August 20, 1888<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Mansoura" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansoura">Mansoura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 8, 1956<span style="display:none">(1956-12-08)</span> (aged 68)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Egyptian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Constitutional_Party_(Egypt)" title="Liberal Constitutional Party (Egypt)">Liberal Constitutional Party</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mohammed Hussein Heikal</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">محمد حسين هيكل</span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Egyptian Arabic pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="arz-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[mæˈħæmmæd<span class="wrap"> </span>ħeˈseːn<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈheːkæl]</a></span>; August 20, 1888 – December 8, 1956) was an <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptian</a> writer, journalist, politician. He held several cabinet posts, including <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Education_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Education of Egypt">minister of education</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Hussein_Heikal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Haekal was born in Kafr Ghannam, <a href="/wiki/Mansoura" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansoura">Mansoura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ad_Daqahliyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad Daqahliyah">Ad Daqahliyah</a> in 1888. He obtained a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a> in Law in 1909 and a PhD from the <a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_University" title="Sorbonne University">Sorbonne University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in 1912. While a student in Paris, he composed what is considered the first authentic Egyptian novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Zaynab_(novel)" title="Zaynab (novel)">Zaynab</a></i>. After returning to Egypt, he worked as a lawyer for 10 years, then as a <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalist</a>. He published articles in <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jarida" title="Al Jarida">Al Jarida</a></i>. He was the cofounder of <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Siyasa" title="Al Siyasa">Al Siyasa</a></i> newspaper, the organ of the Liberal Constitutionalist party for which he was also an adviser<sup id="cite_ref-hde_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hde-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was also elected as its <a href="/wiki/Editor-in-chief" title="Editor-in-chief">editor-in-chief</a>. In 1937, he was appointed as minister of state for the interior ministry in <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mahmoud_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha">Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha</a>'s second government. In November 1940 he was appointed minister of education to the <a href="/wiki/First_Cabinet_of_Sirri_Pasha" title="First Cabinet of Sirri Pasha">cabinet</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Sirri_Pasha_(1894%E2%80%931960)" title="Hussein Sirri Pasha (1894–1960)">Hussein Sirri Pasha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this post he introduced several reforms, including decentralization, by establishing educational zones and making programs and curricula nationally oriented. He was greatly influenced and inspired by the comprehensive reforms of <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Abduh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Abduh">Mohammad Abduh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Lutfi_el-Sayed" title="Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed">Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qasim_Amin" title="Qasim Amin">Qasim Amin</a>. One of his <a href="/wiki/Prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Protégé">protégés</a> was the historian <a href="/wiki/Husayn_Fawzi_Alnajjar" title="Husayn Fawzi Alnajjar">Husayn Fawzi al-Najjar</a>. </p><p>Heikal is the father of seven children: Ateya, Taheya, Hussein, Hedeya, Bahiga, <a href="/wiki/Fayza_Haikal" title="Fayza Haikal">Fayza Haikal</a>, and Ahmad. Fayza teaches <a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a> at the <a href="/wiki/American_University_in_Cairo" title="American University in Cairo">American University in Cairo</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing">Writing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Hussein_Heikal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many critics have considered the novel Zeinab, written by Heikal 1913, as the 'first modern Egyptian novel.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some scholars have debated this, with Elliot Colla reaching a conclusion that this label had more to do with "the needs of national institutions such as the cinema, the Parliament, or Cairo University, at moments of formation or reformation than it does with the texts themselves."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colla went on to conclude that Zaynab became recognized as part of the national literary tradition not at the moment of its initial production but in subsequent circumstances of reception and reproduction tied to other non-literary significances. </p><p>His works include: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zaynab_(novel)" title="Zaynab (novel)">Zeinab</a></i>, (زينب) 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Biographies of Egyptian and Western Personalities</i>, 1929.</li> <li><i>The Life of The Noble Prophet Muhammad</i>, (حياة محمد) 1933.</li> <li><i>In the House of Revelation</i>, 1939.(فى منزل الوحى)</li> <li>"Ten days in the Sudan"(عشرة أيام فى السودان)</li> <li>Sayyidina <i><a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Al Farouq Omar</a></i>,1944/45.</li> <li><i>Memories on Egyptian politics</i>, 1951-53.(مذكرات فى السياسة المصرية)</li> <li><i>Thus Was I Created</i>,1955.</li> <li><i>Faith, Knowledge and Philosophy</i>, published in 1964.</li> <li><i>The Islamic Empire and sacred places</i>, published in 1964 .</li> <li><i>Egyptian short stories</i>, published in 1967.</li> <li>Sayyidina <i><a href="/wiki/Uthman_Ibn_Affan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman Ibn Affan">Uthman Ibn Affan</a></i>, published in 1968.</li> <li><i>Mehraj-ud-din beigh</i>, Arabic master</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Hussein_Heikal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>(in German) Baber Johansen: <i>Muhammad Husain Haikal. Europa und der Orient im Weltbild eines ägytischen Liberalen.</i> (Series: Beiruter Texte und Studien, BTS, 5) Ergon, Würzburg and al-Furat, Beirut 1967</li> <li>Ibrahim Fawzy Ibrahim. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caus.org.lb/en/product/the-arab-future-al-mustaqbal-al-arabi-no-535-september-2023/">The dilemma of modernization and the crisis of Egyptian liberal thought: a new reading in an ancient fictional text.</a></i> The ARAB FUTURE (AL MUSTAQBAL AL ARABI), No. 535, September 2023.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Hussein_Heikal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also spelt <i>Haikal</i>, <i>Haekal</i>, or <i>Haykal</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Hussein_Heikal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hde-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hde_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Goldschmidt_Jr.2013" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Goldschmidt Jr. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QQNSAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA388"><i>Historical Dictionary of Egypt</i></a> (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 388. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8025-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8025-2"><bdi>978-0-8108-8025-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Egypt&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=388&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-8025-2&rft.au=Arthur+Goldschmidt+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQQNSAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammed+Hussein+Heikal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226122724/https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/pls/1940/11/18/01/article/10/?e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7CtxTI--------------1">"The New Cairo Cabinet"</a>. <i>The Palestine Post⁩⁩</i>. Cairo. 18 November 1940. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/pls/1940/11/18/01/article/10/?e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxTI--------------1">the original</a> on 26 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Palestine+Post%E2%81%A9%E2%81%A9&rft.atitle=The+New+Cairo+Cabinet&rft.date=1940-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nli.org.il%2Fen%2Fnewspapers%2Fpls%2F1940%2F11%2F18%2F01%2Farticle%2F10%2F%3Fe%3D-------en-20--1--img-txIN%257ctxTI--------------1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammed+Hussein+Heikal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkhadem1978" class="citation journal cs1">Elkhadem, Saad (1978-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/IFR/article/view/13281">"On the Rise of the Egyptian Novel"</a>. <i>International Fiction Review</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1911-186X">1911-186X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Fiction+Review&rft.atitle=On+the+Rise+of+the+Egyptian+Novel&rft.date=1978-01-01&rft.issn=1911-186X&rft.aulast=Elkhadem&rft.aufirst=Saad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lib.unb.ca%2Findex.php%2FIFR%2Farticle%2Fview%2F13281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammed+Hussein+Heikal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColla2009" class="citation journal cs1">Colla, Elliott (2009-01-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00573.x">"How Zaynab Became the First Arabic Novel"</a>. <i>History Compass</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 214–225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2008.00573.x">10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00573.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1478-0542">1478-0542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=How+Zaynab+Became+the+First+Arabic+Novel&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=214-225&rft.date=2009-01-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2008.00573.x&rft.issn=1478-0542&rft.aulast=Colla&rft.aufirst=Elliott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcompass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2008.00573.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammed+Hussein+Heikal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youm7.com/story/2023/8/20/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84-%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B6-%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A8-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84/6278063">"محمد حسين هيكل.. لماذا رفض وضع اسمه على "زينب" أول رواية مصرية؟"</a>. <i>اليوم السابع</i> (in Arabic). 2023-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86+%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84..+%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7+%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B6+%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%87+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%22%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A8%22+%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84+%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9%D8%9F&rft.date=2023-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youm7.com%2Fstory%2F2023%2F8%2F20%2F%25D9%2585%25D8%25AD%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D9%2586-%25D9%2587%25D9%258A%25D9%2583%25D9%2584-%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B0%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25B1%25D9%2581%25D8%25B6-%25D9%2588%25D8%25B6%25D8%25B9-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D9%2585%25D9%2587-%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%2589-%25D8%25B2%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D8%25A8-%25D8%25A3%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%2F6278063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammed+Hussein+Heikal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070213120653/http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Arts%26Culture/Literature/Novels/ProminentNovelists/070903020000000015.htm">Heykal</a> from Egypt state information service.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Hussein_Heikal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/haykal-the-life-of-muhammad">The Life of Muhammad</a>, English translation by <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_Raji_al-Faruqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'il Raji al-Faruqi">Isma'il Raji al-Faruqi</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_writers" title="List of Egyptian writers">Egyptian writers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Shawqi" title="Ahmed Shawqi">Ahmed Shawki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_Ibrahim" title="Hafez Ibrahim">Hafez Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salama_Moussa" title="Salama Moussa">Salama Moussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwar_al-Kharrat" title="Edwar al-Kharrat">Edwar al-Kharrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taha_Hussein" title="Taha Hussein">Taha Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fekry_Abaza" title="Fekry Abaza">Fekry Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawfiq_al-Hakim" title="Tawfiq al-Hakim">Tawfiq al-Hakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munira_Thabit" title="Munira Thabit">Munira Thabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Haykal" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Husayn Haykal">Muhammad Husayn Haykal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abo_El_Seoud_El_Ebiary" title="Abo El Seoud El Ebiary">Abo El Seoud El Ebiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Naguib Mahfouz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Jab%C3%A8s" title="Edmond Jabès">Edmond Jabès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatamkulu_Afrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatamkulu Afrika">Tatamkulu Afrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e_Chedid" title="Andrée Chedid">Andrée Chedid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Mahmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Mahmud">Mustafa Mahmoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathy_Ghanem" title="Fathy Ghanem">Fathy Ghanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anis_Mansour" title="Anis Mansour">Anis Mansour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Idris" title="Yusuf Idris">Yusuf Idris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Moustafa_Haddara" title="Mohammad Moustafa Haddara">Mohammad Moustafa Haddara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alifa_Rifaat" title="Alifa Rifaat">Alifa Rifaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Samir Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawzia_Fahim" title="Fawzia Fahim">Fawzia Fahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naw%C3%A2l_El_Saad%C3%A2wi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawâl El Saadâwi">Nawâl El Saadâwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salama_Ahmed_Salama" title="Salama Ahmed Salama">Salama Ahmed Salama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonallah_Ibrahim" title="Sonallah Ibrahim">Sonallah Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Rahman_El_Abnudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdel Rahman El Abnudi">Abdel Rahman El Abnudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leila_Ahmed" title="Leila Ahmed">Leila Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Al-Ghitani" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamal Al-Ghitani">Gamal Al-Ghitani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Al-Khamisi" title="Ahmad Al-Khamisi">Ahmad Al-Khamisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahdaf_Soueif" title="Ahdaf Soueif">Ahdaf Soueif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laila_Soliman" title="Laila Soliman">Laila Soliman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Khaled_Tawfik" title="Ahmed Khaled Tawfik">Ahmed Khaled Tawfik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/16px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/24px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/32px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Egypt" title="Portal:Egypt">Egypt portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Egyptian_writers" title="Category:Egyptian writers">Category: Egyptian writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2362588#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2362588#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2362588#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121374229">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/66579958">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/84129646">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/88853/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcwBYMp6wQfrFbqgJxqwC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11870074X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82036376">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12550018d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12550018d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Haykal, Muḥammad Ḥusayn"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MODV075509">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35356485">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Husajn Hajkal, Muhammad"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo20010092676&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070393516">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90617876">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/64jlgx4q331g97w">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262568905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0685460X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/923813">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034782354">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/heykel-muhammed-huseyin">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Hussein_Heikal&oldid=1253830462">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Hussein_Heikal&oldid=1253830462</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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