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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn_Misk%C9%99veyh" title="İbn Miskəveyh – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İbn Miskəveyh" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9" title="মিসকাওয়াহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিসকাওয়াহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%85" title="Ібн Міскавайх – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ібн Міскавайх" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miskawayh" title="Miskawayh – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Miskawayh" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miskawaih" title="Miskawaih – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Miskawaih" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miskawayh" title="Miskawayh – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Miskawayh" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87" title="ابوعلی مسکویه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابوعلی مسکویه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miskawayh" title="Miskawayh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Miskawayh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%A2%D5%B6_%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BD%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B0" title="Իբն Միսքավայհ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իբն Միսքավայհ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9" title="मिस्कवेह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मिस्कवेह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Miskawaih" title="Ibnu Miskawaih – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ibnu Miskawaih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miskawayh" title="Miskawayh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Miskawayh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miskawayh" title="Miskawayh – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Miskawayh" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98" title="იბნ მისქავაიჰი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იბნ მისქავაიჰი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85" title="Ибн Мискавейх – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ибн Мискавейх" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ebn_Miskeweyh" title="Îbn Miskeweyh – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îbn Miskeweyh" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ali_Miszkavajh" title="Abu Ali Miszkavajh – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Abu Ali Miszkavajh" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87" title="مسكويه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مسكويه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87" title="ابن مسکویه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ابن مسکویه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Miskawayh" title="Ibn Miskawayh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ibn Miskawayh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%92" title="ミスカワイヒ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミスカワイヒ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Miskavayh" title="Ibn Miskavayh – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ibn Miskavayh" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%81" title="ابن مسکویہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ابن مسکویہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87" title="ابن مسكويه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ابن مسكويه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Miskawayh" title="Ibn Miskawayh – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ibn Miskawayh" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Miskaveyx" title="Ibn Miskaveyx – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ibn Miskaveyx" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85" title="Ибн Мискавейх – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ибн Мискавейх" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%90_%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%81" title="ابنِ مسکویہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ابنِ مسکویہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%DB%81" title="ابن مسڪويہ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ابن مسڪويہ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%95" title="ئیبن موسکوویە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیبن موسکوویە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn_Miskeveyh" title="İbn Miskeveyh – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İbn Miskeveyh" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%85" title="Міскавайх – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міскавайх" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%81" title="ابن مسکویہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابن مسکویہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q481384#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;"><div class="fn">Ibn Miskawayh<br /><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">مُسکویه</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;">Personal life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">932<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Parandak, (<a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid Iran</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1030<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Ray,_Iran" title="Ray, Iran">Ray</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Kakuyids" title="Kakuyids">Kakuyid Iran</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interest(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Kitab al hayawan (The book of animal life)</i><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تهذيب الأخلاق</span></span> (Ethical Instruction)<br /><i>Al-Fawz al-Asghar</i><br /><i>Tajarib al-umam</i> (Experiences of Nations)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;">Religious life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;">Muslim leader</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Influenced by</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Adurbad-e_Mahrspandan" class="mw-redirect" title="Adurbad-e Mahrspandan">Adurbad-e Mahrspandan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">al-Kindi</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Influenced</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_Tusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir al-Din Tusi">Nasir al-Din Tusi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mulla_Sadra" title="Mulla Sadra">Mulla Sadra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ibn Miskuyah</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">مُسْکُـوْيَه</span> Muskūyah, 932–1030), (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: مِسْكَوَيْه، أبو علي محمد بن أحمد بن يعقوب مسكويه الرازي) full name <b>Abū ʿAlī Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb Miskawayh al-Rāzī</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a><sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> chancery official of the <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid era</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">philosopher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">historian</a> from <a href="/wiki/Parandak,_Markazi" title="Parandak, Markazi">Parandak, Iran</a>. As a <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonist</a>, his influence on <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a> is primarily in the area of <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>. He was the author of the first major Islamic work on philosophical ethics entitled the <i>Refinement of Character</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تهذيب الأخلاق</span></span> <i>Tah<u>dh</u>īb</i> <i>al</i>-<i>A<u>kh</u>lāq</i>), focusing on practical ethics, conduct, and the refinement of character. He separated personal ethics from the public realm, and contrasted the liberating nature of reason with the deception and temptation of nature. Miskawayh was a prominent figure in the intellectual and cultural life of his time.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miskawayh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Miskawayh was born in <a href="/wiki/Rey,_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rey, Iran">Rey</a>, then under <a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid</a> control. Miskawayh may have been a <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> convert to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, but it seems more likely that it was one of his ancestors who converted.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EI_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his early career, he spent his life in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, where he served as the secretary of Muhallabi, the vizier of the Buyid <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a> <a href="/wiki/Mu%27izz_al-Dawla" title="Mu'izz al-Dawla">Mu'izz al-Dawla</a>. He was fluent enough in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> to have translated some pre-Islamic texts in that language into Arabic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After a long service to the Buyids of Iraq, Miskawayh moved to the court of <a href="/wiki/Rukn_al-Dawla" title="Rukn al-Dawla">Rukn al-Dawla</a>, where he spent seven years working there with the Buyid vizier <a href="/wiki/Abu_%27l-Fadl_ibn_al-%27Amid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu 'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid">Abu 'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid</a>. In 966, a group of <i><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)" title="Ghazi (warrior)">ghazi</a></i> marched towards the Library of Rey, but Miskawayh managed to save it.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of Abu'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid in 970, Miskawayh continued to serve the latter's son, Abu'l-Fath. In 975, he, along with him, left for <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. </p><p>He later worked as a secretary and librarian for a sequence of viziers, including <a href="/wiki/%27Adud_al-Dawla" title="'Adud al-Dawla">'Adud al-Dawla</a>. Some contemporary sources associated him with the <a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Brethren of Purity</a>, claiming that some of his writings were used in the compilation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity" title="Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity">Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasr_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasr-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miskawayh died in 1030 at <a href="/wiki/Ray,_Iran" title="Ray, Iran">Ray</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then under <a href="/wiki/Kakuyids" title="Kakuyids">Kakuyid</a> control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miskawayh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Al-Fawz al-Akbar</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الفوز الأكبر</span></span>) - 'The Greatest Victory' contains a <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplatonic">Neoplatonic</a> description of the <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> of the soul. The work states that creation begins with God, with the <a href="/wiki/Active_intellect" title="Active intellect">intellect</a> being the first existence to emanate from him. A series of emanations from the intellect results in a <a href="/wiki/Chain_of_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain of being">chain of being</a>, starting with minerals and proceeding through vegetables, animals, and humans, which results in a cyclic spiritual evolution back to the source of man's creation: God.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian Islamic scholar <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Hamidullah" title="Muhammad Hamidullah">Muhammad Hamidullah</a> compared Miskawayh's views to Darwinian evolutionary thought.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Tajārib al-Umam</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كتاب تجارب الأمم</span></span>) - 'Experiences of Nations' is one of the first eyewitness chronicles of contemporary events by a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_historians" title="List of Muslim historians">Muslim historian</a>. Miskawayh, as an official under the Buyid vizier al-Muhallabi, had access to the internal happenings of the court. The chronicle is a universal history from the beginning of Islam, but it cuts off near the end of the reign of 'Adud al-Dawla.</li> <li><i>Tahdhib al'Akhlaq wa Tathir al'Araq</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تهذيب الأخلاق و تطهير الأعراق</span></span>) - 'Refinement of Morals and Cleansing of Ethics' his major work in the field of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">philosophy</a> treats principally the philosophy of ethics and was written for students.</li> <li><i>Kitab al-Hikma al-Khalida</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كتاب الحكمة الخالدة</span></span>) - 'Book of Eternal Wisdom' is an <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> translation from the Persian work <i>Eternal Wisdom</i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">جاویدان خرد</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One manuscript is titled <i>Book of Literatures of the Arabs and Persians</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كتاب آداب العرب والفرس</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miskawayh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_historians" title="List of Muslim historians">List of Muslim historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_Muslims" title="List of Shia Muslims">List of Shia Muslims</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miskawayh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-britannica.com-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Ibn Miskawayh". Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Jan. 2023, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-Miskawayh">https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-Miskawayh</a>. Accessed 12 May 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBosworthvan_DonzelHeinrichsPellat1993" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P.; et al., eds. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13/07.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.BosDonLewPel.etc.UndPatIUA.v7.Mif-Naz.Leid.EJBrill.1993.#page/n1/mode/2up"><i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. 7: Mif-Naz</i></a> (2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">143–</span>144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004094199" title="Special:BookSources/9004094199"><bdi>9004094199</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Vol.+7%3A+Mif-Naz&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E144&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9004094199&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FEncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13%2F07.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.BosDonLewPel.etc.UndPatIUA.v7.Mif-Naz.Leid.EJBrill.1993.%23page%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiskawayh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/meskavayh-abu-ali-ahmad">"Miskawayh"</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EI_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArkoun1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Arkoun" title="Mohammed Arkoun">Arkoun, M.</a> (1993). "Miskawayh". In H. A. R. Gibb (ed.). <i>The Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>. Vol. 7 (New ed.). Leiden—New York: E.J. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">143a –</span> <span class="nowrap">144b</span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15610-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15610-4"><bdi>978-90-04-15610-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Miskawayh&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.place=Leiden%E2%80%94New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143a+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E144b%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15610-4&rft.aulast=Arkoun&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiskawayh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasr-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nasr_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Nasr" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossein Nasr">Nasr, Hossein</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9wms5240AvQC"><i>An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-1419-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-1419-5"><bdi>978-1-4384-1419-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Islamic+Cosmological+Doctrines&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-1419-5&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Hossein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9wms5240AvQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiskawayh" class="Z3988"></span>, page = 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamed2000" class="citation journal cs1">Mohamed, Yasein (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23076118">"The Cosmology of Ikhwan al-Safa', Miskawayh and al-Isfahâni"</a>. <i>Islamic Studies</i>. <b>39</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">10–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23076118">23076118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Cosmology+of+Ikhwan+al-Safa%27%2C+Miskawayh+and+al-Isfah%C3%A2ni&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23076118%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mohamed&rft.aufirst=Yasein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23076118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiskawayh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamec2017" class="citation book cs1">Adamec, Ludwig W. (2017). <i>Historical Dictionary of Islam</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group. pp. <span class="nowrap">290–</span>291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442277236" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442277236"><bdi>978-1442277236</bdi></a>. <q>[These books] state that God first created matter and invested it with energy for development. Matter, therefore, adopted the form of vapour which assumed the shape of water in due time. The next stage of development was mineral life. Different kinds of stones developed in course of time. Their highest form being mirjan (coral). It is a stone which has in it branches like those of a tree. After mineral life evolves vegetation. The evolution of vegetation culminates with a tree which bears the qualities of an animal. This is the date-palm. It has male and female genders. It does not wither if all its branches are chopped but it dies when the head is cut off. The date-palm is therefore considered the highest among the trees and resembles the lowest among animals. Then is born the lowest of animals. It evolves into an ape. This is not the statement of Darwin. This is what Ibn Miskawayh states and this is precisely what is written in the Epistles of Ikhwan al-Safa. The Muslim thinkers state that ape then evolved into a lower kind of a barbarian man. He then became a superior human being. Man becomes a saint, a prophet. He evolves into a higher stage and becomes an angel. The one higher to angels is indeed none but God. Everything begins from Him and everything returns to Him.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E290-%3C%2Fspan%3E291&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1442277236&rft.aulast=Adamec&rft.aufirst=Ludwig+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiskawayh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miskawayh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/meskavayh-abu-ali-ahmad">"Meskawayh, Abu' Ali Aḥmad"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition</i>. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Meskawayh%2C+Abu%27+Ali+A%E1%B8%A5mad&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+online+edition&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fmeskavayh-abu-ali-ahmad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiskawayh" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmamiUmar2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Emami, Abu'l-Qassem; Umar, Suheyl (2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/abu-ali-miskawayh-COM_0040">"Abū ʿAlī Miskawayh"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung, Wilferd</a>; <a href="/wiki/Farhad_Daftary" title="Farhad Daftary">Daftary, Farhad</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia Islamica Online</i>. Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1875-9831">1875-9831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ab%C5%AB+%CA%BFAl%C4%AB+Miskawayh&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Islamica+Online&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1875-9831&rft.aulast=Emami&rft.aufirst=Abu%27l-Qassem&rft.au=Umar%2C+Suheyl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-islamica%2Fabu-ali-miskawayh-COM_0040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiskawayh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Miskawayh1329" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ibn Miskawayh, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (1329). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/McGillLibrary-105255-185"><i>Kitāb Tahdhīb al-akhlāq wa-taṭhīr al-aʻrāq</i></a> (in Arabic). <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>: al-Maṭbaʻah al-Ḥusaynīyah.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kit%C4%81b+Tahdh%C4%ABb+al-akhl%C4%81q+wa-ta%E1%B9%ADh%C4%ABr+al-a%CA%BBr%C4%81q&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=al-Ma%E1%B9%ADba%CA%BBah+al-%E1%B8%A4usayn%C4%AByah&rft.date=1329&rft.aulast=Ibn+Miskawayh&rft.aufirst=A%E1%B8%A5mad+ibn+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMcGillLibrary-105255-185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiskawayh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Miskawaih1917" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ibn Miskawaih, Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1917) [1909]. <a href="/wiki/Leone_Caetani" title="Leone Caetani">Caetani</a>, Leone (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tajribalumamor05ibnmuoft/"><i>The Tajârib al-umam; or, History of Ibn Miskawayh</i></a> (in Arabic). Vol. 5&6. London: Luzac.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Taj%C3%A2rib+al-umam%3B+or%2C+History+of+Ibn+Miskawayh&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Luzac&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Ibn+Miskawaih&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+ibn+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftajribalumamor05ibnmuoft%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiskawayh" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_philosophy22" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_philosophy" title="Template:Islamic philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_philosophy" title="Template talk:Islamic philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_philosophy22" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology"><i>Aqidah</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(theology)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">'<i>Aql</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(intellect)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">medieval astronomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm_al-Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm al-Kalam"><i>Kalam</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(dialectic)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"><i>Fiqh</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(jurisprudence)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_metaphysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Natural philosophy <span style="font-size:85%;">(physics)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa"><i>Madrasah</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(education)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism <span style="font-size:85%;">(mysticism)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Farabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_psychology" title="Sufi psychology">psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendent_theosophy" title="Transcendent theosophy">Transcendent theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asabiyyah" title="Asabiyyah">ʻAṣabīya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_(Sufism)" title="Hal (Sufism)">Ḥāl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27jaz" title="I'jaz">Iʻjaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ʼIjtihād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm_(Arabic)" title="Ilm (Arabic)">ʻIlm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">ʻIrfān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">Ijmāʿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslaha" title="Maslaha">Maslaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">Nafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb">Qalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">Qiyās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shūrā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawḥīd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philosophers_by_century_(CE)22" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_philosophers" title="List of Muslim philosophers">Philosophers</a> by century (<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th–10th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Sahl_Rabban_al-Tabari" title="Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari">Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_Iranshahri" title="Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri">Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Apharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hatim_Ahmad_ibn_Hamdan_al-Razi" title="Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi">Abu Hatim al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hassan_al-Amiri" title="Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri">Al Amiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Ikhwan al-Safa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_Sijistani" title="Abu Sulayman Sijistani">Abu Sulayman Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Masarra" title="Ibn Masarra">Ibn Masarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ya%27qub_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani">Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ibn Miskawayh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahmany%C4%81r" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmanyār">Bahmanyār</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t_al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī">Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afdal_al-Din_Kashani" title="Afdal al-Din Kashani">Afdal al-Din Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahi_Evren" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahi Evren">Ahi Evren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoja_Akhmet_Yassawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoja Akhmet Yassawi">Ahmad Yasavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Quzat_Hamadani" title="Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani">Ayn-al-Quzat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Tufail">Ibn Tufail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyám</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Yahya_ibn_Habash_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi">Suhrawardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_Tabrizi" title="Shams Tabrizi">Shams Tabrizi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Bektash_Veli" title="Haji Bektash Veli">Hajji Bektash Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sab%27in" title="Ibn Sab'in">Ibn Sab’in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ath%C4%ABr_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Abhar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Athīr al-Dīn al-Abharī">al-Abharī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadr_al-Din_al-Qunawi" title="Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi">Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th–16th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunus_Emre" title="Yunus Emre">Yunus Emre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Bayram_Veli" title="Haji Bayram Veli">Hajji Bayram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaladdin_Davani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalaladdin Davani">Jalaladdin Davani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadr_ad-Din_Dashtaki" title="Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki">Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Hudayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Hudayi">Aziz Mahmud Hudayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_Mir_Husayn_al-Maybudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi">Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Shabestari" title="Mahmoud Shabestari">Mahmud Shabistari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Haydar_Amuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Haydar Amuli">Sayyid Haydar Amuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daw%C5%ABd_al-Qay%E1%B9%A3ar%C4%AB" title="Dawūd al-Qayṣarī">Dawūd al-Qayṣarī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami" title="Jami">Jami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th–19th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Damad" title="Mir Damad">Mir Damad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Fendereski" title="Mir Fendereski">Mir Fendereski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulla_Sadra" title="Mulla Sadra">Mulla Sadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Fayz_Kashani" title="Mohsen Fayz Kashani">Mohsen Fayz Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Razzaq_Lahiji" title="Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji">Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Ahmad Sirhindi">Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajab_Ali_Tabrizi" title="Rajab Ali Tabrizi">Rajab Ali Tabrizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Sa%E2%80%99id_Qumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qazi Sa’id Qumi">Qazi Sa’id Qumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadi_Sabzavari" title="Hadi Sabzavari">Hādī Sabzavārī</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Tabataba%27i" title="Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i">Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riaz_Ahmed_Gohar_Shahi" title="Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi">Gohar Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Baqir_al-Sadr" title="Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr">Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_al-Faruqi" title="Ismail al-Faruqi">Ismail al-Faruqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Muhammad_Naquib_al-Attas" title="Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas">Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolkarim_Soroush" title="Abdolkarim Soroush">Abdolkarim Soroush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gholamhossein_Ebrahimi_Dinani" title="Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani">Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taha_Abdurrahman" title="Taha Abdurrahman">Taha Abdurrahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abed_al-Jabri" title="Mohammed Abed al-Jabri">Mohammed Abed al-Jabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Arkoun" title="Mohammed Arkoun">Mohammed Arkoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouad_Zakariyya" title="Fouad Zakariyya">Fouad Zakariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Davari_Ardakani" title="Reza Davari Ardakani">Reza Davari Ardakani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Ahmad Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Malekian" title="Mostafa Malekian">Mostafa Malekian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Hassanzadeh_Amoli" title="Hassan Hassanzadeh Amoli">Hasanzadeh Amoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdollah_Javadi-Amoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdollah Javadi-Amoli">Javadi Amoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_Nasir_Hunzai" title="Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai">Partawi Shah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alchemy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world202" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_alchemy_and_chemistry" title="Template:Islamic alchemy and chemistry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_alchemy_and_chemistry" title="Template talk:Islamic alchemy and chemistry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_alchemy_and_chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic alchemy and chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alchemy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world202" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemists_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Alchemists of the medieval Islamic world">Alchemists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Yazid" title="Khalid ibn Yazid">pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa">pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Umayl" title="Ibn Umayl">Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Wahshiyya" title="Ibn Wahshiyya">Ibn Waḥshiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picatrix" title="Picatrix">Maslama al-Qurṭubī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_Muwaffaq" title="Abu Mansur Muwaffaq">Abū Manṣūr al-Muwaffaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">pseudo-Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi_al-Khati" title="Al-Khwarizmi al-Khati">al-Khawārizmī al-Kāthī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_ibn_Badis" title="Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis">al-Muʿizz ibn Bādīs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_%27Imad_al-Din" title="Ahmad ibn 'Imad al-Din">Aḥmad ibn ʿImād al-Dīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Wafid" title="Ibn al-Wafid">Ibn al-Wāfid (pharmacist)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tughra%27i" title="Al-Tughra'i">al-Ṭughrāʾī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arfa%27_Ra%27s" title="Ibn Arfa' Ra's">Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artephius" title="Artephius">Artephius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Simawi" title="Al-Simawi">al-Simāwī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Baytar" title="Ibn al-Baytar">Ibn al-Bayṭār (pharmacist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_al-Nabati" title="Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati">Abū l-ʿAbbās al-Nabātī (pharmacist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Rammah" title="Hasan al-Rammah">Ḥasan al-Rammāḥ (engineer)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jildaki" title="Al-Jildaki">al-Jildakī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Rassam" title="Ibn Rassam">Ibn al-Rassām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Ashba_ibn_Tammam" title="Abul Ashba ibn Tammam">Abū l-Ashbā ibn Tammām</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takwin" title="Takwin">Takwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">Philosopher's stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elixir_of_life" title="Elixir of life">al-iksīr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic">Alembic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanor" title="Athanor">Athanor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemical_works_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Alchemical works of the medieval Islamic world">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mercy_(alchemical_treatise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Mercy (alchemical treatise)">Book of Mercy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Balances" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Balances">Books of the Balances</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jildaki" title="Al-Jildaki"><i>al-Burhān fī asrār ʿilm al-mīzān</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_compositione_alchemiae" title="Liber de compositione alchemiae">Masāʾil Khālid li-Maryānus al-rāhib</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Tablet" title="Emerald Tablet">Emerald Tablet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Hundred_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Hundred Books">Five Hundred Books</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Simawi" title="Al-Simawi"><i>al-ʿIlm al-muktasab fī zirāʿat al-dhahab</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifthah_al-hikma" class="mw-redirect" title="Mifthah al-hikma"><i>Mifthāḥ al-ḥikma</i> (<i>Clavis sapientiae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jildaki" title="Al-Jildaki"><i>al-Miṣbāḥ fī ʿilm al-miftāḥ</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nabataean_Agriculture" title="The Nabataean Agriculture"><i>Nabataean Agriculture</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_and_Twelve_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="One Hundred and Twelve Books">One Hundred and Twelve Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seventy_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy Books">Seventy Books</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretum_Secretorum" title="Secretum Secretorum"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (pseudo-Aristotle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-asrar_(al-Razi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-asrar (al-Razi)"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (al-Rāzī)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa"><i>Sirr al-khalīqa</i> (<i>Secret of Creation</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turba_Philosophorum" title="Turba Philosophorum">Turba Philosophorum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Nasr_ibn_Abdallah_al-Shayzari" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Nasr ibn Abdallah al-Shayzari"><i>Nihāyat al-rutba fī ṭalab al-ḥisba</i> (al-Nabarawi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/3945">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007271070405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04310032?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/869705">Trove</a></span></li><li><span 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