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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="معركة كاملان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة كاملان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emgann_Camlann" title="Emgann Camlann – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Emgann Camlann" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Camlann" title="Batalla de Camlann – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla de Camlann" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Camlannu" title="Bitva u Camlannu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Camlannu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brwydr_Camlan" title="Brwydr Camlan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brwydr Camlan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_von_Camlann" title="Schlacht von Camlann – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht von Camlann" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Μάχη του Κάμλαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάχη του Κάμλαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Camlann" title="Batalla de Camlann – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Camlann" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalo_de_Camlann" title="Batalo de Camlann – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Batalo de Camlann" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camlanngo_gudua" title="Camlanngo gudua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Camlanngo gudua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D9%86" title="نبرد کاملن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد کاملن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Camlann" title="Bataille de Camlann – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Camlann" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Camlann" title="Batalla de Camlann – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Batalla de Camlann" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%84%EB%9E%80_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="캄란 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캄란 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Camlann" title="Battaglia di Camlann – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Camlann" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9F" title="קרב קמלן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב קמלן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_Camlann" title="Slag bij Camlann – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Camlann" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="カムランの戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カムランの戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Camlann" title="Batalha de Camlann – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Camlann" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Camlanna" title="Bitka kod Camlanna – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka kod Camlanna" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camlannin_taistelu" title="Camlannin taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Camlannin taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Camlann" title="Slaget vid Camlann – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Camlann" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camlann_Muharebesi" title="Camlann Muharebesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Camlann Muharebesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_Camlann" title="Trận Camlann – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận Camlann" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%91%E6%A0%8F%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="剑栏之战 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="剑栏之战" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q862619#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camlann" 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Camlann" redirects here. For the living history museum, see <a href="/wiki/Camlann_Medieval_Village" title="Camlann Medieval Village">Camlann Medieval Village</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_Between_King_Arthur_and_Sir_Mordred_-_William_Hatherell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Battle_Between_King_Arthur_and_Sir_Mordred_-_William_Hatherell.jpg/250px-Battle_Between_King_Arthur_and_Sir_Mordred_-_William_Hatherell.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Battle_Between_King_Arthur_and_Sir_Mordred_-_William_Hatherell.jpg/375px-Battle_Between_King_Arthur_and_Sir_Mordred_-_William_Hatherell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Battle_Between_King_Arthur_and_Sir_Mordred_-_William_Hatherell.jpg/500px-Battle_Between_King_Arthur_and_Sir_Mordred_-_William_Hatherell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption><i>Battle Between King Arthur and Sir Mordred</i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Hatherell" title="William Hatherell">William Hatherell</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Battle of Camlann</b> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Gwaith Camlan</i> or <i>Brwydr Camlan</i>) is the legendary final battle of <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>, in which Arthur either died or was mortally wounded while fighting either alongside or against <a href="/wiki/Mordred" title="Mordred">Mordred</a>, who also perished. The original legend of Camlann, inspired by a purportedly historical event said to have taken place in the early 6th-century <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Britain</a>, is only vaguely described in several medieval Welsh texts dating from around the 10th century. The battle's much more detailed depictions have emerged since the 12th century, generally based on that of a catastrophic conflict described in the pseudo-chronicle <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a></i>. The further greatly embellished variants originate from the later French chivalric romance tradition, in which it became known as the <b>Battle of Salisbury</b>, and include the 15th-century telling in <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Morte_d%27Arthur" title="Le Morte d'Arthur">Le Morte d'Arthur</a></i> that remains popular today. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Camlann&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name may derive from a <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Brittonic</a> <i>*Cambo-landa</i> ("crooked/twisting-enclosure" or "crooked/twisting open land"),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or (less likely) <i>*Cambo-glanna</i> ("crooked/twisting bank (of a river)"), as found in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman</a> fort of <a href="/wiki/Camboglanna" title="Camboglanna">Camboglanna</a> (Castlesteads) in <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historicity">Historicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Camlann&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_King_Arthur" title="Historicity of King Arthur">Historicity of King Arthur</a></div> <p>The earliest dateable reference to the battle is found in the 10th-century Welsh annals <i><a href="/wiki/Annales_Cambriae" title="Annales Cambriae">Annales Cambriae</a></i>. An entry for the year 537 mentions the "strife of Camlann, in which Arthur and Medraut fell, and there was great mortality in Britain and Ireland."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also the first written mention of Medraut (the later <a href="/wiki/Mordred" title="Mordred">Mordred</a>), but it does not specify whether he and Arthur fought on the same side or who won the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breeze" title="Andrew Breeze">Andrew Breeze</a> (2020) argues that the battle is historical, and it was an aftermath of the famine associated by the documented <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather_events_of_535%E2%80%93536" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme weather events of 535–536">extreme weather events of 535–536</a>, which caused, in the words of the <i>Annales Cambriae</i>, "great mortality in Britain and Ireland". He interprets Camlann as a cattle raid on <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">central Britain</a>; Breeze cites <a href="/wiki/R.G._Collingwood" class="mw-redirect" title="R.G. Collingwood">R.G. Collingwood</a>, to the effect that an identification of Camlann with "<a href="/wiki/Camboglanna" title="Camboglanna">Camboglanna</a> on <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a>" was "convincing". Discussing further indications suggesting Camlann as <a href="/wiki/Camboglanna" title="Camboglanna">Castlesteads</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a>, Breeze concludes: "There is every reason to think that, in 537, when the walls of this stronghold stood high [...], Arthur was killed [there] by men of <a href="/wiki/Rheged" title="Rheged">Rheged</a>, the British kingdom centred on <a href="/wiki/Penrith,_Cumbria" title="Penrith, Cumbria">Penrith</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Breeze06_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breeze06-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flint Johnson disagrees with Breeze's interpretation of Camlann as a cattle raid, but also agrees that the battle was historical and that the causes would have been political, although the date is still uncertain. Johnson concluded: "The most reasonable reason why Arthur's death was associated with 537 is because as a king he was associated with the fertility of his kingdom and 537 was a period of famine. It would have made perfect sense to a medieval scholar with a British cultural background that the death of a renowned king had caused [that]."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, most historians regard Arthur and the Battle of Camlann as legendary.<sup id="cite_ref-shippey_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shippey-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-david_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-david-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/N._J._Higham" title="N. J. Higham">Nick Higham</a> argued that, as Camlann is not mentioned in the list of Arthur's battles in the ninth-century <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Brittonum" title="Historia Brittonum">Historia Brittonum</a></i>, the source of the <i>Annales Cambriae</i> entry was probably an <a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a> elegy or lament about a different Arthur, perhaps one listed in the genealogy of the kings of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dyfed" title="Kingdom of Dyfed">Dyfed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legendary_versions">Legendary versions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Camlann&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legendary versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Welsh_tradition">Medieval Welsh tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Camlann&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval Welsh tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides the <i>Annales Cambriae</i>, one of the earliest mentions of Camlann is found in the circa 9th/10th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Englynion_y_Beddau" title="Englynion y Beddau">Englynion y Beddau</a></i> ("Stanzas of the Graves", Stanza 12) from the <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Book_of_Carmarthen" title="Black Book of Carmarthen">Black Book of Carmarthen</a></i>, as the site of the grave of Osfran's son.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartrum109_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartrum109-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Welsh prose text <i><a href="/wiki/Culhwch_and_Olwen" title="Culhwch and Olwen">Culhwch and Olwen</a></i>, dated to the 11th or 12th century, mentions the battle twice in connection to heroes who fought there. The text includes a triad naming <a href="/wiki/Morfran_ail_Tegid" class="mw-redirect" title="Morfran ail Tegid">Morfran ail Tegid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandde_Bryd_Angel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandde Bryd Angel">Sandde Bryd Angel</a>, and Cynwyl Sant as the three men who survived Camlann: Morfran because of his fearsome ugliness, Sandde because of his angelic beauty, and Cynwyl because he left Arthur last.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartrum109_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartrum109-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This triad shows that Camlann was famous as a battle that few survived.<sup id="cite_ref-KochCamlan_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KochCamlan-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caitlin Green suggests that "Osfran's son" from the <i>Englynion y Beddau</i> is connected to Morfran from <i>Culhwch and Olwen</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text also mentions Gwyn Hywar, overseer of <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, one of the nine men who plotted the Battle of Camlann, suggesting a now-lost tradition of complex intrigue underpinning Arthur's last battle.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartrum109_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartrum109-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KochCamlan_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KochCamlan-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Triads" title="Welsh Triads">Welsh Triads</a> offer clues to the alleged cause of the Battle of Camlann. Triad 51 largely reflects (and is derived from<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Geoffrey (<a href="#Chronicle_tradition">see below</a>): Medrawd (Mordred) rebels against Arthur while the latter is campaigning on the continent and usurps the throne, instigating the battle. Triad 53 lists a slap <a href="/wiki/Gwenhwyvach" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwenhwyvach">Gwenhwyvach</a> gave to her sister <a href="/wiki/Gwenhwyfar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwenhwyfar">Gwenhwyfar</a> (Guinevere), wife of Arthur, as one of the "Three Harmful Blows of the Island of Britain", causing the Strife of Camlann.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calling Camlann one of Britain's "Three Futile Battles", Triad 84 also mentions this dispute between sisters.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Triad 54 describes Medrawd raiding Arthur's court, throwing Gwenhwyfar to the ground and beating her. Other Triads in which Camlann is mentioned include Triad 30 ("Three Faithless War Bands") and Triad 59 ("Three Unfortunate Counsels").<sup id="cite_ref-KochCamlan_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KochCamlan-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Camlann is mentioned in Peniarth MS.37, a 14th-century copy of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwent" title="Kingdom of Gwent">Gwentian</a> code of the <a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a> (Welsh law), which (according to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bartrum" title="Peter Bartrum">Peter Bartrum</a>) shows that it was a topic familiar to Welsh writers. The law states "when the queen shall will a song in the chamber, let the bard sing a song respecting Camlan, and that not loud, lest the hall be disturbed." The 15th/16th-century poet <a href="/wiki/Tudur_Aled" title="Tudur Aled">Tudur Aled</a> says that the battle came about through the treachery of Medrod and happened "about two nuts".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 13th/14th-century Welsh tale <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_Rhonabwy" title="The Dream of Rhonabwy">The Dream of Rhonabwy</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the immediate cause of the battle is a deliberate provocation by Arthur's rogue peace envoy named Iddawg (Iddawc Cordd Prydain) who intentionally insulted Medrawd.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronicle_tradition">Chronicle tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Camlann&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chronicle tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a> included the Battle of Camlann in his pseudo-historical chronicle <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a></i>, written circa 1136. Geoffrey's version drew on existing Welsh tradition, but embellished the account with invented details. His focus was not on individuals but the 'character of the British nation'.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson-Okamura_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-Okamura-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Books X and IX, Arthur goes to war against the Roman leader <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tiberius" title="Lucius Tiberius">Lucius Tiberius</a>, leaving his nephew Modredus (Mordred) in charge of Britain. In Arthur's absence, Modredus secretly marries Arthur's wife Guenhuvara (Guinevere) and takes the throne for himself. Arthur returns and his army faces Modredus' at Camblana (the <a href="/wiki/River_Camel" title="River Camel">River Camel</a> in Cornwall). Many are killed, including Modredus; Arthur is mortally wounded and taken to the Isle of <a href="/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon">Avalon</a> to recover, passing the crown to his kinsman <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(Briton)" title="Constantine (Briton)">Constantine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KochCamlan_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KochCamlan-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geoffrey's work was highly influential, and was adapted into various other languages, including <a href="/wiki/Wace" title="Wace">Wace</a>'s Anglo-Norman <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_de_Brut" title="Roman de Brut">Roman de Brut</a></i> (c. 1155), <a href="/wiki/Layamon" title="Layamon">Layamon</a>'s Middle English <i><a href="/wiki/Layamon%27s_Brut" title="Layamon's Brut">Brut</a></i> (early 13th century), and the Welsh <i><a href="/wiki/Brut_y_Brenhinedd" title="Brut y Brenhinedd">Brut y Brenhinedd</a></i> (mid-13th century). Various later works are based fairly closely on Geoffrey, including the Middle English <a href="/wiki/Alliterative_Morte_Arthure" title="Alliterative Morte Arthure">Alliterative <i>Morte Arthure</i></a>, written around 1400.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chronicle tradition typically follows Geoffrey in placing Camlann on the Camel in Cornwall: Wace places it at "Camel, over against the entrance to Cornwall,"<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Layamon specifies the location as <a href="/wiki/Camelford" title="Camelford">Camelford</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where <a href="/wiki/John_Aubrey" title="John Aubrey">John Aubrey</a> reports that as signs of the battle "pieces of armour both for horse and man are many times found in digging of the ground" in his <i>Monumenta Britannica</i> (1663–1693).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Layamon's telling, only Arthur and his two nameless knights are left alive after the battle. Wace wrote: "I neither know who lost, nor who gained that day. No man wists the name of overthrower or of overthrown. All alike are forgotten, the victor with him who died."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romance_tradition">Romance tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Camlann&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Romance tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:How_Mordred_was_Slain_by_Arthur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/How_Mordred_was_Slain_by_Arthur.jpg/220px-How_Mordred_was_Slain_by_Arthur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/How_Mordred_was_Slain_by_Arthur.jpg/330px-How_Mordred_was_Slain_by_Arthur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/How_Mordred_was_Slain_by_Arthur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption><i>How Mordred was Slain by Arthur, and How by Him Arthur was Hurt to the Death</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rackham" title="Arthur Rackham">Arthur Rackham</a> (1917)</figcaption></figure> <p>Further traditions about Arthur's final battle are developed in the Arthurian <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">chivalric romances</a>. These often follow Geoffrey's blueprint, but alter many of the details. The legend shifts to the 'character of individuals' and the proposed adultery between Guinevere and <a href="/wiki/Lancelot" title="Lancelot">Lancelot</a> is first mentioned.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson-Okamura_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-Okamura-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Vulgate <i><a href="/wiki/Mort_Artu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mort Artu">Mort Artu</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> part of the French <a href="/wiki/Lancelot-Grail" title="Lancelot-Grail">Lancelot-Grail</a> (Vulgate) cycle, Arthur goes to France not to fight the Romans, but to pursue his former prime knight Lancelot, who had engaged in an affair with Guinevere and killed Arthur's nephews (Mordred's and <a href="/wiki/Gawain" title="Gawain">Gawain</a>'s siblings) <a href="/wiki/Agravain" title="Agravain">Agravain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaheris" title="Gaheris">Gaheris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gareth" title="Gareth">Gareth</a>. He leaves Mordred in charge of Britain when he departs, only for Mordred to betray him and seize the throne. Arthur brings his veteran army back to Britain, where they meet Mordred's forces outnumbering them two-to-one with his British supporters and foreign allies (Saxon and Irish) at <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Plain" title="Salisbury Plain">Salisbury Plain</a> in south central England (Camlann is not mentioned). The fighting begins by an accident of fate, when a startled knight draws his sword to kill an adder during the standoff negotiations between Mordred and Arthur. After great numbers die on both sides (including several other kings and most of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Table" title="Knights of the Round Table">Knights of the Round Table</a> remaining after the <a href="/wiki/Grail_Quest" class="mw-redirect" title="Grail Quest">Grail Quest</a>), Arthur kills Mordred in a duel, but is himself mortally wounded. The dying Arthur tasks his knight (depending on the telling, either <a href="/wiki/Griflet" class="mw-redirect" title="Griflet">Griflet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bedivere" title="Bedivere">Bedivere</a>) with returning his sword <a href="/wiki/Excalibur" title="Excalibur">Excalibur</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Lake" title="Lady of the Lake">Lady of the Lake</a>, and he is then taken to Avalon. The <i>Mort Artu</i> narration laments that the brutal and bloody battle resulted in the deaths of so many that, afterwards, Arthur's "kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Logres" title="Logres">Logres</a> was doomed to destruction, and many others [in Britain] with it."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This account of Arthur's last battle was adapted into many subsequent works of the period from 13th to 15th century, including the Old French <a href="/wiki/Post-Vulgate_Cycle" title="Post-Vulgate Cycle">Post-Vulgate Cycle</a> (in which Arthur refuses to make peace with Mordred), the Middle English <a href="/wiki/Stanzaic_Morte_Arthur" title="Stanzaic Morte Arthur">Stanzaic <i>Morte Arthur</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malory" title="Thomas Malory">Thomas Malory</a>'s influential Middle English work <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Mort_d%27Arthur" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Mort d'Arthur">Le Mort d'Arthur</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These works all locate the battle at Salisbury.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Italian <i><a href="/wiki/La_Tavola_Ritonda" title="La Tavola Ritonda">La Tavola Ritonda</a></i>, Mordred is actually victorious as he survives Arthur's death in their battle and then becomes the new king, only to be later defeated by Lancelot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avalon_stories">Avalon stories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Camlann&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Avalon stories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon">Avalon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Passing_of_Arthur_by_Hawes_Craven.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_Passing_of_Arthur_by_Hawes_Craven.png/220px-The_Passing_of_Arthur_by_Hawes_Craven.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_Passing_of_Arthur_by_Hawes_Craven.png/330px-The_Passing_of_Arthur_by_Hawes_Craven.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/The_Passing_of_Arthur_by_Hawes_Craven.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption><i>The Passing of Arthur</i>, a scene painting by <a href="/wiki/Hawes_Craven" title="Hawes Craven">Hawes Craven</a> (1895)</figcaption></figure> <p>In a popular motif, introduced by Geoffrey in <i>Historia</i> and elaborated in his later <i><a href="/wiki/Vita_Merlini" title="Vita Merlini">Vita Merlini</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arthur was then taken from the battlefield of Camlann to Avalon, an often <a href="/wiki/Otherworld" title="Otherworld">otherworldly</a> and magical isle, in hope that he could be saved. Geoffrey has Arthur delivered to Morgen (<a href="/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay" title="Morgan le Fay">Morgan le Fay</a>) in Avalon by <a href="/wiki/Taliesin" title="Taliesin">Taliesin</a> guided by Barinthus, replaced by two unnamed women in the <i>Brut</i>. Later authors of the prose cycles featured Morgan herself (usually with two or more other ladies with her) arriving in a fairy boat to take the king away, the scene made iconic through its inclusion in <i>Le Morte d'Arthur</i>. </p><p>Some accounts, such as the Stanzaic <i>Morte Arthur</i> and the Alliterative <i>Morte Arthure</i>, as well as the commentary by <a href="/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales" title="Gerald of Wales">Gerald of Wales</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> declare that Arthur died in Avalon (identifying it as <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Tor" title="Glastonbury Tor">Glastonbury Tor</a>) and has been buried there. Geoffrey gives only a hopeful possibility (but not assurance) for Arthur's wounds to be healed eventually, but a successful revival of Arthur by Morgan is stated as a fact in the rewrite of Geoffrey in the <i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Regum_Britanniae" title="Gesta Regum Britanniae">Gesta Regum Britanniae</a></i>; Wace and Layamon also tell this did happen, claiming that <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur%27s_messianic_return" title="King Arthur's messianic return">Arthur is about to return</a>. Other versions, like the Vulgate <i>Mort Artu</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Malory's <i>Le Morte d'Arthur</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> do not give a definitive answer to Arthur's ultimate fate. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Camlann&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badon" title="Battle of Badon">Battle of Badon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Camlann&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The battle is dated 539 in some editions.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Camlann&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matasovic, Ranko, <i>Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic</i>, Brill, 2009, p. 186; 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Thomas, "Datblygiadau Cynnar Chwedl Arthur", in: <i>Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies</i>, Vol 15, 1958, pp. 235-251 (p. 238).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lacy, Norris J., Ashe, Geoffrey, Mancoff, Debra N. <i>The Arthurian Handbook, Edition 2</i>, Taylor & Francis, 1997, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bromwich, Rachel. <i>Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Welsh Triads</i>, University of Wales Press, 1961, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/theme/camlan">"Camlan | Robbins Library Digital Projects"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Camlan+%7C+Robbins+Library+Digital+Projects&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fd.lib.rochester.edu%2Fcamelot%2Ftheme%2Fcamlan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Camlann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham2018" class="citation book cs1">Higham, Nicholas J. (2018). <i>King Arthur: The Making of the Legend</i>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21092-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21092-7"><bdi>978-0-300-21092-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Arthur%3A+The+Making+of+the+Legend&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21092-7&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Camlann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breeze06-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Breeze06_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreeze2020" class="citation book cs1">Breeze, Andrew (2020). <i>British Battles 493-937: Mount Badon to Brunanburh</i>. London. pp. 13–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvv4187r">10.2307/j.ctvv4187r</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785272233" title="Special:BookSources/9781785272233"><bdi>9781785272233</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvv4187r">j.ctvv4187r</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243164764">243164764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Battles+493-937%3A+Mount+Badon+to+Brunanburh&rft.place=London&rft.pages=13-24&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvv4187r&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243164764%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvv4187r%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9781785272233&rft.aulast=Breeze&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Camlann" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Flint. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328448644">"Camlann and 537"</a>. <i>researchgate.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=researchgate.net&rft.atitle=Camlann+and+537&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Flint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F328448644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Camlann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shippey-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shippey_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Tom Shippey</a>, "So Much Smoke", <i>review</i> of Nicholas J. Higham, <i>King Arthur: The Making of the Legend</i>, 2018, <i>London Review of Books</i>, <b>40</b>:24:23 (20 December 2018)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-david-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-david_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David, Brian, Review of Nicholas J. Higham, <i>King Arthur: The Making of the Legend</i> in <i>Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies</i> <b>50</b>:221-222 (2019) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcjm.2019.0021">10.1353/cjm.2019.0021</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/734087">734087</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Higham, <i>King Arthur: The Making of the Legend</i>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartrum109-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bartrum109_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bartrum109_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bartrum109_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartrum, Peter C., <i>A Welsh classical dictionary : people in history and legend up to about A.D. 1000</i>, The National library of Wales, 1993, pp. 109-111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bromwich and Evans, pp. 8, 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromwichEvans1992" class="citation book cs1">Bromwich, Rachel; Evans, Simon D. (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culhwcholwenedit00brom/page/8"><i>Culhwch and Olwen: An Edition and Study of the Oldest Arthurian Tale</i></a></span>. 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ABC-CLIO. pp. 334–335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851094400" title="Special:BookSources/9781851094400"><bdi>9781851094400</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Camlan&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=334-335&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781851094400&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df899xH_quaMC%26pg%3DPA335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Camlann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2007" class="citation book cs1">Green, Thomas (2007). <i>Concepts of Arthur</i>. 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Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843842309" title="Special:BookSources/9781843842309"><bdi>9781843842309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lancelot-Grail%3A+The+death+of+Arthur&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781843842309&rft.aulast=Lacy&rft.aufirst=Norris+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd-jFvu5lp8EC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Camlann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d.lib.rochester.edu/teams/text/benson-and-foster-king-arthurs-death-stanzaic-morte-arthur-part-iii">"Stanzaic Morte Arthur, Part 3 | Robbins Library Digital Projects"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Stanzaic+Morte+Arthur%2C+Part+3+%7C+Robbins+Library+Digital+Projects&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fd.lib.rochester.edu%2Fteams%2Ftext%2Fbenson-and-foster-king-arthurs-death-stanzaic-morte-arthur-part-iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Camlann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1252/1252-h/1252-h.htm">"Le Morte D'Arthur, Vol. II (of II) by Sir Thomas Malory"</a>. <i>www.gutenberg.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=Le+Morte+D%27Arthur%2C+Vol.+II+%28of+II%29+by+Sir+Thomas+Malory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F1252%2F1252-h%2F1252-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Camlann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/text/frequently-asked-questions">"Frequently Asked Questions about the Arthurian Legends | Robbins Library Digital Projects"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+about+the+Arthurian+Legends+%7C+Robbins+Library+Digital+Projects&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fd.lib.rochester.edu%2Fcamelot%2Ftext%2Ffrequently-asked-questions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Camlann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/merlini.html">"Vita Merlini: The Life of Merlin"</a>. <i>www.maryjones.us</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.maryjones.us&rft.atitle=Vita+Merlini%3A+The+Life+of+Merlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maryjones.us%2Fctexts%2Fmerlini.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Camlann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/text/gerald-of-wales-arthurs-tomb">"The Tomb of King Arthur | Robbins Library Digital Projects"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Tomb+of+King+Arthur+%7C+Robbins+Library+Digital+Projects&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fd.lib.rochester.edu%2Fcamelot%2Ftext%2Fgerald-of-wales-arthurs-tomb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Camlann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacy2010" class="citation book cs1">Lacy, Norris J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wgjs3WVBKJkC&pg=PR35"><i>The History of the Holy Grail</i></a>. Translated by Chase, Carol J. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843842248" title="Special:BookSources/9781843842248"><bdi>9781843842248</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Holy+Grail&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer+Ltd&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781843842248&rft.aulast=Lacy&rft.aufirst=Norris+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwgjs3WVBKJkC%26pg%3DPR35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Camlann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynch, Andrew. “‘… ‘IF INDEED I GO’: ARTHUR’S UNCERTAIN END IN MALORY AND TENNYSON.” <i>Arthurian Literature XXVII</i>, pp. 19–32.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 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href="/wiki/Gingalain" title="Gingalain">Gingalain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinevere" title="Guinevere">Guinevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igraine" title="Igraine">Igraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Kay" title="Sir Kay">Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordred" title="Mordred">Mordred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay" title="Morgan le Fay">Morgan le Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgause" title="Morgause">Morgause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosius_Aurelianus" title="Ambrosius Aurelianus">Ambrosius Aurelianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uther_Pendragon" title="Uther Pendragon">Uther Pendragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urien" title="Urien">Urien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ywain" title="Ywain">Yvain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Table" title="Knights of the Round Table">Knights of the<br /> Round Table</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagdemagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagdemagus">Bagdemagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedivere" title="Bedivere">Bedivere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bors" title="Bors">Bors the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunor" title="Brunor">Brunor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clig%C3%A8s" title="Cligès">Cligès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caradoc" title="Caradoc">Caradoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagonet" title="Dagonet">Dagonet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_von_dem_bl%C3%BChenden_Tal" title="Daniel von dem blühenden Tal">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinadan" title="Dinadan">Dinadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galahad" title="Galahad">Galahad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galehaut" title="Galehaut">Galehaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraint" title="Geraint">Geraint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griflet" class="mw-redirect" title="Griflet">Griflet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamorak" title="Lamorak">Lamorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancelot" title="Lancelot">Lancelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanval" title="Lanval">Lanval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Lionel" title="Sir Lionel">Lionel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriaen" title="Moriaen">Moriaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamedes_(Arthurian_legend)" title="Palamedes (Arthurian legend)">Palamedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelleas" title="Pelleas">Pelleas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellinore" class="mw-redirect" title="Pellinore">Pellinore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival" title="Percival">Percival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagramore" title="Sagramore">Sagramore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan" title="Tristan">Tristan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arthurian_characters" title="List of Arthurian characters">Other characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accolon" title="Accolon">Accolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrestes" title="Agrestes">Agrestes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angharad_Golden-Hand" title="Angharad Golden-Hand">Angharad Golden-Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguish_of_Ireland" title="Anguish of Ireland">Anguish of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annowre" title="Annowre">Annowre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Balin" title="Sir Balin">Balin and Balan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Ban" title="King Ban">Ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Bertilak" title="Lady Bertilak">Lady Bertilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Knight_(Arthurian_legend)" title="Black Knight (Arthurian legend)">Black Knight(s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanchefleur" title="Blanchefleur">Blanchefleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bors" title="Bors">Bors the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brangaine" title="Brangaine">Brangaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunor" title="Brunor">Brunor(s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catigern" title="Catigern">Catigern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudas" title="Claudas">Claudas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_of_Astolat" title="Elaine of Astolat">Elaine of Astolat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_(legend)" title="Elaine (legend)">Elaine of Benoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_of_Corbenic" title="Elaine of Corbenic">Elaine of Corbenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enide" title="Enide">Enide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feirefiz" title="Feirefiz">Feirefiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_King" title="Fisher King">Fisher King(s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garel" title="Garel">Garel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlois" title="Gorlois">Gorlois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Knight" title="Green Knight">Green Knight(s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiomar_(Arthurian_legend)" title="Guiomar (Arthurian legend)">Guiomar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiron_le_Courtois" title="Guiron le Courtois">Guiron le Courtois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwenhwyfach" title="Gwenhwyfach">Gwenhwyfach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellawes_(sorceress)" title="Hellawes (sorceress)">Hellawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengist_and_Horsa" title="Hengist and Horsa">Hengist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iseult" title="Iseult">Iseult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Lake" title="Lady of the Lake">Lady/Ladies of the Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudine" title="Laudine">Laudine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leodegrance" class="mw-redirect" title="Leodegrance">Leodegrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohengrin" title="Lohengrin">Lohengrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Lot" title="King Lot">Lot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tiberius" title="Lucius Tiberius">Lucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunete" title="Lunete">Lunete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynette_and_Lyonesse" title="Lynette and Lyonesse">Lynette and Lyonesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleagant" title="Maleagant">Maleagant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_of_Cornwall" title="Mark of Cornwall">Mark of Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meliodas" title="Meliodas">Meliodas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budic_II_of_Brittany" title="Budic II of Brittany">Nentres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_sorceresses" title="Nine sorceresses">Nine sorceresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olwen" title="Olwen">Olwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival%27s_sister" title="Percival's sister">Percival's sister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Knight" title="Red Knight">Red Knight(s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rience" class="mw-redirect" title="Rience">Rience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebile" title="Sebile">Sebile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliesin" title="Taliesin">Taliesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegau_Eurfron" title="Tegau Eurfron">Tegau Eurfron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortigern" title="Vortigern">Vortigern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yniol" class="mw-redirect" title="Yniol">Yniol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animal characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavall" title="Cavall">Cavall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gringolet" title="Gringolet">Gringolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petitcrieu" title="Petitcrieu">Petitcrieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questing_Beast" title="Questing Beast">Questing Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twrch_Trwyth" title="Twrch Trwyth">Twrch Trwyth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Excalibur" title="Excalibur">Excalibur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridwen" title="Pridwen">Pridwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prydwen" title="Prydwen">Prydwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table" title="Round Table">Round Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_Perilous" title="Siege Perilous">Siege Perilous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Locations_associated_with_Arthurian_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Locations associated with Arthurian legend">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astolat" title="Astolat">Astolat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon">Avalon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Tor" title="Glastonbury Tor">Glastonbury Tor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broc%C3%A9liande" title="Brocéliande">Brocéliande</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Val_sans_retour" title="Val sans retour">Val sans retour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerleon" title="Caerleon">Caerleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camelot" title="Camelot">Camelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celliwig" title="Celliwig">Celliwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_perilous" title="Chapel perilous">Chapel perilous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbenic" title="Corbenic">Corbenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esplumoir_Merlin" title="Esplumoir Merlin">Esplumoir Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyous_Gard" title="Joyous Gard">Joyous Gard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Maidens" title="Land of Maidens">Land/Castle of Maidens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logres" title="Logres">Logres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyonesse" title="Lyonesse">Lyonesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarras" title="Sarras">Sarras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintagel" title="Tintagel">Tintagel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tintagel_Castle" title="Tintagel Castle">Tintagel Castle</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_King_Arthur" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of King Arthur">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_based_on_Arthurian_legends" title="List of works based on Arthurian legends">List of works</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur_in_comics" title="King Arthur in comics">comics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badon" title="Battle of Badon">Battle of Badon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Camlann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolorous_Stroke" title="Dolorous Stroke">Dolorous Stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loathly_lady" title="Loathly lady">Loathly lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_King_Arthur" title="Historicity of King Arthur">Historicity of King Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur%27s_messianic_return" title="King Arthur's messianic return">King Arthur's messianic return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendragon" title="Pendragon">Pendragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Swan" title="Knight of the Swan">Knight of the Swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_and_Iseult" title="Tristan and Iseult">Tristan and Iseult</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/16px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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