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href="#State_legislature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>State legislature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_legislature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor_of_Massachusetts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor_of_Massachusetts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Governor of Massachusetts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governor_of_Massachusetts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governor of Massachusetts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governor_of_Massachusetts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1974_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1974_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>1974 election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1974_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>First term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Cabinet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_governorships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_governorships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Between governorships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_governorships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Second term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cabinet_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabinet_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Cabinet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabinet_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1988_presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1988_presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1988 presidential campaign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1988_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1988 presidential campaign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1988_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Primaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Crime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tank_photograph" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tank_photograph"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Tank photograph</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tank_photograph-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Result" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Result"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Result</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Result-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-1988_political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-1988_political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Post-1988 political career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-1988_political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Electoral history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael Dukakis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="مايكل دوكاكيس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مايكل دوكاكيس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="مایکل دوکاکیس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مایکل دوکاکیس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Michael Dukakis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Michael Dukakis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Michael Dukakis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Michael Dukakis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BB_%CE%94%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Μάικλ Δουκάκης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάικλ Δουκάκης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Michael Dukakis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Michael Dukakis" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="مایکل دوکاکیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مایکل دوکاکیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Michael Dukakis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Michael Dukakis" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%B4_%EB%91%90%EC%B9%B4%ED%82%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="마이클 두카키스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마이클 두카키스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Michael Dukakis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Michael Dukakis" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Michael Dukakis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1" title="מייקל דוקאקיס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מייקל דוקאקיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Michael Dukakis" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Michael Dukakis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maikls_Dukakis" title="Maikls Dukakis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Maikls Dukakis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="मायकेल डुकाकिस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मायकेल डुकाकिस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="مايكل دوكاكيس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مايكل دوكاكيس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Michael Dukakis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Michael Dukakis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%A5%E3%82%AB%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B9" title="マイケル・デュカキス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マイケル・デュカキス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Michael Dukakis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Michael Dukakis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Michael Dukakis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Michael Dukakis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB" title="Дукакис, Майкл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дукакис, Майкл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Michael Dukakis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Michael Dukakis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Michael Dukakis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA" title="ไมเคิล ดูคาคิส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไมเคิล ดูคาคิส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Michael 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Michael Dukakis</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Dukakis_(cropped_new).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Michael_Dukakis_%28cropped_new%29.jpg/220px-Michael_Dukakis_%28cropped_new%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Michael_Dukakis_%28cropped_new%29.jpg/330px-Michael_Dukakis_%28cropped_new%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Michael_Dukakis_%28cropped_new%29.jpg/440px-Michael_Dukakis_%28cropped_new%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Dukakis in 1977</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">65th and 67th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 6, 1983 – January 3, 1991</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lieutenant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Murphy" title="Evelyn Murphy">Evelyn Murphy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._King" title="Edward J. King">Edward J. King</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld" title="Bill Weld">Bill Weld</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 2, 1975 – January 4, 1979</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lieutenant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._O%27Neill_III" title="Thomas P. O'Neill III">Thomas P. O'Neill III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_W._Sargent" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis W. Sargent">Francis W. Sargent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Edward J. King</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives">Massachusetts House of Representatives</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1971</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sumner_Z._Kaplan" title="Sumner Z. Kaplan">Sumner Z. Kaplan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Jon Rotenberg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_10th_Norfolk_district" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives' 10th Norfolk district">10th Norfolk</a> (1963–1965)<br /><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_13th_Norfolk_district" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives' 13th Norfolk district">13th Norfolk</a> (1965–1971)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Michael Stanley Dukakis</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1933-11-03</span>) </span>November 3, 1933<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 91)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kitty_Dukakis" title="Kitty Dukakis">Katharine Dickson</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1963)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3, including <a href="/wiki/John_Dukakis" title="John Dukakis">John</a> (adopted)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Olympia_Dukakis" title="Olympia Dukakis">Olympia Dukakis</a> (cousin)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Honour_(Greece)" title="Order of Honour (Greece)">Grand Commander of the Order of Honor</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M_Dukakis_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Michael Dukakis's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/M_Dukakis_Signature.svg/128px-M_Dukakis_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/M_Dukakis_Signature.svg/192px-M_Dukakis_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/M_Dukakis_Signature.svg/256px-M_Dukakis_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="168" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1955–1957</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Specialist_(rank)#United_States_Army" title="Specialist (rank)">Specialist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data">8020th Administrative Unit<sup id="cite_ref-chicagotribune1988_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chicagotribune1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Michael Stanley Dukakis</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">duu-<span style="font-size:90%">KAH</span>-kiss</i></a>; born November 3, 1933) is an American retired lawyer and politician who served as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">governor of Massachusetts</a> from 1975 to 1979 and from 1983 to 1991. He is the longest-serving governor in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> history and only the second <a href="/wiki/Greek-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek-American">Greek-American</a> governor in U.S. history, after <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a>. He was <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_1988" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1988">nominated</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> for president in the <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988 election</a>, losing to the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee, <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline, Massachusetts</a>, to Greek immigrants, Dukakis attended <a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore College</a> before enlisting in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>. After graduating from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>, he won election to the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives">Massachusetts House of Representatives</a>, serving from 1963 to 1971. He won the 1974 Massachusetts gubernatorial election but lost his 1978 bid for re-nomination to <a href="/wiki/Edward_J._King" title="Edward J. King">Edward J. King</a>. He defeated King in the 1982 gubernatorial primary and served as governor from 1983 to 1991, presiding over a period of economic growth known as the "<a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Miracle" title="Massachusetts Miracle">Massachusetts Miracle</a>". </p><p>Building on his popularity as governor, Dukakis sought the Democratic presidential nomination for the <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988 presidential election</a>. He prevailed in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_1988" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1988">Democratic primaries</a> and was formally nominated at the <a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 Democratic National Convention</a>. Dukakis chose Senator <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Lloyd Bentsen</a> of Texas as his running mate, while the Republicans nominated a ticket of George H. W. Bush and Senator <a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a>. Dukakis made history as the first <a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greek-American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_Greece" title="Aromanians in Greece">Aromanian</a> presidential candidate, first <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a> major-party nominee, and the first major-party nominee with ancestry outside Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he lost the election, carrying only ten states and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, he improved on the Democratic performances in the previous two elections. After the election, Dukakis announced that he would not seek another term as governor, and he left office in 1991. </p><p>Since leaving office, Dukakis has served on the board of directors for <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> and taught political science at <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_University" title="Northeastern University">Northeastern University</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a>. He was mentioned as a potential appointee to the Senate in 2009 to fill the vacancy caused by <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>'s death, but Governor <a href="/wiki/Deval_Patrick" title="Deval Patrick">Deval Patrick</a> chose <a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Paul G. Kirk</a>. In <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="2012 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">2012</a>, Dukakis backed the successful Senate campaign of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a>, whom he also supported in the <a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a>. With the death of <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> on December 5, 2021, Dukakis became the oldest living major party presidential candidate who was never elected president. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div><p> Dukakis was born in <a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline, Massachusetts</a>. His father Panos (1896–1979) was a Greek immigrant from <a href="/wiki/Edremit,_Bal%C4%B1kesir" title="Edremit, Balıkesir">Edremit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Panos Dukakis settled in <a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell, Massachusetts</a>, in 1912, and graduated from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a> twelve years later, subsequently working as an <a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">obstetrician</a>. Dukakis's mother Euterpe (née Boukis; 1903–2003) was born in <a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanian</a> parents from <a href="/wiki/Vrysochori" title="Vrysochori">Vrysochori</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Charles_C._Moskos_1989_176_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charles_C._Moskos_1989_176-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Aromanians, or "<a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a>, as they are called in their Balkan homeland, are descendants of Latin-speaking people of the Roman Empire."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She and her family emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Haverhill,_Massachusetts" title="Haverhill, Massachusetts">Haverhill, Massachusetts</a>, in 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Dukakis_Korea_1956.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Michael_Dukakis_Korea_1956.jpg/220px-Michael_Dukakis_Korea_1956.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Michael_Dukakis_Korea_1956.jpg/330px-Michael_Dukakis_Korea_1956.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Michael_Dukakis_Korea_1956.jpg/440px-Michael_Dukakis_Korea_1956.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4856" data-file-height="3232" /></a><figcaption>Dukakis off duty at a gun emplacement overlooking UN Command Military Armistice Commission base camp at Munsan-ni Korea 1956.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dukakis attended <a href="/wiki/Brookline_High_School" title="Brookline High School">Brookline High School</a> in his hometown,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he was an honor student and a member of the basketball, baseball, tennis, and cross-country teams.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a 17-year-old senior in high school, he ran the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Marathon" title="Boston Marathon">Boston Marathon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-trash_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trash-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated from <a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore College</a> in 1955 with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>. Although Dukakis had been accepted into <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>, he chose to enlist in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>. After basic training at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Dix" title="Fort Dix">Fort Dix</a> and advanced individual training at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Gordon" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Gordon">Camp Gordon</a>, he was assigned as radio operator to the 8020th Administrative Unit in <a href="/wiki/Munsan" title="Munsan">Munsan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>. The unit was a support group to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> delegation of the Military Armistice Commission<sup id="cite_ref-chicagotribune1988_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chicagotribune1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dukakis served from 1955 to 1957. He then received his <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">J.D.</a> degree from Harvard Law School in 1960. Dukakis is also an <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Scout_(Boy_Scouts_of_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)">Eagle Scout</a> and recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Eagle_Scout_Award" title="Distinguished Eagle Scout Award">Distinguished Eagle Scout Award</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts of America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-honor_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-honor-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dukakis began his political career as an elected Town Meeting Member in the town of Brookline.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_legislature">State legislature</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1967_Michael_Dukakis_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives_(1).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/1967_Michael_Dukakis_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives_%281%29.png/220px-1967_Michael_Dukakis_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives_%281%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/1967_Michael_Dukakis_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives_%281%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>Dukakis while a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives</figcaption></figure> <p>Dukakis served four terms in the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives">Massachusetts House of Representatives</a> between 1962 and 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-hri1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hri1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1966, Dukakis unsuccessfully ran for <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General of Massachusetts">Attorney General of Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wtva1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wtva1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/1970_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1970 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">1970</a>, Dukakis was the Democratic nominee for lieutenant governor on a ticket led by Boston mayor <a href="/wiki/Kevin_White_(politician)" title="Kevin White (politician)">Kevin White</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hri1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hri1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Democratic ticket lost the 1970 gubernatorial election. After losing his bid for lieutenant governor, Dukakis returned to the private sector, practicing law and becoming a partner at <a href="/wiki/Hill_and_Barlow" title="Hill and Barlow">Hill and Barlow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wtva1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wtva1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governor_of_Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1974_election">1974 election</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1974_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1974 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">1974 Massachusetts gubernatorial election</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Governor_Dukakis_speaks_at_the_1976_Democratic_National_Convention.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Governor_Dukakis_speaks_at_the_1976_Democratic_National_Convention.jpg/150px-Governor_Dukakis_speaks_at_the_1976_Democratic_National_Convention.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Governor_Dukakis_speaks_at_the_1976_Democratic_National_Convention.jpg/225px-Governor_Dukakis_speaks_at_the_1976_Democratic_National_Convention.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Governor_Dukakis_speaks_at_the_1976_Democratic_National_Convention.jpg/300px-Governor_Dukakis_speaks_at_the_1976_Democratic_National_Convention.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3976" data-file-height="2664" /></a><figcaption>Dukakis speaking at the <a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 Democratic National Convention</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_term">First term</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1977%E2%80%931978_Massachusetts_legislature" title="1977–1978 Massachusetts legislature">1977–1978 Massachusetts legislature</a></div> <p>Dukakis was elected governor in 1974, defeating the incumbent Republican <a href="/wiki/Francis_Sargent" title="Francis Sargent">Francis Sargent</a> during a period of fiscal crisis. Dukakis won in part by promising to be a "reformer" and pledging a "lead pipe guarantee" of no new taxes to balance the state budget. He would later reverse his position after taking office. He also pledged to dismantle the powerful <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Conservation_and_Recreation_(Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Conservation and Recreation (Massachusetts)">Metropolitan District Commission</a> (MDC), a bureaucratic enclave that served as home to hundreds of political patronage employees. The MDC managed state parks, reservoirs, and waterways, as well as the highways and roads abutting those waterways. In addition to its own police force, the MDC had its own maritime patrol force, and an enormous budget from the state, for which it provided minimal accounting. Dukakis's efforts to dismantle the MDC failed in the legislature, where the MDC had many powerful supporters. As a result, the MDC would withhold its critical backing of Dukakis in the 1978 gubernatorial primary. </p><p>Governor Dukakis hosted President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom">Britain's Queen Elizabeth II</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during their visits to Boston in 1976 to commemorate the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">bicentennial of the United States</a>. He gained some notice as the only politician in the state government who went to work during the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States_blizzard_of_1978" title="Northeastern United States blizzard of 1978">Blizzard of 1978</a>, during which he went to local TV studios in a sweater to announce emergency bulletins.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dukakis is also remembered for his 1977 <a href="/wiki/Exoneration" title="Exoneration">exoneration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Sacco and Vanzetti</a>, two Italian anarchists whose trial sparked protests around the world. During his first term in office, Dukakis <a href="/wiki/Commutation_of_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Commutation of sentence">commuted the sentences</a> of 21 first-degree murderers and 23 second-degree murderers. </p><p>His first term performance proved to be insufficient to offset a backlash against the state's high sales and property tax rates, which turned out to be the predominant issue in the <a href="/wiki/1978_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1978 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">1978 gubernatorial campaign</a>. Dukakis, despite being the incumbent Democratic governor, was refused renomination by his own party. The <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">state's Democratic Party</a> chose to support Director of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Port_Authority" title="Massachusetts Port Authority">Massachusetts Port Authority</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_J._King" title="Edward J. King">Edward J. King</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary</a>, partly because King rode the wave against high property taxes, but more significantly because state Democratic Party leaders lost confidence in Dukakis's ability to govern effectively. King also enjoyed the support of the power brokers at the MDC, who were unhappy with Dukakis's attempts to dismantle their powerful bureaucracy. King also had support from state police and public employee unions. Dukakis suffered a scathing defeat in the primary, a disappointment that his wife Kitty called "a public death".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabinet">Cabinet</h3></div> <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="2" style="float:margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px solid #000; font-size:85%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#dcdcdc" colspan="3">The First Dukakis Cabinet </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><b>OFFICE</b> </td> <td align="left"><b>NAME</b> </td> <td align="left"><b>TERM</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#000" colspan="3"> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor</a> </td> <td align="left"><b>Michael Dukakis</b> </td> <td align="left">1975–1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts">Lt. Governor</a> </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._O%27Neill_III" title="Thomas P. O'Neill III">Thomas P. O'Neill III</a></b> </td> <td align="left">1975–1979 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#000" colspan="3"> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Secretary of Transportation </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Frederick_P._Salvucci" title="Frederick P. Salvucci">Frederick P. Salvucci</a></b> </td> <td align="left">1975–1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Secretary of Communities and Development </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_G._Flynn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William G. Flynn (page does not exist)">William G. Flynn</a></b> </td> <td align="left">1975–1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Secretary of Environmental Affairs </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Murphy" title="Evelyn Murphy">Evelyn Murphy</a></b> </td> <td align="left">1975–1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Secretary of Consumer Affairs </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lola_Dickerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lola Dickerman (page does not exist)">Lola Dickerman</a></b><br /><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christine_Sullivan_(state_cabinet_secretary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christine Sullivan (state cabinet secretary) (page does not exist)">Christine Sullivan</a></b> </td> <td align="left">1975–1976<br />1976–1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Secretary of Human Services </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Lucy_W._Benson" title="Lucy W. Benson">Lucy W. Benson</a></b><br /><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerald_Stevens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerald Stevens (page does not exist)">Jerald Stevens</a></b> </td> <td align="left">1975–1975<br />1975–1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Secretary of Elder Affairs </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_H._Callahan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James H. Callahan (page does not exist)">James H. Callahan</a></b> </td> <td align="left">1977–1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Secretary of Administration & Finance </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/John_R._Buckley" title="John R. Buckley">John R. Buckley</a></b> </td> <td align="left">1975–1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Secretary of Public Safety </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V._Barry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles V. Barry (page does not exist)">Charles V. Barry</a></b> </td> <td align="left">1975–1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Secretary of Economic Affairs </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_N._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Howard N. Smith (page does not exist)">Howard N. Smith</a></b> </td> <td align="left">1977–1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Secretary of Energy </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Lee_(state_cabinet_secretary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Lee (state cabinet secretary) (page does not exist)">Henry Lee</a></b> </td> <td align="left">1975–1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Secretary of Education </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Paul_Parks" title="Paul Parks">Paul Parks</a></b> </td> <td align="left">1975–1979 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_governorships">Between governorships</h3></div> <p>Following his first governorship, Dukakis taught at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_School_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy School of Government">John F. Kennedy School of Government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wtva1_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wtva1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980, Dukakis published his book <i>State and Cities: The Massachusetts Experience</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-wtva1_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wtva1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_term">Second term</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flynn,_Ferraro,_and_Dukakis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flynn%2C_Ferraro%2C_and_Dukakis.jpg/220px-Flynn%2C_Ferraro%2C_and_Dukakis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flynn%2C_Ferraro%2C_and_Dukakis.jpg/330px-Flynn%2C_Ferraro%2C_and_Dukakis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flynn%2C_Ferraro%2C_and_Dukakis.jpg/440px-Flynn%2C_Ferraro%2C_and_Dukakis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3734" data-file-height="3950" /></a><figcaption>Governor Dukakis with Boston Mayor <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Flynn" title="Raymond Flynn">Raymond Flynn</a> and Democratic vice-presidential nominee <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a> campaigning in the <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984 presidential election</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1982_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1982 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">1982 Massachusetts gubernatorial election</a>, <a href="/wiki/1985%E2%80%931986_Massachusetts_legislature" title="1985–1986 Massachusetts legislature">1985–1986 Massachusetts legislature</a>, <a href="/wiki/1986_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1986 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">1986 Massachusetts gubernatorial election</a>, <a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931988_Massachusetts_legislature" title="1987–1988 Massachusetts legislature">1987–1988 Massachusetts legislature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1989%E2%80%931990_Massachusetts_legislature" title="1989–1990 Massachusetts legislature">1989–1990 Massachusetts legislature</a></div> <p>Four years later, having made peace with the state Democratic Party, MDC, the state police and public employee unions, Dukakis defeated King in a re-match in the 1982 Democratic primary. He went on to defeat his Republican opponent, <a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop_Sears" class="mw-redirect" title="John Winthrop Sears">John Winthrop Sears</a>, in the November election. Future United States Senator, <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a> Democratic presidential nominee, and US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> was elected <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts">lieutenant governor</a> on the same ballot with Dukakis, and served in the Dukakis administration from 1983 to 1985. </p><p>Dukakis served as governor during which time he presided over a high-tech boom and a period of prosperity in Massachusetts while simultaneously earning a reputation as a 'technocrat'.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Governors Association voted Dukakis the most effective governor in 1986. Residents of the city of Boston and its surrounding areas remember him for the improvements he made to Boston's <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">mass transit</a> system, especially major renovations to the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority" title="Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority">city's trains and buses</a>. He was known for riding the <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">subway</a> to work every day as governor.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1988, Dukakis and <a href="/wiki/Rosabeth_Moss_Kanter" title="Rosabeth Moss Kanter">Rosabeth Moss Kanter</a>, his economic adviser in the 1988 presidential elections, wrote a book entitled <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=01deAAAAIAAJ">Creating the Future: the Massachusetts Comeback and Its Promise for America</a></i>, an examination of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Miracle" title="Massachusetts Miracle">Massachusetts Miracle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabinet_2">Cabinet</h3></div> <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="2" style="float:margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px solid #000; font-size:85%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#dcdcdc" colspan="3">The Second Dukakis Cabinet </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><b>OFFICE</b> </td> <td align="left"><b>NAME</b> </td> <td align="left"><b>TERM</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#000" colspan="3"> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor</a> </td> <td align="left"><b>Michael Dukakis</b> </td> <td align="left">1983–1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts">Lt. Governor</a> </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Murphy" title="Evelyn Murphy">Evelyn Murphy</a></b> </td> <td align="left">1983–1985<br />1987–1991 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#000" colspan="3"> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Secretary of Transportation </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Frederick_P._Salvucci" title="Frederick P. Salvucci">Frederick P. Salvucci</a></b> </td> <td align="left">1983–1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Secretary of Communities and Development </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amy_S._Anthony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amy S. Anthony (page does not exist)">Amy S. Anthony</a></b> </td> <td align="left">1983–1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Secretary of Environmental Affairs </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/James_Hoyte" title="James Hoyte">James Hoyte</a></b><br /><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_DeVillars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John DeVillars (page does not exist)">John DeVillars</a></b> </td> <td align="left">1983–1988<br />1988–1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Secretary of Consumer Affairs </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paula_W._Gold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paula W. Gold (page does not exist)">Paula W. Gold</a></b><br /><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Ann_Walsh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Ann Walsh (page does not exist)">Mary Ann Walsh</a></b> </td> <td align="left">1983–1989<br />1989–1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Secretary of Human Services </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_C._Carballo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel C. Carballo (page does not exist)">Manuel C. Carballo</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Johnston" title="Philip W. Johnston">Philip W. Johnston</a></b> </td> <td align="left">1983–1984<br />1984–1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Secretary of Elder Affairs </td> <td align="left"><br /><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_H._Rowland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard H. Rowland (page does not exist)">Richard H. Rowland</a></b><br /><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_J._Lanzikos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul J. Lanzikos (page does not exist)">Paul J. Lanzikos</a></b> </td> <td align="left">1983–1987<br />1987–1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Secretary of Labor </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Eustace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Eustace (page does not exist)">Paul Eustace</a></b> </td> <td align="left">1983–1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Secretary of Administration & Finance </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Keefe_(state_cabinet_secretary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Keefe (state cabinet secretary) (page does not exist)">Frank Keefe</a></b><br /><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Edward_Lashman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L. Edward Lashman (page does not exist)">L. Edward Lashman</a></b> </td> <td align="left">1983–1988<br />1988–1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Secretary of Public Safety </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_V._Barry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles V. Barry (page does not exist)">Charles V. Barry</a></b> </td> <td align="left">1983–1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Secretary of Economic Affairs </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Murphy" title="Evelyn Murphy">Evelyn Murphy</a></b><br /><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Alviani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Alviani (page does not exist)">Joseph Alviani</a></b><br /><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grady_Hedgespeth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grady Hedgespeth (page does not exist)">Grady Hedgespeth</a></b><br /><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alden_S._Raine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alden S. Raine (page does not exist)">Alden S. Raine</a></b> </td> <td align="left">1983–1986<br />1986–1989<br />1989–1989<br />1989–1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Secretary of Energy </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Pollard" title="Sharon Pollard">Sharon Pollard</a></b> </td> <td align="left"><br />1983–1989 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1988_presidential_campaign">1988 presidential campaign</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign">Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988 United States presidential election</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primaries">Primaries</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dukakis1988rally.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Dukakis1988rally.jpg/170px-Dukakis1988rally.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Dukakis1988rally.jpg/255px-Dukakis1988rally.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Dukakis1988rally.jpg/340px-Dukakis1988rally.jpg 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Michael Dukakis at a campaign rally in <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pauley_Pavilion" title="Pauley Pavilion">Pauley Pavilion</a>, the night before the US presidential election of 1988 (Mon, November 7, 1988).</figcaption></figure> <p>Using the phenomenon termed the "<a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Miracle" title="Massachusetts Miracle">Massachusetts Miracle</a>" to promote his campaign, Dukakis sought the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> nomination for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988 United States presidential election</a>, prevailing over a primary field that included <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Dick Gephardt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon_(politician)" title="Paul Simon (politician)">Paul Simon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Hart" title="Gary Hart">Gary Hart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>, among others. Composer <a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a> wrote "Fanfare for Michael Dukakis" in 1988 at the request of Dukakis's father-in-law, Harry Ellis Dickson. The piece was premiered under the baton of Dickson (then the Associate Conductor of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Pops" title="Boston Pops">Boston Pops</a>) at that year's <a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a>. Dukakis won the Democratic nomination, with 2,877 out of 4,105 delegates. He chose <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Lloyd Bentsen</a> of Texas to be his <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice presidential</a> running mate. Dukakis was pro-choice on the issue of abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dukakis made history as the first non-<a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">Western European American</a> nominated for president by a major party, and was, until President Obama's nomination in 2008, the only major presidential nominee in history with <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_background_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Ancestral background of presidents of the United States">ancestry from outside</a> <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern Europe</a>. Every United States presidential nominee except for Martin van Buren (who was of entirely Dutch ancestry) has had ancestry from the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AAP_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAP-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the first <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">ethnic Greek</a> nominated for the Presidency by a major party, Dukakis enjoyed strong support among the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greek American</a> community. The Associated Press reported in April 1988 that there was an "outpouring of pride in Dukakis", which was especially strong and sentimental among older generations of Greek Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dukakis stressed his working-class background as the son of impoverished immigrants, and his fluency in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> among several other languages. Touching on his immigrant roots, Dukakis used <a href="/wiki/Neil_Diamond" title="Neil Diamond">Neil Diamond</a>'s ode to immigrants, "<a href="/wiki/America_(Neil_Diamond_song)" title="America (Neil Diamond song)">America</a>", as the theme song for his campaign. This was seen as a sharp departure from his previous political campaigns in heavily white Massachusetts, in which the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i> reported that Dukakis rarely, if at all, made a point of his ethnicity (hence the reported colloquial saying "I knew Michael Dukakis before he was Greek").<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although George H.W Bush's campaign did not make a point of it in their <a href="/wiki/Attack_ad" title="Attack ad">attack ads</a>, researchers and pollsters often discussed the vulnerability of Dukakis embracing his heritage. Conservative analyst <a href="/wiki/William_Schneider_Jr." title="William Schneider Jr.">William Schneider Jr.</a> said that Dukakis' Greekness was the "great unspoken issue" of the election.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Post</i> assessed that Bush's desirability as a <a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestants">WASP</a> would inevitably make a victory more difficult for Dukakis in the long run.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regardless of community support, Dukakis had trouble with the personality that he projected to the voting public. His reserved and stoic nature was easily interpreted to be a lack of passion; Dukakis was often referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Zorba_the_Greek" title="Zorba the Greek">Zorba the Clerk</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Dukakis is considered to have done well in the first presidential debate with George H.W. Bush, with <i>The New York Times</i> reporting, "Democratic and Republican analysts generally agreed that Mr. Dukakis had turned in the better performance in the first of two Presidential debates, frequently managing to put Mr. Bush on the defensive."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second debate, his performance was poor and played to his reputation as being cold.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the campaign, Dukakis's mental health became an issue when he refused to release his full medical history and there were, according to <i>The New York Times</i>, "persistent suggestions" that he had undergone psychiatric treatment in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The issue gained further traction after a White House press conference, during which President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> flippantly referred to Dukakis as an "invalid".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2008 film <i><a href="/wiki/Boogie_Man:_The_Lee_Atwater_Story" title="Boogie Man: The Lee Atwater Story">Boogie Man: The Lee Atwater Story</a></i>, journalist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Robert Novak</a> revealed that Republican strategist <a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Lee Atwater</a> had personally tried to get him to spread these mental health rumors.<sup id="cite_ref-BoogieMan_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoogieMan-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Editors at <i>The Washington Times</i> contributed to these rumors when they ran a story headlined "Dukakis Kin Hints at Sessions", suggesting that a member of the Dukakis family had said "it is possible" that Dukakis saw a psychiatrist. A week later the reporter, <a href="/wiki/Gene_Grabowski_(communications_strategist)" title="Gene Grabowski (communications strategist)">Gene Grabowski</a>, revealed that <i>Times</i> editors had taken the full quote out of context. The full quote was "It's possible, but I doubt it."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dukakis's general election campaign was subject to several criticisms and gaffes on issues such as <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">capital punishment</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_pledge_of_allegiance_in_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="The pledge of allegiance in schools">the pledge of allegiance in schools</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis_tank_photograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Dukakis tank photograph">photograph of Dukakis in a tank</a> which was intended to portray him as a sound choice for <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> but which was widely perceived to have backfired. Like the allegations of psychiatric problems, these were vulnerabilities which Atwater identified and exploited. In 1991, shortly before his death from a brain tumor, Atwater apologized to Dukakis for the "naked cruelty" of the 1988 campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TNY20080505_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNY20080505-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vice_President_Bush_debates_with_Michael_Dukakis,_Los_Angeles,_CA_13_Oct_88.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Vice_President_Bush_debates_with_Michael_Dukakis%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_CA_13_Oct_88.jpg/170px-Vice_President_Bush_debates_with_Michael_Dukakis%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_CA_13_Oct_88.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Vice_President_Bush_debates_with_Michael_Dukakis%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_CA_13_Oct_88.jpg/255px-Vice_President_Bush_debates_with_Michael_Dukakis%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_CA_13_Oct_88.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Vice_President_Bush_debates_with_Michael_Dukakis%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_CA_13_Oct_88.jpg/340px-Vice_President_Bush_debates_with_Michael_Dukakis%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_CA_13_Oct_88.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Dukakis debating Vice President Bush in Los Angeles in October 1988.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the campaign, Vice President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, the Republican nominee, criticized Dukakis for his traditionally liberal positions on many issues, calling him a "card-carrying member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">ACLU</a>". Dukakis's support for a <a href="/wiki/Prison_furlough" title="Prison furlough">prison furlough</a> program was a major election subject. During his first term as governor, he had vetoed a bill that would have stopped furloughs for first-degree murderers.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his second term, that program resulted in the release of convicted murderer <a href="/wiki/Willie_Horton" title="Willie Horton">Willie Horton</a>, who committed a rape and assault in Maryland after being furloughed.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George H. W. Bush mentioned Horton by name in a speech in June 1988, and a conservative <a href="/wiki/Political_action_committee" title="Political action committee">political action committee</a> (PAC) affiliated with the Bush campaign, the National Security Political Action Committee, aired an ad entitled "Weekend Passes", which used a <a href="/wiki/Mug_shot" title="Mug shot">mug shot</a> image of Horton. The Bush campaign refused to repudiate the ad. It was followed by a separate Bush campaign ad, "<a href="/wiki/Revolving_Door_(television_advertisement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolving Door (television advertisement)">Revolving Door</a>", criticizing Dukakis over the furlough program without mentioning Horton. The legislature canceled the program during Dukakis's last term. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tank_photograph">Tank photograph</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Dukakis_in_tank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/85/Michael_Dukakis_in_tank.jpg/220px-Michael_Dukakis_in_tank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/85/Michael_Dukakis_in_tank.jpg/330px-Michael_Dukakis_in_tank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/85/Michael_Dukakis_in_tank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>The photograph of Dukakis in an M1 Abrams tank from the US presidential election of 1988.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dukakis was criticized during the campaign for a perceived softness on defense issues, particularly the controversial "<a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a>" program, which he promised to weaken. In response to this, Dukakis orchestrated what would become the key image of his campaign, although it turned out quite differently from what he intended. On September 13, 1988, Dukakis visited the <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics" title="General Dynamics">General Dynamics</a> <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_Land_Systems" title="General Dynamics Land Systems">Land Systems</a> plant in <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Heights,_Michigan" title="Sterling Heights, Michigan">Sterling Heights, Michigan</a>, to take part in a <a href="/wiki/Photo_op" title="Photo op">photo op</a> in an <a href="/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a> tank. The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, had been photographed in 1986 riding in a <a href="/wiki/Challenger_1" title="Challenger 1">Challenger</a> tank while wearing a scarf, which turned out very successfully and helped in her 1987 reelection.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Dynamics protocol requires one to wear the protective helmet for safety and communication when the tank is running at full speed, although Dukakis campaign staffers were aware that a politician putting on any headgear was a faux pas. A member of the press did photograph Dukakis without the helmet when the tank exited the garage at a slow speed, but the rest of the photographers snapped shots of Dukakis wearing a helmet when the tank made a high speed pass.<sup id="cite_ref-tank_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tank-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The image of Dukakis wearing a helmet while riding the tank was ridiculed by Bush and the media. The following week, a poll found that 25 percent of respondents said they were less likely to support him because of the tank ride.<sup id="cite_ref-tank_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tank-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Footage of Dukakis in the tank was used in a television ad by the Bush campaign which aired during the <a href="/wiki/1988_World_Series" title="1988 World Series">World Series</a>. The Dukakis campaign produced a 60-second response ad that featured a television set playing Bush's ad, which is flicked off the screen by a finger later revealed to be Dukakis as he proclaims that he is fed up with "George Bush's negative TV ads", but this "pin-the-tail-on-the-donkey advertising"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> only ended up drawing further attention to the tank ride.<sup id="cite_ref-tank_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tank-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phrase "Dukakis in the tank" remains a shorthand for backfired <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> outings.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, when asked about the photograph, Dukakis said "Should I have been in the tank? Probably not, in retrospect. But these days when people ask me, 'Did you get here in a tank?' I always respond by saying, 'No, and I've never <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_vomiting_incident" title="George H. W. Bush vomiting incident">thrown up all over the Japanese prime minister</a>'."<sup id="cite_ref-tank_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tank-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Result">Result</h3></div> <p>The Dukakis/Bentsen ticket lost the election by a decisive margin in the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a> to <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a>, carrying only 10 states and the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a>. Many believed he should have been campaigning across the country. During this time, his 17-point lead in opinion polls completely disappeared, as his lack of visibility allowed Bush to define the issues of the campaign. A large number of Democrats believed that the loss was to blame on Dukakis's delayed response to Bush and underestimating Bush's strength as a candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dukakis has since stated that the main reason he lost was his decision "not to respond to the Bush attack campaign, and in retrospect it was a pretty dumb decision."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1988.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/ElectoralCollege1988.svg/220px-ElectoralCollege1988.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/ElectoralCollege1988.svg/330px-ElectoralCollege1988.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/ElectoralCollege1988.svg/440px-ElectoralCollege1988.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>The 1988 election with electoral votes by state.</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite Dukakis's loss, his performance was a marked improvement over the previous two Democratic efforts, both in the popular vote and the Electoral College. Though Bush still won a majority of the popular vote, Dukakis's margin of loss (7.8%) nationally was narrower than Jimmy Carter's in <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a> (9.7%) or Walter Mondale's in <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a> (18.2%), and earned 41.8 million votes nationally. </p><p>Dukakis made some strong showings in states that had voted for Republicans <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>. He managed to pull off a close win in New York, which at the time was the second largest state in terms of electoral votes; he also scored victories in Rhode Island, Hawaii, his home state of Massachusetts, Oregon, and Washington. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> had lost all six states, and since then, all six states have remained in the Democratic column at presidential elections.<sup id="cite_ref-270_to_win_hist_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270_to_win_hist-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He swept Iowa, winning by 10 points in a state that had voted Republican in the last five presidential elections. His proportion of the popular vote would not be matched by any subsequent Democratic presidential candidate in South Dakota (46.51%),<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kansas (42.56%),<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oklahoma (41.28%),<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wyoming (38.01%),<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Idaho (36.01%).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Dukakis cut into the Republican hold in the Midwest, he failed to dent the emerging GOP stronghold in the South that had been forming since the end of World War II with a temporary reprieve with <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (along with future President and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, albeit to a much lesser extent). He lost most of the South by a wide margin, with Bush's popular vote margins exceeding 15% in most states.<sup id="cite_ref-1988_all_states_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1988_all_states-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He carried most of the southern-central parishes of Louisiana,<sup id="cite_ref-1988_all_states_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1988_all_states-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was also his best Southern popular vote margin. His second-lowest Southern margin was Texas, where four overwhelmingly <a href="/wiki/Mexican-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican-American">Mexican-American</a> counties of <a href="/wiki/South_Texas" title="South Texas">South Texas</a> delivered more than 81% of the vote to Dukakis, and were among his top five counties or county-equivalents nationally.<sup id="cite_ref-1988_all_states_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1988_all_states-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, Dukakis stated during an interview with <a href="/wiki/Katie_Couric" title="Katie Couric">Katie Couric</a> that he "owe[d] the American people an apology" because "if I had beaten the old man [i.e. George H. W. Bush], we never would have heard of the kid [i.e. George W. Bush], and we wouldn't be in this mess."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-1988_political_career">Post-1988 political career</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brad_Sherman_and_Michael_Dukakis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Brad_Sherman_and_Michael_Dukakis.jpg/220px-Brad_Sherman_and_Michael_Dukakis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Brad_Sherman_and_Michael_Dukakis.jpg/330px-Brad_Sherman_and_Michael_Dukakis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Brad_Sherman_and_Michael_Dukakis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Dukakis with <a href="/wiki/Brad_Sherman" title="Brad Sherman">Brad Sherman</a> in 2001</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dukakis_campaigning_for_Warren_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Dukakis_campaigning_for_Warren_2012.jpg/220px-Dukakis_campaigning_for_Warren_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Dukakis_campaigning_for_Warren_2012.jpg/330px-Dukakis_campaigning_for_Warren_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Dukakis_campaigning_for_Warren_2012.jpg/440px-Dukakis_campaigning_for_Warren_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Dukakis campaigning with US Senate candidate <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a> in 2012</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Dukakis_53663330063_o_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Michael_Dukakis_53663330063_o_%281%29.jpg/220px-Michael_Dukakis_53663330063_o_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Michael_Dukakis_53663330063_o_%281%29.jpg/330px-Michael_Dukakis_53663330063_o_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Michael_Dukakis_53663330063_o_%281%29.jpg/440px-Michael_Dukakis_53663330063_o_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3233" data-file-height="2701" /></a><figcaption>Dukakis in 2024</figcaption></figure> <p>His final two years as governor were marked by increased criticism of his policies and significant tax increases to cover the economic effects of the U.S. economy's "soft landing" at the end of the 1980s and the recession of 1990. He announced in early 1989 that he would not seek reelection to a fourth term.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the end of his term, he served on the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a> for <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a>, and became a professor of <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> at <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_University" title="Northeastern University">Northeastern University</a>, a visiting professor of political science at <a href="/wiki/Loyola_Marymount_University" title="Loyola Marymount University">Loyola Marymount University</a>, and visiting professor in the Department of Public Policy at the Luskin School of Public Affairs at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had retired from his teaching roles by 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with a number of other notable Greek-Americans, he is a founding member of The Next Generation Initiative: a leadership program aimed at getting students involved in public affairs. In November 2008, Northeastern named its Center for Urban and Regional Policy after Michael Dukakis and his wife Kitty.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dukakis is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of <a href="/wiki/Issue_One" title="Issue One">Issue One</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dukakis retired from Northeastern at age 90 in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Dukakis: Recipe for Democracy</i>, a documentary film about Dukakis's life as professor at Northeastern, premiered on October 22, 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2009, the 75-year-old Dukakis was mentioned as one of two leading candidates as a possible interim successor to <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> in the U.S. Senate, after Kennedy's death.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Gov. Patrick named <a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Paul G. Kirk</a>, the other leading candidate and favorite of the Kennedy family who promised not to run in the special election, to fill the seat.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dukakis has also been an advocate for effective public transportation and high-speed rail as a solution to automobile congestion and the lack of space at airports; and for extended learning time initiative in public schools.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dukakis stated on January 31, 2014, that he was not in favor of an effort to rename <a href="/wiki/South_Station" title="South Station">South Station</a> as the "Gov. Michael S. Dukakis Transportation Center", although it was later renamed to that name. He went on to state that he would not object to the naming of the as-yet unbuilt <a href="/wiki/North-South_Rail_Link" class="mw-redirect" title="North-South Rail Link">North-South Rail Link</a> after him.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="2012 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">2012</a>, Dukakis worked to support the successful candidacy of fellow Democrat <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a> to the U.S. Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a>, Dukakis endorsed <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">the campaign</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dukakis endorsed <a href="/wiki/Setti_Warren" title="Setti Warren">Setti Warren</a>'s unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/2018_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="2018 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">2018</a> candidacy for the Massachusetts Democratic gubernatorial nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dukakis endorsed Elizabeth Warren's <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Elizabeth Warren 2020 presidential campaign">candidacy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later endorsed Democratic nominee, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> during the general election.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his wife also endorsed <a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Ed Markey</a> for reelection to his Massachusetts U.S. senate seat <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="2020 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">in 2020</a> during both the primary and general elections.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election,_1974" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 1974">Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 1974</a><sup id="cite_ref-America_Votes_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-America_Votes-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:5px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b>Michael Dukakis </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>992,284 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>53.50 </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Francis_W._Sargent" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis W. Sargent">Francis W. Sargent</a> (incumbent) </td> <td style="text-align:right">784,353 </td> <td style="text-align:right">42.29 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Massachusetts Democratic gubernatorial primary, 1978<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:5px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._King" title="Edward J. King">Edward J. King</a> </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>442,174 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>51.07 </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn">Michael Dukakis (incumbent) </td> <td style="text-align:right">365,417 </td> <td style="text-align:right">42.21 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ackermann" title="Barbara Ackermann">Barbara Ackermann</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">58,220 </td> <td style="text-align:right">6.72 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Massachusetts Democratic gubernatorial primary, 1982<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:5px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b>Michael Dukakis </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>631,911 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>53.50 </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn">Edward J. King (incumbent) </td> <td style="text-align:right">549,335 </td> <td style="text-align:right">46.51 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election,_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 1982">Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 1982</a><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:5px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b>Michael Dukakis </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>1,219,109 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>59.48 </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Sears" title="John W. Sears">John Winthrop Sears</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">749,679 </td> <td style="text-align:right">36.57 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election,_1986" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 1986">Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 1986</a><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:5px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b>Michael Dukakis (incumbent) </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>1,157,786 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>68.75 </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/George_Kariotis" title="George Kariotis">George Kariotis</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">525,364 </td> <td style="text-align:right">31.20 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_1988" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1988">1988 Democratic presidential primaries</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:5px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b>Michael Dukakis </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>9,817,185 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>42.75 </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">6,685,699 </td> <td style="text-align:right">29.12 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">3,134,516 </td> <td style="text-align:right">13.65 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Dick Gephardt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,388,356 </td> <td style="text-align:right">6.05 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Paul_M._Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul M. Simon">Paul M. Simon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,018,136 </td> <td style="text-align:right">4.43 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Hart" title="Gary Hart">Gary Hart</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">389,003 </td> <td style="text-align:right">1.69 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 Democratic National Convention</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:5px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b>Michael Dukakis </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>2,877 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>70.09 </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn">Jesse Jackson </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,219 </td> <td style="text-align:right">29.70 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Stallings" title="Richard H. Stallings">Richard H. Stallings</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">3 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.07 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">2 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.05 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn">Dick Gephardt </td> <td style="text-align:right">2 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.05 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Lloyd Bentsen</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.02 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn">Gary Hart </td> <td style="text-align:right">1 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.02 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/US_presidential_election,_1988" class="mw-redirect" title="US presidential election, 1988">US presidential election, 1988</a> (Popular Vote)</div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:5px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>48,886,597 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>53.4 </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn">Michael Dukakis </td> <td style="text-align:right">41,809,476 </td> <td style="text-align:right">45.6 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">US presidential election, 1988 (Electoral College)</div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:5px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>426 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>79 </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn">Michael Dukakis </td> <td style="text-align:right">111 </td> <td style="text-align:right">21 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dukakis_(17439145706).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Dukakis_%2817439145706%29.jpg/220px-Dukakis_%2817439145706%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Dukakis_%2817439145706%29.jpg/330px-Dukakis_%2817439145706%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Dukakis_%2817439145706%29.jpg/440px-Dukakis_%2817439145706%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2651" data-file-height="2627" /></a><figcaption>Dukakis with his wife Kitty in 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>Dukakis is married to <a href="/wiki/Kitty_Dukakis" title="Kitty Dukakis">Katharine D. (Kitty) Dukakis</a>. They have three children: <a href="/wiki/John_Dukakis" title="John Dukakis">John</a>, Andrea, and Kara. John is the issue of Kitty's first marriage, to Phoenix businessman John Chaffetz (who later fathered former Congressman <a href="/wiki/Jason_Chaffetz" title="Jason Chaffetz">Jason Chaffetz</a>); Michael Dukakis adopted John, Jr.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the second presidential debate on October 13, 1988, in Los Angeles, Dukakis revealed that he and his wife had had another child, who died about 20 minutes after birth. Dukakis is the cousin of Academy Award–winning actress <a href="/wiki/Olympia_Dukakis" title="Olympia Dukakis">Olympia Dukakis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988, they shared that they attend both <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_America" title="Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America">Greek Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> worship services out of respect for both of the spouses' faiths.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dukakises continue to reside in the home that they bought in the early 1970s in <a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline, Massachusetts</a>, where they both grew up. However, they have also maintained a home in Los Angeles during the winters, when he taught at UCLA.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign">Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward Commission">Ward Commission</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <p><b>Informal references</b> </p> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His father was born in Edremit, modern-day Turkey.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Citations</b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style></p><div class="reflist reflist-columns 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0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210731184652/https://greekreporter.com/2020/10/26/greece-honors-former-presidential-candidate-michael-dukakis/">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greek+Reporter&rft.atitle=Greece+Honors+Former+Presidential+Candidate+Michael+Dukakis&rft.date=2020-10-26&rft.aulast=Kokkinidis&rft.aufirst=Tasos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreekreporter.com%2F2020%2F10%2F26%2Fgreece-honors-former-presidential-candidate-michael-dukakis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chicagotribune1988-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chicagotribune1988_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chicagotribune1988_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShankerA_member_of_the_Tribune's_Washington_bureau1988" class="citation web cs1">Shanker, Thom; A member of the <i>Tribune</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s Washington bureau (October 9, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1988-10-09-8802060222-story.html">"While Seeking Higher Rank, Dukakis Keeps Military Brass at Parade Rest"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220620075131/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1988-10-09-8802060222-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 20, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=While+Seeking+Higher+Rank%2C+Dukakis+Keeps+Military+Brass+at+Parade+Rest&rft.date=1988-10-09&rft.aulast=Shanker&rft.aufirst=Thom&rft.au=A+member+of+the+%27%27Tribune%27%27%27s+Washington+bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fct-xpm-1988-10-09-8802060222-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell1988" class="citation web cs1">Cornell, George W. 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Transaction Publishers. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88738-778-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-88738-778-0"><bdi>0-88738-778-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Americans%3A+Struggle+and+Success&rft.pages=176&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-88738-778-0&rft.au=Charles+C.+Moskos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmcTvNg77kp4C%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/daily/03/dukakis.htm">"Euterpe Dukakis, mother of former Mass. governor, dies at 99"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>. Associated Press. April 3, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202230430/http://www.boston.com/news/daily/03/dukakis.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Euterpe+Dukakis%2C+mother+of+former+Mass.+governor%2C+dies+at+99&rft.date=2003-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fdaily%2F03%2Fdukakis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/23/opinion/fanfares-for-michael-dukakis.html">"Fanfares for Michael Dukakis"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202120617/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/23/opinion/fanfares-for-michael-dukakis.html">Archived</a> February 2, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, July 23, 1988. Retrieved February 5, 2008. "And then the candidate, once a trumpeter in the Brookline High School band, took the podium and performed his own Fanfare for the Common Man."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuttman2005" class="citation book cs1">Ruttman, Larry (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voicesofbrookline.com/"><i>Voices of Brookline</i></a>. Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Peter E. Randall Publisher LLC. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931807-39-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-931807-39-6"><bdi>1-931807-39-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104203015/http://voicesofbrookline.com/">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+of+Brookline&rft.place=Portsmouth%2C+New+Hampshire&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Peter+E.+Randall+Publisher+LLC&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-931807-39-6&rft.aulast=Ruttman&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voicesofbrookline.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trash-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trash_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn" class="citation news cs1">Quinn, Garrett. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/article/2015/10/27/mike-dukakis-picks-up-trash/">"Talking Trash with Mike Dukakis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_(magazine)" title="Boston (magazine)">Boston</a></i>. No. November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151029135417/http://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/article/2015/10/27/mike-dukakis-picks-up-trash/">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston&rft.atitle=Talking+Trash+with+Mike+Dukakis&rft.issue=November+2015&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Garrett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonmagazine.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F2015%2F10%2F27%2Fmike-dukakis-picks-up-trash%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826225405/http://www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter/about/kitty-and-michael-dukakis-biographies/">"Kitty and Michael Dukakis Biographies"</a>. Northeastern.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter/about/kitty-and-michael-dukakis-biographies/">the original</a> on August 26, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kitty+and+Michael+Dukakis+Biographies&rft.pub=Northeastern.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northeastern.edu%2Fdukakiscenter%2Fabout%2Fkitty-and-michael-dukakis-biographies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160913120901/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/15447/DUKAKIS-MILITARY-SERVICE-UNEVENTFUL-SAY-WHAT-FEW-RECORDS-EXIST-AFTER-FIRE.html?pg=all">"Dukakis' Military Service Uneventful, Say What Few Records Exist After Fire"</a>. <i>Deseret News</i>. August 29, 1988. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/article/15447/DUKAKIS-MILITARY-SERVICE-UNEVENTFUL-SAY-WHAT-FEW-RECORDS-EXIST-AFTER-FIRE.html?pg=all">the original</a> on September 13, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=Dukakis%27+Military+Service+Uneventful%2C+Say+What+Few+Records+Exist+After+Fire&rft.date=1988-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F15447%2FDUKAKIS-MILITARY-SERVICE-UNEVENTFUL-SAY-WHAT-FEW-RECORDS-EXIST-AFTER-FIRE.html%3Fpg%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-honor-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-honor_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownley2007" class="citation book cs1">Townley, Alvin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061219180428/http://www.thomasdunnebooks.com/TD_TitleDetail.aspx?ISBN=0312366531"><i>Legacy of Honor: The Values and Influence of America's Eagle Scouts</i></a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 192–196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-36653-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-36653-7"><bdi>978-0-312-36653-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thomasdunnebooks.com/TD_TitleDetail.aspx?ISBN=0312366531">the original</a> on December 19, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legacy+of+Honor%3A+The+Values+and+Influence+of+America%27s+Eagle+Scouts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=192-196&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-312-36653-7&rft.aulast=Townley&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thomasdunnebooks.com%2FTD_TitleDetail.aspx%3FISBN%3D0312366531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter/about/kitty-and-michael-dukakis-biographies/">"Kitty and Michael Dukakis Biographies"</a>. Northeastern.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530091034/http://www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter/about/kitty-and-michael-dukakis-biographies/">Archived</a> from the original on May 30, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kitty+and+Michael+Dukakis+Biographies&rft.pub=Northeastern.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northeastern.edu%2Fdukakiscenter%2Fabout%2Fkitty-and-michael-dukakis-biographies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hri1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hri1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hri1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hri.org/hri/dukakis.html">"Michael S. Dukakis"</a>. Hri.org. November 3, 1933. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150408132653/http://www.hri.org/hri/dukakis.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+S.+Dukakis&rft.pub=Hri.org&rft.date=1933-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hri.org%2Fhri%2Fdukakis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wtva1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wtva1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wtva1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wtva1_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wtva1_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wtva.com/content/national/497875861.html">"Michael Dukakis Fast Facts"</a>. WTVA-TV. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191210030446/https://www.wtva.com/content/national/497875861.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Dukakis+Fast+Facts&rft.pub=WTVA-TV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wtva.com%2Fcontent%2Fnational%2F497875861.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-old-north-bridge-concord-massachusetts">"Remarks at the Old North Bridge, Concord, Massachusetts. | The American Presidency Project"</a>. <i>www.presidency.ucsb.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029173747/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-old-north-bridge-concord-massachusetts">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.presidency.ucsb.edu&rft.atitle=Remarks+at+the+Old+North+Bridge%2C+Concord%2C+Massachusetts.+%7C+The+American+Presidency+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fdocuments%2Fremarks-the-old-north-bridge-concord-massachusetts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/queen-elizabeth-ii-rides-with-gov-michael-dukakis-through-news-photo/631621874">"Queen Elizabeth II rides with Gov. Michael Dukakis through the North End during her visit to Boston, July 11, 1976"</a>. <i>Getty Images</i>. January 13, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190524191248/https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/queen-elizabeth-ii-rides-with-gov-michael-dukakis-through-news-photo/631621874">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Getty+Images&rft.atitle=Queen+Elizabeth+II+rides+with+Gov.+Michael+Dukakis+through+the+North+End+during+her+visit+to+Boston%2C+July+11%2C+1976&rft.date=2017-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gettyimages.com%2Fdetail%2Fnews-photo%2Fqueen-elizabeth-ii-rides-with-gov-michael-dukakis-through-news-photo%2F631621874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_J._Howe2008" class="citation news cs1">Peter J. Howe (February 3, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2008/02/03/have_we_learned_anything/?page=full">"Have we learned anything?"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140820083040/http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2008/02/03/have_we_learned_anything/?page=full">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Have+we+learned+anything%3F&rft.date=2008-02-03&rft.au=Peter+J.+Howe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farticles%2F2008%2F02%2F03%2Fhave_we_learned_anything%2F%3Fpage%3Dfull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrogin1988" class="citation news cs1">Drogin, Bob (January 17, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-01-17-mn-36772-story.html">"An Enigma: For Dukakis, Key Is Voter Perception"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118114259/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-01-17-mn-36772-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=An+Enigma%3A+For+Dukakis%2C+Key+Is+Voter+Perception&rft.date=1988-01-17&rft.aulast=Drogin&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1988-01-17-mn-36772-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield1988" class="citation news cs1">Butterfield, Fox (May 8, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/08/magazine/dukakis.html">"Dukakis"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010150/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/08/magazine/dukakis.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dukakis&rft.date=1988-05-08&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=Fox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F05%2F08%2Fmagazine%2Fdukakis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/23/us/boston-in-transit-war-against-uneasy-riding.html">"Boston in transit war against uneasy riding"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. March 23, 1986. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160810162959/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/23/us/boston-in-transit-war-against-uneasy-riding.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 10, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Boston+in+transit+war+against+uneasy+riding&rft.date=1986-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F03%2F23%2Fus%2Fboston-in-transit-war-against-uneasy-riding.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Levenson2014" class="citation news cs1">Michael Levenson (January 31, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/01/31/south-station-may-track-for-new-name-that-mike-dukakis/GBlBTJUC0HJDf94wKYN9yM/story.html">"Will there be a new Duke at South Station?"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819215801/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/01/31/south-station-may-track-for-new-name-that-mike-dukakis/GBlBTJUC0HJDf94wKYN9yM/story.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Will+there+be+a+new+Duke+at+South+Station%3F&rft.date=2014-01-31&rft.au=Michael+Levenson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fmetro%2F2014%2F01%2F31%2Fsouth-station-may-track-for-new-name-that-mike-dukakis%2FGBlBTJUC0HJDf94wKYN9yM%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Butterfield, Fox (May 1, 1988).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/01/books/what-you-see-is-what-you-get.html?pagewanted=all">"What you see is what you get"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305231746/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/01/books/what-you-see-is-what-you-get.html?pagewanted=all">Archived</a> March 5, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Retrieved April 14, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheldrake2003" class="citation book cs1">Sheldrake, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=59Qi-X9PEgoC&pg=PA231"><i>Management theory</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomson Learning">Thomson Learning</a>. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86152-963-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86152-963-3"><bdi>978-1-86152-963-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Management+theory&rft.place=London&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Thomson+Learning&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-86152-963-3&rft.aulast=Sheldrake&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D59Qi-X9PEgoC%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman1988" class="citation news cs1">Goldman, Ari L. (September 7, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/07/us/dukakis-s-ties-to-orthodox-church-stay-warm-despite-abortion-stance.html">"Dukakis's Ties to Orthodox Church Stay Warm Despite Abortion Stance"</a>. <i>NYTimes.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150525082752/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/07/us/dukakis-s-ties-to-orthodox-church-stay-warm-despite-abortion-stance.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NYTimes.com&rft.atitle=Dukakis%27s+Ties+to+Orthodox+Church+Stay+Warm+Despite+Abortion+Stance&rft.date=1988-09-07&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Ari+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F09%2F07%2Fus%2Fdukakis-s-ties-to-orthodox-church-stay-warm-despite-abortion-stance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAP-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAP_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1995" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Gary (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1FNnAAAAMAAJ"><i>Ancestors of American Presidents</i></a>. New England Historic Genealogical Society. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-936124-19-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-936124-19-9"><bdi>0-936124-19-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancestors+of+American+Presidents&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=New+England+Historic+Genealogical+Society&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-936124-19-9&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1FNnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/db93e9942413d98892e8a8472107b771">"Ethnic Excitement About Dukakis: 'He's Greek'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>AP NEWS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Excitement+About+Dukakis%3A+%27He%27s+Greek%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fdb93e9942413d98892e8a8472107b771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStark1988" class="citation news cs1">Stark, Steven D. (September 25, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1988/09/25/why-dukakis-ethnic-pitch-may-not-play-at-the-polls/3139d0d2-5fb3-482f-b7f1-2efd1c5a9845/">"WHY DUKAKIS' ETHNIC PITCH MAY NOT PLAY AT THE POLLS"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=WHY+DUKAKIS%27+ETHNIC+PITCH+MAY+NOT+PLAY+AT+THE+POLLS&rft.date=1988-09-25&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=Steven+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fopinions%2F1988%2F09%2F25%2Fwhy-dukakis-ethnic-pitch-may-not-play-at-the-polls%2F3139d0d2-5fb3-482f-b7f1-2efd1c5a9845%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1988/10/23/how-history-would-vote/07e891bd-f38c-4c36-a40b-e76b92115e4f/">"HOW HISTORY WOULD VOTE"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. October 23, 1988. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010156/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1988/10/23/how-history-would-vote/07e891bd-f38c-4c36-a40b-e76b92115e4f/">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=HOW+HISTORY+WOULD+VOTE&rft.date=1988-10-23&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fopinions%2F1988%2F10%2F23%2Fhow-history-would-vote%2F07e891bd-f38c-4c36-a40b-e76b92115e4f%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDionne1988" class="citation news cs1">Dionne, E.J. Jr. (September 27, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/27/us/after-the-debate-round-one-undecisive.html">"After The Debate; Round One Undecisive [sic]"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217133532/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/27/us/after-the-debate-round-one-undecisive.html?searchResultPosition=7">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=After+The+Debate%3B+Round+One+Undecisive+%26%2391%3Bsic%26%2393%3B&rft.date=1988-09-27&rft.aulast=Dionne&rft.aufirst=E.J.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F09%2F27%2Fus%2Fafter-the-debate-round-one-undecisive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZelizer2016" class="citation web cs1">Zelizer, Julian E. (September 24, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/09/presidential-debates-errors-mistakes-gaffes-biggest-history-214279">"The 8 Biggest Unforced Errors in Debate History"</a>. <i>POLITICO Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190123011841/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/09/presidential-debates-errors-mistakes-gaffes-biggest-history-214279">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+8+Biggest+Unforced+Errors+in+Debate+History&rft.date=2016-09-24&rft.aulast=Zelizer&rft.aufirst=Julian+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2016%2F09%2Fpresidential-debates-errors-mistakes-gaffes-biggest-history-214279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/04/us/dukakis-releases-medical-details-to-stop-rumors-on-mental-health.html?pagewanted=all">"Dukakis Releases Medical Details To Stop Rumors on Mental Health"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305063750/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/04/us/dukakis-releases-medical-details-to-stop-rumors-on-mental-health.html?pagewanted=all">Archived</a> March 5, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, August 4, 1988.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_krr3Zs0D8">"Dukakis' mental health questioned"</a>. March 16, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211103/6_krr3Zs0D8">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2021 – via www.youtube.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dukakis%27+mental+health+questioned&rft.date=2016-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D6_krr3Zs0D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoogieMan-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BoogieMan_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/atwater/etc/script.html"><i>Boogie Man: The Lee Atwater Story</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171021171256/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/atwater/etc/script.html">Archived</a> October 21, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> transcript, <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>, director: <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Forbes" title="Stefan Forbes">Stefan Forbes</a>, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-08-13-mn-192-story.html">"Reporter Quits in Dispute Over Dukakis Story"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. August 13, 1988. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035">0458-3035</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125185346/http://articles.latimes.com/1988-08-13/news/mn-192_1_straight-story">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Reporter+Quits+in+Dispute+Over+Dukakis+Story&rft.date=1988-08-13&rft.issn=0458-3035&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1988-08-13-mn-192-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/13/us/gravely-ill-atwater-offers-apology.html">"Gravely Ill, Atwater Offers Apology"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">AP</a>. January 13, 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502045245/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/13/us/gravely-ill-atwater-offers-apology.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gravely+Ill%2C+Atwater+Offers+Apology&rft.date=1991-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F01%2F13%2Fus%2Fgravely-ill-atwater-offers-apology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TNY20080505-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TNY20080505_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorothy_Wickenden2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Dorothy Wickenden (May 5, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/talk/comment/2008/05/05/080505taco_talk_wickenden">"Going Positive"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501040315/http://www.newyorker.com/talk/comment/2008/05/05/080505taco_talk_wickenden">Archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Going+Positive&rft.date=2008-05-05&rft.au=Dorothy+Wickenden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Ftalk%2Fcomment%2F2008%2F05%2F05%2F080505taco_talk_wickenden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oshinsky, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/20/books/what-became-of-the-democrats.html?pagewanted=all">"What Became of the Democrats"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307192351/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/20/books/what-became-of-the-democrats.html?pagewanted=all">Archived</a> March 7, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The New York Times</i> (October 20, 1991): "In 1976 the state legislature passed a bill that would have ended the furloughs of first-degree murderers. Governor Dukakis, as the Edsalls point out, vetoed it. A strong advocate of prisoners' rights, he contended that the bill would 'cut the heart out of efforts at inmate rehabilitation.'"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Crime, Risk and Insecurity</i> ed. Tim Hope and Richard Sparks, p. 266</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/today/reports/archive/features/tank.shtml">"Radio4 – Today/The Fate of Tanks"</a>. BBC.co.uk. October 3, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429025625/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/today/reports/archive/features/tank.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radio4+%E2%80%93+Today%2FThe+Fate+of+Tanks&rft.pub=BBC.co.uk&rft.date=2014-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fradio4%2Ftoday%2Freports%2Farchive%2Ffeatures%2Ftank.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150801060800/http://www.digitaljournalist.org/issue0309/lm10.html">"100 Photographs that Changed the World by Life - The Digital Journalist"</a>. <i>digitaljournalist.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitaljournalist.org/issue0309/lm10.html">the original</a> on August 1, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digitaljournalist.org&rft.atitle=100+Photographs+that+Changed+the+World+by+Life+-+The+Digital+Journalist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitaljournalist.org%2Fissue0309%2Flm10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tank-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tank_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tank_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tank_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tank_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing,_Josh2013" class="citation web cs1">King, Josh (November 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2013/11/dukakis-and-the-tank-099119">"Dukakis and the tank"</a>. <i>Politico</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200303230948/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2013/11/dukakis-and-the-tank-099119">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Dukakis+and+the+tank&rft.date=2013-11-17&rft.au=King%2C+Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2013%2F11%2Fdukakis-and-the-tank-099119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uBlEOvIBTEs">"Dukakis and the Tank: The Making of a Political Disaster"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. December 3, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220613221934/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uBlEOvIBTEs">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Dukakis+and+the+Tank%3A+The+Making+of+a+Political+Disaster&rft.date=2013-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DuBlEOvIBTEs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218121839/http://www.apoliticus.com/2008/11/top-5-political-blunders/">"Top 5: Political Blunders"</a>. <i>apoliticus.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Party+Comes+to+Grips+With+Defeat+Democrats+Fault+Dukakis+for+Failing+To+%27Expose%27+Bush&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1988-11-09&rft.aulast=Vennochi&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F294495470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizzo2013" class="citation web cs1">Rizzo, John (November 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200327164448/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2013/11/dukakis-and-the-tank-99119_Page4.html">"Dukakis and the Tank – Josh King"</a>. <i>POLITICO Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2013/11/dukakis-and-the-tank-99119_Page4.html">the original</a> on March 27, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO+Magazine&rft.atitle=Dukakis+and+the+Tank+%E2%80%93+Josh+King&rft.date=2013-11-17&rft.aulast=Rizzo&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2013%2F11%2Fdukakis-and-the-tank-99119_Page4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-270_to_win_hist-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-270_to_win_hist_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.270towin.com/historical-presidential-elections/">"Historical U.S. Presidential Elections 1789–2016"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319032911/https://www.270towin.com/historical-presidential-elections/">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Historical+U.S.+Presidential+Elections+1789%E2%80%932016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.270towin.com%2Fhistorical-presidential-elections%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeip,_David" class="citation web cs1">Leip, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=2008&fips=46&f=1&off=0&elect=0&type=state">"Presidential General Election Results Comparison—South Dakota"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidential+General+Election+Results+Comparison%E2%80%94South+Dakota&rft.pub=US+Election+Atlas&rft.au=Leip%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2Fcompare.php%3Fyear%3D2008%26fips%3D46%26f%3D1%26off%3D0%26elect%3D0%26type%3Dstate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeip,_David" class="citation web cs1">Leip, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=2008&fips=20&f=1&off=0&elect=0&type=state">"Presidential General Election Results Comparison—Kansas"</a>. 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Michael Dukakis and Sierra Club turn out for Elizabeth Warren"</a>. <i>Masslive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Masslive&rft.atitle=Former+Massachusetts+Gov.+Michael+Dukakis+and+Sierra+Club+turn+out+for+Elizabeth+Warren&rft.date=2012-04-21&rft.aulast=Rizzuto&rft.aufirst=Robert%2C+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.masslive.com%2Fpolitics%2F2012%2F04%2Fformer_mass_gov_michael_dukaki.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2016" class="citation web cs1">Scott, Eugene (March 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2016/03/18/politics/michael-dukakis-donald-trump/index.html">"Michael Dukakis: Donald Trump is 'nuts'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americavoteshand0000rich_h4p1/page/60/mode/2up"><i>America Votes 20: A Handbook of Contemporary American Election Statistics</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/CQ_Press" title="CQ Press">CQ Press</a>. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87187-784-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87187-784-8"><bdi>0-87187-784-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+Votes+20%3A+A+Handbook+of+Contemporary+American+Election+Statistics&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-87187-784-8&rft.aulast=Scammon&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft.au=McGillivray%2C+Alice+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericavoteshand0000rich_h4p1%2Fpage%2F60%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland" class="citation web cs1">Holland, Keating. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000930224301/http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/conventions/san.diego/facts/weird.facts/votes.shtml">"All The Votes...Really"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/conventions/san.diego/facts/weird.facts/votes.shtml">the original</a> on September 30, 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=All+The+Votes...Really&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Keating&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FALLPOLITICS%2F1996%2Fconventions%2Fsan.diego%2Ffacts%2Fweird.facts%2Fvotes.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBierman2015" class="citation news cs1">Bierman, Noah (October 6, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/la-na-chaffetz-dukakis-20151005-story.html">"Conservative GOP leader has unexpected Democratic fan: Michael Dukakis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Conservative+GOP+leader+has+unexpected+Democratic+fan%3A+Michael+Dukakis&rft.date=2015-10-06&rft.aulast=Bierman&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnation%2Fpolitics%2Fla-na-chaffetz-dukakis-20151005-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomano1988" class="citation news cs1">Romano, Lois (July 20, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1988/07/21/john-dukakis-and-the-man-who-raised-him/c8530671-e43e-4bd5-ba8a-217783ef6dd6/">"John Dukakis and the Man Who Raised Him"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=John+Dukakis+and+the+Man+Who+Raised+Him&rft.date=1988-07-20&rft.aulast=Romano&rft.aufirst=Lois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2F1988%2F07%2F21%2Fjohn-dukakis-and-the-man-who-raised-him%2Fc8530671-e43e-4bd5-ba8a-217783ef6dd6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyle1988" class="citation web cs1">Pyle, Amy (May 30, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-05-30-me-2350-story.html">"Party Politics : Son Stresses Dukakis' Ethnic Roots at Valley Greek Festival"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Party+Politics+%3A+Son+Stresses+Dukakis%27+Ethnic+Roots+at+Valley+Greek+Festival&rft.date=1988-05-30&rft.aulast=Pyle&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1988-05-30-me-2350-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0241144/bio">IMDb</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320144215/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0241144/bio">Archived</a> March 20, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> — Biography for Michael Dukakis. Retrieved October 18, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSessions_Stepp1988" class="citation news cs1">Sessions Stepp, Laura (November 3, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1988/11/04/nominees-upbringing-and-their-faith/0d014379-6c2f-4e0f-abe5-94c90dc4245d/">"NOMINEES' UPBRINGING AND THEIR FAITH: DUKAKIS TAKES SOME STEPS AWAY FROM STRICT ORTHODOX BELIEFS"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=NOMINEES%27+UPBRINGING+AND+THEIR+FAITH%3A+DUKAKIS+TAKES+SOME+STEPS+AWAY+FROM+STRICT+ORTHODOX+BELIEFS&rft.date=1988-11-03&rft.aulast=Sessions+Stepp&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1988%2F11%2F04%2Fnominees-upbringing-and-their-faith%2F0d014379-6c2f-4e0f-abe5-94c90dc4245d%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=17959">"George Bush: Appointment of Katharine D. Dukakis as a Member of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council"</a>. Presidency.ucsb.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403120618/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=17959">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Bush%3A+Appointment+of+Katharine+D.+Dukakis+as+a+Member+of+the+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Council&rft.pub=Presidency.ucsb.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D17959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson1988" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Carlson" title="Margaret Carlson">Carlson, Margaret</a> (June 20, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312220530/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,967701,00.html">"A Tale of Two Childhoods"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,967701,00.html">the original</a> on March 12, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=A+Tale+of+Two+Childhoods&rft.date=1988-06-20&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C967701%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDidion1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Didion" title="Joan Didion">Didion, Joan</a> (October 27, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1988/10/27/insider-baseball/">"Insider Baseball"</a>. <i>The New York Review of Books</i>. <b>35</b> (16). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7504">0028-7504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Insider+Baseball&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=16&rft.date=1988-10-27&rft.issn=0028-7504&rft.aulast=Didion&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F1988%2F10%2F27%2Finsider-baseball%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDucat2004" class="citation book cs1">Ducat, Stephen J. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wimpfactorgender00duca"><i>The Wimp Factor: Gender Gaps, Holy Wars, and the Politics of Anxious Masculinity</i></a></span>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wimpfactorgender00duca/page/84">84</a>–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8070-4344-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8070-4344-3"><bdi>0-8070-4344-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wimp+Factor%3A+Gender+Gaps%2C+Holy+Wars%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Anxious+Masculinity&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=84-99&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8070-4344-3&rft.aulast=Ducat&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwimpfactorgender00duca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyhan1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Nyhan" title="David Nyhan">Nyhan, David</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C-8SIcaOonMC"><i>The Duke: The Inside Story of a Political Phenomenon</i></a>. Warner Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-446-35454-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-446-35454-6"><bdi>0-446-35454-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Duke%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+a+Political+Phenomenon&rft.pub=Warner+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-446-35454-6&rft.aulast=Nyhan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC-8SIcaOonMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuttman2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Ruttman" title="Larry Ruttman">Ruttman, Larry</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voicesofbrookline.com/"><i>Voices of Brookline</i></a>. Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Peter E. Randall. pp. xvii–xx and 194–198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931807-39-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-931807-39-6"><bdi>1-931807-39-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+of+Brookline&rft.place=Portsmouth%2C+New+Hampshire&rft.pages=xvii-xx+and+194-198&rft.pub=Peter+E.+Randall&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-931807-39-6&rft.aulast=Ruttman&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voicesofbrookline.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Dukakis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Michael Dukakis</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Michael_Dukakis" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Michael Dukakis">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Michael_Dukakis" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Michael Dukakis">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Michael_Dukakis" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Michael Dukakis">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Michael_Dukakis" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Michael Dukakis">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Michael_Dukakis" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Michael Dukakis">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Michael_Dukakis" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Michael Dukakis">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Michael_Dukakis" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Michael Dukakis">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0241144/">Michael Dukakis</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120228224947/http://www.northeastern.edu/polisci/people/full-time-faculty/michael-s-dukakis/">Faculty Page at the Northeastern University Department of Political Science</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://luskin.ucla.edu/michael-dukakis">Faculty Page at UCLA</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160516000835/http://luskin.ucla.edu/michael-dukakis">Archived</a> May 16, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2047/D20297123">Michael S. Dukakis Presidential Campaign records, 1962–1989 (bulk 1987–1988)</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081012031332/http://www.library.neu.edu/archives/collect/findaids/m32find.htm">Archived</a> October 12, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) are located in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA.</li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2047/D20297178">Joseph D. Warren papers, 1972–2003 (bulk 1980–1990)</a> are located in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110717135623/http://www.hlrecord.org/2.4463/dukakis-discusses-presidential-debates-1.577632">Dukakis discusses presidential debates</a> as reported in the <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Record" title="Harvard Law Record">Harvard Law Record</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040202050816/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/3036789/#26901579">Dukakis mentioned on MSNBC's <i>Morning Joe</i>: The Scoop on 'Boogie Man'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?120">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives">Massachusetts House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sumner_Z._Kaplan" title="Sumner Z. Kaplan">Sumner Z. Kaplan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives">Massachusetts House of Representatives</a><br />from the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_10th_Norfolk_district" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives' 10th Norfolk district">10th Norfolk</a> district </b><br />1963–1965 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_G._Wheeler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James G. Wheeler (page does not exist)">James G. Wheeler</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Constituency established</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives">Massachusetts House of Representatives</a><br />from the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_13th_Norfolk_district" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives' 13th Norfolk district">13th Norfolk</a> district </b><br />1965–1971 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Jon Rotenberg</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_White_(mayor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevin White (mayor)">Kevin White</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election,_1974" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 1974">1974</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._King" title="Edward J. King">Edward J. King</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Edward King</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election,_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 1982">1982</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election,_1986" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 1986">1986</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Silber" title="John Silber">John Silber</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Riley" title="Richard Riley">Richard Riley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a> </b><br />1986–1987 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francis_W._Sargent" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis W. Sargent">Francis W. Sargent</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a> </b><br />1975–1979 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Edward King</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Edward King</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Governor of Massachusetts </b><br />1983–1991 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld" title="Bill Weld">Bill Weld</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Martha_McSally" title="Martha McSally">Martha McSally</a></div><i><b>as Former US Senator </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of precedence of the United States</a> </b><br />Within Massachusetts </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld" title="Bill Weld">Bill Weld</a></div><i><b>as Former Governor </b></i> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dannel_Malloy" title="Dannel Malloy">Dannel Malloy</a></div><i><b>as Former Governor </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of precedence of the United States</a> </b><br />Outside Massachusetts </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles C. Pinckney</a> (<a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>, <a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">DeWitt Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a> (<a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a>, <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">Hugh Lawson White</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McClellan_1864_presidential_campaign" title="George McClellan 1864 presidential campaign">1864</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour_1868_presidential_campaign" title="Horatio Seymour 1868 presidential campaign">1868</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley_1872_presidential_campaign" title="Horace Greeley 1872 presidential campaign">1872</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Tilden_1876_presidential_campaign" title="Samuel Tilden 1876 presidential campaign">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock_1880_presidential_campaign" title="Winfield Scott Hancock 1880 presidential campaign">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1888_presidential_campaign" title="Grover Cleveland 1888 presidential campaign">1888</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William J. Bryan</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1896_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1896 presidential campaign">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1900_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1900 presidential campaign">1900</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1908_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1908 presidential campaign">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton B. Parker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker_1904_presidential_campaign" title="Alton B. Parker 1904 presidential campaign">1904</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1928_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign">1928</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> (<a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>, <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">1960</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">1964</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign">1968</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McGovern_1972_presidential_campaign" title="George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign">1972</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Gerald Ford 1976 presidential campaign">1976</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign">1980</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign">1984</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michael Dukakis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign">1988</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bob Dole 1996 presidential campaign">1996</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_2004_presidential_campaign" title="John Kerry 2004 presidential campaign">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a>)</li></ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_presidential_candidates_by_year" title="Category:United States presidential candidates by year">All presidential candidates</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidents</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">Third-party candidates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;;background:#3333FF; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Democratic Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">National<br />conventions</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election#Democratic_Party_nomination" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<i>None</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Douglas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herschel_V._Johnson" title="Herschel V. Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">SD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a>/<a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Davis" title="Henry G. Davis">H. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">J. Davis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">C. Bryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 (Atlantic City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a>/(<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Ferraro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 (Atlanta)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dukakis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Lieberman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 (Boston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012 (Charlotte)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> (1853–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a> (1868–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> (1885–1889; 1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li>Roosevelt (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">1933–1941</a>; <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">1941–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> (1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden</a> (2021–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">A. Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1835–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a> (1849–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a> (1851–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Tennessee politician)">G. W. Jones</a> (1855–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a> (1859–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1869–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Kerr</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Holman" title="William S. Holman">Holman</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">D. B. Culberson</a> (1895–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">Richardson</a> (1897–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">Williams</a> (1903–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1909–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_J._Garrett" title="Finis J. Garrett">Garrett</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a> (1995–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2003–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Jeffries</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate<br />leaders</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">J. W. Stevenson</a> (1873–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">Beck</a> (1885–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1890–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">J. K. Jones</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1903–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (1906–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">C. A. Culberson</a> (1907–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Money" title="Hernando Money">Money</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a> (1913–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a> (1920–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> (1923–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> (1937–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a> (1951–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (1961–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1977–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a> (1995–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a> (2005–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (2017–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Chairs of<br />the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Hallett" title="Benjamin F. Hallett">Hallett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Smalley" title="David Allen Smalley">Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Schell" title="Augustus Schell">Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Hewitt" title="Abram Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barnum" title="William Barnum">Barnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Brice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Harrity" title="William F. Harrity">Harrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_E._Mack" title="Norman E. Mack">Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._McCombs" title="William F. McCombs">McCombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_C._McCormick" title="Vance C. McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(Ohio_politician)" title="George White (Ohio politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clem_L._Shaver" title="Clem L. Shaver">Shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">Raskob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Boyle" title="William M. Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._McKinney" title="Frank E. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Mitchell_(politician)" title="Stephen A. Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Paul Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moran_Bailey" title="John Moran Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Westwood_(politician)" title="Jean Westwood (politician)">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coyle_White" title="John Coyle White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manatt" title="Charles Manatt">Manatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilhelm" title="David Wilhelm">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_DeLee" title="Debra DeLee">DeLee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a>/<a href="/wiki/Donald_Fowler" title="Donald Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Romer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steven_Grossman_(politician)" title="Steven Grossman (politician)">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Rendell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Andrew" title="Joe Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Harrison" title="Jaime Harrison">Harrison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)">State and<br />territorial<br />parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Democratic_Party" title="Alabama Democratic Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party" title="Alaska Democratic Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Democratic_Party" title="Arizona Democratic Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Democratic Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party" title="Colorado Democratic Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Democratic Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Democratic_Party" title="Delaware Democratic Party">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Democratic_Party" title="Florida Democratic Party">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Democratic_Party" title="Idaho Democratic Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Illinois" title="Democratic Party of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Democratic_Party" title="Indiana Democratic Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Democratic_Party" title="Iowa Democratic Party">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Democratic_Party" title="Kansas Democratic Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Democratic_Party" title="Kentucky Democratic Party">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Democratic_Party" title="Louisiana Democratic Party">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Democratic_Party" title="Maryland Democratic Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Democratic Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Democratic_Party" title="Missouri Democratic Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Democratic_Party" title="Montana Democratic Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Democratic_Party" title="Nebraska Democratic Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Democratic_Party" title="Nevada Democratic Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Democratic_Party" title="New Hampshire Democratic Party">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Democratic_State_Committee" title="New Jersey Democratic State Committee">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Democratic Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Democratic Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="North Carolina Democratic Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Democratic%E2%80%93Nonpartisan_League_Party" title="North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Democratic_Party" title="Ohio Democratic Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Democratic_Party" title="Oklahoma Democratic Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Oregon" title="Democratic Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Democratic_Party" title="Pennsylvania Democratic Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Democratic_Party" title="Rhode Island Democratic Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="South Carolina Democratic Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Democratic_Party" title="South Dakota Democratic Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Democratic_Party" title="Tennessee Democratic Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Democratic_Party" title="Texas Democratic Party">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Democratic_Party" title="Utah Democratic Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party" title="Vermont Democratic Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia" title="Democratic Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Democratic_Party" title="Washington State Democratic Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Democratic_Party" title="West Virginia Democratic Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Democratic_Party" title="Wyoming Democratic Party">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Democratic_Party" title="American Samoa Democratic Party">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Democratic_State_Committee" title="District of Columbia Democratic State Committee">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guam" title="Democratic Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Democratic Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated<br />groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Steering and Outreach Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Democrats" title="Justice Democrats">Justice Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Fundraising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Democratic Attorneys General Association">Democratic Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Legislative_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee">Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Democratic_Mayors" title="National Conference of Democratic Mayors">National Conference of Democratic Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Sectional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Democrats_of_America" title="College Democrats of America">College Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Democratic_Women" title="National Federation of Democratic Women">National Federation of Democratic Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Democrats" title="Stonewall Democrats">Stonewall Democrats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Young_Democrats" title="Stonewall Young Democrats">Stonewall Young Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates">Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li> <li>Chairmanship elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2021 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2025 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2025</a></li></ul></li> <li>House caucus leadership elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2006 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2018 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Democratic_Address" title="Weekly Democratic Address">Weekly Democratic Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1984)_1988_United_States_presidential_election_(1992_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1988 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1988 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1988 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1984)_1988_United_States_presidential_election_(1992_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">← 1984</a>) <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries#Results" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">results</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1988_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_du_Pont" title="Pete du Pont">Pete du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Fernandez" title="Ben Fernandez">Ben Fernandez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Alexander Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Paul Laxalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabell_Masters" title="Isabell Masters">Isabell Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Pat Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries#Results" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">results</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michael Dukakis</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Lloyd Bentsen</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Applegate" title="Douglas Applegate">Douglas Applegate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Babbitt" title="Bruce Babbitt">Bruce Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden 1988 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Biden" title="Political positions of Joe Biden">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">David Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Dick Gephardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 1988 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Hart" title="Gary Hart">Gary Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Jesse Jackson 1988 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">Lyndon LaRouche</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche_U.S._presidential_campaigns" title="Lyndon LaRouche U.S. presidential campaigns">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Lyndon_LaRouche_and_the_LaRouche_movement" title="Views of Lyndon LaRouche and the LaRouche movement">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Martin" title="Andy Martin">Andy Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Schroeder" class="mw-redirect" title="Patricia Schroeder">Patricia Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon_(politician)" title="Paul Simon (politician)">Paul Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Traficant" title="James Traficant">James Traficant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election#Other_nominations" title="1988 United States presidential election">candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1987_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="1987 Libertarian National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 1988 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ron_Paul" title="Political positions of Ron Paul">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Marrou" title="Andre Marrou">Andre Marrou</a></b></li> <li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/James_A._Lewis_(politician)" title="James A. Lewis (politician)">Jim Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Means" title="Russell Means">Russell Means</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/New_Alliance_Party" title="New Alliance Party">New Alliance Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Lenora_Fulani" title="Lenora Fulani">Lenora Fulani</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States,_1984)" title="Populist Party (United States, 1984)">Populist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">David Duke</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Dodge" title="Earl Dodge">Earl Dodge</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/George_Ormsby_(politician)" title="George Ormsby (politician)">George Ormsby</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D30101;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Winn" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Winn">Edward Winn</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Willa_Kenoyer" title="Willa Kenoyer">Willa Kenoyer</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ron_Ehrenreich" title="Ron Ehrenreich">Ron Ehrenreich</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_Warren_(presidential_candidate)" title="James Warren (presidential candidate)">James Warren</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Mickells" title="Kathleen Mickells">Kathleen Mickells</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF33AA;"><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: Larry Holmes</b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><b><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and others</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jack_Herer" title="Jack Herer">Jack Herer</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">Lyndon LaRouche</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Herbert_G._Lewin" title="Herbert G. Lewin">Herbert G. Lewin</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/William_A._Marra" title="William A. Marra">William A. Marra</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1988 elections:</b> <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1988 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1988 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1988 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_Massachusetts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Massachusetts" title="Template:Governors of Massachusetts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Massachusetts" title="Template talk:Governors of Massachusetts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Massachusetts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_Massachusetts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governors of Massachusetts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Colony <br /> <span class="nobold">(1629–1686)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley" title="Thomas Dudley">T. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Haynes_(governor)" title="John Haynes (governor)">Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger" title="Henry Vane the Younger">Vane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley" title="Thomas Dudley">T. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bellingham" title="Richard Bellingham">Bellingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley" title="Thomas Dudley">T. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley" title="Thomas Dudley">T. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bellingham" title="Richard Bellingham">Bellingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bellingham" title="Richard Bellingham">Bellingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leverett" title="John Leverett">Leverett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Bradstreet" title="Simon Bradstreet">Bradstreet</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="527" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion <br /> <span class="nobold">(1686–1689)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dudley" title="Joseph Dudley">J. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Andros" title="Edmund Andros">Andros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Bradstreet" title="Simon Bradstreet">Bradstreet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province <br /> <span class="nobold">(1692–1776)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Phips" title="William Phips">W. Phips</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Stoughton_(judge)" title="William Stoughton (judge)">Stoughton</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Coote,_1st_Earl_of_Bellomont" title="Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont">Bellomont</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Stoughton_(judge)" title="William Stoughton (judge)">Stoughton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor%27s_Council" title="Massachusetts Governor's Council">Governor's Council</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dudley" title="Joseph Dudley">J. Dudley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor%27s_Council" title="Massachusetts Governor's Council">Governor's Council</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dudley" title="Joseph Dudley">J. Dudley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Tailer" title="William Tailer">Tailer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Shute" title="Samuel Shute">Shute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Dummer" title="William Dummer">Dummer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burnet_(colonial_administrator)" title="William Burnet (colonial administrator)">Burnet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Dummer" title="William Dummer">Dummer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Tailer" title="William Tailer">Tailer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Belcher" title="Jonathan Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shirley" title="William Shirley">Shirley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Phips" title="Spencer Phips">S. Phips</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shirley" title="William Shirley">Shirley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Phips" title="Spencer Phips">S. Phips</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor%27s_Council" title="Massachusetts Governor's Council">Governor's Council</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pownall" title="Thomas Pownall">Pownall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)" title="Thomas Hutchinson (governor)">Hutchinson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Bernard,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Francis Bernard, 1st Baronet">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)" title="Thomas Hutchinson (governor)">Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Gage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Commonwealth <br /> <span class="nobold">(since 1776)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cushing" title="Thomas Cushing">Cushing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bowdoin" title="James Bowdoin">Bowdoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Increase_Sumner" title="Increase Sumner">Sumner</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moses_Gill" title="Moses Gill">Gill</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor%27s_Council" title="Massachusetts Governor's Council">Governor's Council</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Strong" title="Caleb Strong">Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Sullivan_(governor)" title="James Sullivan (governor)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Lincoln Sr.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Gore" title="Christopher Gore">Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Gerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Strong" title="Caleb Strong">Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brooks_(governor)" title="John Brooks (governor)">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">Eustis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Morton" title="Marcus Morton">Morton</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Jr." title="Levi Lincoln Jr.">Lincoln Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(Massachusetts_governor)" title="John Davis (Massachusetts governor)">Davis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Turell_Armstrong" title="Samuel Turell Armstrong">Armstrong</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Morton" title="Marcus Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(Massachusetts_governor)" title="John Davis (Massachusetts governor)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Morton" title="Marcus Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_N._Briggs" title="George N. Briggs">Briggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Boutwell" title="George S. Boutwell">Boutwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Clifford" title="John H. Clifford">Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_Washburn" title="Emory Washburn">E. Washburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gardner" title="Henry Gardner">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Albion_Andrew" title="John Albion Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bullock" title="Alexander Bullock">Bullock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Washburn" title="William B. Washburn">W. Washburn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Talbot_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Thomas Talbot (Massachusetts politician)">Talbot</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gaston_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="William Gaston (Massachusetts politician)">Gaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Rice" title="Alexander H. Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Talbot_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Thomas Talbot (Massachusetts politician)">Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Long" title="John Davis Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._Robinson" title="George D. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ames_(governor)" title="Oliver Ames (governor)">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Q._A._Brackett" title="John Q. A. Brackett">Brackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Russell_(politician)" title="William E. Russell (politician)">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_T._Greenhalge" title="Frederic T. Greenhalge">Greenhalge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Roger Wolcott (Massachusetts politician)">Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_M._Crane" title="Winthrop M. Crane">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Bates" title="John L. Bates">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_Douglas" title="William Lewis Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Guild_Jr." title="Curtis Guild Jr.">Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eben_Sumner_Draper" title="Eben Sumner Draper">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Foss" title="Eugene Foss">Foss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I._Walsh" title="David I. Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._McCall" title="Samuel W. McCall">McCall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channing_H._Cox" title="Channing H. Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvan_T._Fuller" title="Alvan T. Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_G._Allen" title="Frank G. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Ely" title="Joseph B. Ely">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Michael_Curley" title="James Michael Curley">Curley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Hurley" title="Charles F. Hurley">Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">Saltonstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_J._Tobin" title="Maurice J. Tobin">Tobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Bradford" title="Robert F. Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_A._Dever" title="Paul A. Dever">Dever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Herter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_Furcolo" title="Foster Furcolo">Furcolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Volpe" title="John A. Volpe">Volpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endicott_Peabody" title="Endicott Peabody">Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Volpe" title="John A. Volpe">Volpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Sargent" title="Francis Sargent">Sargent</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dukakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._King" title="Edward J. King">King</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dukakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld" title="Bill Weld">Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cellucci" title="Paul Cellucci">Cellucci</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jane_Swift" title="Jane Swift">Swift</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deval_Patrick" title="Deval Patrick">Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Baker" title="Charlie Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maura_Healey" title="Maura Healey">Healey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate acting officeholders</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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