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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single_statements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Single statements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single_statements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-One_True_Brace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One_True_Brace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 One True Brace </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One_True_Brace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linux_kernel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linux_kernel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Linux kernel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linux_kernel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Java" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Java"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Java </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Java-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stroustrup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stroustrup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Stroustrup </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stroustrup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-BSD_KNF" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BSD_KNF"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 BSD KNF </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BSD_KNF-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Allman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Variant:_Allman-8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variant:_Allman-8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.1 Variant: Allman-8 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variant:_Allman-8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whitesmiths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whitesmiths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Whitesmiths </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whitesmiths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GNU" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GNU"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 GNU </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GNU-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horstmann" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horstmann"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Horstmann </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horstmann-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 Pico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ratliff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ratliff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12 Ratliff </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ratliff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-C_derived_language_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#C_derived_language_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 C derived language styles </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-C_derived_language_styles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle C derived language styles subsection </button> <ul id="toc-C_derived_language_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lisp_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lisp_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Lisp style </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lisp_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haskell_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a 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<div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Tab vs. space </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tab_vs._space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style_automation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style_automation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Style automation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style_automation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Losing_track_of_blocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Losing_track_of_blocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Losing track of blocks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Losing_track_of_blocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tabs_and_spaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tabs_and_spaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Tabs and spaces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tabs_and_spaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Indentation style</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" > 16 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A5%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9" title="أسلوب إزاحة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسلوب إزاحة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einr%C3%BCckungsstil" title="Einrückungsstil – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Einrückungsstil" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estilo_de_sangrado" title="Estilo de sangrado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estilo de sangrado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%DA%A9_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="سبک تورفتگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سبک تورفتگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_d%27indentation" title="Style d'indentation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Style d'indentation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%A4%EC%97%AC%EC%93%B0%EA%B8%B0_%EB%B0%A9%EC%8B%9D" title="들여쓰기 방식 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="들여쓰기 방식" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stile_d%27indentazione" title="Stile d'indentazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stile d'indentazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E4%B8%8B%E3%81%92%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB" title="字下げスタイル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="字下げスタイル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innrykkstil" title="Innrykkstil – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Innrykkstil" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Indentação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Indentação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Отступ (программирование) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Отступ (программирование)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF" title="உள்தள் பாணி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உள்தள் பாணி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F)" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Indentation_(typesetting)" title="Indentation (typesetting)">Indentation (typesetting)</a>.</div> In <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">computer programming</a>, indentation style is a <a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">convention</a> or <a href="/wiki/Programming_style" title="Programming style">style</a>, governing the <a href="/wiki/Indentation_(typesetting)" title="Indentation (typesetting)">indentation</a> of lines of <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>. An indentation style generally specifies a consistent number of <a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">whitespace characters</a> before each line of a block, so that the lines of code appear to be related, and dictates whether to use <a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">spaces</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tab_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Tab character">tabs</a> as the indentation character. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> This article primarily addresses styles for <a href="/wiki/Free-form_language" title="Free-form language">free-form</a> <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>. As the name implies, such language code need not follow an indentation style. Indentation is a <a href="/wiki/Secondary_notation" title="Secondary notation">secondary notation</a> that is often intended to lower <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_load" title="Cognitive load">cognitive load</a> for a programmer to understand the structure of the code. Indentation can clarify the separation between the code executed based on <a href="/wiki/Control_flow" title="Control flow">control flow</a>. Structured languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occam_(programming_language)" title="Occam (programming language)">occam</a>, use indentation to determine the structure instead of using braces or keywords; this is termed the <a href="/wiki/Off-side_rule" title="Off-side rule">off-side rule</a>. In such languages, indentation is meaningful to the language processor (such as <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> or <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreter</a>). A programmer must conform to the language's indentation rules although may be free to choose indentation size. This article focuses on <a href="/wiki/Curly-bracket_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Curly-bracket languages">curly-bracket languages</a> (that delimit blocks with <a href="/wiki/Curly_bracket" class="mw-redirect" title="Curly bracket">curly brackets, a.k.a. curly braces, a.k.a. braces</a>) and in particular <a href="/wiki/List_of_C-family_programming_languages" title="List of C-family programming languages">C-family languages</a>, but a convention used for one language can be adapted to another language. For example, a language that uses <code>BEGIN</code> and <code>END</code> keywords instead of braces can be adapted by treating <code>BEGIN</code> the same as the open brace and so on. Indentation style only applies to text-based languages. <a href="/wiki/Visual_programming_language" title="Visual programming language">Visual programming languages</a> have no indentation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> Despite the ubiquitous use of indentation styles, little research has been conducted on its value. First experiments, conducted by Weissman in 1974, did not show any effect.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> In 2023, an experiment by Morzeck et al.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> showed a significant positive effect for nested <code>if</code> statements where non-indented code required on average 179% more time to read than indented code. A follow up-experiment by Hanenberg et al.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> confirmed a large effect (although in that experiment non-indented code just took 113% more time to read) and revealed that the differences in reading times can be explained by the code that can be skipped (for indented code). In another experiment on JSON objects<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> non-indented code took even 544% more time to read. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_styles">Notable styles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notable styles">edit</a>]</div> The table below includes code examples of various indentation styles. For consistency, indentation size for example code is 4 spaces even though this varies by coding convention. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Example</th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0 4px"><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>while (x == y) { foo(); bar(); } </pre></div> </td> <td><a href="#Allman_style">Allman</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0 4px"><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>while (x == y) { foo(); bar(); } </pre></div> </td> <td><a href="#GNU">GNU</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0 4px"><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>while (x == y) { foo(); bar(); } </pre></div> </td> <td><a href="#Whitesmiths">Whitesmiths</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0 4px"><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>while (x == y) { foo(); bar(); } </pre></div> </td> <td><a href="#K&R">K&R</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0 4px"><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>while (x == y) { foo(); bar(); } </pre></div> </td> <td><a href="#Ratliff">Ratliff</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0 4px"><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>while (x == y) { foo(); bar(); } </pre></div> </td> <td><a href="#Horstmann">Horstmann</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0 4px"><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>while (x == y) { foo(); bar(); } </pre></div> </td> <td><a href="#Pico">Pico</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0 4px"><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>while (x == y) { foo(); bar(); } </pre></div> </td> <td><a href="#Lisp_style">Lisp</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0 4px"><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>#define W(c,b) {while(c){b}} W(x==y,f();b();) </pre></div> </td> <td><a href="#APL_style">APL</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="C/C++_styles">C/C++ styles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: C/C++ styles">edit</a>]</div> Attributes of <a href="/wiki/C_language" class="mw-redirect" title="C language">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Curly-brace_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Curly-brace programming language">curly-brace programming language</a> coding style include but are not limited to: <ul><li>Placement of <a href="/wiki/Curly_braces" class="mw-redirect" title="Curly braces">braces</a> relative to other code elements</li> <li>Use of <a href="/wiki/Tab_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Tab character">tabs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Space_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Space character">spaces</a></li> <li>Wrapping single-statement blocks in braces. Advocates cite the advantage that resulting code is safer since inserting a statement cannot result in control flow that disagrees with indentation. A cited disadvantage is that the code is longer since one line is needed for the closing brace of a block (except for the <code>else if</code> construct and a <code>do{}while</code> block).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="K&R">K&R</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: K&R">edit</a>]</div> The Kernighan & Ritchie (K&R) style is commonly used for C and C++ code and is the basis for many derivative styles. It is used in the original Unix kernel, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kernighan" title="Brian Kernighan">Kernighan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Ritchie</a>'s book <a href="/wiki/The_C_Programming_Language" title="The C Programming Language">The C Programming Language</a>, as well as Kernighan and <a href="/wiki/P._J._Plauger" title="P. J. Plauger">Plauger</a>'s book <a href="/wiki/The_Elements_of_Programming_Style" title="The Elements of Programming Style">The Elements of Programming Style</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/The_C_Programming_Language" title="The C Programming Language">The C Programming Language</a> does not explicitly define this style, it follows it consistently. From the book: <blockquote> The position of braces is less important, although people hold passionate beliefs. We have chosen one of several popular styles. Pick a style that suits you, then use it consistently. </blockquote> In this style, a function has its opening and closing braces on their own lines and with the same indentation as the declaration, while the statements in the body of the function are indented an additional level. A multi-statement block inside a function, however, has its opening brace on the same line as its control clause while the closing brace remains on its own line unless followed by a keyword such as <code>else</code> or <code>while</code>. Example code: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { while (x == y) { do_something(); do_something_else(); if (some_error) fix_issue(); // single-statement block without braces else continue_as_usual(); } final_thing(); } </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Egyptian_braces">Egyptian braces</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Egyptian braces">edit</a>]</div> The non-<a href="/wiki/Typographic_alignment" title="Typographic alignment">aligned</a> braces of the multi-line blocks are nicknamed "Egyptian braces" (or "Egyptian brackets") for their resemblance to arms in some fanciful poses of ancient Egyptians.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Single_statements">Single statements</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Single statements">edit</a>]</div> A single-statement block does not have braces, which is a cause of easy-to-miss bugs such as the <a href="/wiki/Unreachable_code#goto_fail_bug" title="Unreachable code">goto fail bug</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One_True_Brace">One True Brace</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: One True Brace">edit</a>]</div> The One True Brace Style <a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> (abbreviated 1TBS or OTBS<a href="#cite_note-catb.org-9">[9]</a>) is like the K&R style, but functions are formatted like multi-statement blocks with the opening brace on the same line as the declaration, and braces are not omitted for a single-statement block.<a href="#cite_note-onetruestyle-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>bool is_negative(int x) { if (x < 0) { return true; } else { return false; } } </pre></div> Although not required by languages such as C/C++, using braces for single-statement blocks ensures that inserting a statement does not result in control flow that disagrees with indenting, as seen for example in Apple's infamous <a href="/wiki/Unreachable_code#goto_fail_bug" title="Unreachable code">goto fail bug</a>. Cited advantages include shorter code (than K&R) since the starting brace needs no extra line, that the ending brace lines up with the statement it conceptually belongs to, and the perceived stylistic consistency of using the same brace style in both function bodies and multi-line statement blocks.<a href="#cite_note-kernel.coding-style-11">[11]</a> Sources disagree as to the meaning of One True Brace Style. Some say that it is the variation specified here,<a href="#cite_note-onetruestyle-10">[10]</a> while others say it is "hacker jargon" for K&R.<a href="#cite_note-jargon-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linux_kernel">Linux kernel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Linux kernel">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> source tree is styled in a variant of K&R.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a> advises contributors to follow it. Attributes include: <ul><li>Uses <a href="/wiki/Tab_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Tab character">tab characters</a> for indentation (not spaces) and assumes <a href="/wiki/Tab_stop" title="Tab stop">tab stops</a> every 8 spaces</li> <li>Brace layout matches K&R, with the braces of function definitions on their own lines and the opening brace of compound statements on the same line as the control clause, separated by a space</li> <li>Labels in a <code>switch</code> statement are aligned with the enclosing block (there is only one level of indents)</li> <li>Maximum line length is 100 characters although the pre-2020 limit of 80 characters is preferred.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></li> <li>A single-statement body of a compound statement (such as if, while, and do-while) does not need to be surrounded by curly braces. If, however, one or more of the substatements in an <code>if-else</code> statement require braces, then both substatements should be wrapped in braces:</li></ul> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>int power(int x, int y) { int result; if (y < 0) { result = 0; } else { result = 1; while (y-- > 0) result *= x; } return result; } </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Java">Java</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Java">edit</a>]</div> A significant body of <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> code uses a variant of the K&R style in which the opening brace is on the same line not only for the blocks inside a function, but also for class or method declarations. This style is widespread largely because <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>'s original style guides<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> used this K&R variant, and as a result, most of the standard source code for the <a href="/wiki/Java_Class_Library" title="Java Class Library">Java API</a> is written in this style. It is also a popular indentation style for <a href="/wiki/ActionScript" title="ActionScript">ActionScript</a> and <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, along with the <a href="#Allman_style">Allman style</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stroustrup">Stroustrup</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Stroustrup">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Bjarne Stroustrup</a> adapted the K&R style for C++ in his books, such as Programming: Principles and Practice using C++ and <a href="/wiki/The_C%2B%2B_Programming_Language" title="The C++ Programming Language">The C++ Programming Language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ppp-18">[18]</a> Unlike the variants above, Stroustrup does not use a "cuddled else". Thus, Stroustrup would write<a href="#cite_note-ppp-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> if (x < 0) { puts("Negative"); negative(x); } else { puts("Non-negative"); nonnegative(x); } </pre></div> Stroustrup extends K&R style for classes, writing them as follows: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> class Vector { public: // construct a Vector Vector(int s) :elem(new double[s]), sz(s) { } // element access: subscripting double& operator[](int i) { return elem[i]; } int size() { return sz; } private: // pointer to the elements double * elem; // number of elements int sz; }; </pre></div> Stroustrup does not indent the labels <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">public:</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">private:</code>. Also, in this style, while the opening brace of a function starts on a new line, the opening brace of a class is on the same line as the class name. Stroustrup allows writing short functions all on one line. Stroustrup style is a named indentation style available in the editor <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a>. Stroustrup encourages a K&R-derived style layout with C++ as stated in his modern C++ Core Guidelines.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BSD_KNF">BSD KNF</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: BSD KNF">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">Berkeley Software Distribution</a> (BSD) operating systems uses a style that is sometimes termed <a href="/wiki/Kernel_normal_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernel normal form">kernel normal form</a> (KNF). Although mostly intended for kernel code, it is also widely used in <a href="/wiki/Userland_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Userland (computing)">userland</a> code. It is essentially a thoroughly documented variant of K&R style as used in the Bell Labs version 6 & 7 <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> source code.<a href="#cite_note-C_Style_and_Coding_Standards_for_SunOS-20">[20]</a> The SunOS kernel and userland uses a similar indentation style.<a href="#cite_note-C_Style_and_Coding_Standards_for_SunOS-20">[20]</a> Like KNF, this also was based on AT&T style documents and is sometimes termed Bill Joy Normal Form.<a href="#cite_note-DTraceToolkit_Style_Guide-21">[21]</a> The SunOS guideline was published in 1996; ANSI C is discussed briefly. The correctness of the indentation of a list of source files can be verified by the cstyle program written by Bill Shannon.<a href="#cite_note-C_Style_and_Coding_Standards_for_SunOS-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-DTraceToolkit_Style_Guide-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-illumos-gate_cstyle-22">[22]</a> In this style, the hard tabulator (ts in <a href="/wiki/Vi_(text_editor)" title="Vi (text editor)">vi</a>) is kept at eight columns, while a soft tabulator is often defined as a helper also (sw in vi), and set at four. The hard tabulators are used to indent code blocks, while a soft tabulator (four spaces) of additional indentation is used for all continuing lines that must be split over multiple lines. Moreover, function calls do not use a space before the parenthesis, although C-language native statements such as <code>if</code>, <code>while</code>, <code>do</code>, <code>switch</code> and <code>return</code> do (in the case where <code>return</code> is used with parens). Functions that declare no local variables in their top-level block should also leave an empty line after their opening block brace. Examples: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>while (x == y) { something(); something_else(); } final_thing(); </pre></div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>if (data != NULL && res > 0) { if (JS_DefineProperty(cx, o, "data", STRING_TO_JSVAL(JS_NewStringCopyN(cx, data, res)), NULL, NULL, JSPROP_ENUMERATE) != 0) { QUEUE_EXCEPTION("Internal error!"); goto err; } PQfreemem(data); } else { if (JS_DefineProperty(cx, o, "data", OBJECT_TO_JSVAL(NULL), NULL, NULL, JSPROP_ENUMERATE) != 0) { QUEUE_EXCEPTION("Internal error!"); goto err; } } </pre></div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>static JSBool pgresult_constructor(JSContext *cx, JSObject *obj, uintN argc, jsval *argv, jsval *rval) { QUEUE_EXCEPTION("PGresult class not user-instantiable"); return (JS_FALSE); } </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allman">Allman</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Allman">edit</a>]</div> The Allman style is named after <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allman" title="Eric Allman">Eric Allman</a>. It is also sometimes termed BSD style since Allman wrote many of the utilities for <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a> Unix (although this should not be confused with the different "BSD KNF style"; see above). This style puts the brace associated with a control statement on the next line, indented to the same level as the control statement. Statements within the braces are indented to the next level.<a href="#cite_note-jargon-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>while (x == y) { something(); something_else(); } final_thing(); </pre></div> This style is similar to the standard indentation used by the <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> languages and <a href="/wiki/Transact-SQL" title="Transact-SQL">Transact-SQL</a>, where the braces are equivalent to the keywords <code>begin</code> and <code>end</code>. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-pascal mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>(* Example Allman code indentation style in Pascal *) procedure dosomething(x, y: Integer); begin while x = y do begin something(); something_else(); end; end; </pre></div> Consequences of this style are that the indented code is clearly set apart from the containing statement by lines that are almost all <a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">whitespace</a> and the closing brace lines up in the same column as the opening brace. Some people feel this makes it easy to find matching braces. The blocking style also delineates the block of code from the associated control statement. Commenting out or removing a control statement or block of code, or <a href="/wiki/Code_refactoring" title="Code refactoring">code refactoring</a>, are all less likely to introduce syntax errors via dangling or missing braces. Also, it is consistent with brace placement for the outer-function block. For example, the following is still correct syntactically: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>// while (x == y) { something(); something_else(); } </pre></div> As is this: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>// for (int i=0; i < x; i++) // while (x == y) if (x == y) { something(); something_else(); } </pre></div> Even like this, with conditional compilation: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> int c; #ifdef HAS_GETCH while ((c = getch()) != EOF) #else while ((c = getchar()) != EOF) #endif { do_something(c); } </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Variant:_Allman-8">Variant: Allman-8</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Variant: Allman-8">edit</a>]</div> Allman-8 uses the 8-space indentation tabs and 80-column limit of the Linux Kernel variant of K&R. The style purportedly helps improve readability on projectors. Also, the indentation size and column restriction help create a visual cue for identifying excessive nesting of code blocks. These advantages combine to help provide newer developers and learners implicit guidance to manage code complexity.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whitesmiths">Whitesmiths</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Whitesmiths">edit</a>]</div> The Whitesmiths style, also sometimes termed Wishart style, was originally used in the documentation for the first commercial C compiler, the <a href="/wiki/Whitesmiths" title="Whitesmiths">Whitesmiths</a> Compiler. It was also popular in the early days of Windows, since it was used in three influential Windows programming books, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Programmer%27s_Guide_to_Windows&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Programmer's Guide to Windows (page does not exist)">Programmer's Guide to Windows</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Durant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Durant (page does not exist)">Durant</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geta_Carlson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geta Carlson (page does not exist)">Carlson</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Yao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Yao (page does not exist)">Yao</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Programming_Windows&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Programming Windows (page does not exist)">Programming Windows</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Petzold" title="Charles Petzold">Petzold</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_3.0_Power_Programming_Techniques&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Windows 3.0 Power Programming Techniques (page does not exist)">Windows 3.0 Power Programming Techniques</a> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Norton" title="Peter Norton">Norton</a> & Yao. Whitesmiths, along with <a href="#Allman_style">Allman</a>, were claimed to have been the most common bracing styles in 1991 by the <a href="/wiki/Jargon_File" title="Jargon File">Jargon File</a>, with roughly equal popularity at the time.<a href="#cite_note-jargon-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-jargon243-23">[23]</a> This style puts the brace associated with a control statement on the next line, indented. Statements within the braces are indented to the same level as the braces. Like Ratliff style, the closing brace is indented the same as statements within the braces.<a href="#cite_note-mcconnell-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>while (x == y) { something(); something_else(); } final_thing(); </pre></div> The advantages of this style are similar to those of the <a href="#Allman_style">Allman style</a>. Blocks are clearly set apart from control statements. The alignment of the braces with the block emphasizes that the full block is conceptually, and programmatically, one compound statement. Indenting the braces emphasizes that they are subordinate to the control statement. The ending brace no longer lines up with the statement, but instead with the opening brace. An example: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>if (data != NULL && res > 0) { if (!JS_DefineProperty(cx, o, "data", STRING_TO_JSVAL(JS_NewStringCopyN(cx, data, res)), NULL, NULL, JSPROP_ENUMERATE)) { QUEUE_EXCEPTION("Internal error!"); goto err; } PQfreemem(data); } else if (!JS_DefineProperty(cx, o, "data", OBJECT_TO_JSVAL(NULL), NULL, NULL, JSPROP_ENUMERATE)) { QUEUE_EXCEPTION("Internal error!"); goto err; } </pre></div> <code>else if</code> are treated as statement, much like the <code>#elif</code> preprocessor statement. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GNU">GNU</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: GNU">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GNU_coding_standards" title="GNU coding standards">GNU coding standards</a></div> Like the <a href="#Allman_style">Allman</a> and <a href="#Whitesmiths">Whitesmiths</a> styles, <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> style puts braces on a line by themselves, indented by two spaces, except when opening a function definition, where they are not indented.<a href="#cite_note-gnu.org-25">[25]</a> In either case, the contained code is indented by two spaces from the braces. Popularised by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, the layout may be influenced by his background of writing <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a> code.<a href="#cite_note-gnu.org-lisp-26">[26]</a> In Lisp, the equivalent to a block (a progn) is a first-class data entity, and giving it its own indentation level helps to emphasize that, whereas in C, a block is only syntax. This style can also be found in some <a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> and <a href="/wiki/XPL" title="XPL">XPL</a> programming language textbooks from the 1960s and 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Talk:Indentation_style#editorial_option_in_lieu_of_source" title="Talk:Indentation style">discuss</a>] Although not indentation per se, GNU coding style also includes a space after a function name – before the left parenthesis of an argument list.<a href="#cite_note-gnu.org-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>static char * concat (char *s1, char *s2) { while (x == y) { something (); something_else (); } final_thing (); } </pre></div> This style combines the advantages of <a href="#Allman_style">Allman</a> and <a href="#Whitesmiths">Whitesmiths</a>, thereby removing the possible Whitesmiths disadvantage of braces not standing out from the block. One disadvantage is that the ending brace no longer lines up with the statement it conceptually belongs to. Another possible disadvantage is that it might waste space by using two visual levels of indents for one conceptual level, but in reality this is unlikely because, in systems with single-level indentation, each level is usually at least 4 spaces, same as 2 * 2 spaces in GNU style. The <a href="/wiki/GNU_Coding_Standards" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU Coding Standards">GNU Coding Standards</a> recommend this style, and nearly all maintainers of <a href="/wiki/GNU_project" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU project">GNU project</a> software use it.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a> text editor and the GNU systems' <a href="/wiki/Indent_(Unix)" title="Indent (Unix)">indent</a> command will reformat code according to this style by default.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Those who do not use GNU Emacs, or similarly extensible/customisable editors, may find that the automatic indentation settings of their editor are unhelpful for this style. However, many editors defaulting to KNF style cope well with the GNU style when the tab width is set to two spaces; likewise, GNU Emacs adapts well to KNF style by simply setting the tab width to eight spaces. In both cases, automatic reformatting destroys the original spacing, but automatic line indenting will work properly. <a href="/wiki/Steve_McConnell" title="Steve McConnell">Steve McConnell</a>, in his book <a href="/wiki/Code_Complete" title="Code Complete">Code Complete</a>, advises against using this style: he marks a code sample which uses it with a "Coding Horror" icon, symbolizing especially dangerous code, and states that it impedes readability.<a href="#cite_note-mcconnell-24">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> coding style documentation also recommends against this style, urging readers to burn a copy of the GNU coding standards as a "great symbolic gesture".<a href="#cite_note-kernel.coding-style-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horstmann">Horstmann</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Horstmann">edit</a>]</div> The 1997 edition of Computing Concepts with C++ Essentials by Cay S. Horstmann adapts <a href="#Allman_style">Allman</a> by placing the first statement of a block on the same line as the opening brace. This style is also used in examples in Jensen and Wirth's Pascal User Manual and Report.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>while (x == y) { something(); something_else(); //... if (x < 0) { printf("Negative"); negative(x); } else { printf("Non-negative"); nonnegative(x); } } final_thing(); </pre></div> This style combines the advantages of <a href="#Allman_style">Allman</a> by keeping the vertical alignment of the braces for readability, and identifying blocks easily, with the saving of a line of the K&R style. However, the 2003 edition now uses Allman style throughout.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pico">Pico</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pico">edit</a>]</div> This is the style used most commonly in the language <a href="/wiki/Pico_(programming_language)" title="Pico (programming language)">Pico</a> by its designers. Pico lacks return statements, and uses semicolons as statement separators instead of terminators. It yields this syntax:<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <pre>stuff(n): { x: 3 * n; y: do_stuff(x); y + x } </pre> The advantages and disadvantages are similar to those of saving screen real estate with K&R style. An added advantage is that the starting and closing braces are consistent in application (both share space with a line of code), relative to K&R style, where one brace shares space with a line of code and one brace has a line alone. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ratliff">Ratliff</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ratliff">edit</a>]</div> In the book Programmers at Work, <a href="#cite_note-lammers-33">[33]</a> C. Wayne Ratliff, the original programmer behind the popular <a href="/wiki/DBase" title="DBase">dBase</a>-II and -III <a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_programming_language" title="Fourth-generation programming language">fourth-generation programming languages</a>, discussed a style that is like 1TBS but the closing brace lines up with the indentation of the nested block. He indicated that the style was originally documented in material from <a href="/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a> Inc. This style has sometimes been termed banner style,<a href="#cite_note-pattee-34">[34]</a> possibly for the resemblance to a banner hanging from a pole. In this style, which is to <a href="#Whitesmiths">Whitesmiths</a> as K&R is to Allman, the closing control is indented the same as the last item in the list (and thus properly loses salience)<a href="#cite_note-mcconnell-24">[24]</a> The style can make visual scanning easier for some, since the headers of any block are the only thing exdented at that level (the theory being that the closing control of the prior block interferes with the visual flow of the next block header in the K&R and Allman styles). Kernighan and Plauger use this style in the Ratfor code in Software Tools.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> // In C for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) { if (i % 2 == 0) { do_something(i); } else { do_something_else(i); } } </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="C_derived_language_styles">C derived language styles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: C derived language styles">edit</a>]</div> The following styles are common for various languages derived from C that are both significantly similar and dissimilar. And, they can be adapted to C as well. They might be applied to C code written as part of a project mostly written in one of these other languages, where maintaining a consistent look and feel to the project's core code overrides considerations of using more conventional C style. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lisp_style">Lisp style</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Lisp style">edit</a>]</div> While <a href="#GNU">GNU style</a> is sometimes characterized as C code indented by a Lisp programmer, one might even go so far as to insert closing braces together in the last line of a block. This style makes indentation the only way to distinguish blocks of code, but has the advantage of containing no uninformative lines. This could easily be called the Lisp style because this style is very common in Lisp code. In Lisp, the grouping of identical braces at the end of expression trees is meant to signify that it is not the user's job to visually track nesting levels, only to understand the structure of the tree. The traditional Lisp variant of this style prefers extremely narrow levels of indentation (typically two spaces) because Lisp code usually nests very deeply since Lisp features only <a href="/wiki/Expression_(computer_science)" title="Expression (computer science)">expressions</a>, with no distinct class of <a href="/wiki/Statement_(computer_science)" title="Statement (computer science)">statements</a>; function arguments are mostly indented to the same level to illustrate their shared status within the enclosing expression. This is also because, braces aside, Lisp is conventionally a very terse language, omitting even common forms of simple boilerplate code as uninformative, such as the <code>else</code> keyword in an <code>if : then | else</code> block, instead rendering it uniformly as <code>(if expr1 expr2 expr3)</code>. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>// C for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {if (i % 2 == 0) {do_something(i);} else {do_something_else(i); do_third_thing(i);}} </pre></div>   <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lisp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>;; Lisp (dotimes (i 10) (if (= (rem i 2) 0) (do-something i) (progn (do-something-else i) (do-third-thing i)))) </pre></div> Note: <code>progn</code> is a procedure for evaluating multiple sub-expressions sequentially for <a href="/wiki/Side_effect_(computer_science)" title="Side effect (computer science)">effects</a>, while discarding all but the final (nth) return value. If all return values are desired, the <code>values</code> procedure would be used. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haskell_style">Haskell style</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Haskell style">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haskell (programming language)">Haskell</a> layout can make the placement of braces optional, although braces and semicolons are allowed in the language. <a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The two segments below are equally acceptable to the compiler: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-haskell mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>braceless = do text <- getContents let firstWord = head $ words text bigWord = map toUpper firstWord putStrLn bigWord braceful = do { text <- getContents ; let { firstWord = head $ words text ; bigWord = map toUpper firstWord } ; putStrLn bigWord } </pre></div> In Haskell, layout can replace braces. Usually the braces and semicolons are omitted for <a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a> <code>do</code> sections and the program text in general, but the style is commonly used for lists, records and other syntactic elements made up of some pair of parentheses or braces, which are separated with commas or semicolons.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> If code following the keywords <code>where</code>, <code>let</code>, or <code>of</code> omits braces and semicolons, then indentation is significant.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="APL_style">APL style</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: APL style">edit</a>]</div> For an example of how terse APL typically is, here is the implementation of the step function for the Game of Life: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-apl mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>life←{⊃1⍵∨.∧3 4=+/+⌿¯1 0 1∘.⊖¯1 0 1⌽¨⊂⍵} </pre></div> <a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a> style C resembles the terse style of APL code, and is commonly used in their implementations.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> This style was pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Whitney_(computer_scientist)" title="Arthur Whitney (computer scientist)">Arthur Whitney</a>, and is heavily used in the implementation of <a href="/wiki/K_(programming_language)" title="K (programming language)">K</a>, Arthur's own project. The <a href="/wiki/J_(programming_language)" title="J (programming language)">J</a> programming language is implemented in this style as well. Notably, not all implementations of APL use this style of C, namely: GNU APL and Dyalog APL. In addition to APL style C indentation, typically the names are shortened to either single or double characters: To reduce the amount of indentation, and expressions spanning multiple lines.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indentation_size">Indentation size</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Indentation size">edit</a>]</div> Typically, programmers use the same width of whitespace to indent each block of code with commonly used widths varying from 1 to 4 spaces. An experiment performed on PASCAL code in 1983, found that indentation size significantly affected comprehensibility. Indentation sizes between 2 and 4 characters proved optimal.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Although they both affect the general layout of code, indentation size is independent of the indentation style discussed here. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tab_vs._space">Tab vs. space</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Tab vs. space">edit</a>]</div> Typically, a programmer uses a text editor that provides tab stops at fixed intervals (a number of spaces), to assist in maintaining whitespace according to a style. The interval is called the tab width. Sometimes the programmer stores the code with tab characters – one for each tab key press or they store a sequence of spaces equal in number to the tab width. Storing <a href="/wiki/Tab_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Tab character">tab characters</a> in code can cause visual misalignment when viewed in different contexts, which counters the value of the indentation style. Programmers lack consensus on storing tab characters. Proponents of storing tab characters cite ease of typing and smaller text files since a single tab character serves the purpose of multiple spaces. Opponents, such as <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Zawinski" title="Jamie Zawinski">Jamie Zawinski</a>, state that using spaces instead increases <a href="/wiki/Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">cross-platform</a> <a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">portability</a>. <a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Others, such as the writers of the <a href="/wiki/WordPress" title="WordPress">WordPress</a> coding standards, state the opposite: that hard tabs increase portability.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> A survey of the top 400,000 repositories on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> found that spaces are more common.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Many text editors, including <a href="/wiki/Notepad%2B%2B" title="Notepad++">Notepad++</a>, <a href="/wiki/TextEdit" title="TextEdit">TextEdit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vi_(text_editor)" title="Vi (text editor)">vi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/GNU_nano" title="GNU nano">nano</a>, can be configured to either store tab characters when entered via the tab key or to convert them to spaces (based on the configured tab width) so that tab characters are not added to the file when the tab key is pressed. Some editors can convert tab to space characters and vice versa. Some <a href="/wiki/Terminal_pager" title="Terminal pager">text file pagers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Less_(Unix)" title="Less (Unix)">less</a>, can be configured for a tab width. Some tools such as <a href="/wiki/Expand_(Unix)" title="Expand (Unix)">expand</a>/<a href="/wiki/Unexpand" title="Unexpand">unexpand</a> can convert on the fly via filters. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style_automation">Style automation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Style automation">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Indentation_style" title="Special:EditPage/Indentation style">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (March 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> A tool can automate formatting code per an indentation style, for example the <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> <code><a href="/wiki/Indent_(Unix)" title="Indent (Unix)">indent</a></code> command. <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a> provides commands to modify indentation, including hitting <code>Tab</code> on a given line. <code>M-x indent-region</code> indents code. <a href="/wiki/Elastic_tabstops" class="mw-redirect" title="Elastic tabstops">Elastic tabstops</a> is a tabulation style which requires support from the text editor, where entire blocks of text are kept automatically aligned when the length of one line in the block changes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Losing_track_of_blocks">Losing track of blocks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Losing track of blocks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Indentation_style" title="Special:EditPage/Indentation style">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Indentation+style%22">"Indentation style"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Indentation+style%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Indentation+style%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Indentation+style%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Indentation+style%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Indentation+style%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (March 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In more complicated code, the programmer may lose track of block boundaries while reading the code. This is often experienced in large sections of code containing many compound statements nested to many levels of indentation. As the programmer scrolls to the bottom of a huge set of nested statements, they may lose track of context – such as the control structure at the top of the block. Long compound statements can be a <a href="/wiki/Code_smell" title="Code smell">code smell</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cyclomatic_complexity" title="Cyclomatic complexity">over complexity</a> which can be solved by <a href="/wiki/Refactoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Refactoring">refactoring</a>. Programmers who rely on counting the opening braces may have difficulty with indentation styles such as K&R, where the starting brace is not visually separated from its <a href="/wiki/Control_flow" title="Control flow">control statement</a>. Programmers who rely more on indentations will gain more from styles that are vertically compact, such as K&R, because the blocks are shorter. To avoid losing track of control statements such as <code><a href="/wiki/For_loop" title="For loop">for</a></code>, a large indentation can be used, such as an 8-unit-wide hard tab, along with breaking up large functions into smaller and more readable functions. Linux is done this way, while using the K&R style. Some text editors allow the programmer to jump between the two corresponding braces of a block. For example, <a href="/wiki/Vi_(text_editor)" title="Vi (text editor)">vi</a> jumps to the brace enclosing the same block as the one under the cursor when pressing the <code>%</code> key. Since the text cursor's <code>next</code> key (viz., the <code>n</code> key) retained directional positioning information (whether the <code>up</code> or <code>down</code> key was formerly pressed), the <a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)#Keyboard_and_mouse_macros" title="Macro (computer science)">dot macro</a> (the <code>.</code> key) could then be used to place the text cursor on the next brace,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> given a suitable coding style. Instead, inspecting the block boundaries using the <code>%</code> key can be used to enforce a coding standard. Another way to maintain block awareness, is to use comments after the closing brace. For example: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>for (int i = 0; i < total; i++) { foo(); } //for (i) </pre></div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>if (x < 0) { bar(); } //if (x < 0) </pre></div> A disadvantage is maintaining the same code in multiple locations – above and below the block. Some editors provide support for maintaining block awareness. A <a href="/wiki/Folding_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Folding editor">folding editor</a> can hide (fold) and reveal (unfold) blocks by indentation level. Some editors highlight matching braces when the <a href="/wiki/Cursor_(user_interface)" title="Cursor (user interface)">cursor</a> is positioned next to one. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_notation" title="Secondary notation">Secondary notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax_highlighting" title="Syntax highlighting">Syntax highlighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentation_(typesetting)#Indentation_in_programming" title="Indentation (typesetting)">Indentation (typesetting) § Indentation in programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley_(season_3)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon Valley (season 3)">Bachmanity Insanity</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley_(TV_series)" title="Silicon Valley (TV series)">Silicon Valley</a> episode featuring the topic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-code_formatter" class="mw-redirect" title="Source-code formatter">Source-code formatter</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWeissman1974" class="citation techreport cs1">Weissman, Laurence Mark (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/technicalreportc37univ">A Methodology For Studying The Psychological Complexity of Computer Programs</a>. CSRG-37 (Technical report). Computer Systems Research Group, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1085612768">1085612768</a>. technicalreportc37univ – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=A+Methodology+For+Studying+The+Psychological+Complexity+of+Computer+Programs&rft.pub=Computer+Systems+Research+Group%2C+University+of+Toronto&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1085612768&rft.aulast=Weissman&rft.aufirst=Laurence+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftechnicalreportc37univ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndentation+style" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorzeckHanenbergWergerGruhn2023" class="citation conference cs1">Morzeck, Johannes; Hanenberg, Stefan; Werger, Ole; Gruhn, Volker (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UACm8yWCVVdghZw9m6x79fivRzixDubs/view">Indentation in Source Code: A Randomized Control Trial on the Readability of Control Flows in Java Code with Large Effects</a>. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Software Technologies - ICSOFT. <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy. pp. 117–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5220%2F0012087500003538">10.5220/0012087500003538</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-989-758-665-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-989-758-665-1"><bdi>978-989-758-665-1</bdi></a> – via Stefan Hanenberg on <a href="/wiki/Google_Drive" title="Google Drive">Google Drive</a> (preprint).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Indentation+in+Source+Code%3A+A+Randomized+Control+Trial+on+the+Readability+of+Control+Flows+in+Java+Code+with+Large+Effects&rft.place=Rome%2C+Italy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5220%2F0012087500003538&rft.isbn=978-989-758-665-1&rft.aulast=Morzeck&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft.au=Hanenberg%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Werger%2C+Ole&rft.au=Gruhn%2C+Volker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F1UACm8yWCVVdghZw9m6x79fivRzixDubs%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndentation+style" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHanenbergMorzeckGruhn2024" class="citation journal cs1">Hanenberg, Stefan; Morzeck, Johannes; Gruhn, Volker (9 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10664-024-10531-y">"Indentation and reading time: a randomized control trial on the differences between generated indented and non-indented if-statements"</a>. Empirical Software Engineering. 29 (5): 134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10664-024-10531-y">10.1007/s10664-024-10531-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-7616">1573-7616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Empirical+Software+Engineering&rft.atitle=Indentation+and+reading+time%3A+a+randomized+control+trial+on+the+differences+between+generated+indented+and+non-indented+if-statements&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=134&rft.date=2024-08-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10664-024-10531-y&rft.issn=1573-7616&rft.aulast=Hanenberg&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Morzeck%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Gruhn%2C+Volker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10664-024-10531-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndentation+style" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHanenbergMorzeckWergerGries2024" class="citation book cs1">Hanenberg, Stefan; Morzeck, Johannes; Werger, Ole; Gries, Stefan; Gruhn, Volker (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-61753-9_4">"Indentation and Reading Time: A Controlled Experiment on the Differences Between Generated Indented and Non-indented JSON Objects"</a>. In Fill, Hans-Georg; Domínguez Mayo, Francisco José; van Sinderen, Marten; Maciaszek, Leszek A. (eds.). Software Technologies. Communications in Computer and Information Science. Vol. 2104. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. pp. 50–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-61753-9_4">10.1007/978-3-031-61753-9_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-61753-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-61753-9"><bdi>978-3-031-61753-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indentation+and+Reading+Time%3A+A+Controlled+Experiment+on+the+Differences+Between+Generated+Indented+and+Non-indented+JSON+Objects&rft.btitle=Software+Technologies&rft.place=Cham&rft.series=Communications+in+Computer+and+Information+Science&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.pub=Springer+Nature+Switzerland&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-61753-9_4&rft.isbn=978-3-031-61753-9&rft.aulast=Hanenberg&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Morzeck%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Werger%2C+Ole&rft.au=Gries%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Gruhn%2C+Volker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-61753-9_4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndentation+style" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712222126/https://www.seas.upenn.edu/~cis120/current/java_style.shtml">"Java Style Guide"</a>. 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Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/codecomplete0000mcco/page/746">746–747</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7356-1967-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7356-1967-8"><bdi>978-0-7356-1967-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Code+Complete%3A+A+practical+handbook+of+software+construction&rft.place=Redmond%2C+WA&rft.pages=746-747&rft.pub=Microsoft+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7356-1967-8&rft.aulast=McConnell&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcodecomplete0000mcco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndentation+style" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gnu.org-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gnu.org_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gnu.org_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/html_node/Formatting.html">"Formatting Your Source Code"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GNU_Coding_Standards" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU Coding Standards">GNU Coding Standards</a>. 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Retrieved 6 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=My+Lisp+Experiences+and+the+Development+of+GNU+Emacs+%28Transcript+of+speech+at+the+International+Lisp+Conference%29&rft.date=2002-10-28&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fgnu%2Frms-lisp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndentation+style" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaumannFelicianoBauerSamelson1964" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Baumann_(Mathematiker)" class="extiw" title="de:Richard Baumann (Mathematiker)">Baumann, Richard</a> [in German]; Feliciano, Manuel; <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ludwig_Bauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Ludwig Bauer">Bauer, Friedrich Ludwig</a>; <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Samelson" title="Klaus Samelson">Samelson, Klaus</a> (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoal00baum">Introduction to ALGOL – A primer for the non-specialist, emphasizing the practical uses of the algorithmic language</a>. Series in Automatic Computation. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: <a href="/wiki/Prentice-Hall,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Prentice-Hall, Inc.">Prentice-Hall, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-477828-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-477828-6"><bdi>0-13-477828-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/64-10740">64-10740</a>. ark:/13960/t6qz35p37. Retrieved 23 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+ALGOL+%E2%80%93+A+primer+for+the+non-specialist%2C+emphasizing+the+practical+uses+of+the+algorithmic+language&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey%2C+USA&rft.series=Series+in+Automatic+Computation&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F64-10740&rft.isbn=0-13-477828-6&rft.aulast=Baumann&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Feliciano%2C+Manuel&rft.au=Bauer%2C+Friedrich+Ludwig&rft.au=Samelson%2C+Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontoal00baum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndentation+style" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> W. M. McKeeman, J. J. Horning, and D. B. Wortman, A Compiler Generator, 1970, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/compilergenerato00mcke">https://archive.org/details/compilergenerato00mcke</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Tested on the sample source code above on Ubuntu 18.04 with GNU indent 2.2.11 and GNU Emacs 25.2.2 started with <code>emacs --no-init-file</code>. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJensenWirth1974" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, Kathleen; Wirth, Niklaus (1974). PASCAL User Manual and Report. Springer-Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PASCAL+User+Manual+and+Report&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft.au=Wirth%2C+Niklaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndentation+style" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horstmann.com/bigcpp/styleguide.html">Horstmann Style Guide</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOhno2013" class="citation book cs1">Ohno, Asako (2013). "A methodology to teach exemplary coding style considering students' coding style feature contains fluctuations". 2013 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE). pp. 1908–1910. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Ffie.2013.6685167">10.1109/fie.2013.6685167</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781467352611" title="Special:BookSources/9781467352611"><bdi>9781467352611</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28385526">28385526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+methodology+to+teach+exemplary+coding+style+considering+students%27+coding+style+feature+contains+fluctuations&rft.btitle=2013+IEEE+Frontiers+in+Education+Conference+%28FIE%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1908-%3C%2Fspan%3E1910&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28385526%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Ffie.2013.6685167&rft.isbn=9781467352611&rft.aulast=Ohno&rft.aufirst=Asako&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndentation+style" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lammers-33"><a href="#cite_ref-lammers_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLammers1986" class="citation book cs1">Lammers, Susan (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/programmersatwor00lamm_0">Programmers at Work</a>. Microsoft Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-914845-71-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-914845-71-3"><bdi>978-0-914845-71-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programmers+at+Work&rft.pub=Microsoft+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-914845-71-3&rft.aulast=Lammers&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprogrammersatwor00lamm_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndentation+style" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pattee-34"><a href="#cite_ref-pattee_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPattee" class="citation web cs1">Pattee, Jim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astyle.sourceforge.net/astyle.html">"Artistic Style 2.05 Documentation"</a>. Artistic Style. Retrieved 24 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artistic+Style&rft.atitle=Artistic+Style+2.05+Documentation&rft.aulast=Pattee&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastyle.sourceforge.net%2Fastyle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndentation+style" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKernighanPlauger1976" class="citation book cs1">Kernighan, Brian W.; Plauger, P. J. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/softwaretools00kern">Software Tools</a>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780201036695" title="Special:BookSources/9780201036695"><bdi>9780201036695</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+Tools&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780201036695&rft.aulast=Kernighan&rft.aufirst=Brian+W.&rft.au=Plauger%2C+P.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoftwaretools00kern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndentation+style" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haskell.org/onlinereport/lexemes.html">"The Haskell 98 Report"</a>. haskell.org. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=haskell.org&rft.atitle=The+Haskell+98+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haskell.org%2Fonlinereport%2Flexemes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndentation+style" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLipovača" class="citation web cs1">Lipovača, Miran. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learnyouahaskell.com/making-our-own-types-and-typeclasses">"Making Our Own Types and Typeclasses"</a>. learnyouahaskell.com. Retrieved 3 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=learnyouahaskell.com&rft.atitle=Making+Our+Own+Types+and+Typeclasses&rft.aulast=Lipova%C4%8Da&rft.aufirst=Miran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flearnyouahaskell.com%2Fmaking-our-own-types-and-typeclasses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndentation+style" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Haskell Report 1.2 (1992), p.131 B.4 "Layout" </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jsoftware.com/ioj/iojATW.htm">"The J Incunabulum"</a>. jsoftware.com. Retrieved 19 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jsoftware.com&rft.atitle=The+J+Incunabulum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsoftware.com%2Fioj%2FiojATW.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndentation+style" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/jsoftware/jsource/tree/master/jsrc">"The J source code"</a>. github.com. Retrieved 12 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=github.com&rft.atitle=The+J+source+code&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fjsoftware%2Fjsource%2Ftree%2Fmaster%2Fjsrc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndentation+style" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiaraMusselmanNavarroShneiderman1983" class="citation journal cs1">Miara, Richard J.; Musselman, Joyce A.; Navarro, Juan A. & Shneiderman, Ben (November 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.umd.edu/~ben/papers/Miara1983Program.pdf">"Program Indentation and Comprehensibility"</a> (PDF). Communications of the ACM. 26 (11): 861–867. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F182.358437">10.1145/182.358437</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11767796">11767796</a>. Retrieved 3 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Program+Indentation+and+Comprehensibility&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E861-%3C%2Fspan%3E867&rft.date=1983-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F182.358437&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11767796%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Miara&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft.au=Musselman%2C+Joyce+A.&rft.au=Navarro%2C+Juan+A.&rft.au=Shneiderman%2C+Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.umd.edu%2F~ben%2Fpapers%2FMiara1983Program.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndentation+style" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZawinski2000" class="citation web cs1">Zawinski, Jamie (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jwz.org/doc/tabs-vs-spaces.html">"Tabs versus Spaces: An Eternal Holy War"</a>. Retrieved 6 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tabs+versus+Spaces%3A+An+Eternal+Holy+War&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Zawinski&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jwz.org%2Fdoc%2Ftabs-vs-spaces.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndentation+style" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://codex.wordpress.org/WordPress_Coding_Standards#Indentation">"WordPress Coding Standards"</a>. Retrieved 6 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WordPress+Coding+Standards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcodex.wordpress.org%2FWordPress_Coding_Standards%23Indentation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndentation+style" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoffa2017" class="citation web cs1">Hoffa, Felipe (26 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@hoffa/400-000-github-repositories-1-billion-files-14-terabytes-of-code-spaces-or-tabs-7cfe0b5dd7fd">"400,000 GitHub repositories, 1 billion files, 14 terabytes of code: Spaces or Tabs?"</a>. Medium. Retrieved 9 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=400%2C000+GitHub+repositories%2C+1+billion+files%2C+14+terabytes+of+code%3A+Spaces+or+Tabs%3F&rft.date=2017-07-26&rft.aulast=Hoffa&rft.aufirst=Felipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40hoffa%2F400-000-github-repositories-1-billion-files-14-terabytes-of-code-spaces-or-tabs-7cfe0b5dd7fd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndentation+style" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLamb1998" class="citation book cs1">Lamb, Linda (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/learningvieditor00lamb">Learning the vi editor</a>. O'Reilly. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781565924260" title="Special:BookSources/9781565924260"><bdi>9781565924260</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+the+vi+editor&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781565924260&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flearningvieditor00lamb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndentation+style" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syque.com/cstyle/index.htm">C Style: Standards and Guidelines: Defining Programming Standards for Professional C Programmers</a>, Prentice Hall, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-116898-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-116898-3">0-13-116898-3</a> / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-116898-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-116898-5">978-0-13-116898-5</a> (full text is also online). Straker, David (1992).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://milan.adamovsky.com/2010/08/contextual-indent.html">Contextual Indent</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/standards.html">GNU Coding Standards</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tabs_and_spaces">Tabs and spaces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Tabs and spaces">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jwz.org/doc/tabs-vs-spaces.html">Tabs versus Spaces: An Eternal Holy War</a> by Jamie Zawinski</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adamspiers.org/computing/why_no_tabs.html">Why I prefer no tabs in source code</a> by Adam Spiers</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131209200846/http://derkarl.org/why_to_tabs.html">Why I love having tabs in source code</a> (archived)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nickgravgaard.com/elastictabstops/">Elastic tabstops – the solution to the tabs-versus-spaces issue</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&oldid=1282552939">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indentation_style&oldid=1282552939</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Software_wars" title="Category:Software wars">Software wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Text_editor_features" title="Category:Text editor features">Text editor features</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_code" title="Category:Source code">Source code</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_interwiki-linked_names" title="Category:CS1 interwiki-linked names">CS1 interwiki-linked names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2022">Use dmy dates from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_March_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2024">Articles needing additional references from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 March 2025, at 03:27 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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