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<li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vulgar_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vulgar_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Vulgar Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vulgar_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_use_of_the_CE/BCE_abbreviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_use_of_the_CE/BCE_abbreviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>History of the use of the CE/BCE abbreviation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_use_of_the_CE/BCE_abbreviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contemporary usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rationales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rationales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rationales</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rationales-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rationales subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rationales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conventions_in_style_guides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conventions_in_style_guides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Conventions in style guides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conventions_in_style_guides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_conventions_in_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_conventions_in_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Similar conventions in other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_conventions_in_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Common Era</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9" title="الحقبة العامة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحقبة العامة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B3mina_com%C3%BAn" title="Dómina común – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dómina común" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="НилӀер эра – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="НилӀер эра" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizim_era" title="Bizim era – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bizim era" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6" title="সাধারণ অব্দ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাধারণ অব্দ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-le%CC%8Dk" title="Se-le̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Se-le̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Наша эра – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Наша эра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Наша эра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Наша эра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="कॉमन एरा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कॉमन एरा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_comuna" title="Era comuna – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Era comuna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1%C5%A1_letopo%C4%8Det" title="Náš letopočet – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Náš letopočet" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vor_tidsregning" title="Vor tidsregning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vor tidsregning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9" title="إيرا عامة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إيرا عامة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._u._Z." title="N. u. Z. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="N. u. Z." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_(%CF%87%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7)" title="Κοινή Χρονολογία (χρονολόγηση) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοινή Χρονολογία (χρονολόγηση)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_com%C3%BAn" title="Era común – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Era común" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nia_erao" title="Nia erao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nia erao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oraingo_Aroa" title="Oraingo Aroa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oraingo Aroa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="دوران مشترک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوران مشترک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88re_commune" title="Ère commune – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ère commune" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comh-R%C3%A9" title="Comh-Ré – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Comh-Ré" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_com%C3%BAn" title="Era común – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Era común" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Вай зама – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Вай зама" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%ED%86%B5_%EA%B8%B0%EC%9B%90" title="공통 기원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공통 기원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%80_%D5%A9%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մեր թվարկություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեր թվարկություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="आम युग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आम युग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadawyan_a_Panawen" title="Kadawyan a Panawen – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kadawyan a Panawen" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_Umum" title="Era Umum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Era Umum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_commun" title="Era commun – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Era commun" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okkar_t%C3%ADmatal" title="Okkar tímatal – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Okkar tímatal" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_volgare" title="Era volgare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Era volgare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97" title="ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಯುಗ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಯುಗ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="عام دور – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="عام دور" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D2%A3_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Біздің заман – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Біздің заман" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oos_Kemmyn" title="Oos Kemmyn – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Oos Kemmyn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C3%B2k_nou_an" title="Epòk nou an – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Epòk nou an" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aera_vulgaris" title="Aera vulgaris – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aera vulgaris" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eda_comun" title="Eda comun – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eda comun" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/la_cabna_cedra" title="la cabna cedra – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="la cabna cedra" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_comuna" title="Era comuna – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Era comuna" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Наша ера – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Наша ера" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B1" title="കോമൺ ഇറ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോമൺ ഇറ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangbare_jaartelling" title="Gangbare jaartelling – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gangbare jaartelling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%9A%A6" title="西暦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="西暦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Вайн эра – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Вайн эра" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A5r_tidsregning" title="Vår tidsregning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vår tidsregning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fvt." title="Fvt. – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fvt." data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88ra_comuna" title="Èra comuna – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Èra comuna" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizning_era" title="Bizning era – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bizning era" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naszej_ery" title="Naszej ery – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Naszej ery" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_Comum" title="Era Comum – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Era Comum" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_comun%C4%83" title="Era comună – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Era comună" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Нашой еры – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нашой еры" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Наша эра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Наша эра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BA" title="පොදු යුගය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පොදු යුගය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Common Era" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C5%A1e_%C5%A1tetje_let" title="Naše štetje let – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Naše štetje let" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Нова ера – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нова ера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_era" title="Nova era – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nova era" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A5r_tider%C3%A4kning" title="Vår tideräkning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vår tideräkning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaniwang_Panahon_(kalendaryong_Gregoryano)" title="Karaniwang Panahon (kalendaryong Gregoryano) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karaniwang Panahon (kalendaryong Gregoryano)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="பொது ஊழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொது ஊழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D2%A3_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Безнең эра – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Безнең эра" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="సామాన్య శకం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సామాన్య శకం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A" title="สากลศักราช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สากลศักราช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milat" title="Milat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Milat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Наша ера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Наша ера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81" title="عام زمانہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عام زمانہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_Nguy%C3%AAn" title="Công Nguyên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công Nguyên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%83" title="公元 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="公元" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%83" title="公元 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="公元" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A2_%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98-%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="איצטיקע צייט-רעכענונג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איצטיקע צייט-רעכענונג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%83" title="公元 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="公元" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%83" title="公元 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="公元" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q208141#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Modern calendar era</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"BCE" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/BCE_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="BCE (disambiguation)">BCE (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Common Era</b> (<b>CE</b>) and <b>Before the Common Era</b> (<b>BCE</b>) are year notations for the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> (and its predecessor, the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>), the world's most widely used <a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">calendar era</a>. Common Era and Before the Common Era are alternatives to the original <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a> (AD) and <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Before Christ</a> (BC) notations used for the same calendar era. The two notation systems are numerically equivalent: "2024 CE" and "AD 2024" each describe the current year; "400 BCE" and "400 BC" are the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expression can be traced back to 1615, when it first appears in a book by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">annus aerae nostrae vulgaris</i> (<span title="Latin-language romanization"><i lang="la-Latn">year of our common era</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VulgarisAerae1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VulgarisAerae1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to 1635 in English as "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vulgar" class="extiw" title="wikt:vulgar">Vulgar</a> Era".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "Common Era" can be found in English as early as 1708,<sup id="cite_ref-1708CommonInEnglish_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1708CommonInEnglish-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became more widely used in the mid-19th century by Jewish religious scholars. Since the late 20th century, BCE and CE have become popular in academic and scientific publications on the grounds that BCE and CE are religiously neutral terms.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have been promoted as more sensitive to non-Christians by not referring to <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, the central figure of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, especially via the religious terms "<a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a>" and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Dominus_(title)" title="Dominus (title)">Dominus</a></i></span> ("Lord") used by the other abbreviations.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nostri_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nostri-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, its <a href="/wiki/Epoch" title="Epoch">epoch</a> remains the same as <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini#History" title="Anno Domini">that used for the Anno Domini</a> era. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Era&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Era&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a></div> <p>The idea of numbering years beginning from the date that he believed to be the <a href="/wiki/Date_of_birth_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Date of birth of Jesus">date of birth of Jesus</a>, was conceived around the year 525 by the Christian monk <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus" title="Dionysius Exiguus">Dionysius Exiguus</a>. He did this to replace the then dominant <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Era of Martyrs">Era of Martyrs</a> system, because he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-Pedersen_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pedersen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50">: 50 </span></sup> He numbered years from an initial reference date ("<a href="/wiki/Epoch_(reference_date)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (reference date)">epoch</a>"), an event he referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a> of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-Pedersen_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pedersen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dionysius labeled the column of the table in which he introduced the new era as "<i>Anni Domini Nostri Jesu Christi</i>" (Of the year of our Lord Jesus Christ].<sup id="cite_ref-Pedersen_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pedersen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52">: 52 </span></sup> </p><p>This way of numbering years became more widespread in Europe with its use by <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> in England in 731. Bede also introduced the practice of dating years before what he supposed was the year of birth of Jesus,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> without a <a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">year zero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1422, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> became the last <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western European</a> country to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_era" title="Spanish era">switch to the system</a> begun by Dionysius.<sup id="cite_ref-CathEncy-Chron_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CathEncy-Chron-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vulgar_Era">Vulgar Era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Era&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vulgar Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vulgar" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:vulgar">vulgar</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JKepler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/JKepler.jpg/220px-JKepler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/JKepler.jpg/330px-JKepler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/JKepler.jpg/440px-JKepler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a> 1571–1630, the German <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_mathematician" class="mw-redirect" title="German mathematician">mathematician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrologer" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrologer">astrologer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosopher</a> and writer on music.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The term "Common Era" is traced back in English to its appearance as "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vulgar" class="extiw" title="wikt:vulgar">Vulgar</a> Era" to distinguish years of the Anno Domini era, which was in popular use, from dates of the <a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">regnal year</a> (the year of the reign of a sovereign) typically used in national law.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The word 'vulgar' originally meant 'of the ordinary people', with no derogatory associations.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_vulgar_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED_vulgar-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>The first use of the Latin term <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">anno aerae nostrae vulgaris</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-VulgarisAerae0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VulgarisAerae0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may be that in a 1615 book by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VulgarisAerae1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VulgarisAerae1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kepler uses it again, as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ab Anno vulgaris aerae</i></span>, in a 1616 table of <a href="/wiki/Ephemeris" title="Ephemeris">ephemerides</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and again, as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ab anno vulgaris aerae</i></span>, in 1617.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1635 English edition of that book has the title page in English that may be the earliest-found use of <i>Vulgar Era</i> in English.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1701 book edited by John Le Clerc includes the phrase "Before Christ according to the Vulgar Æra,<span class="nowrap"> </span>6".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Merriam_Webster_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam Webster Dictionary">Merriam Webster Dictionary</a> gives 1716 as the date of first use of the term "vulgar era" (which it defines as Christian era).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first published use of "Christian Era" may be the Latin phrase <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">annus aerae christianae</i></span> on the title page of a 1584 theology book, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Eucharistica controuersia</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1649, the Latin phrase <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">annus æræ Christianæ</i></span> appeared in the title of an English almanac.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1652 ephemeris may be the first instance found so far of the English use of "Christian Era".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English phrase "Common Era" appears at least as early as 1708,<sup id="cite_ref-1708CommonInEnglish_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1708CommonInEnglish-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in a 1715 book on astronomy it is used interchangeably with "Christian Era" and "Vulgar Era".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1759 history book uses <i>common æra</i> in a generic sense, to refer to "the common era of the Jews".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first use of the phrase "before the common era" may be that in a 1770 work that also uses <i>common era</i> and <i>vulgar era</i> as synonyms, in a translation of a book originally written in German.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1797 edition of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> uses the terms <i>vulgar era</i> and <i>common era</i> synonymously.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1835, in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Living_Oracles" title="Living Oracles">Living Oracles</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(Restoration_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Campbell (Restoration movement)">Alexander Campbell</a>, wrote: "The vulgar Era, or Anno Domini; the fourth year of Jesus Christ, the first of which was but eight days",<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also refers to the <i>common era</i> as a synonym for <i>vulgar era</i> with "the fact that our Lord was born on the 4th year before the vulgar era, called Anno Domini, thus making (for example) the 42d year from his birth to correspond with the 38th of the common era".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> (1909) in at least one article reports all three terms (Christian, Vulgar, Common Era) being commonly understood by the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phrase "common era", in <a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">lower case</a>, also appeared in the 19th century in a "generic" sense, not necessarily to refer to the Christian Era, but to any system of dates in common use throughout a civilization. Thus, "the common era of the Jews",<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the common era of the Mahometans",<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "common era of the world",<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the common era of the foundation of Rome".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it did refer to the Christian Era, it was sometimes qualified, e.g., "common era of the Incarnation",<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "common era of the Nativity",<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "common era of the birth of Christ".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An adapted translation of <i>Common Era</i> into <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Era Vulgaris</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was adopted in the 20th century by some followers of <a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a>, and thus the abbreviation "e.v." or "EV" may sometimes be seen as a replacement for AD.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_use_of_the_CE/BCE_abbreviation"><span id="History_of_the_use_of_the_CE.2FBCE_abbreviation"></span>History of the use of the CE/BCE abbreviation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Era&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History of the use of the CE/BCE abbreviation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> have their own <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a>, they often use the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> without the AD prefix.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as 1825, the abbreviation VE (for Vulgar Era) was in use among Jews to denote years in the Western calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2005<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common_Era&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Common Era notation has also been in use for Hebrew lessons for more than a century.<sup id="cite_ref-Gormley_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gormley-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews have also used the term <b>Current Era</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_usage">Contemporary usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Era&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contemporary usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some academics in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> and <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> have adopted CE and BCE notation despite some disagreement.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study conducted in 2014 found that the BCE/CE notation is not growing at the expense of BC and AD notation in the scholarly literature, and that both notations are used in a relatively stable fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Era&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011, media reports suggested that the BC/AD notation in Australian school textbooks would be replaced by BCE/CE notation.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The change drew opposition from some politicians and church leaders. Weeks after the story broke, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Curriculum,_Assessment_and_Reporting_Authority" title="Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority">Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority</a> denied the rumours and stated that the BC/AD notation would remain, with CE and BCE as an optional suggested learning activity.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Era&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Museum_of_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Museum of Civilization">Canadian Museum of Civilization</a> (now the Canadian Museum of History) in <a href="/wiki/Gatineau" title="Gatineau">Gatineau</a> (opposite <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>), which had previously switched to BCE/CE, decided to change back to BC/AD in material intended for the public while retaining BCE/CE in academic content.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nepal">Nepal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Era&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nepal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The notation is in particularly common use in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> in order to disambiguate dates from the local calendar, Bikram or Vikram Sambat. Disambiguation is needed because the era of the local calendar is quite close to the Common Era. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Era&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002, an advisory panel for the religious education syllabus for <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> recommended introducing BCE/CE dates to schools,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by 2018 some local education authorities were using them.<sup id="cite_ref-Tel-NT_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tel-NT-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust</a> said it would continue to use BC/AD as its house style.<sup id="cite_ref-Tel-NT_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tel-NT-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> explains its era policy thus: "It might seem strange to use a Christian calendar system when referring to British prehistory, but the BC/AD labels are widely used and understood."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some parts of the BBC use BCE/CE, but some presenters have said they will not.<sup id="cite_ref-Tel-NT_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tel-NT-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of October 2019, the BBC News style guide has entries for AD and BC, but not for CE or BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The style guide for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> says, under the entry for CE/BCE: "some people prefer CE (common era, current era, or Christian era) and BCE (before common era, etc.) to AD and BC, which, however, remain our style".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Era&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, the use of the BCE/CE notation in <a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">textbooks</a> was reported in 2005 to be growing.<sup id="cite_ref-Gormley_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gormley-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some publications have transitioned to using it exclusively. For example, the 2007 <a href="/wiki/World_Almanac" class="mw-redirect" title="World Almanac">World Almanac</a> was the first edition to switch to BCE/CE, ending a period of 138 years in which the traditional BC/AD dating notation was used. BCE/CE is used by the <a href="/wiki/College_Board" title="College Board">College Board</a> in its history tests,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the <a href="/wiki/Norton_Anthology_of_English_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Norton Anthology of English Literature">Norton Anthology of English Literature</a>. Others have taken a different approach. The US-based <a href="/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">History Channel</a> uses BCE/CE notation in articles on non-Christian religious topics such as <a href="/wiki/Religious_significance_of_Jerusalem#Jerusalem,_Jews_and_Judaism" title="Religious significance of Jerusalem">Jerusalem and Judaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2006 style guide for the Episcopal Diocese <i>Maryland Church News</i> says that BCE and CE should be used.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2006, in the United States, the Kentucky State School Board reversed its decision to use BCE and CE in the state's new Program of Studies, leaving education of students about these concepts a matter of local discretion.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rationales">Rationales</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Era&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rationales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support">Support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Era&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of CE in Jewish scholarship was historically motivated by the desire to avoid the implicit "Our Lord" in the abbreviation <i>AD</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-nostri_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nostri-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although other aspects of dating systems are based in Christian origins, AD is a direct reference to <a href="/wiki/Jesus_is_Lord" title="Jesus is Lord">Jesus as Lord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ostling_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostling-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of the Common Era notation assert that the use of BCE/CE shows sensitivity to those who use the same year numbering system as the one that originated with and is currently used by <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a>, but who are not themselves Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-RelTolrnc_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RelTolrnc-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former United Nations Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> has argued:<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[T]he Christian calendar no longer belongs exclusively to Christians. People of all faiths have taken to using it simply as a matter of convenience. There is so much interaction between people of different faiths and cultures – different civilizations, if you like – that some shared way of reckoning time is a necessity. And so the Christian Era has become the Common Era.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Adena K. Berkowitz, in her application to argue before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a>, opted to use BCE and CE because, "Given the multicultural society that we live in, the traditional Jewish designations – B.C.E. and C.E. –  cast a wider net of inclusion."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a>, Joshua J. Mark wrote "Non-Christian scholars, especially, embraced [CE and BCE] because they could now communicate more easily with the Christian community. Jewish, Islamic, Hindu and Buddhist scholars could retain their [own] calendar but refer to events using the Gregorian Calendar as BCE and CE without compromising their own beliefs about the divinity of Jesus of Nazareth."<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a></i>, Michael Ostling wrote: "BC/AD Dating: In the year of whose Lord? The continuing use of AD and BC is not only factually wrong but also offensive to many who are not Christians."<sup id="cite_ref-Ostling_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostling-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition">Opposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Era&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critics note the fact that there is no difference in the <a href="/wiki/Epoch" title="Epoch">epoch</a> of the two systems—chosen to be close to the <a href="/wiki/Date_of_birth_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Date of birth of Jesus">date of birth of Jesus</a>. Since the year numbers are the same, BCE and CE dates should be equally offensive to other religions as BC and AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollick-2024_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollick-2024-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> priest and writer on interfaith issues <a href="/wiki/Raimon_Panikkar" title="Raimon Panikkar">Raimon Panikkar</a> argued that the BCE/CE usage is the less inclusive option since they are still using the Christian calendar numbers and forcing it on other nations.<sup id="cite_ref-Panikkar_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panikkar-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993, the English-language expert <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson_(author)" title="Kenneth G. Wilson (author)">Kenneth G. Wilson</a> speculated a <a href="/wiki/Slippery_slope" title="Slippery slope">slippery slope</a> scenario in his style guide that, "if we do end by casting aside the AD/BC convention, almost certainly some will argue that we ought to cast aside as well the conventional numbering system [that is, the method of numbering years] itself, given its Christian basis."<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> are offended by the removal of the reference to Jesus,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SBC_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBC-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conventions_in_style_guides">Conventions in style guides</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Era&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Conventions in style guides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The abbreviation BCE, just as with BC, always follows the year number. Unlike AD, which still often precedes the year number, CE always follows the year number (if context requires that it be written at all).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the current year is written as 2024 in both notations (or, if further clarity is needed, as 2024 CE, or as AD 2024), and the year that <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> died is represented as 399 BCE (the same year that is represented by 399 BC in the BC/AD notation). The abbreviations are sometimes written with small capital letters, or with <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">periods</a> (e.g., "<span style="font-size:87%;">B.C.E.</span>" or "C.E.").<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US-based <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Society of Biblical Literature">Society of Biblical Literature</a> style guide for academic texts on religion prefers BCE/CE to BC/AD.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_conventions_in_other_languages">Similar conventions in other languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Era&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Similar conventions in other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, Jews in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> seem to have already been using words translating to "(before the) common era" in the 18th century, while others like <a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Moses Mendelssohn</a> opposed this usage as it would hinder the integration of Jews into German society.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Joke_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_Joke-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formulation seems to have persisted among German Jews in the 19th century in forms like <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">vor der gewöhnlichen Zeitrechnung</i></span> (before the common chronology).<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1938 <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, the use of this convention was also prescribed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Teachers_League" title="National Socialist Teachers League">National Socialist Teachers League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was soon discovered that many German Jews had been using the convention ever since the 18th century, and <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)"><i>Time</i> magazine</a> found it ironic to see "<a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryans</a> following Jewish example nearly 200 years later".<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Joke_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_Joke-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, common forms used for "BC" are <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">a. C.</i></span> and <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">a. de C.</i></span> (for "<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">antes de Cristo</i></span>", "before Christ"), with variations in punctuation and sometimes the use of <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">J. C.</i></span> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Jesucristo</i></span>) instead of <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">C</i></span>. The <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia Española">Real Academia Española</a></span></span> also acknowledges the use of <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">a. n. e.</i></span> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">antes de nuestra era</i></span>, 'before our era') and <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">d. n. e.</i></span> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">después de nuestra era</i></span>, 'after our era').<sup id="cite_ref-RAE_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAE-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In scholarly writing, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">a. e. c.</i></span> is the equivalent of the English "BCE", "<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">antes de la era común</i></span>" or "Before the Common Era".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, OC can be expanded to equivalents of both AD (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Oed Crist</i></span>) and CE (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Oes Cyffredin</i></span>); for dates before the Common Era, CC (traditionally, <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cyn Crist</i></span>) is used exclusively, as <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cyn yr Oes Cyffredin</i></span> would abbreviate to a mild obscenity.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> since the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> (1917) <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">до н.э. (до нашей эры</span></span>, lit. <i>before our era</i>) and <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">н.э. (нашей эры,</span></span> lit. <i>of our era</i>) are used almost universally. Within Christian churches <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">до Р.Х./от Р.Х. (до/от Рождества Христова</span></span>, i.e. <i>before/after the birth of Christ</i>, equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Ante_Christum_natum" title="Ante Christum natum">Ante Christum natum</a></i>) remains in use.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, "p.n.e." (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">przed naszą erą</i></span>, lit. <i>before our era</i>) and "n.e." (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">naszej ery</i></span>, lit. <i>of our era</i>) are commonly used in historical and scientific literature. <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Przed Chrystusem</i></span> (<i>before Christ</i>) and <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">po Chrystusie</i></span> (<i>after Christ</i>) see sporadic usage, mostly in religious publications.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, upon the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1912)" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)">Government in Nanking</a> adopted the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar" title="Republic of China calendar">Republic of China calendar</a> with 1912 designated as year 1, but used the Western calendar for international purposes. The translated term was <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">西元</span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">xī yuán</i></span>, "Western Era"), which is still used in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> in formal documents. In 1949, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> adopted <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">公元</span></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">gōngyuán</i></span>, "Common Era") for both internal and external affairs in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>. This notation was extended to Hong Kong in 1997 and Macau in 1999 (de facto extended in 1966) through Annex III of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Hong Kong Basic Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau_Basic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau Basic Law">Macau Basic Law</a>, thus eliminating the ROC calendar in these areas. BC is translated into Chinese as <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">公元前</span></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">gōngyuánqián</i></span>, "Before the Common Era").</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, the "n. l." (<span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">našeho letopočtu</i></span> which translates as <i>of our year count</i>) and "př. n. l." or "před n. l." (<span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">před naším letopočtem</i></span> meaning <i>before our year count</i>) is used, always after the year number. The direct translation of AD (<span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">léta Páně</i></span>, abbreviated as <i>L. P.</i>) or BC (<span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">před Kristem</i></span>, abbreviated as <i>př. Kr.</i>) is seen as archaic.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> the common form used for <i>BC</i> and <i>AD</i> are <i>pr. Kr.</i> (<i>prije Krista</i>, "before Christ")<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>p. Kr.</i> (<i>poslije Krista</i>, <i>after Christ</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abbreviations <i>pr. n. e.</i> (<i>prije nove ere, before new era</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>n. e. (nove ere, (of the) new era</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have also recently been introduced.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, "f.v.t." (<span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">før vor tidsregning</i></span>, <i>before our time reckoning</i>) and "e.v.t." (<span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">efter vor tidsregning</i></span>, <i>after our time reckoning</i>) are used as BCE/CE are in English. Also commonly used are "f.Kr." (<span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">før Kristus</i></span>, <i>before Christ</i>) and "e.Kr." (<span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">efter Kristus</i></span>, <i>after Christ</i>), which are both placed after the year number in contrast with BC/AD in English.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, the terms "п.н.е." (пред нашата ера "before our era") and "н.е." (наша ера "our era") are used in every aspect.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>, "e.m.a." (<span title="Estonian-language text"><i lang="et">enne meie ajaarvamist</i></span>, <i>before our time reckoning</i>) and "m.a.j." (<span title="Estonian-language text"><i lang="et">meie ajaarvamise järgi</i></span>, <i>according to our time reckoning</i>) are used as BCE and CE, respectively. Also in use are terms "eKr" (<span title="Estonian-language text"><i lang="et">enne Kristust</i></span>, <i>before Christ</i>) and "pKr" (<span title="Estonian-language text"><i lang="et">pärast Kristust</i></span>, <i>after Christ</i>). In all cases, the abbreviation is written after the year number.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, "eaa." (<span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">ennen ajanlaskun alkua</i></span>, <i>before time reckoning</i>) and "jaa." (<span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">jälkeen ajanlaskun alun</i></span>, <i>after the start of time reckoning</i>) are used as BCE and CE, respectively. Also (decreasingly) in use are terms "eKr", (<span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">ennen Kristusta</i></span>, <i>before Christ</i>) and "jKr". (<span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">jälkeen Kristuksen</i></span>, <i>after Christ</i>). In all cases, the abbreviation is written after the year number.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Era&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical year numbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_reform" title="Calendar reform">Calendar reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocene Era">Holocene Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List of calendars</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Era&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the Latin word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vulgus" class="extiw" title="wikt:vulgus">vulgus</a></i></span>, the common people –  to contrast it with the <a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">regnal year</a> system of dating used by the government.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Two other systems that also do not use religious titles, the <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">astronomical system</a> and the <a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">ISO 8601</a> standard, do use a <a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">year zero</a>. The year 1 BCE (identical to the year 1 BC) is represented as 0 in the astronomical system, and as 0000 in ISO 8601. Presently, ISO 8601 dating requires use of the Gregorian calendar for all dates, however, whereas astronomical dating and Common Era dating allow use of either the Gregorian or Julian calendars.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nostri-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nostri_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nostri_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">AD is shortened from <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">anno Domini nostri Jesu Christi</i></span> ("in the year of Our Lord Jesus Christ").<sup id="cite_ref-Irvin_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irvin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bede wrote of the Incarnation of Jesus, but treated it as synonymous with birth.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As noted in <a href="/wiki/History_of_zero" class="mw-redirect" title="History of zero">History of the zero</a>, the use of zero in Western civilization was uncommon before the twelfth century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VulgarisAerae0-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VulgarisAerae0_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Latin, 'Common Era' is written as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Aera Vulgaris</i></span>. It also occasionally appears, in Latin declination, as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">æræ vulgaris</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">aerae vulgaris</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">aeram vulgarem</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">anni vulgaris</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">vulgaris aerae Christianae</i></span>, and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">anni vulgatae nostrae aerae Christianas</i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As England did not adopt the Gregorian calendar <a href="/wiki/Calendar_(New_Style)_Act_1750" title="Calendar (New Style) Act 1750">until 1752</a>, "vulgar" dates were determined according to the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The probable source is a 1716 book in English by Dean <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Prideaux" title="Humphrey Prideaux">Humphrey Prideaux</a> which refers to, "...the vulgar Æra of Christ's incarnation and not from the true time of it."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This citation is given in the 1933 edition of Oxford English Dictionary but without any assertion of first use.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_vulgar_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED_vulgar-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>era</i> –  or, with a <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ēra</i></span> –  being an alternative form of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">aera</i></span>; <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">aera</i></span> is the usual form<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Era&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/Anno%20Domini">"Anno Domini"</a>. <i>Merriam Webster Online Dictionary</i>. Merriam-Webster. 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2011</span>. <q>Etymology: Medieval Latin, in the year of the Lord</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anno+Domini&rft.btitle=Merriam+Webster+Online+Dictionary&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.m-w.com%2Fdictionary%2FAnno%2520Domini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religioustolerance.org/ce.htm">"Controversy over the use of the "CE/BCE" and "AD/BC" dating notation/"</a>. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Controversy+over+the+use+of+the+%22CE%2FBCE%22+and+%22AD%2FBC%22+dating+notation%2F&rft.pub=Ontario+Consultants+on+Religious+Tolerance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religioustolerance.org%2Fce.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoolman" class="citation web cs1">Coolman, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/45510-anno-domini.html">"Keeping Time: The Origin of B.C. & A.D."</a> <i>Live Science</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=Keeping+Time%3A+The+Origin+of+B.C.+%26+A.D.&rft.aulast=Coolman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F45510-anno-domini.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VulgarisAerae1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VulgarisAerae1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VulgarisAerae1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohannes_Kepler1615" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a> (1615). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_rrkRjuY3p0gC/page/n10/"><i>Joannis Keppleri Eclogae chronicae: (etc)</i></a> (in Latin). Frankfurt: Tampach. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62188677">62188677</a>. <q><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Dabam Pragae Idibus Aprilibus, Anno vulgaris aerae MDCXII</i></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joannis+Keppleri+Eclogae+chronicae%3A+%28etc%29&rft.place=Frankfurt&rft.pub=Tampach&rft.date=1615&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62188677&rft.au=Johannes+Kepler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_rrkRjuY3p0gC%2Fpage%2Fn10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> (Earliest-found use of "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">vulgaris aerae</i></span>", Latin for Common Era) (1615)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1708CommonInEnglish-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1708CommonInEnglish_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1708CommonInEnglish_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The History of the Works of the Learned</i>. Vol. 10. London. January 1708. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_history-of-the-works-of-the-learned_1708-09_10_9/page/n10/mode/1up">513</a>. <q>... to the fourth century of the Common Era</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Works+of+the+Learned&rft.place=London&rft.pages=513&rft.date=1708-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> (Possibly the first use of <i>common era</i> in English (1708))</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspenak2008" class="citation web cs1">Espenak, Fred (25 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/dates.html">"Year dating conventions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Year+dating+conventions&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2008-02-25&rft.aulast=Espenak&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov%2FSEhelp%2Fdates.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrmann2006" class="citation news cs1">Herrmann, Andrew (27 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810211537/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1620546.html">"BCE date designation called more sensitive"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1620546.html">the original</a> on 10 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2016</span>. <q>The changes – showing up at museums, in academic circles and in school textbooks – have been touted as more sensitive to people of faiths outside of Christianity. ... The use of BCE and CE have rankled some Christians</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=BCE+date+designation+called+more+sensitive&rft.date=2006-05-27&rft.aulast=Herrmann&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-1620546.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKim1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">McKim, Donald K (1996). "C. E.". <i>Westminster dictionary of theological terms</i>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UJ9PYdzKf90C&pg=PA41">41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25511-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25511-4"><bdi>978-0-664-25511-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=C.+E.&rft.btitle=Westminster+dictionary+of+theological+terms&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25511-4&rft.aulast=McKim&rft.aufirst=Donald+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irvin-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Irvin_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrvinSunquist2001" class="citation book cs1">Irvin, Dale T.; Sunquist, Scott (2001). <i>History of the World Christian Movement</i>. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C2akvQfa-QMC&pg=PR11">xi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-08866-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-08866-9"><bdi>0-567-08866-9</bdi></a>. <q>The influence of western culture and scholarship upon the rest of the world in turn led to this system of dating becoming the most widely used one across the globe today. Many scholars in historical and religious studies in the West in recent years have sought to lessen the explicitly Christian meaning of this system without abandoning the usefulness of a single, common, global form of dating. For this reason the terms <i>common era</i> and <i>before the common era</i>, abbreviated as CE and BCE, have grown in popularity as designations. The terms are meant, in deference to non-Christians, to soften the explicit theological claims made by the older Latin terminology, while at the same time providing continuity with earlier generations of mostly western Christian historical research</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+World+Christian+Movement&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-567-08866-9&rft.aulast=Irvin&rft.aufirst=Dale+T.&rft.au=Sunquist%2C+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pedersen-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pedersen_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pedersen_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pedersen_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedersen1983" class="citation book cs1">Pedersen, O. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?journal=grc..&year=1983&volume=book&letter=.&db_key=PRE&page_ind=34&plate_select=NO&data_type=GIF&type=SCREEN_GIF&classic=YES">"The Ecclesiastical Calendar and the Life of the Church"</a>. In Coyne, G.V.; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?journal=grc..&year=1983&volume=book&letter=.&db_key=PRE&page_ind=66&plate_select=NO&data_type=GIF&type=SCREEN_GIF&classic=YES"><i>Gregorian Reform of the Calendar: Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to commemorate its 400th anniversary</i></a>. Vatican Observatory. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?journal=grc..&year=1983&volume=book&letter=.&db_key=PRE&page_ind=66&plate_select=NO&data_type=GIF&type=SCREEN_GIF&classic=YES">50</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2011</span> – via SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ecclesiastical+Calendar+and+the+Life+of+the+Church&rft.btitle=Gregorian+Reform+of+the+Calendar%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Vatican+Conference+to+commemorate+its+400th+anniversary&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Vatican+Observatory&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farticles.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-iarticle_query%3Fjournal%3Dgrc..%26year%3D1983%26volume%3Dbook%26letter%3D.%26db_key%3DPRE%26page_ind%3D34%26plate_select%3DNO%26data_type%3DGIF%26type%3DSCREEN_GIF%26classic%3DYES&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doggett, L.E., (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/calendars.html">"Calendars"</a> in Seidelmann, P.K., <i>The Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac</i>, Sausalito CA: University Science Books, 2.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromiley1995" class="citation book cs1">Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995). <i>The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BW_1mt4oebQC&q=jesus+birth+year+before&pg=PA686">686</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3781-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3781-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-3781-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=686&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3781-3&rft.aulast=Bromiley&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Blackburn, B & Holford-Strevens, L, (2003), <i>The Oxford Companion to the Year</i>, Oxford University Press, 778.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CathEncy-Chron-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CathEncy-Chron_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03738a.htm">"General Chronology"</a>. <i>New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. III. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1908.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=General+Chronology&rft.btitle=New+Advent+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1908&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F03738a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeans2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susi_Jeans" title="Susi Jeans">Jeans, Susi</a> (2013) [2001]. <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000014903">"Kepler [Keppler], Johannes"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. Revised by <a href="/wiki/H._Floris_Cohen" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Floris Cohen">H. Floris Cohen</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.14903">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.14903</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kepler+%5BKeppler%5D%2C+Johannes&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.14903&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Jeans&rft.aufirst=Susi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000014903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeatherall2023" class="citation web cs1">Weatherall, Claire (18 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libguides.hull.ac.uk/archival-skills/historical-dates">"Library: Archival Skills: Historical dates"</a>. <i>University of Hull</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Hull&rft.atitle=Library%3A+Archival+Skills%3A+Historical+dates&rft.date=2023-05-18&rft.aulast=Weatherall&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibguides.hull.ac.uk%2Farchival-skills%2Fhistorical-dates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED_vulgar-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_vulgar_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_vulgar_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-oxford-english-dictionary-1933-all-volumes/The%20Oxford%20English%20Dictionary%20Volume%2012%20-%20Variant/page/n329/mode/1up?">"Vulgar"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. Vol. 12. 1933. p. 326.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vulgar&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pages=326&rft.date=1933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-oxford-english-dictionary-1933-all-volumes%2FThe%2520Oxford%2520English%2520Dictionary%2520Volume%252012%2520-%2520Variant%2Fpage%2Fn329%2Fmode%2F1up%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKepler1616" class="citation book cs1">Kepler, Johann (1616). <i>Ephemerides novae motuum caelestium, ab Ānno vulgaris aerae MDCXVII en observationibus potissimum Tychonis Brahei hypothesibus physicis, et tabulis Rudolphinis..</i>. Plancus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ephemerides+novae+motuum+caelestium%2C+ab+%C4%80nno+vulgaris+aerae+MDCXVII+en+observationibus+potissimum+Tychonis+Brahei+hypothesibus+physicis%2C+et+tabulis+Rudolphinis...&rft.pub=Plancus&rft.date=1616&rft.aulast=Kepler&rft.aufirst=Johann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKepplerBartsch1617" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Keppler, Johannes</a>; Bartsch, Jakob (1617). <i>Ephemerides novae motuum coelestium, ab anno vulgaris aerae MDCXVII[-XXXVI]...</i> [<i>(per 1635 English edition): </i>New Ephemerids for the Celestiall Motions, for the Yeeres of the Vulgar Era 1617–1636<i><span></span></i>]. Johannes Plancus. <q>Part 3 has title: Tomi L Ephemeridvm Ioannis Kepleri pars tertia, complexa annos à M.DC.XXIX. in M.DC.XXXVI. In quibus & tabb. Rudolphi jam perfectis, et sociâ operâ clariss. viri dn. Iacobi Bartschii ... Impressa Sagani Silesiorvm, in typographeio Ducali, svmptibvs avthoris, anno M.DC.XXX.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ephemerides+novae+motuum+coelestium%2C+ab+anno+vulgaris+aerae+MDCXVII%5B-XXXVI%5D...&rft.pub=Johannes+Plancus&rft.date=1617&rft.aulast=Keppler&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft.au=Bartsch%2C+Jakob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> (His third use of "vulgaris aerae" (Latin for Common Era) (1617))</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohann_KeplerAdriaan_Vlacq1635" class="citation book cs1">Johann Kepler; Adriaan Vlacq (1635). <i>Ephemerides of the Celestiall Motions, for the Yeers of the Vulgar Era 1633 ..</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ephemerides+of+the+Celestiall+Motions%2C+for+the+Yeers+of+the+Vulgar+Era+1633+...&rft.date=1635&rft.au=Johann+Kepler&rft.au=Adriaan+Vlacq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Clerc1701" class="citation book cs1">Le Clerc, John, ed. (1701). <i>The Harmony of the Evangelists</i>. London: Sam Buckley. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jakGAAAAQAAJ&q=%22vulgar+era%22&pg=PA5-IA4">5</a>. <q>Before Christ according to the Vulgar Æra, 6</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Harmony+of+the+Evangelists&rft.place=London&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Sam+Buckley&rft.date=1701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vulgarera">"Merriam Webster Online entry for <i>Vulgar Era</i>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Merriam+Webster+Online+entry+for+Vulgar+Era&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fvulgarera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphrey_Prideaux,_D.D.1716" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Prideaux" title="Humphrey Prideaux">Humphrey Prideaux, D.D.</a> (1716). <i>The Old and New Testament Connected in the History of the Jews and Neighbouring Nations</i>. Vol. 1 (Second ed.). London. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_the-old-and-new-testamen_prideaux-humphrey_1716/page/n7/mode/1up?">ii</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+and+New+Testament+Connected+in+the+History+of+the+Jews+and+Neighbouring+Nations&rft.place=London&rft.pages=ii&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=1716&rft.au=Humphrey+Prideaux%2C+D.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClivaz2012" class="citation book cs1">Clivaz, Claire (2012). "Common Era 2.0". <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Lire demain</i></span>; Reading tomorrow</i>. EPFL Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EbtYKIc0_Q4C&pg=PA38">38</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782889141494" title="Special:BookSources/9782889141494"><bdi>9782889141494</bdi></a>. <q>... the expression "Christian era" appears in Latin in a 1584 theology book (<a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Grynaeus" title="Johann Jakob Grynaeus">Grynaeus</a> and Beumler 1584)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Common+Era+2.0&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22French-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22fr%22%3ELire+demain%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+French-language+text%3B+Reading+tomorrow&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=EPFL+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9782889141494&rft.aulast=Clivaz&rft.aufirst=Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWING1649" class="citation book cs1">WING, Vincent (1649). <i>Speculum uranicum, anni æræ Christianæ, 1649, or, An almanack and prognosication for the year of our Lord, 1649 being the first from bissextile or leap-year, and from the creation of the world 5598, wherein is contained many useful, pleasant and necessary observations, and predictions ... : calculated (according to art) for the meridian and latitude of the ancient borough town of Stamford in Lincolnshire ... and without sensible errour may serve the 3. kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland</i>. London: J.L. for the Company of Stationers. <q>anni æræ Christianæ, 1649</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speculum+uranicum%2C+anni+%C3%A6r%C3%A6+Christian%C3%A6%2C+1649%2C+or%2C+An+almanack+and+prognosication+for+the+year+of+our+Lord%2C+1649+being+the+first+from+bissextile+or+leap-year%2C+and+from+the+creation+of+the+world+5598%2C+wherein+is+contained+many+useful%2C+pleasant+and+necessary+observations%2C+and+predictions+...+%3A+calculated+%28according+to+art%29+for+the+meridian+and+latitude+of+the+ancient+borough+town+of+Stamford+in+Lincolnshire+...+and+without+sensible+errour+may+serve+the+3.+kingdoms+of+England%2C+Scotland%2C+and+Ireland.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.L.+for+the+Company+of+Stationers&rft.date=1649&rft.aulast=WING&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSliter,_Robert1652" class="citation book cs1">Sliter, Robert (1652). <i>A celestiall glasse, or, Ephemeris for the year of the Christian era 1652 being the bissextile or leap-year: contayning the lunations, planetary motions, configurations & ecclipses for this present year ... : with many other things very delightfull and necessary for most sorts of men: calculated exactly and composed for ... Rochester</i>. London: Printed for the Company of Stationers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+celestiall+glasse%2C+or%2C+Ephemeris+for+the+year+of+the+Christian+era+1652+being+the+bissextile+or+leap-year%3A+contayning+the+lunations%2C+planetary+motions%2C+configurations+%26+ecclipses+for+this+present+year+...+%3A+with+many+other+things+very+delightfull+and+necessary+for+most+sorts+of+men%3A+calculated+exactly+and+composed+for+...+Rochester&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+Company+of+Stationers&rft.date=1652&rft.au=Sliter%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregoryJohn_NicholsonJohn_Morphew1715" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, David; John Nicholson; <a href="/wiki/John_Morphew" title="John Morphew">John Morphew</a> (1715). <i>The Elements of Astronomy, Physical and Geometrical</i>. Vol. 1. London: J. Nicholson. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementsofastron00greg/page/252/mode/2up">252</a>. <q>Some say the World was created 3950 Years before the common Æra of Christ</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Astronomy%2C+Physical+and+Geometrical&rft.place=London&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=J.+Nicholson&rft.date=1715&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=John+Nicholson&rft.au=John+Morphew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Before Christ</i> and <i>Christian Era</i> appear on the same page 252, while <i>Vulgar Era</i> appears on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementsofastron00greg/page/250/mode/2up">page 250</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalePsalmanazar,_GeorgeBower,_ArchibaldShelvocke,_George1759" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Sale" title="George Sale">Sale, George</a>; Psalmanazar, George; Bower, Archibald; Shelvocke, George; Campbell, John; Swinton, John (1759). <a href="/wiki/An_Universal_History:_From_the_Earliest_Accounts_to_the_Present_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="An Universal History: From the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time"><i>An Universal History: From the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time</i></a>. Vol. 13. London: C. Bathurst [etc.] p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anuniversalhist28swingoog/page/n145">130</a>. <q>And it doth not appear, that they began to reckon from the creation till after their <i><a href="/wiki/Gemarrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemarrah">Gemarrah</a></i> was finished;at which time they fixed that for their common era</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Universal+History%3A+From+the+Earliest+Accounts+to+the+Present+Time&rft.place=London&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=C.+Bathurst+%5Betc.%5D&rft.date=1759&rft.aulast=Sale&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Psalmanazar%2C+George&rft.au=Bower%2C+Archibald&rft.au=Shelvocke%2C+George&rft.au=Campbell%2C+John&rft.au=Swinton%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> [In this case, <i>their</i> refers to the Jews.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooperBielfeld,_Jacob_Friedrich1770" class="citation book cs1">Hooper, William; Bielfeld, Jacob Friedrich (1770). <i>The Elements of Universal Erudition: Containing an Analytical Abridgment of the Sciences, Polite Arts, and Belles Lettres</i>. Vol. 3. London: J Robson and B. Law. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementsofuniver03bieluoft/page/63/mode/1up">63</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementsofuniver03bieluoft/page/105/mode/1up?view=theater">105</a>. <q>The Spanish era began with the year of the world 3966, and 38 years before the common era (p63); 1796 years before the common era [...] 776 before the vulgar era. (p105)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Universal+Erudition%3A+Containing+an+Analytical+Abridgment+of+the+Sciences%2C+Polite+Arts%2C+and+Belles+Lettres&rft.place=London&rft.pages=63%2C+105&rft.pub=J+Robson+and+B.+Law&rft.date=1770&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Bielfeld%2C+Jacob+Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> [Possibly the first English use of "before the common era", with "vulgar era" synonymous with "common era" (1770)]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacFarquhar,_ColinGleig,_George1797" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">MacFarquhar, Colin; Gleig, George (1797). "Peter". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. A. Bell and C. Macfarquhar. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W3xMAAAAMAAJ&q=%22vulgar+era%22&pg=RA1-PA228">228</a>. <q>St Peter died in the 66th year of the vulgar era</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peter&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=A.+Bell+and+C.+Macfarquhar&rft.date=1797&rft.au=MacFarquhar%2C+Colin&rft.au=Gleig%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacFarquhar,_ColinGleig,_George1797" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">MacFarquhar, Colin; Gleig, George (1797). "Paul". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. A. Bell and C. Macfarquhar. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W3xMAAAAMAAJ&q=%22common+era%22&pg=PA50">50</a>. <q>This happened in the 33rd year of the common era, some time after our Saviour's death.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=A.+Bell+and+C.+Macfarquhar&rft.date=1797&rft.au=MacFarquhar%2C+Colin&rft.au=Gleig%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Campbell1835" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(Restoration_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Campbell (Restoration movement)">Alexander Campbell</a> (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/acampbell/tlo4/TLO400L4.HTM"><i>The Living Oracles, Fourth Edition</i></a>. pp. 16–20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+Oracles%2C+Fourth+Edition&rft.pages=16-20&rft.date=1835&rft.au=Alexander+Campbell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mun.ca%2Frels%2Frestmov%2Ftexts%2Facampbell%2Ftlo4%2FTLO400L4.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Campbell1835" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(Restoration_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Campbell (Restoration movement)">Alexander Campbell</a> (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/acampbell/tlo4/TLO400L3.HTM"><i>The Living Oracles, Fourth Edition</i></a>. pp. 15–16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+Oracles%2C+Fourth+Edition&rft.pages=15-16&rft.date=1835&rft.au=Alexander+Campbell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mun.ca%2Frels%2Frestmov%2Ftexts%2Facampbell%2Ftlo4%2FTLO400L3.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03738a.htm#christian">"General Chronology"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. <q>Foremost among these [various eras] is that which is now adopted by all civilized peoples and known as the Christian, Vulgar or Common Era, in the twentieth century of which we are now living</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=General+Chronology&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F03738a.htm%23christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Whitelaw1874" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Whitelaw_(editor)" title="Alexander Whitelaw (editor)">A. Whitelaw</a>, ed. (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/popularencyclop13encygoog/page/207/mode/1up?">"Epoch"</a>. <i>Popular Encyclopedia or Conversations Lexicon</i>. Vol. V. Oxford University Press. p. 207. <q>the common era of the Jews places the creation in BC 3760</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epoch&rft.btitle=Popular+Encyclopedia+or+Conversations+Lexicon&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1874&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpopularencyclop13encygoog%2Fpage%2F207%2Fmode%2F1up%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The first and second Advent: or, The past and the future with reference to the Jew, the gentile, and the Church of God</i>. Wertheim, MacIntosh & Hunt. 1858. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e6oCAAAAQAAJ&q=%22common+era+of+the+jews%22&pg=PA176">176</a>. <q>Hence the present year, 1858, in the common era of the Jews, is AM 5618–5619, a difference of more than 200 years from our commonly-received chronology.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+first+and+second+Advent%3A+or%2C+The+past+and+the+future+with+reference+to+the+Jew%2C+the+gentile%2C+and+the+Church+of+God&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Wertheim%2C+MacIntosh+%26+Hunt&rft.date=1858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGumpach,_Johannes_von1856" class="citation book cs1">Gumpach, Johannes von (1856). <i>Practical tables for the reduction of Mahometan dates to the Christian calendar</i>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924084318892/page/n7/mode/1up">4</a>. <q>Its epoch is the first of March old style. The common era of the Mahometans, as has already been stated, is that of the flight of Mahomet.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+tables+for+the+reduction+of+Mahometan+dates+to+the+Christian+calendar&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1856&rft.au=Gumpach%2C+Johannes+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1801" class="citation book cs1">Jones, William (1801). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theologicalphil09jonegoog"><i>The Theological, Philosophical and Miscellaneous Works of the Rev. William Jones</i></a>. London: Rivington. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bXIAAAAAMAAJ&q=%22common+era+of+the%22&pg=PA354">354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theological%2C+Philosophical+and+Miscellaneous+Works+of+the+Rev.+William+Jones&rft.place=London&rft.pages=354&rft.pub=Rivington&rft.date=1801&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheologicalphil09jonegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Fraser_Tytler1854" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fraser_Tytler" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Fraser Tytler">Alexander Fraser Tytler</a> (1854). <i>Universal History: From the Creation of the World to the Beginning of the Eighteenth Century</i>. Boston: Fetridge and Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6FKHIeUQ2J0C&q=%22common+era+of+the+foundation+of+rome%22&pg=PA284">284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universal+History%3A+From+the+Creation+of+the+World+to+the+Beginning+of+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Fetridge+and+Company&rft.date=1854&rft.au=Alexander+Fraser+Tytler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaynes1833" class="citation book cs1">Baynes, Thomas Spencer (1833). <i>The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature</i>. Vol. V (9 ed.). New York: Henry G. Allen and Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HKgMAAAAYAAJ&q=%22common+era+of+the+incarnation%22&pg=PA711">711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Arts%2C+Sciences%2C+and+General+Literature&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=711&rft.edition=9&rft.pub=Henry+G.+Allen+and+Company&rft.date=1833&rft.aulast=Baynes&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Spencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd1864" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Henthorn_Todd" title="James Henthorn Todd">Todd, James Henthorn</a> (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924029424110"><i>St. Patrick, Apostle of Ireland, A Memoir of his Life and Mission</i></a>. Dublin: Hodges, Smith & Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924029424110/page/495">[1]</a>–497. <q>It should be observed, however, that these years correspond to 492 and 493, a portion of the <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Ulster" title="Annals of Ulster">annals of Ulster</a> being counted from the Incarnation, and being, therefore, one year before the common era of the Nativity of our Lord.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Patrick%2C+Apostle+of+Ireland%2C+A+Memoir+of+his+Life+and+Mission&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924029424110%2Fpage%2F495-497&rft.pub=Hodges%2C+Smith+%26+Co&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=James+Henthorn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924029424110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeneage_Elsley1812" class="citation book cs1">Heneage Elsley (1812). <i>Annotations on the Four Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles</i> (2nd ed.). London: T. Payne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PGdCAAAAIAAJ&q=%22common+era+of+the%22&pg=PR16">xvi</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annotations+on+the+Four+Gospels+and+the+Acts+of+the+Apostles&rft.place=London&rft.pages=xvi&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=T.+Payne&rft.date=1812&rft.au=Heneage+Elsley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFélix_Gaffiot1934" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Gaffiot" title="Félix Gaffiot">Félix Gaffiot</a> (1934). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionnaire_Illustr%C3%A9_Latin-Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français">Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Hachette_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachette (publisher)">Hachette</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+Illustr%C3%A9+Latin-Fran%C3%A7ais&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=1934&rft.au=F%C3%A9lix+Gaffiot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaczynski2009" class="citation book cs1">Kaczynski, Richard (1 April 2009). <i>The Weiser Concise Guide to Aleister Crowley</i>. Weiser Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1adnRtKaWakC&pg=PA48">48</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Weiser+Concise+Guide+to+Aleister+Crowley&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Weiser+Books&rft.date=2009-04-01&rft.aulast=Kaczynski&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracey_R_Rich" class="citation web cs1">Tracey R Rich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewfaq.org/calendar.htm#Years">"Jewish Calendar"</a>. <i>Judaism 101</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2011</span>. <q>Jews do not generally use the words 'A.D.' and 'B.C.' to refer to the years on the Gregorian calendar. 'A.D.' means 'the year of our <a href="/wiki/L-rd" class="mw-redirect" title="L-rd">L-rd</a>,' and we do not believe Jesus is the L-rd. Instead, we use the abbreviations C.E. (Common or Christian Era) and B.C.E. (Before the Common Era).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Judaism+101&rft.atitle=Jewish+Calendar&rft.au=Tracey+R+Rich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewfaq.org%2Fcalendar.htm%23Years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusser2003" class="citation web cs1">Susser, Bernard, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/susser/plymouthinscriptions.htm">"Plymouth Hoe Old Jewish Cemetery Tombstone Inscriptions 3"</a>. Jewish Communities & Records, Susser Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2011</span>. <q>Here is buried his honour Judah ben his honour Joseph, a prince and honoured amongst philanthropists, who executed good deeds, died in his house in the City of Bath, Tuesday, and was buried here on Sunday, 19 Sivan in the year 5585. In memory of Lyon Joseph Esq (merchant of Falmouth, Cornwall). who died at Bath June AM 5585/VE 1825. Beloved and respected.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plymouth+Hoe+Old+Jewish+Cemetery+Tombstone+Inscriptions+3&rft.pub=Jewish+Communities+%26+Records%2C+Susser+Archive&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishgen.org%2Fjcr-uk%2Fsusser%2Fplymouthinscriptions.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> [19 Sivan 5585 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">AM</a> is 5 June 1825. VE is likely an abbreviation for <i>Vulgar Era</i>.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gormley-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gormley_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gormley_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGormley2005" class="citation news cs1">Gormley, Michael (24 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chron.com/news/nation-world/article/Use-of-B-C-and-A-D-faces-changing-times-1643198.php">"Use of B.C. and A.D. faces changing times"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i>. p. A–13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Use+of+B.C.+and+A.D.+faces+changing+times&rft.pages=A-13&rft.date=2005-04-24&rft.aulast=Gormley&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Farticle%2FUse-of-B-C-and-A-D-faces-changing-times-1643198.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_Team2005" class="citation web cs1">BBC Team (8 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/history_1.shtml#section_2">"History of Judaism 63 BCE – 1086 CE"</a>. <i>BBC Religion & Ethics</i>. British Broadcasting Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Religion+%26+Ethics&rft.atitle=History+of+Judaism+63+BCE+%E2%80%93+1086+CE&rft.date=2005-02-08&rft.au=BBC+Team&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fjudaism%2Fhistory%2Fhistory_1.shtml%23section_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, the Society for Historical Archaeology states in its more recent style guide "Do not use CE (common era), BP (before present), or BCE; convert these expressions to AD and BC." (In section I 5 the Society explains how to use "years BP" in connection with <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon ages</a>.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociety_for_Historical_Archaeology2006" class="citation web cs1">Society for Historical Archaeology (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sha.org/documents/SHAStyleGuide-Dec2011.pdf">"Style Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160419052334/http://www.sha.org/documents/SHAStyleGuide-Dec2011.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Style+Guide&rft.date=2006-12&rft.au=Society+for+Historical+Archaeology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsha.org%2Fdocuments%2FSHAStyleGuide-Dec2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span> whereas the <a href="/wiki/American_Anthropological_Association" title="American Anthropological Association">American Anthropological Association</a> style guide takes a different approach, supporting the use of "CE" and "BCE." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Anthropological_Society2009" class="citation web cs1">American Anthropological Society (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaanet.org/publications/guidelines.cfm">"AAA Style Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AAA+Style+Guide&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2009&rft.au=American+Anthropological+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaanet.org%2Fpublications%2Fguidelines.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavacini2015" class="citation journal cs1">Cavacini, A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-014-1352-1">"Is the CE/BCE notation becoming a standard in scholarly literature?"</a>. <i>Scientometrics</i>. <b>102</b> (2): 1661–1668. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11192-014-1352-1">10.1007/s11192-014-1352-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255011561">255011561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientometrics&rft.atitle=Is+the+CE%2FBCE+notation+becoming+a+standard+in+scholarly+literature%3F&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1661-1668&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11192-014-1352-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255011561%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cavacini&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs11192-014-1352-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalkin2011" class="citation news cs1">Malkin, Bonnie (2 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/australia/8736932/Anger-in-Australia-as-school-books-write-Christ-out-of-history.html">"Anger in Australia as school books 'write Christ out of history'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Anger+in+Australia+as+school+books+%27write+Christ+out+of+history%27&rft.date=2011-09-02&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Malkin&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Faustraliaandthepacific%2Faustralia%2F8736932%2FAnger-in-Australia-as-school-books-write-Christ-out-of-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/national/adbc-rock-solid-in-curriculum-20111020-1mab2.html">"AD/BC rock solid in curriculum"</a>. <i>The Age</i>. Melbourne. 21 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=AD%2FBC+rock+solid+in+curriculum&rft.date=2011-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnational%2Fadbc-rock-solid-in-curriculum-20111020-1mab2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/holy-post/museum-of-civilization-putting-the-christ-back-in-history-as-bc-and-ad-return">"Museum of Civilization putting the 'Christ' back in history as BC and AD return"</a>, by Sean Kilpatrick/The Canadian Press, <i>National Post</i>, 27 February 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111220120909/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-531644-ad-and-bc-become-cebce.do">"AD and BC become CE/BCE"</a>. <i>This is London</i>. 9 February 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-531644-ad-and-bc-become-cebce.do">the original</a> on 20 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=This+is+London&rft.atitle=AD+and+BC+become+CE%2FBCE&rft.date=2002-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisislondon.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticle-531644-ad-and-bc-become-cebce.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tel-NT-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tel-NT_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tel-NT_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tel-NT_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/11/12/national-trust-tells-properties-stick-anno-domini-historic-site/">"National Trust tells properties to stop dropping BC and AD out of fear it might offend non-Christians"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>, by Henry Bodkin, 12 November 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/stonehenge/history-and-stories/history/stonehenge-glossary/">Stonehenge glossary, "BC and AD"</a> English Heritage</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/en/collections/news-style-guide">"BBC News style guide"</a>. <i>BBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+News+style+guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Facademy%2Fen%2Fcollections%2Fnews-style-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-c">"Guardian style guide"</a>. <i>Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guardian&rft.atitle=Guardian+style+guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fguardian-observer-style-guide-c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110505010633/http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/ap/history_world/topic.html?worldhist">"AP: World History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/ap/history_world/topic.html?worldhist">the original</a> on 5 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AP%3A+World+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collegeboard.com%2Fstudent%2Ftesting%2Fap%2Fhistory_world%2Ftopic.html%3Fworldhist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520111303/http://www.history.com/topics/jerusalem">"Jerusalem Timeline"</a>. History Channel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/jerusalem">the original</a> on 20 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+Timeline&rft.pub=History+Channel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fjerusalem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span>;<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520111303/http://www.history.com/topics/jerusalem">"Jerusalem: Biographies"</a>. History Channel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/jerusalem">the original</a> on 20 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+School+Board+reverses+itself+on+B.C.%2FA.D.+controversy&rft.pub=Family+Foundation+of+Kentucky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tffky.org%2Farticles%2FPress%2520Releases%2Fprs%252006-14-06%2520MC.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoe_Biesk2006" class="citation news cs1">Joe Biesk (15 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090710123618/http://legacy.kctcs.edu/todaysnews/index.cfm?tn_date=2006-06-16#5119">"School board keeps traditional historic designations"</a>. <i>Louisville Courier-Journal</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Louisville+Courier-Journal&rft.atitle=School+board+keeps+traditional+historic+designations&rft.date=2006-06-15&rft.au=Joe+Biesk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.kctcs.edu%2Ftodaysnews%2Findex.cfm%3Ftn_date%3D2006-06-16%235119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060926165947/http://cpe.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/5F08162C-899F-47FE-9367-1DDD82DE74E6/0/6_CommissionerofEdReport.pdf">"Kentucky Board of Education Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Kentucky Board of Education Report. 10 June 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpe.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/5F08162C-899F-47FE-9367-1DDD82DE74E6/0/6_CommissionerofEdReport.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kentucky+Board+of+Education+Report&rft.pub=Kentucky+Board+of+Education+Report&rft.date=2006-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpe.ky.gov%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2F5F08162C-899F-47FE-9367-1DDD82DE74E6%2F0%2F6_CommissionerofEdReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The American and English Encyclopedia of Law and Practice</i>. 1910. p. 1116. <q>It has been said of the Latin words anno Domini, meaning in the year of our Lord ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+and+English+Encyclopedia+of+Law+and+Practice&rft.pages=1116&rft.date=1910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_McDowellNathan_Robert_Brown2009" class="citation book cs1">Michael McDowell; Nathan Robert Brown (2009). <i>World Religions At Your Fingertips</i>. Penguin. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-01469-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-01469-1"><bdi>978-1-101-01469-1</bdi></a>. <q>Marked by the turn of the Common Era, C.E., originally referred to as A.D., an abbreviation of the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Anno Domini</i></span>, meaning 'Year of our God/Lord.' This was a shortening of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Anno Domini Nostri Jesu Christi</i></span>, meaning 'Year of our God/Lord Jesus Christ.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions+At+Your+Fingertips&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-101-01469-1&rft.au=Michael+McDowell&rft.au=Nathan+Robert+Brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ostling-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ostling_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ostling_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstling2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Ostling, Michael (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/bcad-dating-year-whose-lord">"BC/AD Dating: In the year of whose Lord?"</a>. <i>History Today</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Catholic+Reporter&rft.atitle=Annan%3A+%27Peace+is+never+a+perfect+achievement%27+%E2%80%93+United+Nations+Secretary+General+Kofi+Annan&rft.date=1998-12-11&rft.aulast=Lefevere&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m1141%2Fis_7_35%2Fai_53460476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnan1999" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Annan, Kofi A.</a> (28 June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501020027/http://www.un.org/News/ossg/sg/stories/articleFull.asp?TID=37">"Common values for a common era: Even as we cherish our diversity, we need to discover our shared values"</a>. Civilization: The Magazine of the Library of Congress. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/ossg/sg/stories/articleFull.asp?TID=37">the original</a> on 1 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Common+values+for+a+common+era%3A+Even+as+we+cherish+our+diversity%2C+we+need+to+discover+our+shared+values&rft.pub=Civilization%3A+The+Magazine+of+the+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1999-06-28&rft.aulast=Annan&rft.aufirst=Kofi+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FNews%2Fossg%2Fsg%2Fstories%2FarticleFull.asp%3FTID%3D37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafire1997" class="citation news cs1">Safire, William (17 August 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180814202630/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/17/magazine/bc-ad-or-bce-ce.html">"B.C./A.D. or B.C.E./C.E.?"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/17/magazine/bc-ad-or-bce-ce.html">the original</a></span> on 14 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=B.C.%2FA.D.+or+B.C.E.%2FC.E.%3F&rft.date=1997-08-17&rft.aulast=Safire&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F08%2F17%2Fmagazine%2Fbc-ad-or-bce-ce.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mark, Joshua J. (27 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1041/the-origin--history-of-the-bcece-dating-system/">"The Origin & History of the BCE/CE Dating System."</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Origin+%26+History+of+the+BCE%2FCE+Dating+System.&rft.btitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2017-03-27&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Farticle%2F1041%2Fthe-origin--history-of-the-bcece-dating-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollick-2024-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pollick-2024_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollick2024" class="citation web cs1">Pollick, Michael (23 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicalindex.org/what-is-the-difference-between-ad-bc-bce-and-ce-in-identifying-historical-dates.htm">"What is the Difference Between AD, BC, BCE, and CE in Identifying Historical Dates?"</a>. <i>Historical Index</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Maryville, NY: Orbis Books. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57075-564-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57075-564-4"><bdi>978-1-57075-564-4</bdi></a>. <q>To call our age 'the Common Era,' even though for the Jews, the Chinese, the Tamil, the Muslims, and many others it is not a common era, constitutes the acme of colonialism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christophany%3A+The+Fullness+of+Man&rft.place=Maryville%2C+NY&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Orbis+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57075-564-4&rft.aulast=Panikkar&rft.aufirst=Raimon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1993" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Kenneth G. (16 December 1993). <i>The Columbia Guide to Standard American English – A.D., B.C., (A.)C.E., B.C.E</i>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06989-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06989-2"><bdi>978-0-231-06989-2</bdi></a>. <q>A.D. appears either before or after the number of the year ... although conservative use has long preferred before only; B.C. always follows the number of the year. ... Common era (C.E.) itself needs a good deal of further justification, in view of its clearly Christian numbering. Most conservatives still prefer A.D. and B.C. Best advice: don't use B.C.E., C.E., or A.C.E. to replace B.C. and A.D. without translating the new terms for the very large number of readers who will not understand them. Note too that if we do end by casting aside the A.D./B.C. convention, almost certainly some will argue that we ought to cast aside as well the conventional numbering system itself, given its Christian basis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Guide+to+Standard+American+English+%E2%80%93+A.D.%2C+B.C.%2C+%28A.%29C.E.%2C+B.C.E.&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1993-12-16&rft.isbn=978-0-231-06989-2&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitney2006" class="citation news cs1">Whitney, Susan (2 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012132926/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_20061202/ai_n16891064">"Altering history? Changes have some asking 'Before what?'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Deseret News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_20061202/ai_n16891064">the original</a> on 12 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2011</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'I find this attempt to restructure history offensive,' Lori Weintz wrote, in a letter to National Geographic publishers. ... 'The forward to your book says B.C. and A.D. were removed so as to "not impose the standards of one culture on others." ... It's 2006 this year for anyone on Earth that is participating in day-to-day world commerce and communication. Two thousand six years since what? Most people know, regardless of their belief system, and aren't offended by a historical fact.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Deseret+News&rft.atitle=Altering+history%3F+Changes+have+some+asking+%27Before+what%3F%27&rft.date=2006-12-02&rft.aulast=Whitney&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_qn4188%2Fis_20061202%2Fai_n16891064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SBC-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SBC_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbc.net/resource-library/resolutions/on-retaining-the-traditional-method-of-calendar-dating-b-c-a-d/">"On Retaining The Traditional Method Of Calendar Dating (B.C./A.D.)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a>. June 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2011</span>. <q>This practice [of BCE/CE] is the result of the secularization, anti-supernaturalism, religious pluralism, and political correctness pervasive in our society ... retention [of BC/AD] is a reminder to those in this secular age of the importance of Christ's life and mission and emphasizes to all that history is ultimately His Story.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+Retaining+The+Traditional+Method+Of+Calendar+Dating+%28B.C.%2FA.D.%29&rft.pub=Southern+Baptist+Convention&rft.date=2000-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbc.net%2Fresource-library%2Fresolutions%2Fon-retaining-the-traditional-method-of-calendar-dating-b-c-a-d%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Chicago Manual of Style</i> (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. ¶ 9.34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-28705-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-28705-8"><bdi>978-0-226-28705-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.pages=%C2%B6+9.34&rft.edition=17th&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-226-28705-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070909071543/http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/about15_rules.html">"Major Rule Changes in The Chicago Manual of Style, Fifteenth Edition"</a>. University of Chicago Press. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/about15_rules.html">the original</a> on 9 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2015</span>. <q>Certain abbreviations traditionally set in small caps are now in full caps (AD, BCE, and the like), with small caps an option.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Major+Rule+Changes+in+The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style%2C+Fifteenth+Edition&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagomanualofstyle.org%2Fabout15_rules.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>SBL Handbook of Style</i> <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Society of Biblical Literature">Society of Biblical Literature</a> 1999 "8.1.2 ERAS – The preferred style is B.C.E. and C.E. (with periods). If you use A.D. and B.C., remember that A.D. precedes the date and B.C. follows it. (For the use of these abbreviations in titles, see § 7.1.3.2.)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jewish_Joke-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_Joke_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_Joke_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100717061654/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,759195,00.html">"GERMANY: Jewish Joke"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 7 March 1938. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,759195,00.html">the original</a> on 17 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=GERMANY%3A+Jewish+Joke&rft.date=1938-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C759195%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums. Ein unpartheiisches Organ für alles jüdische Interesse, II. Jahrgang, No. 60, Leipzig, 19. Mai 1838</i></span> (19 May 1838). See page 175 in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pwxFAAAAcAAJ">Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums: Ein unpartheiisches Organ für alles jüdische Interesse in Betreff von Politik, Religion, Literatur, Geschichte, Sprachkunde und Belletristik, Volume 2</a> (Leipzig 1838).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Julius_F%C3%BCrst" title="Julius Fürst">Julius Fürst</a></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Geschichte des Karäerthums von 900 bis 1575 der gewöhnlichen Zeitrechnung</i></span> (Leipzig 1862–1869).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_und_zu_Guttenberg1938" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_Freiherr_von_und_zu_Guttenberg" title="Karl Ludwig Freiherr von und zu Guttenberg">von und zu Guttenberg, Karl Ludwig Freiherr</a> (May 1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119145938/http://www.monarchieforum.org/ARCHIV/WeisseBlaetter/MAI1938.pdf">"Weiße Blätter: Monatschrift für Geschichte, Tradition u. Staat"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 149. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monarchieforum.org/ARCHIV/WeisseBlaetter/MAI1938.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wei%C3%9Fe+Bl%C3%A4tter%3A+Monatschrift+f%C3%BCr+Geschichte%2C+Tradition+u.+Staat&rft.pages=149&rft.date=1938-05&rft.aulast=von+und+zu+Guttenberg&rft.aufirst=Karl+Ludwig+Freiherr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monarchieforum.org%2FARCHIV%2FWeisseBlaetter%2FMAI1938.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RAE-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RAE_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aplica.rae.es/orweb/cgi-bin/z.cgi?t=4852746440070813319661357&s=2"><i>Ortografía de la lengua española</i></a> (in Spanish) (online ed.). Real Academia Española y Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española. 2010. p. 695.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ortograf%C3%ADa+de+la+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola&rft.pages=695&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Real+Academia+Espa%C3%B1ola+y+Asociaci%C3%B3n+de+Academias+de+la+Lengua+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faplica.rae.es%2Forweb%2Fcgi-bin%2Fz.cgi%3Ft%3D4852746440070813319661357%26s%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111111060109/http://spanish.about.com/od/writtenspanish/qt/dates.htm">"Writing Dates in Spanish"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spanish.about.com/od/writtenspanish/qt/dates.htm">the original</a> on 11 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Writing+Dates+in+Spanish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspanish.about.com%2Fod%2Fwrittenspanish%2Fqt%2Fdates.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?A2=welsh-termau-cymraeg;982a203b.0610">"Welsh-Termau-Cymraeg Archives"</a> (in Welsh). JISCMail. 19 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welsh-Termau-Cymraeg+Archives&rft.pub=JISCMail&rft.date=2006-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jiscmail.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fwebadmin%3FA2%3Dwelsh-termau-cymraeg%3B982a203b.0610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prirucka.ujc.cas.cz/?id=780">"Jazyková příručka Ústavu pro jazyk český"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jazykov%C3%A1+p%C5%99%C3%ADru%C4%8Dka+%C3%9Astavu+pro+jazyk+%C4%8Desk%C3%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprirucka.ujc.cas.cz%2F%3Fid%3D780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hjp.znanje.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=dl9nXRQ=">"pr. Kr"</a>. <i>Hrvatski jezični portal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hrvatski+jezi%C4%8Dni+portal&rft.atitle=pr.+Kr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhjp.znanje.hr%2Findex.php%3Fshow%3Dsearch_by_id%26id%3Ddl9nXRQ%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hjp.znanje.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=eV1lWBA=">"p. Kr"</a>. <i>Hrvatski jezični portal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hrvatski+jezi%C4%8Dni+portal&rft.atitle=p.+Kr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhjp.znanje.hr%2Findex.php%3Fshow%3Dsearch_by_id%26id%3DeV1lWBA%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hjp.znanje.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=dl9nXxQ=">"pr. n. e."</a> <i>Hrvatski jezični portal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hrvatski+jezi%C4%8Dni+portal&rft.atitle=pr.+n.+e.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhjp.znanje.hr%2Findex.php%3Fshow%3Dsearch_by_id%26id%3Ddl9nXxQ%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hjp.znanje.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=eF9iXRY=">"n. e."</a> <i>Hrvatski jezični portal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hrvatski+jezi%C4%8Dni+portal&rft.atitle=n.+e.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhjp.znanje.hr%2Findex.php%3Fshow%3Dsearch_by_id%26id%3DeF9iXRY%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_Era&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Common_Era#Translations" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Common Era">Common_Era#Translations</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/102009094">"From Our Readers: Ancient Manuscripts—How Are They Dated?"</a>. <i>Awake!</i>. <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>. 2009. <q>Although A.D. (Anno Domini, meaning 'in the year of our Lord') and B.C. (before Christ) are used in lands where professed Christianity predominates, we have chosen to use the terms C.E. (Common Era) and B.C.E. (Before the Common Era).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Awake%21&rft.atitle=From+Our+Readers%3A+Ancient+Manuscripts%E2%80%94How+Are+They+Dated%3F&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwol.jw.org%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F102009094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+Era" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Calendars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Calendars" title="Template:Calendars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Calendars" title="Template talk:Calendars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Calendars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Calendars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Calendars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In wide use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Lunar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_week_date" title="ISO week date">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_time" title="Unix time">Unix time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">In more<br />limited use</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_calendar" title="Akan calendar">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_calendar" title="Assamese calendar">Assamese (Bhāshkarābda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_calendar" title="Baháʼí calendar">Baháʼí</a> <ul><li>Badí‘</li></ul></li> <li>Bali <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pawukon_calendar" title="Pawukon calendar">Pawukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Saka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi calendar">Bangladeshi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borana_calendar" title="Borana calendar">Borana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earthly_Branches" title="Earthly Branches">Earthly Branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Stems" title="Heavenly Stems">Heavenly Stems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar" title="Republic of China calendar">Minguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_term" title="Solar term">Solar term</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_holidays" title="Heathen holidays">Germanic heathen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calendar" title="Georgian calendar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Saka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_calendar" title="Hmong calendar">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalali_calendar" title="Jalali calendar">Jalali</a> <ul><li>medieval</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Irish</a> <ul><li>Gaelic</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasli_calendar" title="Fasli calendar">Fasli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabular_Islamic_calendar" title="Tabular Islamic calendar">Tabular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juche_calendar" title="Juche calendar">Juche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_calendar" title="Kurdish calendar">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_calendar" title="Lithuanian calendar">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_Panchang" title="Tirhuta Panchang">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_calendar" title="Mandaean calendar">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_calendar" title="Meitei calendar">Manipuri (Meitei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_calendar" title="Melanau calendar">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_calendar" title="Mongolian calendar">Mongolian</a></li> <li>Nepal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Sambat" title="Nepal Sambat">Nepal Sambat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yele_Sambat" title="Yele Sambat">Yele Sambat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a#Nisga’a_calendar/life" title="Nisga'a">Nisg̱a'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_calendar" title="Odia calendar">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_calendar" title="Punjabi calendar">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_calendar" title="Romanian calendar">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_calendar" title="Shona calendar">Shona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_calendar" title="Somali calendar">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_calendar" title="Sotho calendar">Sesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_calendar" title="Slavic calendar">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_calendars_and_holidays" title="Slavic Native Faith's calendars and holidays">Slavic Native Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_months" title="Macedonian months">Macedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_calendar" title="Thai calendar">Thai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_lunar_calendar" title="Thai lunar calendar">lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">solar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_calendar" title="Tripuri calendar">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_calendar" title="Tulu calendar">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_calendar" title="Vietnamese calendar">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_calendar" title="Xhosa calendar">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_calendar" title="Yoruba calendar">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_calendar" title="Zulu calendar">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runic_calendar" title="Runic calendar">Runic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_round" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar round">Calendar round</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Christian variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian and Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Eastern Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabian_calendar" title="Pre-Islamic Arabian calendar">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_calendar" title="Attic calendar">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dnalp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Tōnalpōhualli">Tōnalpōhualli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiuhp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Xiuhpōhualli">Xiuhpōhualli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_calendar" title="Babylonian calendar">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_calendar" title="Bulgar calendar">Bulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_calendar" title="Cappadocian calendar">Cappadocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_calendar" title="Cham calendar">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chula_Sakarat" title="Chula Sakarat">Culāsakaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coligny_calendar" title="Coligny calendar">Coligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_calendar" title="Enoch calendar">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_calendar" title="Florentine calendar">Florentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca calendar">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_calendar" title="Ancient Macedonian calendar">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haab%CA%BC" title="Haabʼ">Haabʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%CA%BCin" title="Tzolkʼin">Tzolkʼin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecontad_calendar" title="Pentecontad calendar">Pentecontad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisan_calendar" title="Pisan calendar">Pisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_calendrical_texts" title="Qumran calendrical texts">Qumran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_calendar" title="Rapa Nui calendar">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi_calendar" title="Rumi calendar"><i>Rumi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Sexagenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_calendar" title="Soviet calendar">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_calendar" title="Swedish calendar">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_renaming_of_Turkmen_months_and_days_of_week" title="2002 renaming of Turkmen months and days of week">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By specialty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene</a> <ul><li>anthropological</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">Proleptic Julian</a> <ul><li>historiographical</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darian_calendar" title="Darian calendar">Darian</a> <ul><li>Martian</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamspell" title="Dreamspell">Dreamspell</a> <ul><li>New Age</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Pataphysics#Pataphysical_calendar" title="'Pataphysics">'Pataphysical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_reform" title="Calendar reform">Reform proposals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanke%E2%80%93Henry_Permanent_Calendar" title="Hanke–Henry Permanent Calendar">Hanke–Henry Permanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar" title="International Fixed Calendar">International Fixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Calendar" title="Pax Calendar">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivist_calendar" title="Positivist calendar">Positivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry454" title="Symmetry454">Symmetry454</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Calendar" title="World Calendar">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Displays and<br />applications</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendaring_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendaring software">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_calendar" title="Perpetual calendar">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(stationery)" title="Calendar (stationery)">Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Year naming<br />and numbering</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch" title="Epoch">Epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">Year zero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anka_year" title="Anka year">Anka year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Common Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Lucis" title="Anno Lucis">Anno Lucis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_the_Martyrs" title="Era of the Martyrs">Anno Martyrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym_dating_system" title="Eponym dating system">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar" title="Republic of China calendar">Chinese Minguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English and British regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">Hijri year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Human (Holocene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirayana_system" title="Nirayana system">Nirayana system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_era" title="Spanish era">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yugas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Yuga" title="Satya Yuga">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treta_Yuga" title="Treta Yuga">Treta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga" title="Dvapara Yuga">Dvapara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discworld_(world)#Calendar" title="Discworld (world)">Discworld</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Discworld" title="Discworld">Discworld</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanaess#Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Flanaess">Greyhawk</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-earth calendar">Middle-earth</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardate" title="Stardate">Stardate</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List of calendars</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Calendars" title="Category:Calendars">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_topics" title="Template:Time topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_topics" title="Template talk:Time topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past" title="Past">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Measurement</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Time_standard" title="Time standard">standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chronometry" title="Chronometry">Chronometry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" title="International Atomic Time">TAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">Unit of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">Orders of magnitude (time)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/System_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="System of measurement">Measurement<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_six-hour_clock" title="Italian six-hour clock">Italian six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_six-hour_clock" title="Thai six-hour clock">Thai six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_hour" title="Relative hour">Relative hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_timekeeping" title="Traditional Chinese timekeeping">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">Decimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal_time" title="Hexadecimal time">Hexadecimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_time" title="Metric time">Metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_timekeeping" title="Roman timekeeping">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">Sidereal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar#Systems" title="Calendar">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu Panchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock#Types" title="Clock">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">astronomical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrarium" title="Astrarium">astrarium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum clock">quantum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">hourglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_watch" title="Mechanical watch">mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_clock" title="Cuckoo clock">Cuckoo clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_clock" title="Digital clock">Digital clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clock" title="Grandfather clock">Grandfather clock</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_time_measurement_inventions" title="Timeline of time measurement inventions">Timeline</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomical chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periodization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_series_and_B_series" title="A series and B series">A series and B series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-theory_of_time" title="B-theory of time">B-theory of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronocentrism" title="Chronocentrism">Chronocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurantism" title="Endurantism">Endurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">Eternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">Perdurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">Presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Temporal finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_parts" title="Temporal parts">Temporal parts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Time_in_religion" title="Category:Time in religion">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_in_religion_and_mythology" title="Template:Time in religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dreaming" title="The Dreaming">Dreamtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81la" title="Kāla">Kāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_and_fate_deities" title="Time and fate deities">Time and fate deities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father_Time" title="Father Time">Father Time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_time" title="Wheel of time">Wheel of time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_perception" title="Time perception">Human experience</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Time-use_research" title="Time-use research">use of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_time" title="Generation time">Generation time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">Mental chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">time signature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosy_retrospection" title="Rosy retrospection">Rosy retrospection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">Time management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesterday_(time)" title="Yesterday (time)">Yesterday</a> – <a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Today</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_(time)" title="Tomorrow (time)">Tomorrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Time in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronozone" title="Chronozone">chron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eon_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eon (geology)">eon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era (geology)">era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_of_time" title="Arrow of time">Arrow of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronon" title="Chronon">Chronon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinate_time" title="Coordinate time">Coordinate time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant" title="Instant">Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_translation_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Time translation symmetry">Time translation symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">Time reversal symmetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Other fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">Circadian rhythms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_clock" title="Chemical clock">Clock reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_geography" title="Time geography">Time geography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_(unit)" title="Moment (unit)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_time" title="System time">System time</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tempus_fugit" title="Tempus fugit">Tempus fugit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_capsule" title="Time capsule">Time capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_immemorial" title="Time immemorial">Time immemorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Time" title="Category:Time">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Time" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Time">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chronology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chronology" title="Template:Chronology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chronology" title="Template talk:Chronology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chronology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Key topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Era" title="Era">Eras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(reference_date)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (reference date)">Epochs</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar eras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Human Era</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Common Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_era" title="Bosporan era">Bosporan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bostran_era" title="Bostran era">Bostran era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Caesar_(Iberian_Peninsula)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era of Caesar (Iberian Peninsula)">Era of Caesar (Iberia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_present" class="mw-redirect" title="Before present">Before present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sothic_cycle" title="Sothic cycle">Sothic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar#Short_Count" title="Maya calendar">Short Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzolk'in">Tzolk'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haab%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Haab'">Haab'</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anka_year" title="Anka year">Anka year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_of_Kings" title="Canon of Kings">Canon of Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English and British regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regnal_lists" title="Category:Regnal lists">Lists of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limmu" title="Limmu">Limmu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Era names</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Pre-Julian / Julian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Pre-Julian Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Original Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">Proleptic Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised Julian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Gregorian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style and New Style dates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">Adoption of the Gregorian calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_dating" title="Dual dating">Dual dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical year numbering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Chinese sexagenary cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_Calendar" title="Geologic Calendar">Geologic Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_week_date" title="ISO week date">ISO week date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_count" title="Winter count">Winter count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_Time" title="New Earth Time">New Earth Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomic time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#fff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Calendar" title="Cosmic Calendar">Cosmic Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeris" title="Ephemeris">Ephemeris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonic_cycle" title="Metonic cycle">Metonic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" title="Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale#Terminology" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standard_Stratigraphic_Age" title="Global Standard Stratigraphic Age">Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point" title="Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point">Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronostratigraphy" title="Chronostratigraphy">Chronostratigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope_geochemistry" title="Isotope geochemistry">Isotope geochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_superposition" title="Law of superposition">Law of superposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminescence_dating" title="Luminescence dating">Luminescence dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93neodymium_dating" title="Samarium–neodymium dating">Samarium–neodymium dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological<br />dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_dating" title="Absolute dating">Absolute dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_dating" title="Amino acid dating">Amino acid racemisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeomagnetic_dating" title="Archaeomagnetic dating">Archaeomagnetic dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">Dendrochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">Ice core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_dating" title="Incremental dating">Incremental dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichenometry" title="Lichenometry">Lichenometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleomagnetism" title="Paleomagnetism">Paleomagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">Radiometric dating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Lead–lead dating">Lead–lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%93Ar_dating" title="K–Ar dating">Potassium–argon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Uranium–lead dating">Uranium–lead</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrochronology" title="Tephrochronology">Tephrochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminescence_dating" title="Luminescence dating">Luminescence dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoluminescence_dating" title="Thermoluminescence dating">Thermoluminescence dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Relative_dating" title="Relative dating">Relative dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine_absorption_dating" title="Fluorine absorption dating">Fluorine absorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dating" title="Nitrogen dating">Nitrogen dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian_hydration_dating" title="Obsidian hydration dating">Obsidian hydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seriation_(archaeology)" title="Seriation (archaeology)">Seriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy_(archaeology)" title="Stratigraphy (archaeology)">Stratigraphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Genetic methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">Molecular clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Linguistic methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">Chronicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Chronology_(Fomenko)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Chronology (Fomenko)">New Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronoptic_view" title="Synchronoptic view">Synchronoptic view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" 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