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</a> <ul id="toc-Name_of_God_in_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shirk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shirk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><i>Shirk</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shirk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discerning_unity_of_God" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discerning_unity_of_God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Discerning unity of God</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discerning_unity_of_God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arguments_for_oneness_of_God" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arguments_for_oneness_of_God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Arguments for oneness of God</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arguments_for_oneness_of_God-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Arguments for oneness of God subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arguments_for_oneness_of_God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Theological</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-God_as_cause_of_causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#God_as_cause_of_causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>God as cause of causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-God_as_cause_of_causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-God_as_necessary_existent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#God_as_necessary_existent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>God as necessary existent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-God_as_necessary_existent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indivisibility_of_God's_sovereignty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indivisibility_of_God's_sovereignty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Indivisibility of God's sovereignty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indivisibility_of_God's_sovereignty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_arguments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_arguments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Other arguments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_arguments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Interpretations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interpretations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interpretations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theological_viewpoints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theological_viewpoints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Theological viewpoints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theological_viewpoints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atharism_and_Hanbalites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atharism_and_Hanbalites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Atharism and Hanbalites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atharism_and_Hanbalites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mu'tazili_school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mu'tazili_school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Mu'tazili school</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mu'tazili_school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ash'ari_school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ash'ari_school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Ash'ari school</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ash'ari_school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twelver_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twelver_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Twelver theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twelver_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salafism_and_Wahhabism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.5</span> <span>Salafism and Wahhabism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salafism_and_Wahhabism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophical_viewpoints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_viewpoints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Philosophical viewpoints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_viewpoints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sufi_and_Irfani_viewpoint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sufi_and_Irfani_viewpoint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sufi and Irfani viewpoint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sufi_and_Irfani_viewpoint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Annihilation_and_subsistence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annihilation_and_subsistence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Annihilation and subsistence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annihilation_and_subsistence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unity_of_existence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unity_of_existence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Unity of existence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unity_of_existence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences_on_Muslim_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences_on_Muslim_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Influences on Muslim culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influences_on_Muslim_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influences on Muslim culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influences_on_Muslim_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interpersonal_relationship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpersonal_relationship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Interpersonal relationship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpersonal_relationship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Good_and_evil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Good_and_evil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Good and evil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Good_and_evil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secularism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secularism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Secularism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secularism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Islamic art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tawhid</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauhid" title="Tauhid – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Tauhid" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="التوحيد في الإسلام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التوحيد في الإسلام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6" title="তাওহিদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তাওহিদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tawhid" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6vhid" title="Tövhid – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tövhid" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="توحید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توحید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A6" title="তাওহীদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাওহীদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D2%AF%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Тәүхид – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тәүхид" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Таухид – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Таухид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tevhid" title="Tevhid – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tevhid" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tawhid" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tawhid" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauh%C3%ADd" title="Tauhíd – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tauhíd" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tawhid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tawhid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauh%C4%ABd" title="Tauhīd – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tauhīd" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8C%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%AA%DE%99%DE%A9%DE%8B%DE%AA" title="ތައުޙީދު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ތައުޙީދު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Ταουχίντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ταουχίντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauhid" title="Tauhid – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tauhid" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tawhid" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tawhid" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AF_(%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="توحید (اسلام) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توحید (اسلام)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tawhid" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Тавхьид – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Тавхьид" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EC%9A%B0%ED%9E%88%EB%93%9C" title="타우히드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타우히드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauhidi" title="Tauhidi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tauhidi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6" title="तौहीद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तौहीद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tevhid" title="Tevhid – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tevhid" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauhid" title="Tauhid – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tauhid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taw%E1%B8%A5%C4%ABd" title="Tawḥīd – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tawḥīd" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauhid" title="Tauhid – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tauhid" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="თავჰიდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თავჰიდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%DB%8C%D9%96%D8%AF" title="توحیٖد – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="توحیٖد" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Таухид – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Таухид" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewh%C3%AEd" title="Tewhîd – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tewhîd" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauh%C4%ABda" title="Tauhīda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tauhīda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauhidas" title="Tauhidas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tauhidas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Тевхид – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тевхид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawh%C3%AEd" title="Tawhîd – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tawhîd" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C" title="തൗഹീദ്‌ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തൗഹീദ്‌" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="توحيد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توحيد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauhid" title="Tauhid – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tauhid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%B0%E1%80%90%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA_(%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA)" title="တစ်ဆူတည်းသော အရှင်မြတ် (အစ္စလာမ်) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တစ်ဆူတည်းသော အရှင်မြတ် (အစ္စလာမ်)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhied" title="Tawhied – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tawhied" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A6%E3%83%92%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="タウヒード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タウヒード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Тавхьид – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Тавхьид" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tawhid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavhid" title="Tavhid – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tavhid" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A6" title="ਤੌਹੀਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੌਹੀਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="توحید – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="توحید" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="توحيد – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="توحيد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauhid" title="Tauhid – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tauhid" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tawhid" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tevhit" title="Tevhit – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Tevhit" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Таухид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Таухид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teuhidi" title="Teuhidi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Teuhidi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tawhid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="توحيد – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="توحيد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawxiid" title="Tawxiid – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Tawxiid" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%95_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="یەکتاپەرستی لە ئیسلامدا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یەکتاپەرستی لە ئیسلامدا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Тевхид – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тевхид" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tevhid" title="Tevhid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tevhid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauhid" title="Tauhid – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tauhid" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauhid" title="Tauhid – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tauhid" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawh%C4%ABd" title="Tawhīd – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tawhīd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="தவ்ஹீது – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தவ்ஹீது" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D2%AF%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Тәүхид – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тәүхид" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D" title="తౌహీద్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తౌహీద్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94" title="เตาฮีด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เตาฮีด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Тавҳид – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тавҳид" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tevhit" title="Tevhit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tevhit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Таухід – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Таухід" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="توحید – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="توحید" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E4%B8%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="认主学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="认主学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E4%B8%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="認主學 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="認主學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Core Islamic tenet denoting the unification of God</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tawheed" redirects here. For the Pharoah Sanders album, see <a href="/wiki/Tauhid_(album)" title="Tauhid (album)">Tauhid (album)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 1982 book, see <a href="/wiki/Al-Tawhid:_Its_Implications_for_Thought_and_Life" title="Al-Tawhid: Its Implications for Thought and Life">Al-Tawhid: Its Implications for Thought and Life</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style=";">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Allah" title="Category:Allah">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.6em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul,_Hagia_Sophia,_Allah.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Allah" in Arabic calligraphy"><img alt=""Allah" in Arabic calligraphy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg/185px-Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg/278px-Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg/370px-Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2118" data-file-height="2077" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> <a href="/wiki/Jalla_Jalaluhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalla Jalaluhu"> Jalla Jalālah</a></i><br />in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Arabic calligraphy</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style=";;background: ;padding:0.1em 0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Islam" title="Attributes of God in Islam">Attributes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allah#Phrases_and_expressions" title="Allah">Phrases and expressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam (religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throne_of_God_in_Islam" title="Throne of God in Islam">Throne of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Sufi metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Schools of Islamic theology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oneness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism_and_corporealism_in_Islam" title="Anthropomorphism and corporealism in Islam">Anthropomorphism and corporealism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style=";;background: ;padding:0.1em 0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Expressions and phrases</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tasbih" title="Tasbih">Tasbih (Subhan Allah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbir (Allahu Akbar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamd" title="Hamd">Hamd (Praise)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">Basmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawqala" title="Hawqala">Hawqala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27awwudh" title="Ta'awwudh">Ta'awwudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inna_Lillahi_wa_inna_ilayhi_raji%27un" title="Inna Lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un">Inna Lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allahumma" title="Allahumma">Allahumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be,_and_it_is" title="Be, and it is">Be, and it is</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style=";;background: ;padding:0.1em 0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Terms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">Shirk (polytheism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Iman (belief)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">Ihsan (development)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nifaq">Nifaq (hypocrisy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kufr (disobidience/denial)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27til" title="Ta'til">Ta'til (denial of divine attributes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzih" title="Tanzih">Tanzih (transcendance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bila_Kayf" title="Bila Kayf">Bila Kayf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafwid" title="Tafwid">Tafwid</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style=";;background: ;padding:0.1em 0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scripture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ikhlas" title="Al-Ikhlas">Al-Ikhlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throne_Verse" title="Throne Verse">Throne Verse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_of_Light" title="Verse of Light">Verse of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27awwidhatayn" title="Al-Mu'awwidhatayn">Al-Mu'awwidhatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_Qudsi" title="Hadith Qudsi">Hadith Qudsi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style=";;background: ;padding:0.1em 0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Others</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inshallah" title="Inshallah">Inshallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashallah" title="Mashallah">Mashallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhamdulillah" title="Alhamdulillah">Alhamdulillah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazakallah" title="Jazakallah">Jazakallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istighfar" title="Istighfar">Istighfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fi_sabilillah" title="Fi sabilillah">Fi sabilillah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ism_al-A%27zam" title="Al-Ism al-A'zam">Al-Ism al-A'zam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaib">Ghaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilah" title="Ilah">Ilah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid ;border-bottom:1px solid ;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Allah" title="Template:Allah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Allah" title="Template talk:Allah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Allah" 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/110px-Allah3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/165px-Allah3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/220px-Allah3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="313" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement_Day_in_Islam" title="Judgement Day in Islam">Judgement Day</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Profession of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Almsgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_texts" title="List of Islamic texts">Texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Foundations</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></i> (exegesis)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a> </i>(creed)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-Anbiya" title="Qisas al-Anbiya">Qisas al-Anbiya</a></i> (<i>Stories of the Prophets</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a></i> (poems)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"><i>Fiqh</i></a> (jurisprudence)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia"><i>Sharia</i></a> (law)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">Jahiliyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_(circumcision)" title="Khitan (circumcision)">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_diaspora" title="Muslim diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam" title="Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Proselytizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_and_Islam" title="LGBTQ people and Islam">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinage in Islam">Concubinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam" title="Glossary of Islam">Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam" title="Template:Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam" title="Template talk:Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of faith</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_theism" title="Classical theism">Classical theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ietsism" title="Ietsism">Ietsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Ignosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnism" title="Omnism">Omnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Specific conceptions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monad_(philosophy)" title="Monad (philosophy)">Monad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summum_bonum" title="Summum bonum">Summum bonum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord#Religion" title="Lord">The Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology#Duotheism,_bitheism,_ditheism" title="Dualism in cosmology">Ditheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">In particular religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism#Beliefs" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Iranian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Yungdrung Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_theology" title="Chinese theology">Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongjun_Laozu" title="Hongjun Laozu">Hongjun Laozu</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternity#God_and_eternity" title="Eternity">Eternalness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names</a> (<a href="/wiki/God_(word)" title="God (word)">"God"</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aseity" title="Aseity">Aseity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">Transcendence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Experiences</li><li>Practices</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious belief">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_complex" title="God complex">God complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_gene" title="God gene">God gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayals_of_God_in_popular_media" title="Portrayals of God in popular media">Portrayals of God in popular media</a></li> <li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:God_sidebar" title="Template:God sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:God_sidebar" title="Template talk:God sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:God_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:God sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:18.0em;border:1px solid #060;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_studies" title="Category:Islamic studies">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist" style="white-space:nowrap;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Theology</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.1em 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Early historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_social_changes_under_Islam" title="Early social changes under Islam">Early social changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a> / <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Modern philosophy</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Concept of God</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Tawhid</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Islamic monotheism)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Mysticism <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sufism)</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.1em 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquettical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim hygienical jurisprudence">Hygienical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Science in medieval times</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.1em 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a>)</div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.1em 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Poetry</a></span></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-bottom:0.2em;"> Other topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.1em 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">Islamization of knowledge</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_studies_sidebar" title="Template:Islamic studies sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_studies_sidebar" title="Template talk:Islamic studies sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_studies_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic studies sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Index_finger_%3D_to_attention.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Index_finger_%3D_to_attention.JPG/180px-Index_finger_%3D_to_attention.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Index_finger_%3D_to_attention.JPG/270px-Index_finger_%3D_to_attention.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Index_finger_%3D_to_attention.JPG/360px-Index_finger_%3D_to_attention.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2412" data-file-height="2419" /></a><figcaption>Muslims use the single raised index finger gesture (<i>al-sabbaba</i> or <i>al-sabbaha</i>) as a symbol of <i>tawhid</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Tawhid</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تَوْحِيد</span>‎</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">tawḥīd</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'oneness [of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>]') is the concept of <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tawhid is the religion's central and single most important concept upon which a Muslim's entire religious adherence rests. It unequivocally holds that God is indivisibly one (<i>ahad</i>) and single (<i>wahid</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Allah_in_Britannica_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allah_in_Britannica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tawhid constitutes the foremost article of the Muslim profession of submission.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first part of the Islamic declaration of faith (<i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">shahada</a></i>) is the declaration of belief in the oneness of God.<sup id="cite_ref-Allah_in_Britannica_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allah_in_Britannica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To attribute divinity to anything or anyone else, is considered <i><a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a></i>, which is an unpardonable sin unless repented afterwards, according to the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barlas96_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barlas96-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslims believe that the entirety of the Islamic teaching rests on the principle of <i>tawhid</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tariq_Ramadan_2005,_p._203_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tariq_Ramadan_2005,_p._203-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From an Islamic standpoint, there is an uncompromising <a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">nondualism</a> at the heart of the Islamic beliefs (<i><a href="/wiki/Aqida" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqida">aqida</a></i>) that is seen as distinguishing Islam from other <a href="/wiki/Major_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Major religions">major religions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Quran teaches the existence of a single and absolute truth that transcends the world, a unique, independent and indivisible being that is independent of all of creation.<sup id="cite_ref-EncRel_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncRel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God, according to Islam, is a <a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">universal</a> God, rather than a local, tribal or parochial one and is an absolute that integrates all affirmative values.<sup id="cite_ref-Barlas96_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barlas96-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islamic intellectual history can be understood as a gradual unfolding of the manner in which successive generations of believers have understood the meaning and implications of professing <i>tawhid</i>. Islamic scholars have different approaches toward understanding it. <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Islamic scholastic theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">jurisprudence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>, and even the Islamic understanding of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic science">natural sciences</a> to some degree, all seek to explain at some level the principle of <i>tawhid</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The classical definition of <i>tawhid</i> was limited to declaring or preferring belief in one God and the unity of God.<sup id="cite_ref-Edward_William_Lane's_Arabic-English_Lexicon_(Dictionary)_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edward_William_Lane's_Arabic-English_Lexicon_(Dictionary)-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the monotheistic definition has persisted into modern Arabic, it is now more generally used to connote "unification, union, combination, fusion; standardization, regularization; consolidation, amalgamation, merger".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter 112 of the Qur'an, titled <a href="/wiki/Al-Ikhlas" title="Al-Ikhlas">al-Ikhlas</a>, reads: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:right" lang="ar" class="poem"> <p> <br />  قُلْ هُوَ ٱللَّهُ أَحَدٌۭ <br />  ٱللَّهُ ٱلصَّمَدُ <br />  لَمْ يَلِدْ وَلَمْ يُولَدْ <br />  وَلَمْ يَكُن لَّهُۥ كُفُوًۭا أَحَدٌۭ <br />   </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p> <br />  "Say, He is Allah—One; <br />  Allah—the Sustainer. <br />  He has never had offspring, nor was He born. <br />  And there is none comparable to Him." </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>'tawhid'</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">توحيد</span></span>), which means "He asserted, or declared, God to be one", is derived from the Arabic root '<i>wahhada</i>' (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">واحدة</span></span>), which means "to unite" or "to make one".<sup id="cite_ref-Edward_William_Lane's_Arabic-English_Lexicon_(Dictionary)_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edward_William_Lane's_Arabic-English_Lexicon_(Dictionary)-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This term signifies the belief in absolute oneness and uniqueness of God.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reflects the struggle of <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> against <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_of_God_in_Islam">Name of God in Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Name of God in Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_God_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of God in Islam">Name of God in Islam</a></div> <p>In order to explain the complexity of the unity of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> and of the divine nature, the Qur'an uses 99 terms, which are referred to as "Excellent Names of God" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/7?startingVerse=180">7:180</a>). The divine names project divine attributes, which in turn project all the levels of the creation down to the physical plane.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from the supreme name "Allah" and the neologism <i>ar-Rahman</i> (referring to the divine beneficence that creates and maintains the universe) and a few other specific names like <i>Malik al-Muluk</i> ("King of Kings") in an authentic narration of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, other names may be shared by both God and human beings. According to Islamic teachings, the latter is meant to serve as a reminder of God's immanence, rather than being a sign of one's divinity or, alternatively, imposing a limitation on God's transcendent nature. Attribution of divinity to a created entity, <i><a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a></i>, is considered a denial of the truth of God and thus is a major sin.<sup id="cite_ref-EncRel_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncRel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shirk"><i>Shirk</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shirk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">Shirk (Islam)</a></div> <p>Associating partners in divinity of God is known as <i>shirk</i> and is the antithesis of <i>tawhid</i>. Although the term is usually translated as "polytheism" into English, it is thought to be more complex.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mulia,_Siti_Musdah_2015_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mulia,_Siti_Musdah_2015-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, the translation 'associating [with God]' has been suggested.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term includes denial of attributing any form of divinity to any other thing but God, which includes the self by elevating oneself above others<sup id="cite_ref-Mulia,_Siti_Musdah_2015_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mulia,_Siti_Musdah_2015-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and associating attributes of God with a created being.<sup id="cite_ref-Faruki,_Kemal_1965_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faruki,_Kemal_1965-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That has caused <a href="/wiki/Sunnism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnism">Sunni</a> scholars to accuse <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabis</a> of depicting God as a created object ruling from the sky.<sup id="cite_ref-Shagaviev,_Damir_A._2015_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shagaviev,_Damir_A._2015-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Shirk</i> is classified into two categories: </p> <ul><li><i>al-Shirk al-akbar</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">شِرْك ٱلْأَكْبَر</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">shirk al-akbar</i></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">greater <i>shirk</i></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>): open and apparent</li> <li><i>al-shirk al-khafi</i>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">hidden <i>shirk</i></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>): concealed or hidden. It is when people perform the necessary rituals but not for God but for the sake of others, including social recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Hidden shirk</i> might be unwitting, yet punishable, although to a lesser extent than greater forms of shirk.<sup id="cite_ref-Faruki,_Kemal_1965_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faruki,_Kemal_1965-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Chapter 4, verse 48, of the Qur'an reads: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Indeed, Allah does not forgive associating others with Him ˹in worship˺, but forgives anything else of whoever He wills. And whoever associates others with Allah has indeed committed a grave sin.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/An-Nisa" title="An-Nisa">Surah An-Nisa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=48">4:48</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Chapter 4, verse 116, of the Qur'an reads: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Surely Allah does not forgive associating ˹others˺ with Him ˹in worship˺, but forgives anything else of whoever He wills. Indeed, whoever associates ˹others˺ with Allah has clearly gone far astray.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/An-Nisa" title="An-Nisa">Surah An-Nisa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=116">4:116</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discerning_unity_of_God">Discerning unity of God</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Discerning unity of God"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Hossein Nasr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, the first imam (Shia view) and fourth <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashid Caliph</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> view), is credited with having established <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Islamic theology</a>. His quotations contain the first rational proofs among Muslims of the Unity of God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasr2006120_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr2006120-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ali states that "God is One" means that God is away from likeness and numeration, and he is not divisible even in <a href="/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination">imagination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The first step of religion is to accept, understand and realize him as the Lord... The correct form of belief in his unity is to realize that he is so absolutely pure and above nature that nothing can be added to or subtracted from his being. That is, one should realize that there is no difference between his person and his attributes, and his attributes should not be differentiated or distinguished from his person.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Cornell" title="Vincent Cornell">Vincent J. Cornell</a>, a scholar of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a> quotes the following statement from <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To know God is to know his unification. To say that God is one has four meanings: two of them are false and two are correct. As for the two meanings that are false, one is that a person should say "God is one" and be thinking of a number and counting. This is false because that which has no second cannot enter into the category of number. Do you not see that those who say that God is a third of a trinity fall into this infidelity? Another meaning is to say, "So-and-So is one of his people", namely, a species of this genus or a member of this species. This meaning is also false when applied to God, because it implies likening something to God, whereas God is above all likeness. As to the two meanings that are correct when applied to God, one is that it should be said that "God is one" in the sense that there is no likeness to him among things. Another is to say that "God is one" in the sense that there is no multiplicity or division conceivable in Him, neither outwardly, nor in the mind, nor in the imagination. God alone possesses such a unity.<sup id="cite_ref-EncRel_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncRel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The perception of <i>tawhid</i> laid the foundation of Muslim ethics.<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Islam, the world is sustained by God as the ultimate reality, unique in his attributes, distinct from everything else.<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Tawhid</i> denies any affinity between the creator and its creation. That includes that <a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">invisible entities</a> (<i>jinn</i>) do not partake in creation but are created, rejection of an avatar or offspring of God, or a partner in creation in form of a sibling or wife.<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uniqueness of the creator is expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Daily Prayer</a>'s (<i>ṣalāh</i>) phrase <i><a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Allāhu ʾakbar</a></i> (<i>Takbīr</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arguments_for_oneness_of_God">Arguments for oneness of God</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Arguments for oneness of God"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theological">Theological</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Theological"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Theologians usually use reason and deduction to prove the existence, unity and oneness of God. They use a <a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">teleological argument</a> for the existence of God as a creator based on perceived evidence of order, purpose, design or direction or some combination of them in nature. Teleology is the supposition that there is a purpose or directive principle in the works and processes of nature.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another argument that is used frequently by theologians is <a href="/wiki/Reductio_ad_absurdum" title="Reductio ad absurdum">reductio ad absurdum</a>, which they use instead of positive arguments as a more efficient way to reject their opponent's ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="God_as_cause_of_causes">God as cause of causes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: God as cause of causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam cosmological argument</a></div> <p>Against the <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic Arabia</a>, the Qur'an argues that the knowledge of God as the creator of everything rules out the possibility of lesser gods since these beings must be themselves created. For the Qur'an, God is an immanent and transcendent deity who actively creates, maintains and destroys the universe. The reality of God as the ultimate cause of things is the belief that God is veiled from human understanding because of the secondary causes and contingent realities of things in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-EncRel_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncRel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the belief in the oneness of God is equated in the Qur'an with the "belief in the unseen" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=3">2:3</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-EncRel_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncRel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qur'an summarises its task in making the "unseen" become, to a greater or lesser degree, "seen" so that belief in the existence of God becomes a master truth, rather than an unreasonable belief. The Qur'an states that God's signals are so near and yet so far, demanding that its students listen to what it has to say with humility (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/50?startingVerse=33">50:33</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/50?startingVerse=37">50:37</a>). The Qur'an draws attention to certain observable facts to present them as "reminders" of God, instead of providing lengthy "theological" proofs for the existence and unity of God.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a> theologians rejected <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">cause and effect</a> in essence but accepted it as something that facilitates humankind's investigation and comprehension of natural processes. The medieval scholars argued that nature was composed of uniform atoms that were "recreated" at every instant by God. The laws of nature were only the customary sequence of apparent causes (customs of God), the ultimate cause of each accident being God himself.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other forms of the argument also appear in Avicenna's other works, and the argument became known as the <a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Proof of the Truthful</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of <a href="/wiki/Being" class="mw-redirect" title="Being">being</a> in which he distinguished between <a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a> (<i>Mahiat</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">existence</a> (<i>Wujud</i>). He argued that the fact of existence may not be inferred from or accounted for by the essence of existing things and that form and matter by themselves cannot interact and originate the movement of the universe or the progressive actualization of existing things. Existence must, therefore, be caused by an <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">agent-cause</a> that necessitates, imparts, gives, or adds existence to an essence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="God_as_necessary_existent">God as necessary existent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: God as necessary existent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Proof of the Truthful</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological argument</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">ontological argument</a></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">ontological argument</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God#Arguments_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a> was first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> (965–1037) in the <i>Metaphysics</i> section of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Healing" title="The Book of Healing">The Book of Healing</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other forms of the argument also appear in Avicenna's other works, and the argument became known as the <a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Proof of the Truthful</a>. Avicenna initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of <a href="/wiki/Being" class="mw-redirect" title="Being">being</a>, in which he distinguished between <a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a> (<i>Mahiat</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">existence</a> (<i>Wujud</i>). He argued that the fact of existence can not be inferred from or accounted for by the essence of existing things and that form and matter by themselves cannot interact and originate the movement of the universe or the progressive actualization of existing things. Existence must, therefore, be caused by an <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">agent-cause</a> that necessitates, imparts, gives or adds existence to an essence. To do so, the cause must be an existing thing and co-exist with its effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Islam_in_Britannica_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islam_in_Britannica-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That was the first attempt at using the method of <a href="/wiki/A_priori_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="A priori (philosophy)">a priori proof</a>, which uses <a href="/wiki/Intuition_(knowledge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intuition (knowledge)">intuition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> alone. Avicenna's proof of God's existence is unique in that it can be classified as both a <a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">cosmological argument</a> and an ontological argument. "It is ontological insofar as 'necessary existence' in intellect is the first basis for arguing for a <a href="/wiki/Necessary_Existent" class="mw-redirect" title="Necessary Existent">Necessary Existent</a>". The proof is also "cosmological insofar as most of it is taken up with arguing that contingent existence cannot stand alone and must end up in a Necessary Existent".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another argument Avicenna presented for God's existence was the problem of the <a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">mind–body dichotomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Avicenna, the universe consists of a chain of actual beings, each giving existence to the one below it and responsible for the existence of the rest of the chain below. Because an actual infinite is deemed impossible by Avicenna, the chain as a whole must terminate in a being that is wholly simple and one, whose essence is its very existence and therefore is self-sufficient and does not need something else to give it existence. Because its existence is not contingent on or necessitated by something else but is necessary and eternal in itself, it satisfies the condition of being the necessitating cause of the entire chain that constitutes the eternal world of contingent existing things.<sup id="cite_ref-Islam_in_Britannica_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islam_in_Britannica-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, his <a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">ontological system</a> rests on the conception of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> as the <i>Wajib al-Wujud</i> (necessary existent). There is a gradual multiplication of beings through a timeless emanation from God as a result of his self-knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indivisibility_of_God's_sovereignty"><span id="Indivisibility_of_God.27s_sovereignty"></span>Indivisibility of God's sovereignty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Indivisibility of God's sovereignty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Qur'an argues that there can be no multiple sources of divine sovereignty since "behold, each god would have taken away what [each] had created, And some would have Lorded it over others!"<sup id="cite_ref-Barlas96_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barlas96-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qur'an argues that the stability and order prevailing throughout the universe shows that it was created and is being administered by only one God (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/28?startingVerse=70">28:70-72</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-EoI_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EoQP_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoQP-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Qur'an in verse 21:22 states, "Had there been within them [i.e., the heavens and earth] gods besides Allāh, they both would have been ruined". Later Muslim theologians elaborated on the verse by saying that the existence of at least two gods would inevitably arise between them, at one time or another, a conflict of wills. Since two contrary wills could not possibly be realized at the same time, one of them must admit himself powerless in that particular instance. On the other hand, a powerless being can not by definition be a god. Therefore, the possibility of having more than one god is ruled out.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EoQP_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoQP-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For if a god is powerful above another, that asserts a difference in the particular attributes that are confined to the essence of godhood, which implies the lesser god must lack in certain necessary attributes, whic make the deity as anthropomorphic and snatches the title of god away from that entity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_arguments">Other arguments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other arguments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> argues that human beings have an instinctive distaste for <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>. At times of crisis, for example, even the <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolaters</a> forget the false deities and call upon the one true God for help. As soon as they are relieved from the danger, however, they start associating other beings with God. "If they happen to be aboard a ship 'caught in a storm', they cry out to Allah ˹alone˺ in sincere devotion. But as soon as He delivers them 'safely' to shore, they associate 'others with Him once again'." (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/29?startingVerse=65">29:65</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-EoQP_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoQP-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Next, the Qur'an argues that polytheism takes away from human dignity. God has honoured human beings and given them charge of the physical world, yet they disgrace their position in the world by worshipping what they carve out with their own hands.<sup id="cite_ref-EoQP_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoQP-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lastly, the Qur'an argues that monotheism is not a later discovery made by the human race but rather that there is the combined evidence of the prophetic call for monotheism throughout human history that started from <a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Adam</a>. The Qur'an suggests several causes for deviation from monotheism to polytheism since a geat temporal power, which is regarded by the holder and his subjects as 'absolute', may lead the holder to think that he is God-like. Such claims were commonly forced upon and accepted by those who were subject to the ruler. Also, certain natural phenomena (such as the sun, the moon and the stars) inspire feelings of awe, wonder or admiration that could lead some to regard these <a href="/wiki/Astrolatry" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrolatry">celestial bodies as deities</a>. Another reason for deviatiing from monotheism is one becoming a <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slave</a> to one's base desires and passions. In seeking to always satisfy the desires, one may commit a kind of polytheism.<sup id="cite_ref-EoQP_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoQP-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretations">Interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early Islamic philosophy</a></div> <p>Understanding of the meaning of "tawhid" is one of the most controversial issues for Muslims. <a href="/wiki/Islamic_scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic scholars">Islamic scholars</a> have different approaches toward understanding it, comprising <a href="/wiki/Athari" class="mw-redirect" title="Athari">textualistic approach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">theological approach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">philosophical approach</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">Irfani</a> approach. These different approaches lead to different and in some cases opposite understanding of the issue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theological_viewpoints">Theological viewpoints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Theological viewpoints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain theologians use the term "tawhid" in a much broader meaning to denote the totality of discussion of God, his existence and his various attributes. Others go yet further and use the term to ultimately represent the totality of the "principles of religion". In its current usage, the expressions "tawhid" or "knowledge of tawhid" are sometimes used as equivalents for the whole <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Sunni Islam, the orthodox understanding of theology is taken directly from the teachings of Muhammad with the understanding and methodology of his companions, sourced directly from the revealed scripture the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>; being the main information source for understanding the unification of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a>. All Muslim authorities maintain that a true understanding of God is impossible unless he introduces himself because the fact that God is beyond the range of human vision and senses.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, God tells people who he is by speaking through the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Islam">prophets</a>. According to that view, the fundamental message of all of the prophets is: "There is no god worthy of worship except Allah (avoiding the false gods as stated in Surah hud)".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Atharism_and_Hanbalites">Atharism and Hanbalites</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Atharism and Hanbalites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_theology_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist theology (Islam)">Traditionalist theology (Islam)</a></div> <p>The approach of textual interpretation in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is to avoid delving into theological speculation and did not employ the use of <i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">kalam</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Abdullah_al-Ansari_al-Herawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="'Abdullah al-Ansari al-Herawi (page does not exist)">'Abdullah al-Ansari al-Herawi</a> was a Hanbalite scholar who sought to reform sufistic interpretations in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">salaf</a> (al-salaf al-saleh).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to al-Herawi, tawhid consists of transcending Allah from contingent being.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Herawi distinguishes between three stage of tawhid: the first is for the common people, the second is for the privileged ones, and the third, for the privileged from among the privileged.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mu'tazili_school"><span id="Mu.27tazili_school"></span>Mu'tazili school</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mu'tazili school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Muʿtazila</a></div> <p>The Mu'tazilis liked to call themselves the <i>people of the tawhid</i> (ahl al-tawhid). In Maqalat al-Islamiyin, <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_al-Ash%27ari" title="Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari">Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari</a> describes the Mu'tazilite conception of the tawhid as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>God is unique, nothing is like him; he is neither body, nor individual, nor substance, nor accident. He is beyond time. He cannot dwell in a place or within a being; he is not the object of any creatural attribute or qualification. He is neither conditioned nor determined, neither engendered nor engendering. He is beyond the perception of the senses. The eyes cannot see him, observation cannot attain him, the imagination cannot comprehend him. He is a thing, but he is not like other things; he is omniscient, all-powerful, but his omniscience and his all-mightiness cannot be compared to anything created. He created the world without any pre-established archetype and without an auxiliary.</p></blockquote> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Corbin" title="Henry Corbin">Henry Corbin</a>, the result of that interpretation is the negation of the divine attributes, the affirmation of the created Quran and the denial of all possibility of the vision of God in the world beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mu'tazilis believed that God is deprived of all positive attributes, in the sense that all divine qualifications must be understood as being the essence itself, and declared that God is existing ubiquitously and in everything.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They resorted to <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Qur'an">metaphorical interpretations of Qur'anic verses</a> or Prophetic reports with seemingly <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a> content. For example, the hand is the <a href="/wiki/Metaphorical" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphorical">metaphorical</a> designation of power; the face signifies the essence and the fact that God is seated on the Throne is a metaphorical image of the divine reign.<sup id="cite_ref-Corbin_1993,_p._115_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbin_1993,_p._115-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ash'ari_school"><span id="Ash.27ari_school"></span>Ash'ari school</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ash'ari school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a></div> <p>The solution proposed by <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_al-Ash%27ari" title="Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari">Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari</a> to solve the problems of tashbih and ta'til concedes that the divine Being possesses in a real sense the Attributes and Names mentioned in the Qur'an. Insofar as those names and attributes have a positive reality, they are distinct from the essence, but nevertheless they do not have either existence or reality apart from it. The inspiration of al-Ash'ari in this matter was on the one hand to distinguish essence and attribute as concepts, and on the other hand to see that the duality between essence and attribute should be situated not on the quantitative but on the qualitative level, which Mu'tazilis thinking had failed to grasp.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a> theology, which dominated Sunni Islam from the 10th to the 19th centuries, insists on the ultimate divine transcendence and holds that divine unity is not accessible to human reason. Ash'arism teaches that human knowledge regarding it is limited to what has been revealed through the prophets, and on such questions as God's creation of evil and the apparent anthropomorphism of God's attributes, revelation must be accepted <i>bila kayfa</i> (without [asking] how).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Twelver_theology">Twelver theology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Twelver theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Twelver_theology" title="Twelver theology">Twelver theology</a></div> <p>Twelver theology is based on the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> which have been narrated from the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">the first</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imam_Baqir" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Baqir">fifth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jafar_al-Sadiq" class="mw-redirect" title="Jafar al-Sadiq">sixth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">seventh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imam_Reza" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Reza">eighth</a> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Imams</a> and compiled by Shia scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_al-Saduq" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shaykh al-Saduq">Al-Shaykh al-Saduq</a> in <i>al-Tawhid</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (June 2015)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to Shia theologians, the attributes and <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">names of God</a> have no independent and hypostatic existence apart from the being and essence of God. Any suggestion of the attributes and names being conceived of as separate is thought to entail <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>. It would be incorrect to say even that God knows by his knowledge, which is in his essence, but God knows by his knowledge, which is his essence. Also, God has no physical form, and he is <a href="/wiki/Imperceptible" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperceptible">imperceptible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Twelvers believe God is alone in being, along with his names, his attributes, his actions and his theophanies. The totality of being therefore is he, passes through him, comes from him and returns to him. God is not a being next to or above other beings, his creatures. He is being, the absolute act of being (wujud mutlaq). If there were being other than he (i.e., creatural being), God would no longer be the Unique: the only one to be.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As this Divine Essence is infinite, his qualities are the same as his essence, Essentially there is one Reality which is one and indivisible.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The border between theoretical tawhid and shirk is to know that every reality and being in its essence, attributes and action are from him (from Him-ness), it is tawhid. Every supernatural action of the prophets is by God's permission as Quran points to it. The border between the tawhid and shirk in practice is to assume something as an end in itself, independent from God, not as a road to God (to Him-ness).<sup id="cite_ref-MM_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Salafism_and_Wahhabism">Salafism and Wahhabism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Salafism and Wahhabism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Later Hanbalites, such as the proto-Salafi <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taimiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taimiyya">ibn Taimiyya</a> ignore the works of their predecessors.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, they formulated a new normative theory on tawhid. </p><p>Additional to the first meaning of <i>tawhid</i> (<i>Rubūbīyah</i> (Lordship)), on which all Sunnis agree, Salafism holds two additional meanings: <i>Al-Asma wa's-Sifat</i> (names and attributes) and <i>Al-'Ibadah</i> (worship). <i>Al-Asma wa's-Sifat</i> includes lordship in the form of a legislator. Salafis consider that as legislation that is not based on (their own) interpretation of <i>sharia</i> to be a form of polytheism.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiktorowicz,_Quintan_2006_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiktorowicz,_Quintan_2006-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Al-'Ibadah</i> is furthermore understood to mean that everyday acts must be in accordance with <i>sharia</i>. Doing something else would imply accepting an authority or object of desire other than God. </p><p>The Salafi specific features of <i>tawhid</i> tend to elide the sovereignty and uniqueness of God.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiktorowicz,_Quintan_2006_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiktorowicz,_Quintan_2006-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, other Sunnis disagree with these two features, as they regard it as comparing God to a created object ascribed some power to.<sup id="cite_ref-Shagaviev,_Damir_A._2015_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shagaviev,_Damir_A._2015-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophical_viewpoints">Philosophical viewpoints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Philosophical viewpoints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Zakariya_al-Razi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi">Al-Razi</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> put forward an interpretation of Tawhid in light of reason, with the Qur'an and Hadith serving as a basis. Before Avicenna, discussions among Muslim philosophers had been about the unity of God as divine creator and his relationship with the world as creation. The earlier philosophers were profoundly affected by the emphasis of <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> on <a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">divine simplicity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sufi_and_Irfani_viewpoint">Sufi and Irfani viewpoint</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sufi and Irfani viewpoint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">Sufi cosmology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Sufi metaphysics</a></div> <p>In Islamic mysticism (<a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">Irfan</a>), Tawhid is he affirmation in speech of God's unity but also and just as importantly a practical and existential realization of that unity. That is done by rejecting the concepts tied to the world of multiplicity, to isolate the eternal from the temporal in a practical way. The ideal is a radical purification from all worldliness.<sup id="cite_ref-Carl_Ernst_1984,_p._29_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carl_Ernst_1984,_p._29-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Vincent J. Cornall, it is possible to draw up a <a href="/wiki/Monist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monist">monist</a> image of God (<i>see <a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Sufi metaphysics</a></i>) by describing the reality as a unified whole, with God being a single concept that would describe or ascribe all existing things: "He is the First and the Last, the Evident and the Immanent: and He has full knowledge of all things."(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/57?startingVerse=3">57:3</a>)"<sup id="cite_ref-EncRel_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncRel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However many Muslims criticize monism for it blurs the distinction between the creator and the creature, something incompatible with the genuine and absolute monotheism of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Muslim mystics (<a href="/wiki/Sufis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufis">sufis</a>), the affirmation in speech of God's unity is only the first step of tawhid. Further steps involve a spiritual experience for the existential realization of that unity. Categorizations of different steps of tawhid may be found in the works of Muslims Sufis like <a href="/wiki/Junayd_Baghdadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Junayd Baghdadi">Junayd Baghdadi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a>. It involves a practical rejection of the concepts tied to the world of multiplicity.<sup id="cite_ref-Carl_Ernst_1984,_p._29_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carl_Ernst_1984,_p._29-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Junayd for example "distinguishes four steps, starting from the simple attestation of unicity which is sufficient for ordinary believers, and culminating in the highest rank reserved for the elite, when the creature totally ceases to exist before his Lord, thus achieving al-fanā fi al-tawhīd [annihilation in unity]".<sup id="cite_ref-EoI_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Annihilation_and_subsistence">Annihilation and subsistence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Annihilation and subsistence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the concept of <a href="/wiki/Fana_(Sufism)" title="Fana (Sufism)">Fana</a>, Annihilation and Subsistence, "Man's existence, or ego, or self-hood... must be annihilated so that he can attain to his true self which is his existence and "subsistence" with God. All of man's character traits and habits, everything that pertains to his individual existence must become completely naughted and "obliterated" (mahw). Then God will give back to him his character traits and everything positive he ever possessed. But at this stage, he will know consciously and actually—not just theoretically—and with a through spiritual realization, that everything he is derives absolutely from God. He is nothing but a ray of God's Attributes manifesting the Hidden Treasure".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shah_Nimatullah_Wali" title="Shah Nimatullah Wali">Shah Nimatullah Wali</a> describes the necessity to turn away from everything subject to change in order to come close to God and turn away from idolatry: </p> <blockquote><p>"So turn away from everything and find thus what you seek. Once you've abandoned everything He'll then reveal a cheek."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Simulteneously, the author warns the audience not to confuse poverty with "lacking possession" (turning away from everything subject to change): </p> <blockquote><p>"The meaning of 'non-existence of ownership' is that the poor man has nothing that can be attributed to himself as a possession, to the extent that he becomes annihiliated from himself, such that, 'The poor man does not need anything and nothing needs him.' This is the station of pure unity and absolute oneness, notwithstanding the fact that unity becomes confirmed each time an excess is shed, for 'Unity is the shedding of excesses.' This is the reason why it has been said, 'When poverty is perfected there is only God left.'"<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unity_of_existence">Unity of existence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Unity of existence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Sufi metaphysics</a></div> <p>The first detailed formulation of "Unity of Existence" (<i>wahdat al-wujud</i>) is closely associated to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Widely different interpretations of the meaning of the "Unity of Existence" have been proposed throughout the centuries by critics, defenders, and Western scholars. Ibn Arabi himself did not use the term "Unity of Existence" and similar statements had been made by those before him. For example, according to <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a> "There is nothing in wujud [existence] except God...Wujud [Existence] only belongs to the Real One". Ghazali explains that the fruit of spiritual ascent of the Sufi is to "witness that there is no existence in the world save God and that 'All things are perishing except his face' (Qur'an 28:88)"<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EoIMW_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoIMW-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many authors consider being or existence to be the proper designation for the reality of God. While all Muslims believe the reality of God to be one, critics hold that the term "existence" (wujud) is also used for the existence of things in this world and that the doctrine blurs the distinction between the existence of the creator and that of the creation. Defenders argued that Ibn Arabi and his followers are offering a "subtle metaphysics following the line of the Asharite formula: "The attributes are neither God nor other than God." God's "signs" (ayat) and "traces" (athar)—the creatures—are neither the same as God nor different from him, because God must be understood as both absent and present, both transcendent and immanent. Understood correctly, wahdat al-wujud elucidates the delicate balance that needs to be maintained between these two perspectives."<sup id="cite_ref-EoIMW_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoIMW-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shah Wali Allah of Delhi argued that the Ibn Arabi's "unity of being" was experiential and based on a subjective experience of illumination or ecstasy, rather than an ontological reality.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Uttering <i>I</i> or considering oneself as in power separate from God are forms of idolatry for many Sufis. In the metaphysical cosmology of Sufism, God's sovereignty is a necessity, not an accident. Therefore, it is impossible to worship something else but God. By venerating the self, one worships God in the name of <i>Jalal</i> (majesty). This name is supposed to be worshipped and then transmitted by <a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a> (Satan). Since it is impossible for two majesties to co-exist, one cannot participate in divine intimacy or mercy and will also be subject to God's wrath.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences_on_Muslim_culture">Influences on Muslim culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Influences on Muslim culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Islamic doctrine of Tawhid puts forth a God whose rule, will or law are comprehensive and extend to all creatures and to all aspects of the human life. Early Muslims thus understood religion to cover the domains of the state, law and society.<sup id="cite_ref-Esp24_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esp24-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that the entirety of the Islamic teaching rests on the principle of Tawhid.<sup id="cite_ref-Tariq_Ramadan_2005,_p._203_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tariq_Ramadan_2005,_p._203-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslims use the single raised index finger gesture (<i>al-sabbaba</i> or <i>al-sabbaha</i>) as a symbol of <i>tawhid</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following, we provide a few examples of the influences of Tawhid on the Muslim culture: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpersonal_relationship">Interpersonal relationship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Interpersonal relationship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Qur'an, one consequence of properly conceived relationship between God and man as the served and servant is the proper relationship among humans. To achieve the former, the Qur'an consistently "reminds" mankind of two points. God is one; everything except God (including the entirety of nature) is contingent upon God. With all His might and glory, God is essentially the all-merciful God.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Good_and_evil">Good and evil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Good and evil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Qur'an, God is the progenitor of all things, both good and evil.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As is written in the Qur'an, all of humanity is created at the will of Allah, both the good and the evil, and their natures have been predisposed as such since the beginning of creation.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Qur'an, Satan deviated from the unification of God in the story of <a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_Adam" title="The Creation of Adam">creation of man</a> by permitting his own hierarchical value system to supersede God's will: God asked the angels to bow to Adam, who he had created from clay. Satan refused and said, "I am better than him; you created me from fire and created him from clay". The medieval <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Muslim scholars">Muslim scholar</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a>, pointing out that the only legitimate "preference principle" in the sight of God is piety, wrote, "Every time a rich man believes that he is better than a poor one, or a white man believes that he is better than a black one, then he is being arrogant. He is adopting the same hierarchical principles adopted by Iblis [Satan] in his jahl [ignorance], and thus falling into shirk [opposite of Tawhid]".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secularism">Secularism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Secularism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many jurisdictions of the world, the laws and the people's general attitude hold that the sphere of public life should be <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and that belief in and the practice of religion should remain in the sphere of private life.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One motive for adopting that stance has been to reduce the effects of conflicts between followers of different religions or between adherents of secularism and those of a religion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In public life, that view insists that the authority of the state prevails over any religious authorities. </p><p>For some Islamic thinkers, these propositions infringe the doctrine of tawhid and are therefore anathema. If the cosmos is a unified and harmonious whole, centred on the omnipotent and omnipresent God, they hold that recognising any other authority as superior is wrong. According to one writer, "Traditionally, a Muslim is not a nationalist, or citizen of a nation-state; he has no political identity, only a religious membership in the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Umma</a>. For a traditional Muslim, Islam is the sole and sufficient identification tag and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> and nation-states are obstacles".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (September 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Hence the idea of creating a wholly Islamic state, or a revived caliphate. </p><p>In practice, nearly all Muslims<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> live their daily lives under some national jurisdiction and accept at least part of the constraints this involves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_art">Islamic art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Islamic art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The desire to preserve the unity and the transcendence of God has led to the prohibition of Muslims from creating representation or visual depictions of God, or of any Prophet including Muhammad. Representation in art of the human form is a disputed matter in <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a>. The key concern is that the use of statues or images may lead to idolatry. The dominant forms of expression in the Islamic art, thus, became <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Esp24_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esp24-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_finger#Index_finger_in_Islam" title="Index finger">Index finger in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_the_Trinity" title="Islamic view of the Trinity">Islamic view of the Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_those_who_associate_partners_with_God" title="Parable of those who associate partners with God">Parable of those who associate partners with God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation#Islam" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">Shirk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Taghut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqarub" title="Taqarub">Taqarub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also romanized as <i><b>tawheed</b></i>, <i><b>tauhid</b></i>, <i><b>tauheed</b></i> and <i><b>tevhid</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDressler,_MarkusGeaves,_RonKlinkhammer,_Gritt2009" class="citation book cs1">Dressler, Markus; Geaves, Ron; Klinkhammer, Gritt, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ga9_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA207"><i>Sufis in Western Society: Global Networking and Locality</i></a>. London: Routledge. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415850902" title="Special:BookSources/9780415850902"><bdi>9780415850902</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/824531805">824531805</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210903102332/https://books.google.com/books?id=ga9_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA207">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sufis+in+Western+Society%3A+Global+Networking+and+Locality&rft.place=London&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F824531805&rft.isbn=9780415850902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dga9_AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200401153609/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2356?_hi=0&_pos=2">"From the article on Tawhid in Oxford Islamic Studies Online"</a>. Oxfordislamicstudies.com. 2008-05-06. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2356?_hi=0&_pos=2">the original</a> on 2020-04-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+the+article+on+Tawhid+in+Oxford+Islamic+Studies+Online&rft.pub=Oxfordislamicstudies.com&rft.date=2008-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft125%2Fe2356%3F_hi%3D0%26_pos%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allah_in_Britannica-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allah_in_Britannica_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allah_in_Britannica_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Allah">"Allah"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724153626/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005770/Allah">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Allah&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FAllah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icrs.ugm.ac.id/book/35/the-fundamentals-of-tawhid-islamic-monotheism.html">"The Fundamentals of Tawhid (Islamic Monotheism)"</a>. ICRS (Indonesian Consortium of Religious Studies). 2010-10-30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150620064714/http://icrs.ugm.ac.id/book/35/the-fundamentals-of-tawhid-islamic-monotheism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fundamentals+of+Tawhid+%28Islamic+Monotheism%29&rft.pub=ICRS+%28Indonesian+Consortium+of+Religious+Studies%29&rft.date=2010-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficrs.ugm.ac.id%2Fbook%2F35%2Fthe-fundamentals-of-tawhid-islamic-monotheism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoI-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EoI_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoI_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoI_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoI_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoI_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Gimaret, <i>Tawhid</i>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Islam">Encyclopedia of Islam</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barlas96-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barlas96_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barlas96_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barlas96_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Asma_Barlas" title="Asma Barlas">Asma Barlas</a> (2002), p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWahhab" class="citation book cs1">Wahhab, Abd Al. "Chapter 4, Fear of Shirk". <i>Kitab Al Tawheed</i>. Darussalam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%2C+Fear+of+Shirk&rft.btitle=Kitab+Al+Tawheed&rft.pub=Darussalam&rft.aulast=Wahhab&rft.aufirst=Abd+Al&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tariq_Ramadan_2005,_p._203-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tariq_Ramadan_2005,_p._203_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tariq_Ramadan_2005,_p._203_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tariq Ramadan (2005), p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turner (2006), p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncRel-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncRel_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncRel_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncRel_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncRel_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncRel_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncRel_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vincent J. Cornell, Encyclopedia of Religion, Vol 5, pp. 3561-3562.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tabatabaei (1981), p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edward_William_Lane's_Arabic-English_Lexicon_(Dictionary)-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edward_William_Lane's_Arabic-English_Lexicon_(Dictionary)_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edward_William_Lane's_Arabic-English_Lexicon_(Dictionary)_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane1863" class="citation book cs1">Lane, Edward (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studyquran.co.uk/LLhome.htm"><i>Al-Qamus: An Arabic Lexicon</i></a>. London: Williams and Norgate. pp. 2926–2928 (Vol.8.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Qamus%3A+An+Arabic+Lexicon&rft.place=London&rft.pages=2926-2928+%28Vol.8.%29&rft.pub=Williams+and+Norgate&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studyquran.co.uk%2FLLhome.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWehr1976" class="citation book cs1">Wehr, Hans (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Dict_Wehr.pdf/Wehr#page/n1072/mode/1up"><i>A dictionary of modern written Arabic - Edited by Milton Cowan</i></a>. 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London: Tauris [u.a.] <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-592-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-592-1"><bdi>978-1-85043-592-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Sh%C4%AB%CA%BF%C4%AB+thought%3A+the+teachings+of+Imam+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+al-B%C4%81qir&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tauris+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-592-1&rft.aulast=Lalani&rft.aufirst=Arzina+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt1995" class="citation book cs1">Watt, William Montgomery (1995). <i>Islamic philosophy and theology: an extended survey</i>. 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Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85224-552-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85224-552-1"><bdi>978-0-85224-552-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+philosophy+and+theology%3A+an+extended+survey&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.series=Islamic+Surveys&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-85224-552-1&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=William+Montgomery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Hans Wehr Dictionary Of Modern Written Arabic</i> (third ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bismikaallahuma.org&rft.atitle=The+Concept+Of+Tawhid+In+Islam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bismikaallahuma.org%2Fislam%2Ftawhid-in-islam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis2011" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Sobolev (May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gubR7WwQSZUC&pg=PA101"><i>The Split World of Gerard Manley Hopkins: An Essay in Semiotic Phenomenology</i></a>. Washington, D.C. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813219097" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813219097"><bdi>978-0813219097</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/961580704">961580704</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220709191331/https://books.google.com/books?id=gubR7WwQSZUC&pg=PA101">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Split+World+of+Gerard+Manley+Hopkins%3A+An+Essay+in+Semiotic+Phenomenology&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=101&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F961580704&rft.isbn=978-0813219097&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Sobolev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgubR7WwQSZUC%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark, Durie. 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Cambridge University Press, 2008. p. 233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr2006120-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasr2006120_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasr2006">Nasr 2006</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1988">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988</a>, p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLakhaniShah_KazemiLewisohn2006">Lakhani, Shah Kazemi & Lewisohn 2006</a>, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doi.org-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doi.org_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doi.org_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doi.org_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Bar, M.A., Chamsi-Pasha, H. (2015). The Sources of Common Principles of Morality and Ethics in Islam. In: Contemporary Bioethics. Springer, Cham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18428-9_2">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18428-9_2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">يك‌ برهان‌ لمّی نيز در اين‌ باب‌ مطرح‌ شده‌ است‌: يكدستی و يكتايی عالم‌ (خَلْق‌) از يك‌ پديدآورنده‌ و مدبّر حكايت‌ می كند. ...«ذهن‌ سليم‌ متنبه‌ میشود از شدت‌ ارتباط‌ عالَم‌، بعضی به‌ بعض‌ ديگر، بر وحدت‌ خالق <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=5052">توحيد در كلام</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203085754/http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=5052">Archived</a> 2009-02-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Encyclopedia Islamica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">. استدلال‌ بر توحيد، مسبوق‌ به‌ پذيرش‌ وجود خداست‌ و طبعاً در صورت‌بندی آن‌، غالباً مواجهه‌ با مدعيان‌ و معتقدان‌ به‌ دو يا چند خدا در نظر بوده‌ و نظريه‌ ثنويها و مجوس‌ و نصارا ابطال‌ میشده‌ است‌. به‌ همين‌ سبب‌ از قديمترين‌ زمان‌، متكلمان‌ برای دفاع‌ از آموزه‌ توحيد و اثبات‌ آن‌، احتجاج‌ به‌ روش‌ خُلف‌ را كارآمدتر از ارائه‌ ادله‌ اثباتی میدانسته‌اند. آنان‌ بيشترِ دلايل‌ توحيد را با اين‌ رويكرد ارائه كرده اند. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=5052">توحيد در كلام</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203085754/http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=5052">Archived</a> 2009-02-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Encyclopedia Islamica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fazlur Rahman (1980), p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert G. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islam&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FIslam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer2001" class="citation journal cs1">Mayer, Toby (2001-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jis/article-abstract/12/1/18/721290?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"Ibn Sina's 'Burhan Al-Siddiqin'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Journal of Islamic Studies</i>. <b>12</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">18–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjis%2F12.1.18">10.1093/jis/12.1.18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0955-2340">0955-2340</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181115220452/https://academic.oup.com/jis/article-abstract/12/1/18/721290?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-11-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Avicenna&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9011433%2FAvicenna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inic.utexas.edu/asnic/phillips/pages/305/avicenna.html">AVICENNA'S COSMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT FOR GOD'S EXISTENCE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060914195543/http://inic.utexas.edu/asnic/phillips/pages/305/avicenna.html">Archived</a> 2006-09-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoQP-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EoQP_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoQP_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoQP_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoQP_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoQP_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mustansir Mir, <i>Polytheism and Atheism</i>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of the Qur'an">Encyclopedia of the Qur'an</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/112?startingVerse=4">112:4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chittick (2006), p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halverson J.R. (2010) The Doctrines of Sunni Theology. In: Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam. Palgrave Macmillan, New York</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abdullah, W. S. W. (2000). Herawi's Concept of Tawhid: An Observation Based on His Manazil Al-Sa'irin. Jurnal Usuluddin, 12, 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abdullah, W. S. W. (2000). Herawi's Concept of Tawhid: An Observation Based on His Manazil Al-Sa'irin. Jurnal Usuluddin, 12, 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abdullah, W. S. W. (2000). Herawi's Concept of Tawhid: An Observation Based on His Manazil Al-Sa'irin. Jurnal Usuluddin, 12, 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corbin (1993), pp. 109 and 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corbin (1993), p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilips" class="citation book cs1">Philips, Abu Ameenah Bilal. 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Vol. 1. <a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" class="extiw" title="fa:بنیاد دایرةالمعارف اسلامی">fa:بنیاد دایرةالمعارف اسلامی</a>. p. 5053.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87+%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85&rft.pages=5053&rft.pub=%3Afa%3A%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carl_Ernst_1984,_p._29-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carl_Ernst_1984,_p._29_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carl_Ernst_1984,_p._29_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ernst" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Ernst">Carl Ernst</a> (1984), p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger S. Gottlie (2006), p. 210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_Chittick" title="William Chittick">William Chittick</a> (1983), p. 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calder, Norman, Jawid Mojaddedi, and Andrew Rippin. Classical Islam: A sourcebook of religious literature. Routledge, 2012. p. 263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calder, Norman, Jawid Mojaddedi, and Andrew Rippin. Classical Islam: A sourcebook of religious literature. Routledge, 2012. p. 265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChittick2020" class="citation cs2">Chittick, William (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230906132151/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-arabi/">"Ibn 'Arabî"</a>, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Spring 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2020/entries/ibn-arabi/">the original</a> on 2023-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-06</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+%27Arab%C3%AE&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Spring+2020&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Chittick&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2020%2Fentries%2Fibn-arabi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amin Banani, Richard G. Hovannisian, Georges Sabagh (1994), p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoIMW-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EoIMW_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoIMW_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_Chittick" title="William Chittick">William Chittick</a>, <i>Wahdat Al-Wujud</i>, Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, p. 727</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Esposito (1998), p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Shari'a: History, Ethics and Law. (2018). Vereinigtes Königreich: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Awn, Peter J. (1983). Satan's Tragedy and Redemption: Iblīs in Sufi Psychology. Leiden, Germany: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-9004069060.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Esp24-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Esp24_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esp24_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">John Esposito</a> (1998), p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSymbolism2019" class="citation web cs1">Symbolism, MENA (2019-03-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190929011924/https://menasymbolism.com/2019/03/22/the-index-finger/">"The index finger"</a>. <i>MENA symbolism</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://menasymbolism.com/2019/03/22/the-index-finger/">the original</a> on 2019-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MENA+symbolism&rft.atitle=The+index+finger&rft.date=2019-03-22&rft.aulast=Symbolism&rft.aufirst=MENA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmenasymbolism.com%2F2019%2F03%2F22%2Fthe-index-finger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fazlur Rahman (1980), p. 2-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=78">4:78</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/28?startingVerse=68">28:68</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/37?startingVerse=96">37:96</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Azizah Al-Hibri (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ozay Mehmet (1990), p. 57</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawhid&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Hibri2003" class="citation journal cs1">Al-Hibri, Azizah Y. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.richmond.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1003&context=law-faculty-publications">"An Islamic Perspective on Domestic Violence"</a>. <i>Fordham International Law Journal</i>. <b>27</b>: 195. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220709191335/https://scholarship.richmond.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1003&context=law-faculty-publications">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fordham+International+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=An+Islamic+Perspective+on+Domestic+Violence&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=195&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Al-Hibri&rft.aufirst=Azizah+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.richmond.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Freferer%3D%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D1003%26context%3Dlaw-faculty-publications&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Banani Amin, co ed.: Richard G. Hovannisian, Georges Sabagh (1994), <i>Poetry and Mysticism in Islam: The Heritage of Rumi</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-45476-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-45476-X">0-521-45476-X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlas2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Asma_Barlas" title="Asma Barlas">Barlas, Asma</a> (2002). <i>Believing Women in Islam</i>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70904-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70904-1"><bdi>978-0-292-70904-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Believing+Women+in+Islam&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-292-70904-1&rft.aulast=Barlas&rft.aufirst=Asma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbin2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Corbin" title="Henry Corbin">Corbin, Henry</a> (2014) [1993]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l9bgAwAAQBAJ"><i>History of Islamic Philosophy</i></a>. Translated by Liadain Sherrard; Philip Sherrard. <a href="/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames" title="Abingdon-on-Thames">Abingdon, Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-710-30416-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-710-30416-2"><bdi>978-0-710-30416-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220709191332/https://books.google.com/books?id=l9bgAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Islamic+Philosophy&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxford&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-710-30416-2&rft.aulast=Corbin&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl9bgAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Chittick" title="William Chittick">William Chittick</a> (1983), <i>The Sufi Path of Love:The Spiritual Teachings of Rumi</i>, <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York" title="State University of New York">State University of New York</a> Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87395-724-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87395-724-5">0-87395-724-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Chittick" title="William Chittick">William Chittick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sachiko_Murata" title="Sachiko Murata">Sachiko Murata</a> (2006), <i>The Vision of Islam</i>, Publisher:I.B.Tauris, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84511-320-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84511-320-9">1-84511-320-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ernst" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Ernst">Ernst, Carl</a> (1984), <i>Words of Ecstasy in Sufism</i>, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87395-918-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87395-918-3">0-87395-918-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">Esposito, John</a> (1998). <a href="/wiki/Islam:_The_Straight_Path" title="Islam: The Straight Path"><i>Islam: The Straight Path</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511233-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511233-7"><bdi>978-0-19-511233-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+The+Straight+Path&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511233-7&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gottlieb, Roger S. (2006), <i>The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Ecology</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, ASIN B000RKTUVS</li> <li>Johnson, Steve A.(1984), "Ibn Sina's Fourth Ontological Argument for God's Existence", <i>The Muslim World</i> <b>74</b> (3-4), 161–171.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöchler1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%B6chler" title="Hans Köchler">Köchler, Hans</a> (1982). <i>The Concept of Monotheism in Islam and Christianity</i>. Braumüller. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7003-0339-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7003-0339-8"><bdi>978-3-7003-0339-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+Monotheism+in+Islam+and+Christianity&rft.pub=Braum%C3%BCller&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-3-7003-0339-8&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6chler&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakhaniShah_KazemiLewisohn2006" class="citation book cs1">Lakhani, M. Ali; Shah Kazemi, Reza; Lewisohn, Leonard (2006). <i>The Sacred Foundations of Justice in Islam: The Teachings of ʻAlī Ibn Abī Ṭālib</i>. World Wisdom, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933316-26-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933316-26-0"><bdi>978-1-933316-26-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+Foundations+of+Justice+in+Islam%3A+The+Teachings+of+%CA%BBAl%C4%AB+Ibn+Ab%C4%AB+%E1%B9%AC%C4%81lib&rft.pub=World+Wisdom%2C+Inc&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-933316-26-0&rft.aulast=Lakhani&rft.aufirst=M.+Ali&rft.au=Shah+Kazemi%2C+Reza&rft.au=Lewisohn%2C+Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer2001" class="citation journal cs1">Mayer, Toby (2001). "Ibn Sina's 'Burhan Al-Siddiqin'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Journal of Islamic Studies</i>. <b>12</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">18–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjis%2F12.1.18">10.1093/jis/12.1.18</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Ibn+Sina%27s+%27Burhan+Al-Siddiqin%27&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjis%2F12.1.18&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Toby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mehmet, Ozay (1990), <i>Islamic Identity and Development: Studies of the Islamic Periphery</i>, Rutledge, ASIN: B000FBFF5Y</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomen1985" class="citation book cs1">Momen, Moojan (1985). <i>An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03531-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03531-5"><bdi>978-0-300-03531-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Shi%27i+Islam%3A+The+History+and+Doctrines+of+Twelver+Shi%27ism&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-300-03531-5&rft.aulast=Momen&rft.aufirst=Moojan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorewedge1970" class="citation journal cs1">Morewedge, Parviz (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/monist/article-abstract/54/2/234/1032172?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"Ibn Sina Avicenna and Malcolm and the Ontological Argument"</a>. <i>Monist</i>. <b>54</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">234–</span>249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fmonist197054212">10.5840/monist197054212</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-9662">0026-9662</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27902176">27902176</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181127201027/https://academic.oup.com/monist/article-abstract/54/2/234/1032172?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-11-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monist&rft.atitle=Ibn+Sina+Avicenna+and+Malcolm+and+the+Ontological+Argument&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E234-%3C%2Fspan%3E249&rft.date=1970&rft.issn=0026-9662&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27902176%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fmonist197054212&rft.aulast=Morewedge&rft.aufirst=Parviz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fmonist%2Farticle-abstract%2F54%2F2%2F234%2F1032172%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotahari1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Morteza_Motahhari" title="Morteza Motahhari">Motahari, Morteza</a> (1985). <i>Fundamentals of Islamic thought: God, man, and the universe</i>. Mizan Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/909092922">909092922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Islamic+thought%3A+God%2C+man%2C+and+the+universe&rft.pub=Mizan+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F909092922&rft.aulast=Motahari&rft.aufirst=Morteza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMourison2002" class="citation journal cs1">Mourison, Robert G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1596214">"The Portrayal of Nature in a Medieval Qur'an Commentary"</a>. <i>Studia Islamica</i>. <b>94</b> (94): <span class="nowrap">115–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1596214">10.2307/1596214</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1596214">1596214</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220428142629/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1596214">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Islamica&rft.atitle=The+Portrayal+of+Nature+in+a+Medieval+Qur%27an+Commentary&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=94&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1596214&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1596214%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mourison&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1596214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein</a> (2006). <i>Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present</i>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6799-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6799-2"><bdi>978-0-7914-6799-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Philosophy+from+Its+Origin+to+the+Present&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-6799-2&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasrWilliam_Chittick2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Chittick" title="William Chittick">William Chittick</a> (2007). <i>The Essential</i>. World Wisdom, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933316-38-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933316-38-3"><bdi>978-1-933316-38-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential&rft.pub=World+Wisdom%2C+Inc&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-933316-38-3&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rft.au=William+Chittick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Nasr" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossein Nasr">Nasr, Hossein</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Dabashi" title="Hamid Dabashi">Dabashi, Hamid</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vali_Nasr" title="Vali Nasr">Nasr, Vali</a> (1988). <i>Shiʻism doctrines, thought, and spirituality</i>. Albany: SUNY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-585-08860-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-585-08860-0"><bdi>978-0-585-08860-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%CA%BBism+doctrines%2C+thought%2C+and+spirituality&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=SUNY&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-585-08860-0&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Hossein&rft.au=Dabashi%2C+Hamid&rft.au=Nasr%2C+Vali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_Malik" title="Fazlur Rahman Malik">Rahman, Fazlur</a> (1980), <i>Major themes of the Qur'an</i>, Bibliotheca Islamica, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88297-051-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88297-051-8">0-88297-051-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamadan2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Ramadan, Tariq</a> (2005). <i>Western Muslims and the Future of Islam</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517111-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517111-2"><bdi>978-0-19-517111-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Muslims+and+the+Future+of+Islam&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517111-2&rft.aulast=Ramadan&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenrik_Lagerlund2007" class="citation book cs1">Henrik Lagerlund, ed. (September 30, 2007). <i>Forming the Mind: Essays on the Internal Senses and the Mind/Body Problem from Avicenna to the Medical Enlightenment</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6083-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6083-0"><bdi>978-1-4020-6083-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forming+the+Mind%3A+Essays+on+the+Internal+Senses+and+the+Mind%2FBody+Problem+from+Avicenna+to+the+Medical+Enlightenment&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2007-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-6083-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabatabae1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allameh_Tabatabaei" class="mw-redirect" title="Allameh Tabatabaei">Tabatabae, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn</a> (1981). <i>A Shiʻite Anthology</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/William_C._Chittick" class="mw-redirect" title="William C. Chittick">William C. Chittick</a>. Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain & Northern Ireland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-510-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-510-2"><bdi>978-0-87395-510-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Shi%CA%BBite+Anthology&rft.pub=Muhammadi+Trust+of+Great+Britain+%26+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-87395-510-2&rft.aulast=Tabatabae&rft.aufirst=Sayyid+Mohammad+Hosayn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2006" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Colin (2006). <i>Islam: The Basics</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34105-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34105-9"><bdi>978-0-415-34105-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+The+Basics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-34105-9&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATawhid" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_philosophy22" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_philosophy" title="Template:Islamic philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_philosophy" title="Template talk:Islamic philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_philosophy22" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology"><i>Aqidah</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(theology)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">'<i>Aql</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(intellect)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">medieval astronomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm_al-Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm al-Kalam"><i>Kalam</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(dialectic)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"><i>Fiqh</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(jurisprudence)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_metaphysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Natural philosophy <span style="font-size:85%;">(physics)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa"><i>Madrasah</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(education)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism <span style="font-size:85%;">(mysticism)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Farabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_psychology" title="Sufi psychology">psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendent_theosophy" title="Transcendent theosophy">Transcendent theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asabiyyah" title="Asabiyyah">ʻAṣabīya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_(Sufism)" title="Hal (Sufism)">Ḥāl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27jaz" title="I'jaz">Iʻjaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ʼIjtihād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm_(Arabic)" title="Ilm (Arabic)">ʻIlm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">ʻIrfān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">Ijmāʿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslaha" title="Maslaha">Maslaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">Nafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb">Qalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">Qiyās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shūrā</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tawḥīd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philosophers_by_century_(CE)22" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_philosophers" title="List of Muslim philosophers">Philosophers</a> by century (<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th–10th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Sahl_Rabban_al-Tabari" title="Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari">Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_Iranshahri" title="Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri">Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Apharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hatim_Ahmad_ibn_Hamdan_al-Razi" title="Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi">Abu Hatim al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hassan_al-Amiri" title="Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri">Al Amiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Ikhwan al-Safa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_Sijistani" title="Abu Sulayman Sijistani">Abu Sulayman Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Masarra" title="Ibn Masarra">Ibn Masarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ya%27qub_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani">Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskawayh" title="Miskawayh">Ibn Miskawayh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahmany%C4%81r" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmanyār">Bahmanyār</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t_al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī">Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afdal_al-Din_Kashani" title="Afdal al-Din Kashani">Afdal al-Din Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahi_Evren" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahi Evren">Ahi Evren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoja_Akhmet_Yassawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoja Akhmet Yassawi">Ahmad Yasavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Quzat_Hamadani" title="Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani">Ayn-al-Quzat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Tufail">Ibn Tufail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyám</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Yahya_ibn_Habash_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi">Suhrawardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_Tabrizi" title="Shams Tabrizi">Shams Tabrizi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Bektash_Veli" title="Haji Bektash Veli">Hajji Bektash Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sab%27in" title="Ibn Sab'in">Ibn Sab’in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ath%C4%ABr_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Abhar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Athīr al-Dīn al-Abharī">al-Abharī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadr_al-Din_al-Qunawi" title="Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi">Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th–16th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunus_Emre" title="Yunus Emre">Yunus Emre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Bayram_Veli" title="Haji Bayram Veli">Hajji Bayram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaladdin_Davani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalaladdin Davani">Jalaladdin Davani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadr_ad-Din_Dashtaki" title="Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki">Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Hudayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Hudayi">Aziz Mahmud Hudayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_Mir_Husayn_al-Maybudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi">Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Shabestari" title="Mahmoud Shabestari">Mahmud Shabistari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Haydar_Amuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Haydar Amuli">Sayyid Haydar Amuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daw%C5%ABd_al-Qay%E1%B9%A3ar%C4%AB" title="Dawūd al-Qayṣarī">Dawūd al-Qayṣarī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami" title="Jami">Jami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th–19th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Damad" title="Mir Damad">Mir Damad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Fendereski" title="Mir Fendereski">Mir Fendereski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulla_Sadra" title="Mulla Sadra">Mulla Sadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Fayz_Kashani" title="Mohsen Fayz Kashani">Mohsen Fayz Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Razzaq_Lahiji" title="Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji">Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Ahmad Sirhindi">Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajab_Ali_Tabrizi" title="Rajab Ali Tabrizi">Rajab Ali Tabrizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Sa%E2%80%99id_Qumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qazi Sa’id Qumi">Qazi Sa’id Qumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadi_Sabzavari" title="Hadi Sabzavari">Hādī Sabzavārī</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Tabataba%27i" title="Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i">Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riaz_Ahmed_Gohar_Shahi" title="Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi">Gohar Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Baqir_al-Sadr" title="Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr">Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_al-Faruqi" title="Ismail al-Faruqi">Ismail al-Faruqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Muhammad_Naquib_al-Attas" title="Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas">Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolkarim_Soroush" title="Abdolkarim Soroush">Abdolkarim Soroush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gholamhossein_Ebrahimi_Dinani" title="Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani">Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taha_Abdurrahman" title="Taha Abdurrahman">Taha Abdurrahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abed_al-Jabri" title="Mohammed Abed al-Jabri">Mohammed Abed al-Jabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Arkoun" title="Mohammed Arkoun">Mohammed Arkoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouad_Zakariyya" title="Fouad Zakariyya">Fouad Zakariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Davari_Ardakani" title="Reza Davari Ardakani">Reza Davari Ardakani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Ahmad Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Malekian" title="Mostafa Malekian">Mostafa Malekian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Hassanzadeh_Amoli" title="Hassan Hassanzadeh Amoli">Hasanzadeh Amoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdollah_Javadi-Amoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdollah Javadi-Amoli">Javadi Amoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_Nasir_Hunzai" title="Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai">Partawi Shah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_topics273" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_topics" title="Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_topics" title="Template talk:Islam topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_topics273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Islam" title="Outline of Islam">Outline of Islam</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tawhid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> PBUH <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">In Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revelation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holiest sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_leaders" title="Islamic religious leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Islam" title="Timeline of the history of Islam">Timeline of the history of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate"><i>Rashidun</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a></li> <li>Moderate Kharijites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadism" title="Ibadism">Ibadism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Death penalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span>Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Relationship_with_Muslims" title="Druze">Druzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a> <ul><li><a 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href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Islam" title="Nursing in Islam">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Quran and miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam" title="Symbols of Islam">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Category</a></li></ul> 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-08-12T07:59:56Z","dateModified":"2025-02-20T14:41:50Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/60\/Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg","headline":"Islam's central monotheistic concept of a single, indivisible God"}</script> </body> </html>